 He observed that those preaching against vice had no qualms about benefiting from it in the form of their society's overall wealth, which Mandeville saw as the cumulative result of individual vices (such as luxury, gambling, and crime, which benefited lawyers and the justice system).Mandeville's challenge to the popular idea of virtue—in which only unselfish, Christian behaviour was virtuous—caused a controversy that lasted through the eighteenth century and influenced thinkers in moral philosophy and economics.The "Fable" influenced ideas about the division of labour and the free market ("laissez-faire"), and the philosophy of utilitarianism was advanced as Mandeville's critics, in defending their views of virtue, also altered them.