 The invasion introduced Western inventions, such as the printing press, and ideas, such as liberalism and incipient nationalism, to the Middle East, eventually leading to the establishment of Egyptian independence and modernisation under Muhammad Ali Pasha in the first half of the 19th century and eventually the Nahda, or Arab Renaissance.To modernist historians, the French arrival marks the start of the modern Middle East.The campaign ended in failure, with 15,000 French troops killed in action and 15,000 by disease.