 Jewish partisans had to overcome great odds in acquiring weapons, food, and shelter and in evading capture.They typically lived in 
dugouts (known in Russian as "zemlyankas", "землянка") in forest camps.Nazi reprisals were brutal, employing collective punishment against their supporters and the ghettos from which the partisans had escaped, and often using "anti-partisan operations" as pretexts for the extermination of Jews.