expense eliminates the income or loss attributable to non-3M ownership interests in 3M consolidated entities. 3M’s most significant consolidated entity with non-3M ownership interests is Sumitomo 3M Limited in Japan (3M owns 75 percent of Sumitomo 3M Limited).

 

Currency Effects:

 

3M estimates that year-on-year currency effects, including hedging impacts, increased net income by approximately $160 million in 2008, $150 million in 2007 and $20 million in 2006. This estimate includes the effect of translating profits from local currencies into U.S. dollars; the impact of currency fluctuations on the transfer of goods between 3M operations in the United States and abroad; and transaction gains and losses, including derivative instruments designed to reduce foreign currency exchange rate risks other than instruments hedging foreign currency risks on tax obligations. 3M estimates that year-on-year derivative and other transaction gains and losses increased net income by approximately $40 million in 2008, increased net income by approximately $10 million in 2007 and had an immaterial impact on net income in 2006.

 

PERFORMANCE BY BUSINESS SEGMENT

 

Disclosures relating to 3M’s business segments are provided in Item 1, Business Segments. Financial information and other disclosures are provided in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. As discussed in Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, effective in the first quarter of 2008, 3M made certain product moves between its business segments in its continuing effort to drive growth by aligning businesses around markets and customers. Segment information presented herein reflects the impact of these changes for all periods presented. The reportable segments are the Industrial and Transportation segment; the Health Care segment; Safety, Security and Protection Services segment; Consumer and Office segment; Display and Graphics segment; and Electro and Communications segment. Information related to 3M’s business segments is presented in the tables that follow. Local-currency sales (which include both core and acquisition volume impacts, plus price impacts) are provided for each segment. The divestiture impact, translation impact and total sales change are also provided for each segment.



As discussed in the preceding overview and results of operations section, the combination of restructuring actions, gains and losses on the sale of businesses, and other special items significantly impacted 2008, 2007 and 2006 results. The following tables summarize these special items by business segment.



Due to the significant impact of the economic downturn in the fourth-quarter of 2008 on sales and operating income results, the following discusses both fourth-quarter 2008 and total year 2008 results for each business segment.

 

Industrial and Transportation Business (30.9% of consolidated sales):

  

The Industrial and Transportation segment serves a broad range of markets, such as appliance, paper and packaging, food and beverage, electronics, automotive original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and automotive aftermarket (auto body shops and retail). Industrial and Transportation