 In January 1977, two dissenting students and a number of army officers were publicly hanged; Amnesty International condemned it as the first time in Gaddafist Libya that dissenters had been executed for purely political crimes.Dissent also arose from conservative clerics and the Muslim Brotherhood, who accused Gaddafi of moving towards Marxism and criticized his abolition of private property as being against the Islamic "sunnah"; these forces were then persecuted as anti-revolutionary, while all privately owned Islamic colleges and universities were shut down.Following Anwar Sadat's ascension to the Egyptian presidency, Libya's relations with Egypt deteriorated.