sentences:  1988).A shareholder might claim that a transaction was a "de facto non-merger" to argue that certain non-merger provisions in the company's articles of incorporation should apply (such as special redemption rights), especially when those provisions might be more favorable to the shareholder than default statutory merger protection provisions (such as appraisal rights).Statutory protections generally provided for in statutory mergers include (a) board initiation and approval; (b) shareholder approval; (c) appraisal remedies.