sentences:  Shepard also notes the contributions of Ihsan Al-Issa, and Edith Turner, wife of the anthropologist Victor Turner.One of the contributions of Laughlin to anthropological theory is a differentiation between so-called monophasic and polyphasic cultures.According to this theory polyphasic cultures are open to altered states of consciousness, and tries to integrate these experiences into their worldview, while monophasic cultures, typical of technocratical societies, are largely closed to these alternative states of mind.