to a decrease in tax benefits related to certain audit settlements in multiple jurisdictions covering various periods and a change in the jurisdictional mix of earnings (see also the “Provision for Taxes on Income” section of this Financial Review and Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements––Note 5. Tax Matters).

Also, see the “Discontinued Operations” section of this Financial Review.

Our Operating Environment

Intellectual Property Rights and Collaboration/Licensing Rights

The loss or expiration of intellectual property rights and the expiration of co-promotion and licensing rights can have a significant adverse effect on our revenues. Many of our products have multiple patents that expire at varying dates, thereby strengthening our overall patent protection. However, once patent protection has expired or has been lost prior to the expiration date as a result of a legal challenge, we lose exclusivity on these products, and generic pharmaceutical manufacturers generally produce similar products and sell them for a lower price. This price competition can substantially decrease our revenues for the impacted products, often in a very short period of time.

Our biotechnology products, including BeneFIX, ReFacto, Xyntha, Enbrel (we market Enbrel outside of the U.S. and Canada) and the Prevnar family, may face competition in the future from biosimilars (also referred to as follow-on biologics). If competitors are able to obtain marketing approval for biosimilars that reference our biotechnology products, our biotechnology products may become subject to competition from these biosimilars, with attendant competitive pressure, and price reductions could follow. Expiration or successful challenge of applicable patent rights could trigger this competition, assuming any relevant exclusivity period has expired. However, biosimilar manufacturing is complex, and biosimilars are not necessarily identical to the reference products. Therefore, at least initially upon approval of a biosimilar competitor, biosimilar competition with respect to biologics may not be as significant as generic competition with respect to small molecule drugs.

We have lost exclusivity for a number of our products in certain markets and we have lost collaboration rights with respect to a number of our alliance products in certain markets, and certain of our products and alliance products are expected to face significantly increased generic competition over the next few years.

Specifically:

Recent Losses of Product Exclusivity Impacting Product Revenues

• Lipitor has lost exclusivity in all major markets. Lipitor revenues were $2.3 billion in 2013, $3.9 billion in 2012 and $9.6 billion in 2011. We lost exclusivity for Lipitor in the U.S. in November 2011. The entry of multi-source generic competition in the U.S. began in May 2012, with attendant increased competitive pressures. Lipitor lost exclusivity in Japan in June 2011, Australia in April 2012 and most of developed Europe in March and May 2012 and now faces multi-source generic competition in those markets.

Prior to loss of exclusivity, sales of Lipitor in each market, except for those in Emerging Markets, were