 The population declined due to famine and plague.During German Mediatisation in the early 19th century, the Prince-Bishopric became the Grand Duchy of Würzburg.Castle and "Amt" Rothenfels passed to the princely house of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg in 1803, and then in 1806 to the Principality of Aschaffenburg; in 1813, Rothenfels became part of the Kingdom of Bavaria.