sentences:  As an exception to civil service rules, appointments to these positions are made regardless of citizenship.After gaining a doctorate from a university, and usually after several years of temporary postdoctoral positions, scholars who wish to enter a more permanent academic career may apply for the position of "Maître de Conférences" (MCF).To achieve this, they must first be approved by the National Council of Universities, made up of elected and appointed MCFs and university professors.