the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 was$1,651 million and $1,391 million, respectively. Operating loss in 2013 included impairment charges of $195 million recorded on certain of the Company’s intangible assets. Operating loss also included charges of $120 million related to the Company’s productivity and reinvestment program as well as other restructuring initiatives, as compared to similar charges of $33 million in 2012. Operating loss in 2013 was favorably impacted by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates by 2 percent. 

Interest Income 

Year Ended December 31, 2014 versus Year Ended December 31, 2013 

Interest income was $594 million in 2014, compared to $534 million in 2013, an increase of $60 million, or 11 percent. The increase primarily reflects higher cash balances and higher average interest rates in certain of our international locations, partially offset by the unfavorable impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates due to a stronger U.S. dollar against most major currencies. 

Year Ended December 31, 2013 versus Year Ended December 31, 2012 

Interest income was $534 million in 2013, compared to $471 million in 2012, an increase of $63 million, or 13 percent. The increase primarily reflects higher cash balances and an increased return on investments in certain of our international locations as well as additional investments in debt securities and money market funds in connection with the Company's overall cash management strategy. 

Interest Expense 

Year Ended December 31, 2014 versus Year Ended December 31, 2013 

Interest expense was $483 million in 2014, compared to $463 million in 2013, an increase of $20 million, or 4 percent. The increase primarily reflects the impact of additional long-term debt the Company issued during late 2013 and 2014 as well as the unfavorable impact of interest rate swaps. In addition, interest expense in 2013 included charges related to the Company's early extinguishment of long-term debt. Refer to Note 5 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to the Company's hedging program. Refer to the heading "Liquidity, Capital Resources and Financial Position — Cash Flows from Financing Activities — Debt Financing" below for additional information related to the Company's long-term debt. 

Year Ended December 31, 2013 versus Year Ended December 31, 2012 

Interest expense was $463 million in 2013, compared to $397 million in 2012, an increase of $66 million, or 17 percent. This increase is primarily due to charges of $53 million the Company recorded on the early extinguishment of certain long-term debt, as well as an overall higher average long-term debt balance in 2013. These charges include both the difference between the reacquisition price and the net carrying amount of the debt extinguished as well as hedge accounting adjustments reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to earnings. These increases were partially offset by the favorable impact of interest rate swaps. Refer to Note 5 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to the Company's hedging program. Refer to the