 The fact that the ban was adopted by the will of the popular assembly, rather than by a ducal decree crystallised the gulf that had developed between the doge and the people and the isolation of the former from the latter.Cessi sees this as a legislative overturning.It was a precursor to the shift in the balance of power between the doge and the people which was to lead to the formation of the Venetian Republic in the 12th century and the custom of the doge giving a ducal "promissio" ("promissio domini ducis"), an oath, on assuming power to be loyal to the Republic and to recognise the limitations to his powers created by the Republic.