 The Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali code of sharia have historically ruled that Qisas does not apply against a Muslim, if he murders any non-Muslim (including "dhimmi") or a slave for any reason.A "diyah" was payable instead.The early Hanafi and Hanbali Sunni jurists considered the payable "diyah" for Muslim and non-Muslim victims to be same, while the Maliki school considered a non-Muslim value of life as worth half of a Muslim, and the Shafi'i school considered it worth a third.