 He emigrated from Germany in 1936, and between then and his return to Germany in 1945 at the end of World War II, lived in Palestine, France, and Switzerland.After his return to Germany, he worked as a radio broadcaster in Frankfurt am Main.He moved to East Berlin in 1947, and was a contributor to several communist magazines, including "Tägliche Rundschau," "Ulenspiegel," "Aufbau," and "Sinn und Form."