expenses to be approximately $6.5 billion to $7.0 billion in 2012. (For an understanding of adjusted research and development expenses, see the “Adjusted Income” section of this Financial Review.) We are on track to meet this 2012 goal.

In addition to these major initiatives, we continuously monitor our organizations for cost reduction and/or productivity opportunities. Expected Total Costs

We have incurred and will continue to incur costs in connection with these announced actions. We estimate that the total costs of both of the aforementioned initiatives could range up to $16.4 billion through 2012, of which we have incurred approximately $12.7 billion in cost-reduction and acquisition-related costs (excluding transaction costs) through December 31, 2011.

Key Activities

The targeted cost reductions have been and are being achieved through the following actions:

• The closing of duplicative facilities and other site rationalization actions Company-wide, including research and development facilities, manufacturing plants, sales offices and other corporate facilities. Among the more significant actions are the following:

• Manufacturing: After the acquisition of Wyeth, our operational manufacturing sites totaled 81 and in mid-2010, we announced our plant network strategy for our Global Supply division, excluding Capsugel. Excluding the 14 plants acquired as part of our acquisition activity in 2011, as of December 31, 2011, we operated plants in 74 locations around the world that manufacture products for our businesses. Locations with major manufacturing facilities include Belgium, China, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Singapore and the United States. Our Global Supply division’s plant network strategy has targeted the exiting of ten additional sites over the next several years.

• Research and Development: After the acquisition of Wyeth, we operated in 20 R&D sites and announced that we would close a number of sites. We have completed a number of site closures. In addition, in 2011, we closed our Sandwich, U.K. research and development facility, except for a small presence, and rationalized several other sites to reduce and optimize the overall R&D footprint. We disposed of our toxicology site in Catania, Italy; exited our R&D sites in Aberdeen and Gosport, U.K.; and disposed of a vacant site in St. Louis, MO. We are presently marketing for sale, lease or sale/lease-back, either a portion of or all of certain of our R&D campuses. Locations with R&D operations are in the U.S., Europe, Canada and China, with five major research sites in addition to a number of specialized units. We also re-prioritized our commitments to disease areas and have reduced efforts in areas where we do not currently have or expect to have a competitive advantage.

• Workforce reductions across all areas of our business and other organizational changes. We identified areas for a reduction in workforce across all of our businesses. After the closing of the Wyeth acquisition, the combined workforce was approximately 120,700. As of December 31, 2011, the workforce totaled approximately 103,700, a decrease of 17,000, primarily in the U.S.