 Tolkien denied that the name "Gondor" had been inspired by the ancient Ethiopian citadel of Gondar, stating that the root "Ond" went back to an account he had read as a child mentioning "ond" ("stone") as one of only two words known of the pre-Celtic languages of Britain.Gondor is also called the South-kingdom or Southern Realm, and together with Arnor as the Númenórean Realms in Exile.Researchers Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull have proposed a Quenya translation of "Gondor"