sentences:  They have been introduced as official research evaluation tools in several countries.Traditionally, journal ranking "measures" or evaluations have been provided simply through institutional lists established by academic leaders or through committee vote.These approaches have been notoriously politicized and inaccurate reflections of actual prestige and quality, as they would often reflect the biases and personal career objectives of those involved in ranking the journals; also causing the problem of highly disparate evaluations across institutions.