Let's solve this addition problem. We have 1988 and 2431, and we need to add them together.

Step 1: We'll start by adding the digits 8 & 1 in column 1 and get 9.

Step 2: We'll start by adding the digits 8 & 3 in column 2 and get 11.
We'll write down the last digit 1 and carry the 1 to the next column.

Step 3: We'll start by adding the digits 9 & 4 in column 3 and get 14.
We'll write down the last digit 4 and carry the 1 to the next column.

Step 4: We'll start by adding the digits 1 & 2 in column 4 and get 4.

So, 1988 + 2431 = 4419.

