 He followed this with a PhD at King's College, Durham (now Newcastle University) in 1958, where he remained as the Sir James Knott Research Fellow until 1960.He worked as a staff tutor in the extra-mural studies department of Manchester University from 1960 until 1964, when he moved to a lecturing position at Durham University that he held until he entered parliament.He died in Aberystwyth in 1993.