sentences:  In the mid-14th century, John III, the Duke of Brabant, conducted a massive anti-Jewish campaign in Brussels and Leuven and drove them from the city.A new group of Jewish immigrants started to settle in Antwerp in the early 16th century, when the city became a relatively safe haven for crypto-Jews fleeing the persecutions and the expulsions in the Iberian Peninsula.An often tenuous presence was maintained for the next century and a half, although Jews were not allowed to acquire citizenship and persecution was common.