 In 1946 the book "Karate Do Nyumon" by Gigo and Gichin Funakoshi was released.Gigo had written the technical part, whereas his father Gichin wrote the preamble and historical parts.While the ancient arts of To-de and shuri-te emphasized the use and development of the upper body, open hand attacks, short distances, joint locks, basic grappling, pressure point striking and use of the front kick and variations of it, Gigō developed long distance striking techniques using the low stances found in old style kendo and Iaido kata.