 There was also cooperation between ethnic Turks and other Ottomans such as the Greeks, Jews, and Armenians, although ethnic conflicts were also common and carried to some parts of the United States, such as in Peabody, Massachusetts, where there was tension between Greeks, Armenians, and Turks.Unlike the other Ottoman ethnic groups, most of the early Turkish migrants returned to their homeland.The rate of return migration was exceptionally high after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923.