sentences:  Because survival structures have not been produced in culture,  environmental conditions that promote sexual reproduction in "R. bunodes" are not known.In the wild, smooth, dark perithecia that contain ascospores have been identified and, when present, can be used in species identification.Additionally, "R. bunodes" produces ephemeral conidia as secondary inoculum and synemma as asexually produced survival structures, suggesting that black root rot is polycyclic in nature.