 Moreover, section 229(4) requires the union to tell the workforce that any industrial action potentially infringes their contracts of employment, but also that they will be protected by unfair dismissal law.Employers do not pay for the costs, so unions themselves must pay for the cost of the ballot and any outcome must be immediately publicised.A potential, and dangerous pitfall, is that if a vote involves procedural defect, it is at risk of being invalidated.