 Elena Denisova-Schmidt 2005, Gwenn Gundula Hiller 2005, Erika Grodzki 2003) or in combination with established frameworks in cross-cultural communication such as Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory, Trompenaars' model of national culture differences, Schwarz’ framework and the GLOBE Study (Olena Kryzhko 2015).Lacunas and gaps can often be observed in intercultural communication.In the beginning, the lacunian approach was used to analyze foreign texts and translations from one language to another.