 At Kimberley, the diamond mines fell under the monopoly of De Beers, while at the Rand orefields, land was bought up by Wernher, Breit & Eckstein, Consolidated Gold Mines Inc., and a number of smaller companies.The emergence of industrial-scale mining forced major demographic shifts in South Africa's population.During the early stages of mining, labour had been primarily provided by young men from the African states, primarily Pedi men.