 He went on to graduate study in government and international affairs at the University of Notre Dame, receiving a Master of Arts degree in 1978.He continued work toward a Ph.D, but left before completion in 1981 to accept a tenure-track position teaching international affairs and Soviet and East European studies at Youngstown State University in Ohio.In the summer of 1982 he was an intern and in 1983 a visiting researcher at Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty in Munich.