 Some movements are lay oriented, with symbolic clerical participation and indirect support from local Church structures, while others are led or strongly influenced by local clergy.The involvement of clergy in various Christian nationalistic movements since the 19th century has led to the development of particular forms of Christian nationalism which are known as "clerical nationalism" (also known as clero-nationalism or clerico-nationalism).Some distinctively radicalized forms of clerical nationalism have even led to the rise of clerical fascism on the far-right of the political spectrum in various European countries, especially during the interwar period in the first half of the 20th century.