 An irregular surface of the boiling vessel (i.e., increased surface roughness) or additives to the fluid (i.e., surfactants and/or nanoparticles) facilitate nucleate boiling over a broader temperature range, while an exceptionally smooth surface, such as plastic, lends itself to superheating.Under these conditions, a heated liquid may show boiling delay and the temperature may go somewhat above the boiling point without boiling.