 The shift towards capitalist policies coupled with the CPC's inability to accommodate increased pressure for political liberalization and democratization eventually culminated in the Chinese democracy movement and the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.In the twentieth-century, as African states adjusted to postcolonial independence, legitimation crises and state collapse were constant threats.While authority was passed from colonial to independent rule successfully in most African states throughout the continent, some attempts at transition resulted in collapse.