 If one film could be said to have established a new benchmark for special effects, it would be 1968's "", directed by Stanley Kubrick, who assembled his own effects team (Douglas Trumbull, Tom Howard, Con Pederson and Wally Veevers) rather than use an in-house effects unit.In this film, the spaceship miniatures were highly detailed and carefully photographed for a realistic depth of field.The shots of spaceships were combined through hand-drawn rotoscoping and careful motion-control work, ensuring that the elements were precisely combined in the camera—a surprising throwback to the silent era, but with spectacular results.