 In Hakka and southern Gan, Sagart (2002) identifies a non-Chinese substratum that is possibly Hmong-Mien, an archaic layer, and a more recent Late Middle Chinese layer.Lexical connections between Hakka, Kra-Dai, and Hmong-Mien have also been suggested by Deng (1999).Due to the migration of its speakers, Hakka may have been influenced by other language areas through which the Hakka-speaking forebears migrated.