 Six of eight sons of the Scottish merchant Archibald Hope (1664–1743) – Archibald Jr. (1698–1734), Isaac, Zachary, Henry, Thomas (1704–1779), and Adrian (1709–1781) – were merchants of trade.They were active in shipping, storage, insurance, and credit in Amsterdam and Rotterdam.In 1720 they barely survived the bubble that led to the passage of the Bubble Act in London.