 At least 93 sandfly species are proven or probable vectors worldwide.Their primary hosts are vertebrates; "Leishmania" commonly infects hyraxes, canids, rodents, and humans.The first written reference to the conspicuous symptoms of cutaneous leishmaniasis surfaced in the Paleotropics within oriental texts dating back to the 7th century BC (allegedly transcribed from sources several hundred years older, between 1500 and 2000 BC).