 These "white agents" could be identified as white missionaries and white settlers seeking out "manifest destiny".By the time of removal in the mid-1830s, Cherokee men and women had begun to fulfill different roles and expectations as defined by the "civilization" program promoted by US presidents Washington and Jefferson.This program included anti-black laws and a loss of autonomy outside of the home both of which were enforced by domestic violence, as domestic violence against women was exacerbated by the promotion of alcohol usage among men in Cherokee society.