 During the Islamic Golden Age, it was common for scholars to attain recognized mastery of both the "exterior sciences" "(`ulum az-zahir)" of the madrasahs as well as the "interior sciences" "(`ulum al-batin)" of Sufism.Al-Ghazali and Rumi are two notable examples.The highest office an Ahmadi can hold is that of "Khalifatu l-Masih".