 Because the number of births is very large, we can use a normal approximation for the fraction of male births formula_24, with formula_25 and formula_26, to compute

We would have been equally surprised if we had seen 49,581 female births, i.e.formula_28, so a frequentist would usually perform a two-sided test, for which the p-value would be formula_29.In both cases, the p-value is lower than the significance level, α, of 5%, so the frequentist approach rejects formula_2 as it disagrees with the observed data.