 These two spacecraft are developed by a group of high schools from Irvine, California, as part of the Irvine CubeSat STEM Program.In July 2013, scientists from Michigan Technological University and the University of Maryland led by Kurt Terhune demonstrated an electrospray system within a transmission electron microscope (TEM).This led to the discovery that the TEM environment formed needle-like structures on the thruster disrupting the way the electrospray system works.