sentences:  The Hamidian massacres, as they came to be known, gave Hamid international infamy as the "Red Sultan" or "Bloody Sultan".During the 1890s, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, commonly known as "Dashnaktsutyun", became active within the Ottoman Empire with the aim of unifying the various small groups in the empire that were advocating for reform and defending Armenian villages from massacres that were widespread in some of the Armenian-populated areas of the empire.Dashnaktsutyun members also formed Armenian fedayi groups that defended Armenian civilians through armed resistance.