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The dataset generation failed
Error code: DatasetGenerationError
Exception: TypeError
Message: Couldn't cast array of type string to null
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1870, in _prepare_split_single
writer.write_table(table)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 622, in write_table
pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self._schema)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2292, in table_cast
return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2245, in cast_table_to_schema
arrays = [
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2246, in <listcomp>
cast_array_to_feature(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1795, in wrapper
return pa.chunked_array([func(chunk, *args, **kwargs) for chunk in array.chunks])
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1795, in <listcomp>
return pa.chunked_array([func(chunk, *args, **kwargs) for chunk in array.chunks])
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2102, in cast_array_to_feature
return array_cast(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1797, in wrapper
return func(array, *args, **kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1948, in array_cast
raise TypeError(f"Couldn't cast array of type {_short_str(array.type)} to {_short_str(pa_type)}")
TypeError: Couldn't cast array of type string to null
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1438, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1050, in convert_to_parquet
builder.download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 924, in download_and_prepare
self._download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1000, in _download_and_prepare
self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1741, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1897, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the datasetNeed help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
url
string | content
string | description
null | title
string |
|---|---|---|---|
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0_%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D | ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ชฉ๋ก
๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ
์ด ๋ฌธ์๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด๋ค.
ํํ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ[ํธ์ง]
-
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์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฑด์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ (์๋ฉด)
-
์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฑด์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ (๋ท๋ฉด)
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์ด์ ์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ[ํธ์ง]
-
๋ค๋ฐ๋ค์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1929๋
~ 1991๋
)
-
๋
ธ์ค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1861๋
~ 1885๋
)
-
๋
ธ์ค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1885๋
~ 1991๋
)
-
๋ด์์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1778๋
~ 1901๋
)
-
๋ก๋์์ผ๋๋์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1877๋
~ 1882๋
)
-
๋ก๋์์ผ๋๋์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1882๋
~ 1897๋
)
-
๋ฃจ์ด์ง์ ๋์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1861๋
1์, ๋น๊ณต์)
-
๋ฃจ์ด์ง์ ๋์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1861๋
2์)
-
๋ฃจ์ด์ง์ ๋์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1861๋
~ 1912๋
)
-
๋ฃจ์ด์ง์ ๋์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1912๋
~ 2006๋
)
-
๋ฃจ์ด์ง์ ๋์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(2006๋
~ 2010๋
)
-
๋งค์ฌ์ถ์ธ์ธ ์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1971๋
์ด์ , ๋ท๋ฉด)
-
๋ฉ์ธ์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1901๋
~ 1909๋
)
-
๋ชฌํ๋์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1905๋
~ 1981๋
)
-
๋ฏธ๋ค์ํ์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1893๋
~ 1957๋
, ์๋ฉด)
-
๋ฏธ๋ค์ํ์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1893๋
~ 1957๋
, ๋ท๋ฉด)
-
๋ฏธ๋ค์ํ์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1957๋
~ 1983๋
)
-
๋ฏธ๋ค์ํ์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1983๋
~ 2024๋
)
-
๋ฏธ์์ํผ์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1861๋
~ 1865๋
, ๋น๊ณต์)
-
๋ฏธ์์ํผ์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1894๋
~ 1996๋
)
-
๋ฏธ์์ํผ์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1996๋
~ 2001๋
)
-
๋ฏธ์์ํผ์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(2001๋
~ 2020๋
)
-
๋ฒ๋ชฌํธ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ
(1777๋
~ 1791๋
)
-
๋ฒ๋ชฌํธ์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1804๋
~ 1837๋
)
-
๋ฒ๋ชฌํธ์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ(
1837๋
~ 1923๋
)
-
๋ฒ์ง๋์์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1861๋
~ 1865๋
)
-
์ฌ์ฐ์ค๋ค์ฝํ์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1909๋
~ 1963๋
)
-
์ฌ์ฐ์ค๋ค์ฝํ์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1963๋
~ 1992๋
)
-
์ฌ์ฐ์ค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1861๋
1์ 26์ผ ~ 1์ 28์ผ)
-
์์นธ์์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1913๋
~ 1923๋
)
-
์์นธ์์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1923๋
~ 1924๋
)
-
์จ๋ผ๋ฐฐ๋ง์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1861๋
~ 1865๋
, ์๋ฉด)
-
์จ๋ผ๋ฐฐ๋ง์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1861๋
~ 1865๋
, ๋ท๋ฉด)
-
์คํด๋ผํธ๋ง์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1911๋
~ 1925๋
)
-
์คํด๋ผํธ๋ง์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1925๋
~ 1941๋
)
-
์์ค์ฝ์ ์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1913๋
~ 1981๋
)
-
์ ํ์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1903๋
~ 1911๋
)
-
์ ํ์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1911๋
~ 1913๋
)
-
์ ํ์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1913๋
~ 2011๋
)
-
์ ํ์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(2011๋
~ 2024๋
)
-
์ผ๋ฆฌ๋
ธ์ด์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1915๋
~ 1969๋
)
-
์กฐ์ง์์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1879๋
์ด์ , ๋น๊ณต์)
-
์กฐ์ง์์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1906๋
~ 1920๋
)
-
์กฐ์ง์์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1920๋
~ 1956๋
)
-
์กฐ์ง์์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1956๋
~ 2001๋
)
-
์กฐ์ง์์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(2001๋
~ 2003๋
)
-
์บ์์ค์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1927๋
~ 1961๋
)
-
์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ
(1846๋
)
-
ํ
์ฌ์ค ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ
(1836๋
~ 1839๋
)
-
์ํ๋ก๋ฆฌ๋ค์ ๊ธฐ
(1810๋
)
-
ํ๋ก๋ฆฌ๋ค์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1861๋
, ๋น๊ณต์)
-
ํ๋ก๋ฆฌ๋ค์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1868๋
~ 1900๋
)
-
ํ๋ก๋ฆฌ๋ค์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ
(1900๋
~ 1985๋
)
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ[ํธ์ง]
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ[ํธ์ง]
- ์ํค๋ฏธ๋์ด ๊ณต์ฉ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ชฉ๋ก ๊ด๋ จ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ถ๋ฅ๊ฐ ์์ต๋๋ค. | null | ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ชฉ๋ก - ์ํค๋ฐฑ๊ณผ, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋์ ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์ฌ์ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States | List of Indian reservations in the United States
This is a list of Indian reservations and other tribal homelands in the United States. In Canada, the Indian reserve is a similar institution.
Federally recognized reservations[edit]
There are approximately 326 federally recognized Indian Reservations in the United States.[1] Most of the tribal land base in the United States was set aside by the federal government as Native American Reservations. In California, about half of its reservations are called rancherรญas. In New Mexico, most reservations are called Pueblos. In some western states, notably Nevada, there are Native American areas called Indian colonies. Populations are the total census counts and include non-Native American people as well, sometimes making up a majority of the residents. The total population of all of them is 1,043,762.[citation needed]
|Legal/Statistical Area Description[2]
|Tribe(s)
|State(s)
|Population
(2010)[2]
|Area in mi2 (km2)[2]
|Includes
ORTL?[2]
|Land
|Water
|Total
|Acoma Pueblo Reservation
|Acoma
|New Mexico
|3,011
|595.49 (1,542.32)
|0.17 (0.43)
|595.66 (1,542.74)
|yes
|Agua Caliente Indian Reservation
|Cahuilla
|California
|24,781
|53.32 (138.090)
|0.36 (0.94)
|53.68 (139.04)
|yes
|AlabamaโCoushatta Reservation
|Alabama, Coushatta
|Texas
|608
|12.50 (32.38)
|0.032 (0.084)
|12.54 (32.47)
|yes
|Allegany Reservation
|Seneca
|New York
|6,490
|40.89 (105.90)
|7.62 (19.74)
|48.51 (125.64)
|no
|Alturas Indian Rancheria
|Achomawi
|California
|15
|0.039 (0.10)
|0
|0.039 (0.10)
|no
|Annette Island Reserve
|Tsimshian
|Alaska
|1,460
|132.80 (343.95)
|82.48 (213.61)
|215.28 (557.56)
|no
|Auburn Rancheria
|Miwok
|California
|52
|1.77 (4.58)
|0
|1.77 (4.58)
|yes
|Augustine Reservation
|Cahuilla
|California
|11
|0.88 (2.27)
|0
|0.88 (2.27)
|no
|Bad River Reservation
|Ojibwe
|Wisconsin
|1,479
|192.78 (499.30)
|3.86 (10.00)
|196.64 (509.29)
|no
|Barona Reservation
|Kumeyaay
|California
|640
|9.31 (24.12)
|0
|9.31 (24.12)
|no
|Battle Mountain Reservation
|Western Shoshone
|Nevada
|148
|1.05 (2.73)
|0
|1.05 (2.73)
|no
|Bay Mills Reservation
|Ojibwe
|Michigan
|1,014
|5.41 (14.02)
|0.11 (0.29)
|5.53 (14.31)
|yes
|Benton Paiute Reservation
|Mono
|California
|76
|0.57 (1.47)
|0
|0.57 (1.47)
|yes
|Berry Creek Rancheria
|Maidu
|California
|152
|0.17 (0.44)
|0
|0.17 (0.44)
|yes
|Big Bend Rancheria
|Pit River
|California
|9
|0.069 (0.18)
|0
|0.069 (0.18)
|no
|Big Cypress Reservation
|Seminole
|Florida
|591
|82.15 (212.78)
|0.22 (0.58)
|82.38 (213.36)
|no
|Big Lagoon Rancheria
|Tolowa, Yurok
|California
|17
|0.0081 (0.021)
|0
|0.0081 (0.021)
|no
|Big Pine Reservation
|Mono, Timbisha
|California
|499
|0.43 (1.12)
|0
|0.43 (1.12)
|no
|Big Sandy Rancheria
|Mono
|California
|118
|0.39 (1.02)
|0
|0.39 (1.02)
|no
|Big Valley Rancheria
|Pit River, Pomo
|California
|139
|0.19 (0.48)
|0
|0.19 (0.48)
|no
|Bishop Reservation
|Mono, Timbisha
|California
|1,588
|1.35 (3.50)
|0.014 (0.035)
|1.37 (3.54)
|no
|Blackfeet Indian Reservation
|Blackfeet
|Montana
|10,405
|2,372.58 (6,144.96)
|27.55 (71.35)
|2,400.13 (6,216.31)
|yes
|Blue Lake Rancheria
|Hupa, Yurok, Wiyot
|California
|58
|0.085 (0.22)
|0.0035 (0.0091)
|0.089 (0.23)
|yes
|Bois Forte Reservation
|Ojibwe
|Minnesota
|874
|199.67 (517.13)
|12.22 (31.65)
|211.89 (548.78)
|no
|Bridgeport Reservation
|Northern Paiute
|California
|35
|0.054 (0.14)
|0
|0.054 (0.14)
|no
|Brighton Reservation
|Seminole
|Florida
|694
|57.13 (147.96)
|0.022 (0.058)
|57.15 (148.02)
|no
|Burns Paiute Indian Colony
|Northern Paiute
|Oregon
|128
|18.95 (49.07)
|0.026 (0.068)
|18.97 (49.13)
|yes
|Cabazon Reservation
|Cahuilla
|California
|835
|3.00 (7.77)
|0
|3.00 (7.77)
|no
|Cahuilla Reservation
|Cahuilla
|California
|187
|28.93 (74.94)
|0
|28.93 (74.94)
|no
|Campbell Ranch
|Northern Paiute
|Nevada
|443
|2.59 (6.71)
|0
|2.59 (6.71)
|no
|Campo Indian Reservation
|Kumeyaay
|California
|362
|25.76 (66.73)
|0
|25.76 (66.73)
|no
|Capitan Grande Reservation
|Kumeyaay
|California
|0
|24.88 (64.43)
|0.00032 (0.00083)
|24.88 (64.43)
|no
|Carson Colony
|Washoe
|Nevada
|242
|0.28 (0.73)
|0
|0.28 (0.73)
|no
|Catawba Reservation
|Catawba
|South Carolina
|841
|1.58 (4.08)
|0
|1.58 (4.08)
|yes
|Cattaraugus Reservation
|Seneca
|New York
|2,185
|33.55 (86.90)
|0.86 (2.23)
|34.41 (89.13)
|no
|Cedarville Rancheria
|Northern Paiute
|California
|15
|0.054 (0.14)
|0
|0.054 (0.14)
|yes
|Chehalis Reservation
|Lower Chehalis, Upper Chehalis, Klallam, Muckleshoot, Nisqually, Quinault
|Washington
|649
|7.17 (18.58)
|0.20 (0.53)
|7.38 (19.12)
|yes
|Chemehuevi Reservation
|Southern Paiute
|California
|308
|48.15 (124.71)
|0
|48.15 (124.71)
|no
|Cheyenne River Reservation
|Lakota
|South Dakota
|8,090
|4,265.95 (11,048.76)
|153.15 (396.65)
|4,419.09 (11,445.40)
|yes
|Chicken Ranch Rancheria
|Miwok
|California
|4
|0.042 (0.11)
|0
|0.042 (0.11)
|yes
|Chitimacha Reservation
|Chitimacha
|Louisiana
|555
|0.70 (1.82)
|0
|0.70 (1.82)
|no
|Cocopah Reservation
|Cocopah
|Arizona
|817
|10.04 (26.00)
|0.029 (0.076)
|10.07 (26.07)
|no
|Coeur d'Alene Reservation
|Coeur d'Alene
|Idaho
|6,760
|523.91 (1,356.93)
|12.86 (33.30)
|536.77 (1,390.24)
|no
|Cold Springs Rancheria
|Mono
|California
|184
|0.16 (0.42)
|0
|0.16 (0.42)
|no
|Colorado River Indian Reservation
|Chemehuevi, Hopi, Mohave, Navajo
|Arizona, California
|8,764
|457.31 (1,184.44)
|6.83 (17.68)
|464.14 (1,202.13)
|no
|Colusa Rancheria
|Wintun
|California
|76
|0.40 (1.03)
|0
|0.40 (1.03)
|no
|Colville Reservation
|Chelan, Colville, Entiat, Methow, Nespelem, Nez Perce, Palouse, Sanpoil, Sinixt, Sinkiuse-Columbia, Syilx, Wenatchi
|Washington
|7,687
|2,116.03 (5,480.48)
|69.17 (179.14)
|2,185.19 (5,659.62)
|yes
|Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Reservation
|Hanis Coos, Miluk Coos, Siuslaw
|Oregon
|47
|0.22 (0.58)
|0.0037 (0.0097)
|0.23 (0.59)
|yes
|Coquille Reservation
|Coquille
|Oregon
|323
|10.08 (26.11)
|0.039 (0.10)
|10.12 (26.21)
|no
|Cortina Indian Rancheria
|Wintu
|California
|21
|1.19 (3.08)
|0
|1.19 (3.08)
|no
|Coushatta Reservation
|Coushatta
|Louisiana
|88
|1.81 (4.69)
|0.0073 (0.019)
|1.82 (4.71)
|yes
|Cow Creek Reservation
|Umpqua
|Oregon
|104
|5.43 (14.06)
|0
|5.43 (14.06)
|yes
|Cowlitz Reservation[3]
|Cowlitz
|Washington
|0.24 (0.615)
|0
|0.24 (0.615)
|no
|Coyote Valley Reservation
|Pomo
|California
|144
|0.14 (0.35)
|0
|0.14 (0.35)
|no
|Crow Creek Reservation
|Dakota
|South Dakota
|2,010
|422.53 (1,094.36)
|38.84 (100.59)
|461.37 (1,194.95)
|no
|Crow Reservation
|Crow
|Montana
|6,863
|3,594.38 (9,309.39)
|12.25 (31.74)
|3,606.63 (9,341.13)
|yes
|Dresslerville Colony
|Washoe
|Nevada
|314
|1.23 (3.18)
|0
|1.23 (3.18)
|no
|Dry Creek Rancheria
|Pomo
|California
|0
|0.13 (0.33)
|0
|0.13 (0.33)
|yes
|Duck Valley Reservation
|Northern Paiute, Northern Shoshone
|Idaho, Nevada
|1,309
|448.53 (1,161.68)
|4.08 (10.56)
|452.60 (1,172.23)
|no
|Duckwater Reservation
|Western Shoshone
|Nevada
|156
|6.23 (16.14)
|0.022 (0.058)
|6.25 (16.19)
|no
|Elk Valley Rancheria
|Tolowa, Yurok
|California
|99
|0.42 (1.10)
|0
|0.42 (1.10)
|yes
|Elko Colony
|Western Shoshone
|Nevada
|736
|0.30 (0.78)
|0
|0.30 (0.78)
|no
|Ely Reservation
|Western Shoshone
|Nevada
|202
|5.65 (14.63)
|0
|5.65 (14.63)
|no
|Enterprise Rancheria
|Maidu
|California
|1
|0.066 (0.17)
|0
|0.066 (0.17)
|no
|Ewiiaapaayp Reservation
|Kumeyaay
|California
|0
|8.55 (22.14)
|0
|8.55 (22.14)
|no
|Fallon Paiute-Shoshone Reservation
|Northern Paiute, Western Shoshone
|Nevada
|620
|13.04 (33.77)
|0
|13.04 (33.77)
|yes
|Flandreau Reservation
|Dakota
|South Dakota
|418
|3.46 (8.97)
|0.034 (0.087)
|3.50 (9.06)
|no
|Flathead Reservation
|Bitterroot Salish, Kutenai, Pend d'Oreilles
|Montana
|28,359
|1,935.79 (5,013.67)
|122.14 (316.35)
|2,057.93 (5,330.02)
|no
|Fond du Lac Reservation
|Ojibwe
|Minnesota, Wisconsin
|4,250
|154.43 (399.97)
|4.90 (12.68)
|159.33 (412.66)
|yes
|Forest County Potawatomi Community
|Potawatomi
|Wisconsin
|588
|19.47 (50.44)
|0.069 (0.18)
|19.54 (50.61)
|yes
|Fort Apache Reservation
|Apache
|Arizona
|13,409
|2,625.22 (6,799.29)
|5.99 (15.51)
|2,631.21 (6,814.79)
|no
|Fort Belknap Reservation
|Gros Ventre, Nakota
|Montana
|2,851
|1,014.55 (2,627.67)
|3.81 (9.87)
|1,018.36 (2,637.54)
|yes
|Fort Berthold Reservation
|Arikara, Hidatsa, Mandan
|North Dakota
|6,341
|1,319.11 (3,416.49)
|263.50 (682.47)
|1,582.62 (4,098.96)
|no
|Fort Bidwell Reservation
|Northern Paiute
|California
|94
|5.48 (14.20)
|0.0058 (0.015)
|5.49 (14.22)
|yes
|Fort Hall Reservation
|Northern Shoshone
|Idaho
|5,767
|814.16 (2,108.66)
|41.44 (107.32)
|855.59 (2,215.98)
|yes
|Fort Independence Reservation
|Mono, Western Shoshone
|California
|93
|0.87 (2.26)
|0
|0.87 (2.26)
|no
|Fort McDermitt Indian Reservation
|Northern Paiute, Western Shoshone
|Oregon, Nevada
|334
|54.39 (140.88)
|0
|54.39 (140.88)
|no
|Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation Reservation
|Yavapai
|Arizona
|971
|38.60 (99.97)
|0.36 (0.93)
|38.96 (100.90)
|no
|Fort Mojave Reservation
|Mohave
|Arizona, California, Nevada
|1,477
|51.58 (133.58)
|1.15 (2.99)
|52.73 (136.57)
|yes
|Fort Peck Indian Reservation
|Assiniboine, Dakota, Lakota, Nakota
|Montana
|10,008
|3,288.66 (8,517.60)
|13.34 (34.55)
|3,302.00 (8,552.15)
|yes
|Fort Pierce Reservation
|Seminole
|Florida
|60
|0.093 (0.24)
|0
|0.093 (0.24)
|no
|Fort Sill Apache Indian Reservation
|Apache
|New Mexico
|0
|0.017761 (0.046)
|0.00 (0)
|0.017761 (0.046)
|yes
|Fort Yuma Indian Reservation
|Quechan
|Arizona, California
|2,197
|68.93 (178.53)
|1.39 (3.61)
|70.32 (182.14)
|no
|Gila River Indian Reservation
|Maricopa, Pima
|Arizona
|11,712
|584.35 (1,513.45)
|0.36 (0.94)
|584.71 (1,514.39)
|no
|Goshute Reservation
|Goshute
|Nevada, Utah
|143
|188.09 (487.16)
|0.0050 (0.013)
|188.10 (487.17)
|no
|Grand Portage Reservation
|Ojibwe
|Minnesota
|565
|74.41 (192.72)
|1.24 (3.20)
|75.65 (195.92)
|yes
|Grand Ronde Community
|Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon
|Oregon
|434
|16.44 (42.59)
|0
|16.44 (42.59)
|yes
|Grand Traverse Reservation
|Ojibwe
|Michigan
|608
|1.25 (3.24)
|0
|1.25 (3.24)
|yes
|Greenville Rancheria
|Maidu
|California
|33
|0.11 (0.28)
|0
|0.11 (0.28)
|no
|Grindstone Indian Rancheria
|Wintun, Wailaki
|California
|164
|0.13 (0.33)
|0.0089 (0.023)
|0.14 (0.35)
|no
|Guidiville Rancheria
|Pomo
|California
|52
|0.069 (0.18)
|0
|0.069 (0.18)
|yes
|Hannahville Indian Community
|Potawatomi
|Michigan
|523
|9.44 (24.45)
|0
|9.44 (24.45)
|yes
|Havasupai Reservation
|Havasupai
|Arizona
|465
|275.83 (714.40)
|0
|275.83 (714.40)
|no
|Ho-Chunk Nation Reservation
|Ho-Chunk
|Minnesota, Wisconsin
|1,375
|11.01 (28.51)
|0.039 (0.10)
|11.05 (28.62)
|yes
|Hoh Indian Reservation
|Hoh
|Washington
|116
|0.66 (1.72)
|0.037 (0.097)
|0.70 (1.82)
|yes
|Hollywood Reservation
|Seminole
|Florida
|1,742
|0.77 (2.00)
|0.022 (0.056)
|0.79 (2.05)
|no
|Hoopa Valley Reservation
|Hupa
|California
|3,041
|140.77 (364.59)
|0.92 (2.38)
|141.68 (366.96)
|no
|Hopi Reservation
|Hopi, Tewa
|Arizona
|7,185
|2,532.19 (6,558.34)
|0.93 (2.41)
|2,533.12 (6,560.75)
|yes
|Hopland Rancheria
|Pomo
|California
|38
|0.25 (0.64)
|0
|0.25 (0.64)
|no
|Houlton Maliseet Reservation
|Maliseet
|Maine
|213
|1.39 (3.60)
|0.0089 (0.023)
|1.40 (3.62)
|yes
|Hualapai Indian Reservation
|Hualapai
|Arizona
|1,335
|1,601.46 (4,147.77)
|3.14 (8.12)
|1,604.60 (4,155.89)
|yes
|Huron Potawatomi Reservation
|Potawatomi
|Michigan
|52
|0.32 (0.84)
|0.0069 (0.018)
|0.33 (0.86)
|yes
|Immokalee Reservation
|Seminole
|Florida
|127
|0.97 (2.51)
|0.0081 (0.021)
|0.98 (2.53)
|no
|Inaja and Cosmit Reservation
|Kumeyaay
|California
|0
|1.34 (3.48)
|0
|1.34 (3.48)
|no
|Indian Township Reservation
|Passamaquoddy
|Maine
|718
|37.59 (97.37)
|6.88 (17.83)
|44.48 (115.20)
|no
|Iowa Reservation
|Iowa
|Kansas, Nebraska
|166
|19.89 (51.52)
|0.0062 (0.016)
|19.90 (51.53)
|yes
|Isabella Reservation
|Saginaw Chippewa
|Michigan
|26,274
|216.62 (561.04)
|1.71 (4.44)
|218.33 (565.48)
|yes
|Isleta Pueblo
|Tiwa
|New Mexico
|3,400
|330.05 (854.82)
|0.93 (2.42)
|330.98 (857.24)
|no
|Jackson Rancheria
|Miwok
|California
|0
|0.46 (1.19)
|0
|0.46 (1.19)
|no
|Jamestown S'Klallam Reservation
|S'Klallam
|Washington
|11
|0.17 (0.45)
|0.039 (0.10)
|0.21 (0.55)
|yes
|Jamul Indian Village
|Kumeyaay
|California
|0
|0.023 (0.060)
|0
|0.023 (0.060)
|no
|Jemez Pueblo
|Jemez
|New Mexico
|1,815
|139.66 (361.71)
|0.0050 (0.013)
|139.66 (361.73)
|no
|Jena Band of Choctaw Reservation
|Jena Choctaw
|Louisiana
|0
|0.10 (0.26)
|0
|0.10 (0.26)
|no
|Jicarilla Apache Nation Reservation
|Apache
|New Mexico
|3,254
|1,369.98 (3,548.23)
|4.08 (10.57)
|1,374.06 (3,558.79)
|yes
|Kaibab Indian Reservation
|Southern Paiute
|Arizona
|240
|189.74 (491.43)
|0.0077 (0.020)
|189.75 (491.45)
|no
|Kalispel Reservation
|Lower Kalispel
|Washington
|231
|10.39 (26.90)
|0.17 (0.45)
|10.56 (27.35)
|yes
|Karuk Reservation
|Karuk
|California
|506
|1.49 (3.85)
|0.035 (0.091)
|1.52 (3.94)
|yes
|Kickapoo Reservation
|Kickapoo
|Kansas
|4,134
|236.27 (611.93)
|0.56 (1.46)
|236.83 (613.39)
|no
|Kickapoo Reservation
|Kickapoo
|Texas
|366
|0.19 (0.50)
|0.00058 (0.0015)
|0.19 (0.50)
|no
|Klamath Reservation
|Klamath
|Oregon
|26
|0.50 (1.29)
|0
|0.50 (1.29)
|no
|Kootenai Reservation
|Kootenai
|Idaho
|82
|3.18 (8.23)
|0
|3.18 (8.23)
|yes
|La Jolla Reservation
|Luiseรฑo
|California
|476
|13.50 (34.96)
|0
|13.50 (34.96)
|no
|La Posta Indian Reservation
|Kumeyaay
|California
|55
|6.39 (16.56)
|0
|6.39 (16.56)
|no
|Lac Courte Oreilles Reservation
|Ojibwe
|Wisconsin
|2,803
|108.29 (280.47)
|15.97 (41.37)
|124.26 (321.84)
|yes
|Lac du Flambeau Reservation
|Ojibwe
|Wisconsin
|3,442
|107.01 (277.16)
|28.20 (73.03)
|135.21 (350.19)
|no
|Lac Vieux Desert Reservation
|Chippewa
|Michigan
|137
|0.39 (1.00)
|0
|0.39 (1.00)
|no
|Laguna Pueblo
|Pueblo People
|New Mexico
|4,043
|788.25 (2,041.56)
|0.91 (2.35)
|789.16 (2,043.91)
|yes
|Lake Traverse Reservation
|Santee Dakota
|North Dakota, South Dakota
|10,922
|1,449.44 (3,754.03)
|59.29 (153.56)
|1,508.73 (3,907.59)
|yes
|L'Anse Reservation
|Keweenaw Bay Indian Community
|Michigan
|3,703
|91.97 (238.20)
|18.09 (46.85)
|110.06 (285.05)
|yes
|Las Vegas Indian Colony
|Southern Paiute
|Nevada
|154
|6.24 (16.15)
|0
|6.24 (16.15)
|no
|Laytonville Rancheria
|Cahto
|California
|212
|0.31 (0.79)
|0
|0.31 (0.79)
|no
|Leech Lake Reservation
|Ojibwe
|Minnesota
|10,660
|973.62 (2,521.66)
|336.95 (872.69)
|1,310.57 (3,394.36)
|yes
|Likely Rancheria
|Pit River
|California
|0
|0.0024 (0.0062)
|0
|0.0024 (0.0062)
|no
|Little River Reservation
|Odawa
|Michigan
|57
|1.78 (4.62)
|0.0028 (0.0073)
|1.79 (4.63)
|yes
|Little Traverse Bay Reservation
|Odawa
|Michigan
|51
|1.13 (2.92)
|0.00036 (0.00093)
|1.13 (2.92)
|yes
|Lone Pine Reservation
|Mono Timbisha
|California
|212
|0.37 (0.95)
|0
|0.37 (0.95)
|no
|Lookout Rancheria
|Pit River
|California
|11
|0.062 (0.16)
|0
|0.062 (0.16)
|no
|Los Coyotes Reservation
|Cahuilla Cupeรฑo
|California
|98
|39.21 (101.56)
|0
|39.21 (101.56)
|no
|Lovelock Indian Colony
|Northern Paiute
|Nevada
|88
|0.032 (0.084)
|0
|0.032 (0.084)
|no
|Lower Brule Reservation
|Lakota
|South Dakota
|1,505
|343.40 (889.41)
|46.15 (119.54)
|389.56 (1,008.95)
|yes
|Lower Elwha Reservation
|Lower Elwha
|Washington
|609
|2.04 (5.28)
|0.11 (0.29)
|2.15 (5.57)
|yes
|Lower Sioux Indian Community
|Dakota
|Minnesota
|419
|2.63 (6.82)
|0.046 (0.12)
|2.68 (6.94)
|no
|Lummi Reservation
|Lummi
|Washington
|4,706
|20.66 (53.52)
|16.01 (41.47)
|36.68 (94.99)
|no
|Lytton Rancheria
|Pomo
|California
|0
|0.0085 (0.022)
|0
|0.0085 (0.022)
|no
|Makah Reservation
|Makah
|Washington
|1,414
|46.74 (121.06)
|0.23 (0.60)
|46.97 (121.66)
|no
|Manchester-Point Arena Rancheria
|Pomo
|California
|212
|0.59 (1.52)
|0
|0.59 (1.52)
|no
|Manzanita Reservation
|Kumeyaay
|California
|78
|7.17 (18.58)
|0
|7.17 (18.58)
|yes
|Maricopa Ak Chin Indian Reservation
|Arizona
|1,001
|32.78 (84.90)
|0
|32.78 (84.90)
|yes
|Mashantucket Pequot Reservation
|Connecticut
|299
|2.55 (6.61)
|0
|2.55 (6.61)
|yes
|Mashpee Wampanoag Reservation[4]
|Massachusetts
|0.12 (0.30)
|0
|0.12 (0.30)
|no
|Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Reservation
|Michigan
|0
|0.24 (0.63)
|0
|0.24 (0.63)
|no
|Mattaponi Reservation
|Virginia
|65
|0.11 (0.28)
|0.012 (0.032)
|0.12 (0.31)
|no
|Menominee Reservation
|Wisconsin
|3,141
|355.47 (920.66)
|7.35 (19.04)
|362.82 (939.70)
|yes
|Mesa Grande Reservation
|California
|98
|2.73 (7.06)
|0
|2.73 (7.06)
|no
|Mescalero Reservation
|New Mexico
|3,613
|718.49 (1,860.89)
|0.57 (1.47)
|719.06 (1,862.36)
|no
|Miccosukee Reservation
|Florida
|406
|136.09 (352.48)
|0.031 (0.079)
|136.12 (352.56)
|yes
|Middletown Rancheria
|California
|56
|0.19 (0.49)
|0
|0.19 (0.49)
|no
|Mille Lacs Reservation
|Minnesota
|4,907
|98.49 (255.10)
|4.74 (12.27)
|103.23 (267.37)
|yes
|Mississippi Choctaw Reservation
|Mississippi
|7,436
|46.96 (121.62)
|0.097 (0.25)
|47.05 (121.87)
|yes
|Moapa River Indian Reservation
|Nevada
|260
|110.97 (287.40)
|0
|110.97 (287.40)
|no
|Mohegan Reservation
|Connecticut
|48
|0.80 (2.06)
|0.000046 (0.00012)
|0.80 (2.06)
|yes
|Montgomery Creek Rancheria
|California
|12
|0.12 (0.31)
|0
|0.12 (0.31)
|no
|Mooretown Rancheria
|California
|181
|0.46 (1.20)
|0
|0.46 (1.20)
|yes
|Morongo Reservation
|California
|913
|53.48 (138.50)
|0.13 (0.33)
|53.60 (138.83)
|yes
|Muckleshoot Reservation
|Washington
|3,870
|6.04 (15.65)
|0.097 (0.25)
|6.14 (15.90)
|yes
|Nambe Pueblo
|New Mexico
|1,611
|32.36 (83.81)
|0.042 (0.11)
|32.40 (83.92)
|yes
|Narragansett Reservation
|Rhode Island
|0
|3.22 (8.33)
|0.0021 (0.0055)
|3.22 (8.33)
|no
|Navajo Nation
|Arizona, New Mexico, Utah
|173,667
|27,425.00 (71,030.424)[5]
|26.49 (68.61)
|27,451.49 (71,099.034)
|yes
|Nez Perce Reservation
|Nez Perce
|Idaho
|18,437
|1,193.77 (3,091.85)
|10.48 (27.14)
|1,204.25 (3,119.00)
|no
|Nisqually Reservation
|Washington
|575
|7.91 (20.49)
|0.31 (0.81)
|8.22 (21.29)
|no
|Nooksack Reservation
|Washington
|884
|4.40 (11.39)
|0.093 (0.24)
|4.49 (11.62)
|yes
|North Fork Rancheria
|California
|60
|0.36 (0.94)
|0
|0.36 (0.94)
|yes
|Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation
|Montana
|4,789
|706.97 (1,831.05)
|0.15 (0.38)
|707.12 (1,831.43)
|yes
|Northwestern Shoshone Reservation
|Utah
|0
|0.31 (0.79)
|0
|0.31 (0.79)
|no
|Ohkay Owingeh
|New Mexico
|6,309
|26.41 (68.39)
|0.31 (0.80)
|26.71 (69.19)
|no
|Oil Springs Reservation
|New York
|1
|0.96 (2.49)
|0.011 (0.028)
|0.97 (2.52)
|no
|Omaha Reservation
|Iowa, Nebraska
|4,773
|307.03 (795.20)
|2.97 (7.68)
|309.99 (802.88)
|no
|Oneida Reservation
|Wisconsin
|22,776
|102.20 (264.69)
|0.12 (0.31)
|102.31 (264.99)
|yes
|Oneida Nation Reservation
|New York
|25
|0.081 (0.21)
|0
|0.081 (0.21)
|no
|Onondaga Nation Reservation
|New York
|468
|9.25 (23.95)
|0.046 (0.12)
|9.29 (24.07)
|no
|Ontonagon Reservation
|Michigan
|0
|3.74 (9.68)
|0
|3.74 (9.68)
|no
|Osage Reservation
|Oklahoma
|47,472
|2,246.36 (5,818.04)
|57.62 (149.23)
|2,303.98 (5,967.27)
|no
|Paiute Reservation
|Utah
|273
|50.80 (131.57)
|0.019 (0.048)
|50.82 (131.62)
|no
|Pala Reservation
|California
|1,315
|20.35 (52.71)
|0
|20.35 (52.71)
|no
|Pamunkey Reservation
|Virginia
|73
|1.71 (4.42)
|0.76 (1.96)
|2.46 (6.38)
|no
|Pascua Pueblo Yaqui Reservation
|Arizona
|3,484
|2.20 (5.70)
|0
|2.20 (5.70)
|yes
|Paskenta Rancheria
|California
|0
|3.34 (8.66)
|0.0035 (0.0091)
|3.35 (8.67)
|no
|Pauma and Yuima Reservation
|California
|206
|9.36 (24.25)
|0
|9.36 (24.25)
|no
|Pechanga Reservation
|California
|346
|7.01 (18.16)
|0.0024 (0.0061)
|7.02 (18.17)
|no
|Penobscot Reservation
|Maine
|631
|153.22 (396.85)
|22.44 (58.13)
|175.67 (454.98)
|yes
|Picayune Rancheria
|California
|69
|0.31 (0.79)
|0.00069 (0.0018)
|0.31 (0.79)
|yes
|Picuris Pueblo
|New Mexico
|1,886
|27.36 (70.85)
|0.0027 (0.0071)
|27.36 (70.86)
|no
|Pine Ridge Reservation
|Nebraska, South Dakota
|18,834
|4,343.21 (11,248.87)
|10.59 (27.42)
|4,353.80 (11,276.29)
|no
|Pinoleville Rancheria
|California
|129
|0.16 (0.42)
|0
|0.16 (0.42)
|no
|Pleasant Point Reservation
|Maine
|749
|0.57 (1.47)
|0.41 (1.05)
|0.97 (2.52)
|no
|Poarch Creek Reservation
|Alabama, Florida
|287
|0.62 (1.61)
|0.0030 (0.0078)
|0.63 (1.62)
|yes
|Pokagon Reservation
|Michigan
|29
|4.56 (11.81)
|0.077 (0.20)
|4.64 (12.02)
|yes
|Port Gamble Reservation
|Washington
|682
|1.88 (4.86)
|0
|1.88 (4.86)
|yes
|Port Madison Reservation
|Washington
|7,640
|11.65 (30.18)
|0
|11.65 (30.18)
|no
|Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation Reservation
|Kansas
|1,469
|121.51 (314.70)
|0.066 (0.17)
|121.58 (314.88)
|no
|Prairie Island Indian Community
|Minnesota
|217
|2.71 (7.03)
|0.11 (0.29)
|2.83 (7.32)
|yes
|Pueblo de Cochiti
|New Mexico
|1,727
|80.25 (207.84)
|1.87 (4.84)
|82.12 (212.68)
|no
|Pueblo of Pojoaque
|New Mexico
|3,316
|21.41 (55.45)
|0
|21.41 (55.45)
|yes
|Puyallup Reservation
|Washington
|46,816
|28.58 (74.01)
|0.85 (2.19)
|29.42 (76.20)
|yes
|Pyramid Lake Paiute Reservation
|Nevada
|1,660
|555.45 (1,438.61)
|174.06 (450.82)
|729.52 (1,889.44)
|no
|Qualla Boundary
|Cherokee
|North Carolina
|9,018
|81.69 (211.58)
|0.018 (0.047)
|81.71 (211.63)
|no
|Quartz Valley Reservation
|California
|187
|1.11 (2.87)
|0.0058 (0.015)
|1.12 (2.89)
|yes
|Quileute Reservation
|Washington
|460
|1.60 (4.15)
|0.0037 (0.0096)
|1.61 (4.16)
|no
|Quinault Reservation
|Washington
|1,408
|312.65 (809.77)
|11.43 (29.60)
|324.08 (839.36)
|no
|Ramona Village
|California
|13
|0.85 (2.20)
|0.0058 (0.015)
|0.85 (2.21)
|no
|Red Cliff Reservation
|Wisconsin
|1,123
|22.78 (59.00)
|0.14 (0.35)
|22.92 (59.35)
|yes
|Red Lake Reservation
|Minnesota
|5,896
|881.29 (2,282.54)
|377.04 (976.53)
|1,258.33 (3,259.07)
|no
|Redding Rancheria
|California
|34
|0.042 (0.11)
|0.000058 (0.00015)
|0.042 (0.11)
|no
|Redwood Valley Rancheria
|California
|238
|0.42 (1.10)
|0
|0.42 (1.10)
|no
|Reno-Sparks Indian Colony
|Nevada
|919
|3.36 (8.70)
|0
|3.36 (8.70)
|no
|Resighini Rancheria
|California
|31
|0.34 (0.88)
|0
|0.34 (0.88)
|no
|Rincon Reservation
|California
|1,215
|6.16 (15.96)
|0
|6.16 (15.96)
|yes
|Roaring Creek Rancheria
|California
|14
|0.13 (0.33)
|0.000089 (0.00023)
|0.13 (0.33)
|no
|Robinson Rancheria
|California
|207
|0.32 (0.82)
|0.0026 (0.0067)
|0.32 (0.82)
|yes
|Rocky Boy's Reservation
|Montana
|3,323
|171.17 (443.32)
|0.17 (0.44)
|171.34 (443.76)
|yes
|Rohnerville Rancheria
|California
|38
|0.069 (0.18)
|0
|0.069 (0.18)
|no
|Rosebud Indian Reservation
|South Dakota
|10,869
|1,971.52 (5,106.22)
|3.90 (10.10)
|1,975.42 (5,116.32)
|yes
|Round Valley Reservation
|California
|401
|36.17 (93.69)
|0.054 (0.14)
|36.23 (93.83)
|yes
|Rumsey Indian Rancheria
|California
|77
|0.76 (1.98)
|0
|0.76 (1.98)
|no
|Sac and Fox Nation Reservation
|Kansas, Nebraska
|173
|23.66 (61.29)
|0
|23.66 (61.29)
|yes
|Sac and Fox/Meskwaki Settlement
|Iowa
|1,062
|9.86 (25.55)
|0
|9.86 (25.55)
|yes
|Salt River Reservation
|Arizona
|6,289
|82.50 (213.67)
|2.89 (7.49)
|85.39 (221.16)
|no
|San Carlos Reservation
|Arizona
|10,068
|2,902.72 (7,518.02)
|24.20 (62.68)
|2,926.92 (7,580.70)
|no
|San Felipe Pueblo
|New Mexico
|3,563
|79.50 (205.91)
|0.51 (1.31)
|80.01 (207.23)
|no
|San Felipe Pueblo/Santa Ana Pueblo joint-use area
|New Mexico
|0
|1.10 (2.84)
|0
|1.10 (2.84)
|no
|San Felipe Pueblo/Santo Domingo Pueblo joint-use area
|New Mexico
|0
|1.24 (3.21)
|0
|1.24 (3.21)
|no
|San Ildefonso Pueblo
|New Mexico
|1,752
|47.10 (121.99)
|0.21 (0.54)
|47.31 (122.53)
|yes
|San Manuel Reservation
|California
|112
|1.05 (2.71)
|0
|1.05 (2.71)
|yes
|San Pasqual Reservation
|California
|1,097
|2.24 (5.79)
|0
|2.24 (5.79)
|no
|Sandia Pueblo
|New Mexico
|4,965
|38.35 (99.32)
|0.55 (1.42)
|38.89 (100.73)
|no
|Santa Ana Pueblo
|New Mexico
|621
|100.53 (260.38)
|0.51 (1.33)
|101.05 (261.71)
|no
|Santa Clara Pueblo
|New Mexico
|11,021
|76.85 (199.05)
|0.25 (0.65)
|77.10 (199.70)
|yes
|Santa Rosa Rancheria
|California
|652
|0.63 (1.62)
|0
|0.63 (1.62)
|no
|Santa Rosa Reservation
|California
|71
|17.06 (44.19)
|0
|17.06 (44.19)
|no
|Santa Ynez Reservation
|California
|271
|0.24 (0.63)
|0
|0.24 (0.63)
|no
|Santa Ysabel Reservation
|California
|330
|23.42 (60.67)
|0
|23.42 (60.67)
|no
|Santee Reservation
|Nebraska
|901
|172.91 (447.83)
|11.60 (30.05)
|184.51 (477.88)
|no
|Santo Domingo Pueblo
|New Mexico
|3,255
|106.05 (274.68)
|0.28 (0.73)
|106.34 (275.41)
|no
|Sauk-Suiattle Reservation
|Washington
|71
|0.073 (0.19)
|0
|0.073 (0.19)
|no
|Sault Ste. Marie Reservation
|Michigan
|1,747
|1.96 (5.07)
|0.017 (0.045)
|1.98 (5.12)
|yes
|Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community
|Minnesota
|658
|2.49 (6.45)
|0.0013 (0.0034)
|2.49 (6.45)
|yes
|Sherwood Valley Rancheria
|California
|168
|0.77 (2.00)
|0
|0.77 (2.00)
|yes
|Shingle Springs Rancheria
|California
|102
|0.27 (0.70)
|0
|0.27 (0.70)
|yes
|Shinnecock Reservation
|New York
|662
|1.35 (3.49)
|0
|1.35 (3.49)
|no
|Shoalwater Bay Indian Reservation
|Washington
|82
|1.05 (2.73)
|0.25 (0.64)
|1.31 (3.38)
|yes
|Siletz Reservation
|Oregon
|506
|6.87 (17.80)
|0.00050 (0.0013)
|6.87 (17.80)
|yes
|Skokomish Reservation
|Washington
|730
|8.21 (21.26)
|0.22 (0.57)
|8.43 (21.83)
|no
|Skull Valley Reservation
|Utah
|23
|28.16 (72.93)
|0
|28.16 (72.93)
|no
|Smith River Rancheria
|California
|113
|0.31 (0.81)
|0
|0.31 (0.81)
|yes
|Snoqualmie Reservation
|Washington
|0
|0.089 (0.23)
|0
|0.089 (0.23)
|no
|Soboba Reservation
|California
|482
|10.62 (27.50)
|0.19 (0.48)
|10.80 (27.97)
|yes
|Sokaogon Chippewa Community
|Wisconsin
|414
|4.88 (12.65)
|0.34 (0.89)
|5.22 (13.53)
|yes
|South Fork Reservation
|Nevada
|122
|26.56 (68.78)
|0.0042 (0.011)
|26.56 (68.79)
|yes
|Southern Ute Reservation
|Colorado
|12,153
|1,058.72 (2,742.07)
|4.69 (12.14)
|1,063.41 (2,754.21)
|no
|Spirit Lake Reservation
|North Dakota
|4,238
|389.63 (1,009.15)
|9.78 (25.33)
|399.41 (1,034.47)
|no
|Spokane Reservation
|Washington
|2,096
|238.10 (616.67)
|12.34 (31.97)
|250.44 (648.63)
|yes
|Squaxin Island Reservation
|Washington
|431
|3.35 (8.67)
|0.031 (0.079)
|3.38 (8.75)
|yes
|St. Croix Reservation
|Wisconsin
|768
|3.71 (9.60)
|0.10 (0.26)
|3.81 (9.86)
|yes
|St. Regis Mohawk Reservation
|New York
|3,228
|18.94 (49.06)
|2.05 (5.31)
|20.99 (54.36)
|no
|Standing Rock Reservation
|North Dakota, South Dakota
|8,217
|3,568.44 (9,242.21)
|94.20 (243.97)
|3,662.63 (9,486.18)
|no
|Stewart Community
|Nevada
|147
|4.42 (11.45)
|0.0023 (0.0060)
|4.42 (11.45)
|no
|Stewarts Point Rancheria
|California
|78
|0.066 (0.17)
|0
|0.066 (0.17)
|no
|Stillaguamish Reservation
|Washington
|4
|0.35 (0.90)
|0
|0.35 (0.90)
|yes
|Stockbridge Munsee Community
|Wisconsin
|644
|23.83 (61.73)
|0.037 (0.096)
|23.87 (61.83)
|yes
|Sulphur Bank Rancheria
|California
|61
|0.073 (0.19)
|0.0089 (0.023)
|0.085 (0.22)
|no
|Summit Lake Reservation
|Nevada
|1
|19.02 (49.26)
|0.71 (1.84)
|19.73 (51.09)
|yes
|Susanville Indian Rancheria
|California
|549
|1.67 (4.33)
|0
|1.67 (4.33)
|yes
|Swinomish Reservation
|Washington
|3,010
|11.91 (30.84)
|9.11 (23.60)
|21.02 (54.44)
|yes
|Sycuan Reservation
|California
|211
|1.28 (3.31)
|0
|1.28 (3.31)
|yes
|Table Bluff Reservation
|California
|103
|0.12 (0.31)
|0
|0.12 (0.31)
|no
|Table Mountain Rancheria
|California
|64
|0.21 (0.55)
|0
|0.21 (0.55)
|no
|Tampa Reservation
|Florida
|0
|0.069 (0.18)
|0.00069 (0.0018)
|0.069 (0.18)
|no
|Taos Pueblo
|New Mexico
|4,384
|156.14 (404.39)
|0.058 (0.15)
|156.20 (404.55)
|yes
|Tesuque Pueblo
|New Mexico
|841
|26.93 (69.75)
|0
|26.93 (69.75)
|yes
|Timbi-Sha Shoshone Reservation
|California, Nevada
|24
|12.79 (33.12)
|0
|12.79 (33.12)
|yes
|Tohono Oสผodham Indian Reservation
|Arizona
|10,201
|4,453.49 (11,534.49)
|0.34 (0.88)
|4,453.83 (11,535.37)
|yes
|Tonawanda Reservation
|New York
|517
|11.80 (30.56)
|0.069 (0.18)
|11.87 (30.74)
|no
|Tonto Apache Reservation
|Arizona
|120
|0.13 (0.34)
|0
|0.13 (0.34)
|yes
|Torres-Martinez Reservation
|California
|5,594
|34.22 (88.62)
|15.04 (38.96)
|49.26 (127.58)
|no
|Trinidad Rancheria
|California
|132
|0.13 (0.34)
|0
|0.13 (0.34)
|yes
|Tulalip Reservation
|Washington
|10,631
|34.75 (89.99)
|17.47 (45.25)
|52.22 (135.24)
|yes
|Tule River Reservation
|California
|1,049
|84.29 (218.32)
|0
|84.29 (218.32)
|yes
|Tunica-Biloxi Reservation
|Louisiana
|121
|1.22 (3.15)
|0
|1.22 (3.15)
|yes
|Tuolumne Rancheria
|California
|185
|0.59 (1.54)
|0
|0.59 (1.54)
|no
|Turtle Mountain Reservation
|Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota
|8,669
|227.49 (589.19)
|9.95 (25.76)
|237.43 (614.95)
|yes
|Tuscarora Nation Reservation
|New York
|1,152
|9.08 (23.52)
|0
|9.08 (23.52)
|no
|Twenty-Nine Palms Reservation
|California
|12
|0.60 (1.56)
|0
|0.60 (1.56)
|no
|Uintah and Ouray Reservation
|Utah
|24,369
|6,774.15 (17,544.96)
|50.98 (132.04)
|6,825.13 (17,677.00)
|yes
|Umatilla Reservation
|Oregon
|3,031
|270.70 (701.11)
|0
|270.70 (701.11)
|yes
|Upper Lake Rancheria
|California
|87
|0.74 (1.92)
|0.0033 (0.0086)
|0.75 (1.93)
|no
|Upper Sioux Community
|Minnesota
|148
|2.01 (5.20)
|0.046 (0.12)
|2.05 (5.31)
|yes
|Upper Skagit Reservation
|Washington
|220
|0.18 (0.46)
|0
|0.18 (0.46)
|no
|Ute Mountain Reservation
|Colorado, New Mexico, Utah
|1,742
|900.74 (2,332.91)
|0.23 (0.60)
|900.97 (2,333.50)
|yes
|Viejas Reservation
|California
|520
|2.51 (6.50)
|0
|2.51 (6.50)
|no
|Walker River Reservation
|Nevada
|746
|528.35 (1,368.42)
|3.00 (7.78)
|531.35 (1,376.20)
|no
|Warm Springs Reservation
|Oregon
|4,012
|1,018.91 (2,638.96)
|4.13 (10.70)
|1,023.04 (2,649.66)
|yes
|Wells Colony
|Nevada
|70
|0.13 (0.33)
|0
|0.13 (0.33)
|no
|White Earth Reservation
|Minnesota
|9,562
|1,097.56 (2,842.68)
|69.45 (179.87)
|1,167.01 (3,022.55)
|yes
|Wind River Reservation
|Wyoming
|26,490
|3,474.82 (8,999.75)
|57.79 (149.68)
|3,532.61 (9,149.43)
|yes
|Winnebago Reservation
|Iowa, Nebraska
|2,694
|176.97 (458.35)
|1.14 (2.94)
|178.11 (461.30)
|yes
|Winnemucca Indian Colony
|Nevada
|53
|0.56 (1.44)
|0
|0.56 (1.44)
|no
|Woodfords Community
|California
|214
|0.61 (1.58)
|0
|0.61 (1.58)
|no
|XL Ranch Rancheria
|California
|60
|15.24 (39.46)
|0.016 (0.042)
|15.25 (39.50)
|no
|Yakama Nation Reservation
|Washington
|31,272
|2,186.35 (5,662.61)
|1.64 (4.24)
|2,187.98 (5,666.85)
|yes
|Yankton Reservation
|South Dakota
|6,465
|665.47 (1,723.55)
|19.07 (49.38)
|684.53 (1,772.93)
|no
|Yavapai-Apache Nation Reservation
|Arizona
|718
|1.01 (2.61)
|0
|1.01 (2.61)
|no
|Yavapai-Prescott Reservation
|Arizona
|192
|2.20 (5.71)
|0
|2.20 (5.71)
|no
|Yerington Colony
|Nevada
|151
|0.031 (0.081)
|0
|0.031 (0.081)
|no
|Yomba Reservation
|Nevada
|95
|7.30 (18.91)
|0.0042 (0.011)
|7.31 (18.92)
|no
|Ysleta del Sur Pueblo
|Texas
|804
|5.03 (13.03)
|0
|5.03 (13.03)
|yes
|Yurok Reservation
|California
|1,238
|84.73 (219.46)
|3.35 (8.67)
|88.08 (228.13)
|no
|Zia Pueblo
|New Mexico
|737
|191.08 (494.90)
|0.046 (0.12)
|191.12 (495.01)
|yes
|Zuni Reservation
|Arizona, New Mexico
|7,891
|724.55 (1,876.58)
|1.27 (3.30)
|725.82 (1,879.87)
|yes
Federally recognized trust lands[edit]
|Legal/Statistical Area Description[2]
|Tribe(s)
|State(s)
|Population
(2010)[2]
|Area in mi2 (km2)[2]
|Land
|Water
|Total
|Buena Vista Rancheria Trust Land[6][7]
|Miwok
|California
|0.10 (0.271)
|0
|0.10 (0.271)
|Chico Rancheria Trust Land[8]
|Maidu
|California
|0.98 (2.536)
|0
|0.98 (2.536)
|Cloverdale Rancheria Trust Land[9][10]
|Pomo
|California
|0.097 (0.25)
|0
|0.097 (0.25)
|Coconut Creek Trust Land
|Seminole
|Florida
|0
|0.010 (0.026)
|0
|0.010 (0.026)
|Graton Rancheria Trust Land[11]
|Miwok, Pomo
|California
|0.40 (1.03)
|0
|0.40 (1.03)
|Sac and Fox Nation Trust Land
|Meskwaki, Sauk
|Kansas
|0
|0.41 (1.06)
|0
|0.41 (1.06)
|Mi'kmaq Nation Trust Land
|Mi๊kmaq
|Maine
|197
|1.64 (4.24)
|0
|1.64 (4.24)
|Minnesota Chippewa Trust Land
|Ojibwe
|Minnesota
|64
|0.58 (1.50)
|0
|0.58 (1.50)
|Passamaquoddy Trust Land
|Passamaquoddy
|Maine
|0
|143.38 (371.35)
|5.96 (15.43)
|149.34 (386.78)
|Penobscot Trust Land
|Penobscot
|Maine
|0
|145.7 (377.36)
|Pit River Trust Land
|Pit River
|California
|4
|0.42 (1.09)
|0.00020 (0.00052)
|0.42 (1.09)
|Ponca Trust Land
|Ponca
|Iowa, Nebraska
|10
|0.32 (0.83)
|0
|0.32 (0.83)
|Seminole Trust Land
|Seminole
|Florida
|0
|0.0028 (0.0073)
|0
|0.0028 (0.0073)
|Wampanoag-Aquinnah Trust Land
|Wampanoag
|Massachusetts
|76
|0.73 (1.90)
|0.0085 (0.022)
|0.75 (1.93)
|Washoe Ranches Trust Land
|Washoe
|California, Nevada
|2,916
|144.99 (375.53)
|1.05 (2.71)
|146.04 (378.24)
|Wilton Rancheria Trust Land[12][13]
|Miwok
|California
|0.05637 (0.146)
|0
|0.05637 (0.146)
Alaska Native village statistical areas[edit]
Alaska Native Village Statistical Areas are geographical areas the United States Census Bureau uses to track demographic data. These statistical areas represent permanent or seasonal residences of Alaska natives. Specifically, they contain a significant proportion of persons who are either member of, or receiving services from a defining Alaska Native Village for at least one season of the year.[14] Alaska Natives previously had many small reserves scattered around Alaska; however, all but one (the Annette Island Reserve of Tsimshian) were repealed with the passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act in 1971.
|Legal/Statistical Area Description[2]
|Population
(2010)[2]
|Area in mi2 (km2)[2]
|Land
|Water
|Total
|Akhiok
|71
|7.77 (20.12)
|2.44 (6.33)
|10.21 (26.45)
|Akiachak
|627
|14.52 (37.61)
|1.59 (4.13)
|16.11 (41.73)
|Akiak
|346
|1.01 (2.62)
|0.025 (0.064)
|1.03 (2.68)
|Akutan
|1,003
|1.42 (3.67)
|0.097 (0.25)
|1.52 (3.93)
|Alakanuk
|677
|29.53 (76.49)
|10.04 (26.01)
|39.57 (102.49)
|Alatna
|32
|18.00 (46.61)
|0.36 (0.94)
|18.36 (47.55)
|Aleknagik
|219
|12.31 (31.89)
|6.80 (17.61)
|19.11 (49.50)
|Algaaciq
|424
|2.15 (5.57)
|0.26 (0.67)
|2.41 (6.24)
|Allakaket
|171
|8.50 (22.02)
|0.61 (1.58)
|9.11 (23.60)
|Ambler
|258
|8.98 (23.26)
|1.54 (4.00)
|10.53 (27.26)
|Anaktuvuk Pass
|324
|4.83 (12.52)
|0.054 (0.14)
|4.89 (12.66)
|Andreafsky
|83
|25.59 (66.29)
|2.22 (5.74)
|27.81 (72.03)
|Angoon
|459
|24.41 (63.22)
|14.36 (37.19)
|38.77 (100.41)
|Aniak
|501
|11.78 (30.50)
|2.38 (6.17)
|14.16 (36.67)
|Anvik
|85
|9.68 (25.07)
|2.27 (5.89)
|11.95 (30.96)
|Arctic Village
|152
|11.96 (30.97)
|3.75 (9.70)
|15.71 (40.68)
|Atka
|61
|8.58 (22.21)
|0.33 (0.86)
|8.91 (23.07)
|Atmautluak
|277
|0.54 (1.41)
|0.47 (1.21)
|1.01 (2.61)
|Atqasuk
|233
|38.71 (100.25)
|3.62 (9.37)
|42.32 (109.62)
|Utqiaฤกvik
|4,212
|18.84 (48.79)
|2.66 (6.89)
|21.50 (55.68)
|Beaver
|84
|20.25 (52.46)
|0.75 (1.94)
|21.00 (54.40)
|Belkofski
|0
|2.67 (6.91)
|0.78 (2.01)
|3.44 (8.92)
|Bethel
|6,080
|43.18 (111.84)
|5.52 (14.30)
|48.71 (126.15)
|Bill Moore's
|0
|2.44 (6.33)
|0
|2.44 (6.33)
|Birch Creek
|33
|8.75 (22.65)
|0.25 (0.66)
|9.00 (23.31)
|Brevig Mission
|388
|2.56 (6.63)
|0.069 (0.18)
|2.63 (6.81)
|Buckland
|416
|1.41 (3.64)
|0.16 (0.42)
|1.57 (4.06)
|Cantwell
|219
|99.45 (257.58)
|0.058 (0.15)
|99.51 (257.73)
|Canyon Village
|0
|30.77 (79.69)
|3.15 (8.16)
|33.92 (87.85)
|Chalkyitsik
|69
|8.48 (21.97)
|0.28 (0.73)
|8.76 (22.70)
|Chefornak
|418
|5.72 (14.81)
|0.68 (1.75)
|6.39 (16.56)
|Chenega
|76
|29.29 (75.85)
|0.28 (0.72)
|29.56 (76.57)
|Chevak
|938
|0.99 (2.56)
|0.021 (0.055)
|1.01 (2.62)
|Chickaloon
|23,087
|5,956.81 (15,428.08)
|60.48 (156.65)
|6,017.30 (15,584.73)
|Chignik
|91
|11.39 (29.49)
|4.49 (11.62)
|15.87 (41.11)
|Chignik Lagoon
|78
|13.77 (35.67)
|0
|13.77 (35.67)
|Chignik Lake
|73
|15.49 (40.12)
|3.85 (9.96)
|19.34 (50.09)
|Chilkat
|99
|1.53 (3.95)
|0.53 (1.36)
|2.05 (5.31)
|Chilkoot
|441
|0.47 (1.21)
|0
|0.47 (1.21)
|Chistochina
|78
|26.80 (69.40)
|0
|26.80 (69.40)
|Chitina
|96
|119.45 (309.37)
|0.32 (0.83)
|119.77 (310.20)
|Chuathbaluk
|118
|3.47 (8.98)
|1.72 (4.46)
|5.19 (13.44)
|Chulloonawick
|0
|35.72 (92.52)
|10.27 (26.59)
|45.99 (119.12)
|Circle
|104
|106.04 (274.63)
|0.54 (1.40)
|106.58 (276.03)
|Clarks Point
|62
|3.07 (7.96)
|0.98 (2.54)
|4.05 (10.50)
|Copper Center
|442
|15.41 (39.90)
|0
|15.41 (39.90)
|Council
|0
|21.24 (55.01)
|0.91 (2.35)
|22.15 (57.36)
|Craig
|1,478
|14.51 (37.57)
|2.32 (6.01)
|16.83 (43.58)
|Crooked Creek
|105
|99.82 (258.52)
|7.58 (19.62)
|107.39 (278.14)
|Deering
|122
|5.05 (13.07)
|0.073 (0.19)
|5.12 (13.26)
|Dillingham
|2,378
|70.90 (183.63)
|2.78 (7.19)
|73.68 (190.82)
|Dot Lake
|62
|4.27 (11.05)
|0
|4.27 (11.05)
|Douglas
|5,474
|76.54 (198.24)
|0.039 (0.10)
|76.58 (198.35)
|Eagle
|69
|17.01 (44.06)
|0
|17.01 (44.06)
|Eek
|296
|0.91 (2.36)
|0.12 (0.32)
|1.03 (2.68)
|Egegik
|109
|33.03 (85.54)
|38.27 (99.12)
|71.30 (184.66)
|Eklutna
|54
|4.55 (11.79)
|4.02 (10.41)
|8.57 (22.19)
|Ekuk
|2
|4.24 (10.97)
|0
|4.24 (10.97)
|Ekwok
|115
|16.27 (42.15)
|1.24 (3.22)
|17.52 (45.37)
|Elim
|330
|307.23 (795.72)
|8.77 (22.72)
|316.00 (818.44)
|Emmonak
|762
|7.67 (19.87)
|1.48 (3.84)
|9.16 (23.72)
|Evansville
|26
|6.02 (15.59)
|0
|6.02 (15.59)
|Eyak
|128
|14.18 (36.73)
|0.69 (1.80)
|14.88 (38.53)
|False Pass
|35
|12.76 (33.06)
|0
|12.76 (33.06)
|Fort Yukon
|583
|7.25 (18.77)
|0.22 (0.57)
|7.47 (19.34)
|Gakona
|122
|36.69 (95.03)
|0
|36.69 (95.03)
|Galena
|470
|17.17 (44.48)
|6.37 (16.49)
|23.54 (60.97)
|Gambell
|681
|10.90 (28.23)
|1.88 (4.87)
|12.78 (33.10)
|Georgetown
|2
|43.80 (113.45)
|1.12 (2.90)
|44.92 (116.35)
|Golovin
|156
|3.72 (9.64)
|0
|3.72 (9.64)
|Goodnews Bay
|243
|3.73 (9.65)
|0
|3.73 (9.65)
|Grayling
|194
|10.96 (28.39)
|0.013 (0.033)
|10.98 (28.43)
|Gulkana
|136
|4.33 (11.22)
|0
|4.33 (11.22)
|Hamilton
|0
|5.06 (13.11)
|0.15 (0.40)
|5.21 (13.50)
|Healy Lake
|13
|47.37 (122.68)
|8.28 (21.45)
|55.65 (144.14)
|Holy Cross
|178
|30.19 (78.19)
|7.05 (18.27)
|37.24 (96.46)
|Hoonah
|760
|6.01 (15.56)
|1.28 (3.32)
|7.29 (18.87)
|Hooper Bay
|1,093
|8.22 (21.29)
|0.32 (0.84)
|8.54 (22.13)
|Hughes
|78
|3.94 (10.21)
|1.13 (2.93)
|5.08 (13.15)
|Huslia
|275
|16.43 (42.56)
|0.64 (1.67)
|17.08 (44.24)
|Hydaburg
|376
|0.58 (1.51)
|0.0022 (0.0058)
|0.58 (1.51)
|Igiugig
|54
|20.58 (53.30)
|1.54 (4.00)
|22.12 (57.30)
|Iliamna
|109
|37.13 (96.17)
|0.46 (1.20)
|37.59 (97.37)
|Inalik
|115
|2.84 (7.36)
|0
|2.84 (7.36)
|Ivanof Bay
|7
|4.19 (10.86)
|0
|4.19 (10.86)
|Kake
|557
|8.96 (23.21)
|6.01 (15.56)
|14.97 (38.78)
|Kaktovik
|239
|0.72 (1.87)
|0.22 (0.58)
|0.95 (2.45)
|Kalskag
|210
|3.69 (9.55)
|0.44 (1.15)
|4.13 (10.70)
|Kaltag
|190
|21.59 (55.92)
|6.02 (15.60)
|27.61 (71.51)
|Karluk
|37
|24.39 (63.17)
|1.10 (2.85)
|25.49 (66.03)
|Kasaan
|49
|6.00 (15.54)
|0.49 (1.27)
|6.49 (16.81)
|Kasigluk
|569
|12.08 (31.29)
|1.04 (2.70)
|13.12 (33.99)
|Kenaitze
|32,902
|1,959.09 (5,074.01)
|97.19 (251.73)
|2,056.28 (5,325.74)
|Ketchikan
|12,742
|21.60 (55.95)
|0.10 (0.27)
|21.71 (56.22)
|Kiana
|363
|1.11 (2.87)
|0
|1.11 (2.87)
|King Cove
|938
|11.69 (30.28)
|2.50 (6.47)
|14.19 (36.75)
|King Salmon
|167
|9.95 (25.78)
|0.12 (0.30)
|10.07 (26.08)
|Kipnuk
|639
|19.99 (51.77)
|0.32 (0.82)
|20.31 (52.60)
|Kivalina
|374
|1.49 (3.87)
|2.46 (6.38)
|3.96 (10.26)
|Klawock
|591
|0.70 (1.81)
|0.27 (0.69)
|0.97 (2.50)
|Knik
|65,768
(6,600 native)
|6,888.41 (17,840.90)
|476.43 (1,233.94)
|7,364.83 (19,074.83)
|Kobuk
|151
|16.22 (42.01)
|0.52 (1.35)
|16.74 (43.36)
|Kodiak
|0
|48.69 (126.10)
|0.38 (0.99)
|49.07 (127.10)
|Kokhanok
|170
|20.83 (53.94)
|0.12 (0.30)
|20.94 (54.24)
|Kongiganak
|439
|1.88 (4.87)
|0.11 (0.28)
|1.99 (5.15)
|Kotlik
|577
|3.78 (9.79)
|0.73 (1.88)
|4.50 (11.66)
|Kotzebue
|3,201
|26.92 (69.72)
|1.68 (4.36)
|28.60 (74.08)
|Koyuk
|332
|4.77 (12.35)
|0
|4.77 (12.35)
|Koyukuk
|96
|5.60 (14.51)
|0.11 (0.29)
|5.71 (14.80)
|Kwethluk
|721
|10.06 (26.05)
|1.56 (4.04)
|11.61 (30.08)
|Kwigillingok
|321
|23.74 (61.49)
|0.089 (0.23)
|23.83 (61.71)
|Kwinhagak
|669
|4.37 (11.33)
|0.96 (2.48)
|5.33 (13.81)
|Lake Minchumina
|11
|3.86 (9.99)
|0.40 (1.04)
|4.26 (11.03)
|Larsen Bay
|87
|5.39 (13.96)
|2.21 (5.72)
|7.60 (19.68)
|Lesnoi
|0
|2.41 (6.25)
|0.12 (0.31)
|2.53 (6.56)
|Levelock
|69
|12.10 (31.33)
|0
|12.10 (31.33)
|Lime Village
|29
|76.49 (198.11)
|2.19 (5.67)
|78.68 (203.78)
|Lower Kalskag
|282
|1.22 (3.17)
|0.49 (1.28)
|1.72 (4.45)
|Manley Hot Springs
|89
|15.05 (38.99)
|0
|15.05 (38.99)
|Manokotak
|442
|35.74 (92.56)
|1.41 (3.64)
|37.14 (96.20)
|Marshall
|414
|4.58 (11.87)
|0.0039 (0.010)
|4.59 (11.88)
|Mary's Igloo
|0
|0.44 (1.15)
|0.050 (0.13)
|0.49 (1.28)
|McGrath
|346
|47.32 (122.55)
|7.14 (18.50)
|54.46 (141.04)
|Mekoryuk
|191
|6.37 (16.49)
|0.0054 (0.014)
|6.37 (16.51)
|Mentasta Lake
|92
|37.78 (97.85)
|1.71 (4.43)
|39.49 (102.27)
|Minto
|210
|3.02 (7.83)
|0
|3.02 (7.83)
|Mountain Village
|813
|108.10 (279.97)
|31.82 (82.41)
|139.92 (362.38)
|Naknek
|544
|81.55 (211.21)
|0.66 (1.71)
|82.21 (212.92)
|Nanwalek
|254
|8.39 (21.72)
|0.014 (0.036)
|8.40 (21.75)
|Napaimute
|2
|25.19 (65.25)
|3.21 (8.32)
|28.40 (73.56)
|Napakiak
|354
|4.41 (11.42)
|0.62 (1.60)
|5.02 (13.01)
|Napaskiak
|405
|3.63 (9.39)
|0.35 (0.91)
|3.98 (10.31)
|Nelson Lagoon
|52
|4.56 (11.82)
|0.077 (0.20)
|4.64 (12.01)
|Nenana
|378
|5.90 (15.27)
|0.058 (0.15)
|5.95 (15.42)
|New Koliganek
|209
|16.73 (43.32)
|0.34 (0.89)
|17.07 (44.21)
|New Stuyahok
|510
|32.48 (84.13)
|2.23 (5.78)
|34.71 (89.91)
|Newhalen
|190
|5.90 (15.29)
|2.33 (6.03)
|8.23 (21.32)
|Newtok
|354
|8.32 (21.55)
|0.12 (0.31)
|8.44 (21.86)
|Nightmute
|261
|5.24 (13.57)
|0.0046 (0.012)
|5.24 (13.58)
|Nikolai
|94
|4.60 (11.91)
|0.29 (0.74)
|4.88 (12.65)
|Nikolski
|18
|19.64 (50.88)
|0.73 (1.90)
|20.37 (52.77)
|Ninilchik
|14,512
|898.69 (2,327.60)
|530.10 (1,372.96)
|1,428.79 (3,700.56)
|Noatak
|514
|16.20 (41.97)
|0.69 (1.78)
|16.89 (43.75)
|Nome
|3,681
|125.08 (323.95)
|8.70 (22.52)
|133.77 (346.47)
|Nondalton
|164
|8.21 (21.27)
|0.58 (1.51)
|8.80 (22.78)
|Noorvik
|668
|0.94 (2.43)
|0.42 (1.09)
|1.36 (3.52)
|Northway
|242
|35.89 (92.95)
|3.38 (8.75)
|39.27 (101.70)
|Nuiqsut
|402
|9.42 (24.40)
|0
|9.42 (24.40)
|Nulato
|264
|41.56 (107.65)
|2.32 (6.01)
|43.88 (113.66)
|Nunam Iqua
|187
|12.13 (31.42)
|6.35 (16.45)
|18.48 (47.87)
|Nunapitchuk
|496
|7.46 (19.31)
|1.00 (2.59)
|8.46 (21.90)
|Ohogamiut
|0
|8.96 (23.21)
|0.025 (0.066)
|8.98 (23.27)
|Old Harbor
|218
|20.53 (53.17)
|5.99 (15.52)
|26.52 (68.69)
|Oscarville
|70
|2.56 (6.64)
|0.19 (0.50)
|2.76 (7.14)
|Ouzinkie
|172
|12.95 (33.54)
|1.92 (4.98)
|14.87 (38.52)
|Paimiut
|0
|25.32 (65.58)
|0
|25.32 (65.58)
|Pedro Bay
|42
|17.05 (44.17)
|2.25 (5.83)
|19.31 (50.01)
|Perryville
|113
|11.15 (28.89)
|0.020 (0.051)
|11.17 (28.94)
|Petersburg
|2,347
|2.39 (6.19)
|0.16 (0.42)
|2.55 (6.61)
|Pilot Point
|68
|10.91 (28.26)
|0.066 (0.17)
|10.98 (28.43)
|Pilot Station
|568
|1.69 (4.38)
|0.57 (1.47)
|2.26 (5.85)
|Pitkas Point
|109
|1.54 (3.99)
|0
|1.54 (3.99)
|Platinum
|59
|25.67 (66.48)
|1.60 (4.14)
|27.27 (70.63)
|Point Hope
|674
|4.82 (12.48)
|0.069 (0.18)
|4.89 (12.66)
|Point Lay
|189
|28.51 (73.85)
|3.78 (9.78)
|32.29 (83.63)
|Port Alsworth
|159
|22.64 (58.65)
|0.062 (0.16)
|22.71 (58.81)
|Port Graham
|177
|6.39 (16.54)
|0
|6.39 (16.54)
|Port Heiden
|102
|50.63 (131.13)
|0.39 (1.00)
|51.02 (132.14)
|Port Lions
|194
|84.76 (219.52)
|22.03 (57.06)
|106.79 (276.58)
|Portage Creek
|2
|12.87 (33.34)
|0
|12.87 (33.34)
|Rampart
|24
|2.00 (5.17)
|0
|2.00 (5.17)
|Red Devil
|23
|25.13 (65.08)
|2.70 (6.99)
|27.83 (72.07)
|Ruby
|166
|7.63 (19.76)
|0
|7.63 (19.76)
|Russian Mission
|312
|5.58 (14.46)
|0.36 (0.93)
|5.94 (15.39)
|Salamatof
|980
|8.09 (20.95)
|0.17 (0.44)
|8.26 (21.39)
|Sand Point
|976
|7.70 (19.94)
|0.17 (0.45)
|7.87 (20.38)
|Savoonga
|671
|6.10 (15.79)
|0
|6.10 (15.79)
|Saxman
|411
|0.98 (2.53)
|0
|0.98 (2.53)
|Scammon Bay
|474
|0.63 (1.62)
|0
|0.63 (1.62)
|Selawik
|829
|2.93 (7.58)
|1.18 (3.06)
|4.11 (10.64)
|Seldovia
|427
|13.22 (34.24)
|1.31 (3.38)
|14.53 (37.62)
|Shageluk
|83
|11.09 (28.72)
|1.34 (3.48)
|12.43 (32.20)
|Shaktoolik
|251
|1.04 (2.70)
|0
|1.04 (2.70)
|Shishmaref
|563
|16.48 (42.68)
|0.0012 (0.0032)
|16.48 (42.68)
|Shungnak
|262
|8.92 (23.10)
|0.996 (2.58)
|9.92 (25.68)
|Sitka
|4,480
|2.64 (6.83)
|0.35 (0.90)
|2.98 (7.73)
|Skagway
|967
|82.07 (212.57)
|4.46 (11.56)
|86.53 (224.12)
|Sleetmute
|86
|21.14 (54.76)
|5.24 (13.58)
|26.39 (68.34)
|Solomon
|0
|3.44 (8.90)
|5.24 (13.57)
|8.68 (22.47)
|South Naknek
|79
|93.99 (243.44)
|2.43 (6.30)
|96.42 (249.73)
|St. George
|102
|34.75 (90.00)
|147.55 (382.16)
|182.31 (472.17)
|St. Michael
|401
|20.02 (51.85)
|6.64 (17.19)
|26.66 (69.04)
|St. Paul
|479
|39.98 (103.54)
|2.32 (6.00)
|42.29 (109.54)
|Stebbins
|556
|36.37 (94.20)
|1.58 (4.10)
|37.95 (98.30)
|Stevens Village
|78
|11.64 (30.14)
|1.45 (3.75)
|13.09 (33.89)
|Stony River
|54
|3.07 (7.96)
|1.78 (4.62)
|4.86 (12.58)
|Takotna
|52
|23.81 (61.68)
|0
|23.81 (61.68)
|Tanacross
|136
|79.37 (205.57)
|1.64 (4.25)
|81.01 (209.82)
|Tanana
|246
|11.04 (28.60)
|4.64 (12.03)
|15.68 (40.62)
|Tatitlek
|88
|7.26 (18.81)
|2.80 (7.25)
|10.06 (26.06)
|Tazlina
|319
|12.28 (31.81)
|0.85 (2.21)
|13.13 (34.01)
|Telida
|3
|1.68 (4.34)
|0
|1.68 (4.34)
|Teller
|229
|1.89 (4.89)
|0.20 (0.52)
|2.09 (5.41)
|Tetlin
|130
|182.99 (473.95)
|10.93 (28.32)
|193.92 (502.26)
|Togiak
|817
|49.74 (128.82)
|83.21 (215.50)
|132.94 (344.32)
|Toksook Bay
|563
|14.25 (36.91)
|0.029 (0.076)
|14.28 (36.99)
|Tuluksak
|373
|2.92 (7.57)
|0.097 (0.25)
|3.02 (7.82)
|Tuntutuliak
|382
|1.92 (4.96)
|0.24 (0.63)
|2.16 (5.59)
|Tununak
|327
|60.08 (155.60)
|0.24 (0.62)
|60.32 (156.22)
|Twin Hills
|74
|22.77 (58.98)
|0.27 (0.69)
|23.04 (59.67)
|Tyonek
|177
|12.65 (32.77)
|0.66 (1.71)
|13.31 (34.47)
|Ugashik
|12
|90.24 (233.73)
|1.61 (4.17)
|91.85 (237.89)
|Unalakleet
|688
|11.87 (30.75)
|2.57 (6.66)
|14.44 (37.41)
|Unalaska
|4,376
|83.17 (215.42)
|2.34 (6.06)
|85.51 (221.48)
|Venetie
|149
|12.00 (31.08)
|0
|12.00 (31.08)
|Wainwright
|556
|17.94 (46.46)
|0
|17.94 (46.46)
|Wales
|145
|2.53 (6.54)
|0
|2.53 (6.54)
|White Mountain
|190
|1.80 (4.67)
|0.23 (0.60)
|2.03 (5.27)
|Wrangell
|1,189
|0.90 (2.34)
|0
|0.90 (2.34)
|Yakutat
|662
|100.49 (260.26)
|3.63 (9.41)
|104.12 (269.67)
Hawaiian home lands[edit]
|Legal/Statistical Area Description[2]
|Population
(2010)[2]
|Area in mi2 (km2)[2]
|Land
|Water
|Total
|Anahola (Agricultural)
|257
|0.80 (2.08)
|0.0020 (0.0052)
|0.80 (2.08)
|Anahola (Residential)
|1,566
|5.63 (14.58)
|0.029 (0.074)
|5.66 (14.65)
|East Kapolei
|0
|0.33 (0.86)
|0
|0.33 (0.86)
|Haiku
|0
|0.22 (0.58)
|0
|0.22 (0.58)
|Hanapepe
|25
|0.57 (1.47)
|0
|0.57 (1.47)
|Homuula-Upper Piihonua
|3
|96.91 (250.99)
|0.0054 (0.014)
|96.91 (251.00)
|Honokaia
|0
|5.03 (13.02)
|0
|5.03 (13.02)
|Honokowai
|0
|1.25 (3.23)
|0.0054 (0.014)
|1.25 (3.25)
|Honolulu Makai
|13
|0.036 (0.094)
|0
|0.036 (0.094)
|Honomu
|6
|1.19 (3.09)
|0.019 (0.048)
|1.21 (3.14)
|Hoolehua-Palaau
|1,292
|21.61 (55.96)
|0
|21.61 (55.96)
|Kahikinui
|3
|37.26 (96.50)
|0
|37.26 (96.50)
|Kakaina-Kumuhau
|0
|0.032 (0.084)
|0
|0.032 (0.084)
|Kalaeloa
|10
|0.90 (2.32)
|0
|0.90 (2.32)
|Kalamaula
|300
|7.95 (20.58)
|0
|7.95 (20.58)
|Kalaupapa
|90
|1.94 (5.03)
|0
|1.94 (5.03)
|Kalawahine
|319
|0.073 (0.19)
|0
|0.073 (0.19)
|Kamaoa-Puueo
|14
|17.59 (45.56)
|0
|17.59 (45.56)
|Kamiloloa-Makakupaia
|85
|5.08 (13.15)
|0.062 (0.16)
|5.14 (13.31)
|Kamoku-Kapulena
|46
|7.47 (19.35)
|0.0024 (0.0063)
|7.47 (19.36)
|Kanehili
|0
|0.11 (0.28)
|0
|0.11 (0.28)
|Kaohe-Olaa
|0
|1.06 (2.75)
|0
|1.06 (2.75)
|Kapaa
|0
|0.027 (0.070)
|0
|0.027 (0.070)
|Kapaakea
|141
|3.06 (7.92)
|0
|3.06 (7.92)
|Kapolei
|0
|0.14 (0.36)
|0
|0.14 (0.36)
|Kaumana
|111
|0.028 (0.073)
|0
|0.028 (0.073)
|Kaupea
|1,387
|0.085 (0.22)
|0
|0.085 (0.22)
|Kawaihae
|407
|15.99 (41.41)
|0
|15.99 (41.41)
|Keahuolu
|0
|0.24 (0.61)
|0
|0.24 (0.61)
|Kealakehe
|759
|1.11 (2.88)
|0
|1.11 (2.88)
|Keanae-Wailua
|17
|0.39 (1.00)
|0
|0.39 (1.00)
|Keaukaha
|1,584
|2.64 (6.83)
|0
|2.64 (6.83)
|Kekaha
|483
|0.081 (0.21)
|0
|0.081 (0.21)
|Keokea
|24
|3.85 (9.98)
|0
|3.85 (9.98)
|Keoniki
|0
|0.36 (0.94)
|0
|0.36 (0.94)
|Kewalo
|261
|0.020 (0.051)
|0
|0.020 (0.051)
|Kolaoa
|0
|0.75 (1.94)
|0
|0.75 (1.94)
|Lalamilo
|64
|0.39 (1.00)
|0
|0.39 (1.00)
|Lanai City
|85
|0.073 (0.19)
|0
|0.073 (0.19)
|Leialii
|328
|0.12 (0.30)
|0
|0.12 (0.30)
|Lualualei
|58
|0.71 (1.83)
|0.046 (0.12)
|0.75 (1.95)
|Maili
|323
|0.14 (0.36)
|0
|0.14 (0.36)
|Makaha Valley
|4
|0.37 (0.96)
|0
|0.37 (0.96)
|Makuu
|113
|3.44 (8.90)
|0
|3.44 (8.90)
|Maluohai
|1,178
|0.058 (0.15)
|0
|0.058 (0.15)
|Moloaa
|6
|0.54 (1.40)
|0
|0.54 (1.40)
|Nanakuli
|5,370
|3.61 (9.34)
|0.0023 (0.0060)
|3.61 (9.35)
|Nienie
|0
|11.09 (28.73)
|0
|11.09 (28.73)
|Panaewa (Agricultural)
|664
|2.65 (6.86)
|0.0073 (0.019)
|2.66 (6.88)
|Panaewa (Residential)
|1,091
|0.19 (0.49)
|0
|0.19 (0.49)
|Papakลlea
|1,215
|0.19 (0.50)
|0
|0.19 (0.50)
|Pauahi
|0
|0.86 (2.24)
|0
|0.86 (2.24)
|Paukukalo
|818
|0.097 (0.25)
|0
|0.097 (0.25)
|Pearl City
|99
|0.037 (0.095)
|0
|0.037 (0.095)
|Piihonua
|46
|0.0081 (0.021)
|0
|0.0081 (0.021)
|Ponohawaii
|21
|0.0014 (0.0037)
|0
|0.0014 (0.0037)
|Princess Kahanu Estates
|1,128
|0.085 (0.22)
|0
|0.085 (0.22)
|Pulehunui
|0
|0.61 (1.59)
|0
|0.61 (1.59)
|Puukapu
|898
|18.85 (48.83)
|0.019 (0.048)
|18.87 (48.87)
|South Maui
|0
|0.35 (0.90)
|0
|0.35 (0.90)
|Ualapue
|2
|0.64 (1.66)
|0
|0.64 (1.66)
|Upolu
|0
|0.054 (0.14)
|0
|0.054 (0.14)
|Waiahole
|27
|0.029 (0.075)
|0
|0.029 (0.075)
|Waiakea
|0
|2.17 (5.61)
|0
|2.17 (5.61)
|Waianae
|2,201
|0.58 (1.50)
|0
|0.58 (1.50)
|Waianae Kai
|609
|0.039 (0.10)
|0
|0.039 (0.10)
|Waiehu
|1,330
|0.20 (0.53)
|0
|0.20 (0.53)
|Waiku-Hana
|0
|1.15 (2.98)
|0
|1.15 (2.98)
|Wailau
|0
|0.10 (0.26)
|0
|0.10 (0.26)
|Wailua
|17
|0.85 (2.20)
|0
|0.85 (2.20)
|Waimanalo
|3,048
|3.15 (8.17)
|0
|3.15 (8.17)
|Waimanu
|2
|0.32 (0.84)
|0
|0.32 (0.84)
|Waimea
|0
|23.56 (61.02)
|0.0050 (0.013)
|23.57 (61.04)
|Waiohinu
|6
|0.43 (1.12)
|0
|0.43 (1.12)
|Waiohuli
|904
|5.76 (14.92)
|0
|5.76 (14.92)
Oklahoma tribal statistical areas[edit]
|Legal/Statistical Area Description[2]
|Total
population
(2010)[2]
|Native
population
(2010)[15]
|Area in mi2 (km2)[2]
|Land
|Water
|Total
|Caddo-Wichita-Delaware
|14,782
|2,000
|1,027.10 (2,660.18)
|10.89 (28.21)
|1,037.99 (2,688.39)
|Cherokee (*)
|505,021
|125,000
|6,693.73 (17,336.68)
|269.48 (697.95)
|6,963.21 (18,034.63)
|Cheyenne-Arapaho
|174,108
|13,000
|8,116.89 (21,022.65)
|59.37 (153.76)
|8,176.26 (21,176.42)
|Chickasaw (*)
|302,861
|41,000
|7,270.28 (18,829.94)
|188.24 (487.55)
|7,458.52 (19,317.49)
|Choctaw (*)
|233,126
|48,000
|10,602.33 (27,459.92)
|283.99 (735.53)
|10,886.32 (28,195.45)
|Citizen Potawatomi Nation-Absentee Shawnee
|117,911
|13,000
|1,116.67 (2,892.15)
|17.17 (44.46)
|1,133.83 (2,936.61)
|Creek (*)
|758,622
|99,000
|4,628.71 (11,988.31)
|157.34 (407.50)
|4,786.05 (12,395.81)
|Creek/Seminole joint-use
|2,041
|500
|65.19 (168.83)
|0.32 (0.82)
|65.50 (169.65)
|Eastern Shawnee
|752
|20.35 (52.70)
|0.38 (0.99)
|20.73 (53.69)
|Iowa
|6,608
|356.67 (923.76)
|3.10 (8.02)
|359.76 (931.78)
|Kaw
|6,130
|476.26 (1,233.51)
|20.59 (53.33)
|496.85 (1,286.83)
|Kaw/Ponca joint-use
|27,111
|108.73 (281.60)
|1.71 (4.42)
|110.43 (286.02)
|Kickapoo
|19,921
|249.55 (646.34)
|2.51 (6.50)
|252.06 (652.83)
|Kiowa-Comanche-Apache-Fort Sill Apache
|197,781
|16,000
|6,353.02 (16,454.25)
|75.92 (196.64)
|6,428.94 (16,650.89)
|Kiowa-Comanche-Apache-Ft Sill Apache/Caddo-Wichita-Delaware joint-use
|11,621
|5,000
|192.77 (499.26)
|0.60 (1.56)
|193.37 (500.82)
|Miami (*)
|268
|27.71 (71.77)
|0.36 (0.92)
|28.07 (72.69)
|Miami/Peoria joint-use (*)
|4,401
|12.44 (32.22)
|0.17 (0.44)
|12.61 (32.66)
|Modoc
|292
|6.24 (16.17)
|0
|6.24 (16.17)
|Otoe-Missouria
|814
|192.32 (498.11)
|9.56 (24.76)
|201.89 (522.88)
|Ottawa (*)
|5,919
|23.41 (60.62)
|0.58 (1.49)
|23.98 (62.11)
|Pawnee
|16,437
|514.66 (1,332.96)
|21.95 (56.85)
|536.61 (1,389.81)
|Peoria (*)
|5,019
|39.30 (101.79)
|0.14 (0.36)
|39.44 (102.16)
|Ponca
|2,100
|163.63 (423.81)
|3.32 (8.59)
|166.95 (432.39)
|Quapaw (*)
|5,357
|86.38 (223.73)
|0.47 (1.23)
|86.86 (224.96)
|Sac and Fox
|57,450
|8,300
|739.15 (1,914.40)
|11.02 (28.53)
|750.17 (1,942.94)
|Seminole (*)
|23,441
|5,700
|567.65 (1,470.21)
|7.32 (18.96)
|574.97 (1,489.17)
|Seneca-Cayuga
|4,294
|72.35 (187.38)
|10.92 (28.27)
|83.26 (215.65)
|Tonkawa
|4,056
|142.51 (369.10)
|1.05 (2.73)
|143.56 (371.83)
|Wyandotte (*)
|1,672
|32.59 (84.41)
|1.52 (3.94)
|34.12 (88.36)
(*) declared reservations under McGirt v. Oklahoma
State-recognized reservations[edit]
A state designated American Indian reservation is the land area designated by a state for state-recognized American Indian tribes who lack federal recognition.
|Legal/Statistical Area Description[2]
|State
|Population
(2010)[2]
|Area in mi2 (km2)[2]
|Land
|Water
|Total
|Golden Hill Paugussett Reservation
|CT
|4
|0.15 (0.40)
|0
|0.15 (0.40)
|Hassanamisco Reservation
|MA
|2
|0.0081 (0.021)
|0
|0.0081 (0.021)
|MOWA Choctaw Reservation
|AL
|87
|1.04 (2.69)
|0
|1.04 (2.69)
|Paucatuck Eastern Pequot Reservation
|CT
|30
|0.36 (0.92)
|0.023 (0.059)
|0.38 (0.98)
|Schaghticoke Reservation
|CT
|9
|0.43 (1.12)
|0
|0.43 (1.12)
|Tama Reservation
|GA
|9
|0.14 (0.37)
|0.00081 (0.0021)
|0.14 (0.37)
|Poospatuck Reservation
|NY
|324
|0.11 (0.29)
|0.058 (0.15)
|0.17 (0.44)
State designated tribal statistical areas[edit]
State Designated Tribal Statistical Areas are geographical areas the United States Census Bureau uses to track demographic data. These areas have a substantial concentration of members of tribes that are State recognized but not Federally recognized and do not have a reservation or off-reservation trust land.[14]
|Legal/Statistical Area Description[2]
|State(s)
|Population
(2010)[2]
|Area in mi2 (km2)[2]
|Land
|Water
|Total
|Adais Caddo
|LA
|2,517
|146.27 (378.85)
|1.84 (4.77)
|148.12 (383.62)
|Apache Choctaw
|LA
|6,000
|85.61 (221.73)
|1.02 (2.63)
|86.63 (224.37)
|Beaver Creek
|SC
|1,153
|25.07 (64.94)
|0.10 (0.27)
|25.17 (65.20)
|Cher-O-Creek
|AL
|83,668
|322.25 (834.62)
|1.12 (2.89)
|323.37 (837.52)
|Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama
|AL
|12,732
|33.97 (87.99)
|0.15 (0.38)
|34.12 (88.37)
|Chickahominy
|VA
|3,443
|51.85 (134.29)
|0.025 (0.065)
|51.88 (134.36)
|Clifton Choctaw
|LA
|415
|48.81 (126.42)
|0.10 (0.27)
|48.92 (126.70)
|Coharie Intra-tribal Council, Inc.
|NC
|56,432
|241.59 (625.71)
|3.05 (7.89)
|244.63 (633.60)
|Eastern Chickahominy
|VA
|179
|2.23 (5.78)
|0
|2.23 (5.78)
|Echota Cherokee
|AL
|53,622
|509.06 (1,318.46)
|3.02 (7.83)
|512.08 (1,326.29)
|Four Winds Cherokee
|LA
|30,286
|218.89 (566.91)
|2.00 (5.17)
|220.88 (572.08)
|Haliwa-Saponi
|NC
|8,102
|177.03 (458.50)
|0.46 (1.19)
|177.49 (459.69)
|Lenape Indian Tribe of Delaware
|DE
|545
|2.25 (5.82)
|0
|2.25 (5.82)
|Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina
|NC
|490,899
|1,817.16 (4,706.43)
|8.51 (22.04)
|1,825.67 (4,728.46)
|MaChis Lower Creek
|AL
|21,818
|668.20 (1,730.64)
|2.58 (6.67)
|670.78 (1,737.31)
|Meherrin
|NC
|7,956
|32.62 (84.49)
|0.45 (1.16)
|33.07 (85.65)
|Nanticoke Indian Tribe
|DE
|7,059
|27.69 (71.72)
|0.085 (0.22)
|27.78 (71.95)
|Nanticoke Lenni Lenape
|NJ
|5,652
|19.16 (49.62)
|0.25 (0.64)
|19.41 (50.26)
|Occaneechi-Saponi
|NC
|8,615
|93.61 (242.45)
|1.68 (4.35)
|95.29 (246.80)
|Pee Dee
|SC
|2,915
|50.97 (132.02)
|0.71 (1.83)
|51.68 (133.86)
|Ramapough
|NJ
|847
|7.15 (18.53)
|0.10 (0.26)
|7.25 (18.79)
|Santee
|SC
|492
|7.68 (19.89)
|0
|7.68 (19.89)
|Sappony
|NC
|2,372
|43.00 (111.36)
|4.08 (10.56)
|47.07 (121.91)
|Star Muskogee Creek
|AL
|5,377
|112.64 (291.73)
|0.31 (0.81)
|112.95 (292.54)
|United Cherokee Ani-Yun-Wiya Nation
|AL
|5,869
|8.43 (21.84)
|0.83 (2.15)
|9.26 (23.99)
|United Houma Nation
|LA
|203,077
|582.01 (1,507.40)
|24.89 (64.46)
|606.90 (1,571.86)
|Upper South Carolina Pee Dee
|SC
|1,325
|39.38 (101.99)
|0.035 (0.091)
|39.41 (102.08)
|Waccamaw
|SC
|24
|1.28 (3.32)
|0.0042 (0.011)
|1.29 (3.33)
|Waccamaw Siouan
|NC
|2,113
|45.36 (117.47)
|0.033 (0.085)
|45.39 (117.56)
|Wassamasaw
|SC
|2,011
|8.84 (22.90)
|0
|8.84 (22.90)
Tribal designated statistical areas[edit]
A tribal designated statistical area is a statistical entity identified and delineated for the Census Bureau by a federally recognized American Indian tribe that does not currently have a federally established Indian reservation.[14]
|Legal/Statistical Area Description[2]
|State(s)
|Population
(2010)[2]
|Area in mi2 (km2)[2]
|Land
|Water
|Total
|Cayuga Nation
|NY
|2,715
|37.85 (98.02)
|35.62 (92.26)
|73.47 (190.29)
|Ione Band of Miwok
|CA
|5
|2.12 (5.49)
|0
|2.12 (5.49)
|Samish
|WA
|36,727
|224.63 (581.80)
|543.56 (1,407.81)
|768.20 (1,989.62)
See also[edit]
- United States
- List of federally recognized tribes
- List of federally recognized tribes by state
- State recognized tribes in the United States
- List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes
- Native Americans in the United States
- List of Alaska Native tribal entities
- List of historical Indian reservations in the United States
- National Park Service Native American Heritage Sites
- Outline of United States federal Indian law and policy
- Off-reservation trust land
- Native Americans and reservation inequality
- Canada
References[edit]
- ^ Bryan Newland (12 January 2023), What is a federal Indian reservation?, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Wikidata Q120512083
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y "U.S. Census website". Retrieved 2017-03-21.
- ^ Cowlitz Tribe debuts convenience store and gas station on gaming anniversary
- ^ Judge Orders Trump to Reconsider Ruling Revoking Mashpee Wampanoag Reservation Status
- ^ "2010 Navajo Nation Census" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-06. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
- ^ Buena Vista Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians Wetland Program Plan
- ^ Notice: Land acquisitions into trust: Buena Vista Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians, CA
- ^ TRIBAL-STATE COMPACT BETWEEN THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA AND THE MECHOOPDA INDIAN TRIBE OF CHICO RANCHERIA
- ^ Federal officials approve new casino in Sonoma
- ^ Approval of homeland for Cloverdale Rancheria of Pomo Indians clears path for casino
- ^ "Land Acquisitions; Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria, California." Federal Register (Volume 73, Number 89). 7 May 2008 (retrieved 6 Jan 2009)
- ^ FEDERAL JUDGE DISMISSES CASES AGAINST WILTON RANCHERIA TRIBE
- ^ Wilton Rancheria secures victory in homelands case
- ^ a b c "Definitions of the American Indian and Alaska Native Geographic Areas". Census.gov. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
- ^ Native people 'alone' or 'in combination'
Sources[edit]
- "Geographic Terms and Concepts - American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian Areas". U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2013. | null | List of Indian reservations in the United States - Wikipedia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Michigan_Park | North Michigan Park
This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2009)
North Michigan Park
|Coordinates: 38ยฐ56โฒ43โณN 76ยฐ59โฒ46โณW / 38.9454ยฐN 76.996ยฐW
|Country
|United States
|District
|Washington, D.C.
|Ward
|Ward 5
|Government
|โข Councilmember
|Zachary Parker
North Michigan Park is a neighborhood located in Ward 5 of Northeast Washington, D.C.[1] North Michigan Park is contained between Eastern Avenue N.E. to the east, Gallatin Street N.E. to the north, Michigan Avenue N.E. to the south, and South Dakota Avenue N.E. to the west. North Michigan Park borders the neighborhoods of Michigan Park, Queens Chapel, and Woodridge, which also are located in Ward 5 of Northeast Washington D.C. In addition to these neighborhoods in Ward 5 of Northeast Washington D.C., North Michigan Park also borders the adjacent neighborhoods of Avondale and Chillum, which are both located in Prince George's County, Maryland. North Michigan Park neighborhood is often confused with the North Michigan Park Civic Association which has boundaries that include both North Michigan Park and Michigan Park. North Michigan Park and Michigan Park neighborhoods have been historically designated as separate neighborhoods because they were segregated by race. North Michigan Park was the less desirable neighborhood where African-Americans lived while Michigan Park was a much more desirable neighborhood where the neighborhood where their white counterparts lived. Both neighborhoods are separated from each other by South Dakota Avenue N.E. The Washington Metropolitan Area Green Line train tracks pass through the North Michigan Park neighborhood, notably, through a tunnel when traveling between the West Hyattsville and Fort Totten Metro Stations. The Washington Metropolitan Area Green Line train tracks initially are above ground when traveling between the West Hyattsville Metro Station and a certain portion of the neighborhood of Avondale. The Washington Metropolitan Area Green Line tracks then gradually enter a tunnel, which they use throughout the rest of the Avondale neighborhood, a small portion of the Chillum neighborhood, the North Michigan Park neighborhood, and Queens Chapel neighborhood before entering the lower level portion of the Fort Totten Metro Station, located below the Washington Metropolitan Area Red Line train tracks.
References[edit]
- ^ "About Ward 5 | op". planning.dc.gov. | null | North Michigan Park - Wikipedia |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%ED%98%81%EC%9E%AC | ์ํ์ฌ
๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ
|
|๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ ๋ณด
|๊ตญ์
|๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ
|์๋
์์ผ
|1995๋
1์ 29์ผ(30์ธ)
|์ถ์ ์ง
|๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์์ธํน๋ณ์
|์ ์ฅ
|177 cm
|์ฒด์ค
|82 kg
|์ ์ ์ ๋ณด
|ํฌ๊ตฌยทํ์
|์ขํฌ์ขํ
|์๋น ์์น
|์ฐ์ต์, ์ข์ต์
|ํ๋ก ์
๋จ ์ฐ๋
|2017๋
|๋๋ํํธ ์์
|2017๋
2์ฐจ 4๋ผ์ด๋(ํํ ์ด๊ธ์ค)
|์ฒซ ์ถ์ฅ
|KBO / 2022๋
5์ 7์ผ
๋์ ๋ KIA์
|๋ง์ง๋ง ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ
|KBO / 2022๋
5์ 21์ผ
๊ณ ์ฒ ๋ ํค์์
|๊ณ์ฝ๊ธ
|7,000๋ง์
|๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
|
์ํ์ฌ(1995๋
1์ 29์ผ ~ )๋ ์ KBO ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํํ ์ด๊ธ์ค์ ์ธ์ผ์์ด๋ค.
ํ๊ตญ ํ๋ก์ผ๊ตฌ ์์ [ํธ์ง]
2017๋
์ ์
๋จํ์๋ค.
ํ๊ตญ ์ค์
์ผ๊ตฌ ์์ [ํธ์ง]
2020๋
์ ์
๋จํ์๋ค.
ํ๊ตญ ํ๋ก์ผ๊ตฌ ๋ณต๊ท[ํธ์ง]
2022๋
์ ์ฌ์
๋จํ์๋ค. 2022๋
5์ 7์ผ KIA ํ์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ๋ท ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น๋ ๊ณ , ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 4ํ์ 1์ํ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. 2023๋
10์์ ๋ฐฉ์ถ๋๋ค.
์ถ์ ํ๊ต[ํธ์ง]
|์ด ๊ธ์ ์ผ๊ตฌ์ธ์ ๊ดํ ํ ๋ง๊ธ์
๋๋ค. ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ์ ์ง์์ผ๋ก ์์ฐจ๊ฒ ๋ฌธ์๋ฅผ ์์ฑํด ๊ฐ์๋ค. | null | ์ํ์ฌ - ์ํค๋ฐฑ๊ณผ, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋์ ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์ฌ์ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_Ovchinin | Aleksey Ovchinin
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (December 2015) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
Aleksey Ovchinin
ะะปะตะบัะตะน ะะฒัะธะฝะธะฝ
|Born
Aleksey Nikolayevich Ovchinin
28 September 1971
Rybinsk, Yaroslavl Oblast, Russian SFSR, USSR
|Status
|Active
|Nationality
|Russian
|Awards
|Space career
|Roscosmos cosmonaut
Current occupation
|Test cosmonaut
|Rank
|Lieutenant colonel, Russian Air Force (reserve)[1]
Time in space
|548 days, 15 hours, 17 minutes
(currently in space)
|Selection
|TsPK-14 Cosmonaut Group (2006)
Total EVAs
|2
Total EVA time
|13 hours, 18 minutes[1]
|Missions
Mission insignia
Aleksey Nikolayevich Ovchinin (Russian: ะะปะตะบัะตะน ะะธะบะพะปะฐะตะฒะธั ะะฒัะธะฝะธะฝ, IPA: [ษlสฒษชkหsสฒej nสฒษชkษหla(j)ษชvสฒษชtษ ษfหtษinสฒษชn];[2] born 28 September 1971) is a Russian Air Force Major and cosmonaut, who was selected in 2006.[3] Ovchinin made his first spaceflight in 2016 on Soyuz TMA-20M where he also served as commander.
Early life[edit]
He graduated from high school No. 2 in the city of Rybinsk.
From August 1988 to September 1990 he was a cadet of Borisoglebsk Higher Military Pilot School and, from September 1990 to August 1992, a student of the Yeisk Higher Military Pilot School where he qualified as a pilot-engineer.[4]
From August 1992 to February 1998 he served as a pilot instructor in the Training Aviation Regiment (TAR) at Yeisk Higher Military Pilot School. From February 1998 to September 2003 he was a pilot instructor, then commander of the aviation section of Krasnodar Military Aviation Institute (MAI) in Kotelnikovo (Volgograd region). From September 2003, until his enrollment as a cosmonaut, he served as a commander of an aviation unit of the 70th Separate Test Training Aviation Regiment of Special Purpose (OITAPON). He has over 1300 hours flying time in Yak-52 and L-39 aircraft. Ovchinin is qualified as a Pilot Instructor Second Class.
By order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation in 2012 he was dismissed from the Armed Forces into reserve.
Cosmonaut career[edit]
On 11 October 2006, at the meeting of the Interdepartmental Commission for the selection of cosmonauts, he was recommended as a cosmonaut candidate at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center.[5]
From 16 to 22 June 2008 in Sevastopol he participated in descent vehicle training along with Robert Thirsk (Canada) and Richard Garriott (USA). The training was specifically for landing on water.
On 9 June 2009 he qualified as a "test cosmonaut" and was presented with Cosmonaut Certificate No. 205. On 1 August 2009 he was appointed as a test cosmonaut of the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center. In October 2009, at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, he participated in training in the Mini Research Module (MRM). On 26 April 2010 he was certified as a cosmonaut of the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center NII FGBU detachment. In September 2013, he took part in the CAVES[6] (Cooperative Adventure from Valuing and Exercising human behaviour and performance Skills) mission[7] in the Sa Grutta caves on the island of Sardinia (Italy).[8] During the mission, five astronauts and cosmonauts (Michael Barratt, Jack Fisher, Jeremy Hansen, Paolo Nespoli and Satoshi Furukawa) from different space agencies worked in a multicultural and multi-ethnic team in extreme conditions underground.[9]
He trained as a part of the backup crew for Soyuz TMA-16M, the launch of which took place on 27 March 2015. In the autumn of 2015, Ovchinin and cosmonaut Oleg Skripochka tasted 160 culinary dishes, designed for astronauts on board the ISS, over an 8-day period. Food was evaluated on a 9-point scale.
Expedition 47/48[edit]
Ovchinin launched to space on his first flight as the commander of Soyuz TMA-20M which launched on 18 March 2016 21:26 UTC, to join the International Space Station as part of Expedition 47/48.[10] He returned to Earth with his crew mates on 7 September 2016 after 172 days on orbit.
Expedition 57 (aborted)[edit]
On 11 October 2018 Ovchinin and Nick Hague boarded Soyuz MS-10 on the way to the International Space Station to join Expedition 57, but the launch was aborted mid-flight due to a booster failure; the crew landed safely after a ballistic descent.[11][12] During his MS-10 flight, the Soyuz spacecraft aborted at an altitude of around 50 kilometers (31 miles) and reached an apogee of 93 km (58 mi), just short of the Kรกrmรกn line, before landing 19 minutes and 41 seconds after launch.[13]
Expedition 59/60[edit]
Ovchinin launched to the ISS again on 14 March 2019, travelling on Soyuz MS-12 with American astronauts Nick Hague and Christina Koch. The trio joined the Expedition 59 crew, along with commander Oleg Kononenko and flight engineers David Saint-Jacques and Anne McClain.[14] After the departure of Kononenko, Saint-Jacques and McClain on 24 June 2019, Ovchinin took command of the station for Expedition 60.[15]
Expedition 71/72[edit]
In September 2024, he flew on Soyuz MS-26 with Ivan Vagner and Donald Pettit. His return is planned for April 2025.
Family life[edit]
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. (October 2018)
He has a wife, Svetlana, and a daughter. His hobbies include hunting, fishing and music.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b "ะะฒัะธะฝะธะฝ ะะปะตะบัะตะน ะะธะบะพะปะฐะตะฒะธั". astronaut.ru. Retrieved 2024-09-08.
- ^ Team, Forvo. "ะะฒัะธะฝะธะฝ pronunciation: How to pronounce ะะฒัะธะฝะธะฝ in Russian". Forvo.com. Retrieved 2018-10-12.
- ^ "OVCHININ Alexey Nikolaevich". S.P. Korolev RSC "Energia". Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
- ^ "Alexey Ovchinin โ ISS Expedition 47 | Spaceflight101".
- ^ "squad CPC VVS.14 second set". testpilot.ru. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
- ^ Sauro, Francesco; De Waele, Jo; Payler, Samuel J.; Vattano, Marco; Sauro, Francesco Maria; Turchi, Leonardo; Bessone, Loredana (2021-07-01). "Speleology as an analogue to space exploration: The ESA CAVES training programme". Acta Astronautica. 184: 150โ166. Bibcode:2021AcAau.184..150S. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2021.04.003. hdl:11585/819077. ISSN 0094-5765. S2CID 234819922.
- ^ "What is CAVES?". ESA. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
- ^ "Again astronauts descended into the cave". infuture.ru. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
- ^ "Meet the cavenauts". ESA. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
- ^ "NASA Television to Air Launch of Next Record-Breaking U.S. Astronaut". NASA. 10 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
- ^ Dent, Steve (11 October 2018). "Soyuz astronauts safe after failure forced an emergency landing". Engadget. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
- ^ "Family, world watches as rocket carrying Kansas astronaut fails". The Wichita Eagle. October 11, 2018. Archived from the original on October 12, 2018.
- ^ Burghardt, Thomas (18 October 2018). "NASA and Roscosmos trying to avoid an empty Space Station โ NASASpaceFlight.com". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
- ^ Gebhardt, Chris (14 March 2019). "Soyuz MS-12 docks with the Space Station". NASASpaceflight.com.
- ^ Bergin, Chris (23 June 2019). "Soyuz MS-11 returns ISS trio back to Earth โ NASASpaceFlight.com". NASASpaceflight.com. | null | Aleksey Ovchinin - Wikipedia |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%88%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC%ED%9A%8C%EC%9D%98 | ์์ ์น๊ตญ๋ฏผํ์
|
์์ ์น๊ตญ๋ฏผํ์
|์ฝ์นญ
|๊ตญ๋ฏผํ์
|์์ง์
|๋
น์, ํ๋์
|์ด๋
|์์ ์ฃผ์[1]
์ ์์ ์ฃผ์[2]
์ค๋๊ฐํ์ฃผ์
|์คํํธ๋ผ
|์ค๋[3]
|
๋น์ง์
|์ด์ฌ
|๊น๋์ค
|
์ญ์ฌ
|์ฐฝ๋น
|1995๋
9์ 11์ผ
|ํด์ฐ
|2000๋
1์ 20์ผ
|๋ณํฉํ ์ ๋น
|๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ๋น
|๋ถ๋น ์ด์ ์ ๋น
|๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น (1991๋
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ)
|ํ๊ณ์ ๋น
|์์ฒ๋
๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น
|
๋ด๋ถ ์กฐ์ง
|์ค์๋น์ฌ
|๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์์ธํน๋ณ์ ์๋ฑํฌ๊ตฌ ์ฌ์๋๋ฃจ๋ก 67(์ฌ์๋๋)
|
์์ ์น๊ตญ๋ฏผํ์ (ํ์)
์์ ์น๊ตญ๋ฏผํ์(์ๆฟๆฒปๅๆฐๆ่ญฐ)๋ 1995๋
๋ถํฐ 2000๋
๊น์ง ์กด์ฌํ๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น๊ณ ์ ๋น์ด๋ค. ์ 14๋ ๋์ ์์ ๋์ ํ๊ณ ์ ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ํดํ์๋ ๊น๋์ค ์ ํํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์ด์ฌ๊ฐ 1995๋
6์ 27์ผ ์ค์๋ ์ 1ํ ์ ๊ตญ๋์์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์๋๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ํ๋ณด ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊น์ด ๊ด์ฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฌผ๋ก ํ๋ณด ์ง์ ์ ์ธ์ ๋์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ ์์ธํน๋ณ์์ฅ์ ๋น๋กฏํ ๊ด์ญ์์น๋จ์ฒด์ฅ 4๋ช
, ๊ธฐ์ด๋จ์ฒด์ฅ 84๋ช
, ๊ด์ญ์์ 352๋ช
์ ๋น์ ์ํค๋ ์์น์ ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ ์์๋ค.
์ด์ ํ์ ์ป์ ๊น๋์ค์ด ๊ทธ ํด 7์ 17์ผ์ ์ ๊ณ ๋ณต๊ท์ ์ ๋น ์ฐฝ๋น์ ๊ณต์ ์ ์ธํ์, ๋น์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์์ ์์ 95๋ช
์ค 65๋ช
์ด ํ๋นํ๊ณ ์ ๋น์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ฉด์ ์์ ์น๊ตญ๋ฏผํ์๋ ์ฐฝ๋น๊ณผ ๋์์ ์ 1์ผ๋น์ผ๋ก ์๋ฆฌ๋งค๊นํ๋ค. 1995๋
9์ 11์ผ์ ์ ์ ๋ฑ๋ก๋์๋ค.
1996๋
์ ์ค์๋ ์ 15๋ ์ด์ ์์๋ ์ผ๋น ๋ถ์ด์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก ์ ๋์ฒ , ์ด์ข
์ฐฌ, ๊น๋๊ท ๋ฑ์ ์ค์ง ๊ตญํ์์๋ค์ด ๋๊ฑฐ ๋์ ํ๋ ๋ฑ ์ฐธํจํ์ฌ 299์ ์ค 79์์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์ณค์ผ๋, 1997๋
12์ 18์ผ์ ์ค์๋ ์ 15๋ ๋์ ์์ ์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฐํฉ๊ณผ์ ๊ณต์กฐ๋ฅผ ํตํ์ฌ ๊น๋์ค์ ๋ํต๋ น์ผ๋ก ๋น์ ์์ผฐ๋ค.
์ 16๋ ์ด์ ์ 3๊ฐ์ ์๋ 2000๋
1์ 20์ผ์ ์์ฒ๋
๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ ์ฐฝ๋นํ๋ฉด์ ํด์ฐํ์๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ[ํธ์ง]
์๋ฏผ๋ จ๊ณผ์ ์ฐ๋[ํธ์ง]
ํตํฉ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น๊ณผ ํฉ๋นํ ํ ๋น์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ํ๋ณด๋์๊ณ ์๋๊ถ๊ณผ ํธ๋จ๊ถ์ ๋์ ์ง์ง์จ์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ๊น๋์ค ๋ํต๋ น์ ๊ตญ์ ์ํ์ ์ถฉ์คํ ๋ณด์ขํ์์ผ๋. ์ถฉ์ฒญ๊ถ์ ์ฃผ๋ฆ์ก๋ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ์๋์ธ ์๋ฏผ๋ จ์ด ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ์๋์๋ค. ์ด์ ๊น๋์ค ๋ํต๋ น์ ์ต๊ณ ์์๋ค์ ์ค๋ํ์ฌ ์๋ฏผ๋ จ๊ณผ์ ์ฐ๋๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ํ์๋ค.์ด์ ๋น ๋ด์ ์ง๋ณด์ฑํฅ์ ์์๋ค์ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ๋ฐ๋๊ฐ ์์์ผ๋ ๋
ธ๋ฌดํ ์๋ด๋ํ์ ์ค๋์ผ๋ก 1998๋
11์ 13์ผ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ ์น๊ตญ๋ฏผํ์-์๋ฏผ๋ จ๊ณผ์ ์ฐ๋๊ฐ ์์๋์๋ค.์ดํ ๊น๋์ค ๋ํต๋ น์ด ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์น๋ 2002๋
์ ์๋ฏผ๋ จ๊ณผ์ ์ฐ๋๋ ํจ๊ป ์ข
๋ฃ๋์์ผ๋ ์๋ฏผ๋ จ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์์๋ค์ ์๋ฏผ๋ จ์ ํ๋นํด ๊ฐ๋ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ฒ๋
๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ ์
๋นํ๋ค.
์ญ๋ ์ง๋๋ถ[ํธ์ง]
์ด์ฌ[ํธ์ง]
|๋์
|์ญ๋ ์ด์ฌ
|์๊ธฐ
|1
|๊น๋์ค
|1995๋
9์ 5์ผ ~ 1997๋
5์ 18์ผ
|2
|1997๋
5์ 19์ผ ~ 2000๋
1์ 20์ผ
์ด์ฌ๊ถํ๋ํ[ํธ์ง]
|๋์
|์ญ๋ ์ด์ฌ๊ถํ๋ํ
|์๊ธฐ
|1
|์กฐ์ธํ
|1996๋
9์ 10์ผ ~ 1999๋
4์ 5์ผ
|2
|๊น์๋ฐฐ
|1999๋
4์ 6์ผ ~ 1999๋
7์ 8์ผ
|3
|์ด๋ง์ญ
|1999๋
7์ 9์ผ ~ 2000๋
1์ 20์ผ
์ฃผ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ[ํธ์ง]
๋ํต๋ น ์ ๊ฑฐ[ํธ์ง]
|์ฐ๋
|์ ๊ฑฐ
|ํ๋ณด์
|๋ํ
|๋ํ์จ
|๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
|๋น๋ฝ
|1997๋
|15๋
|๊น๋์ค
|10,326,275ํ
|
|1์
๊ตญํ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ[ํธ์ง]
|์ฐ๋
|์ ๊ฑฐ
|์ง์ญ๊ตฌ
|๋น๋ก๋ํ
|์ ์
|๋น์
|๋น์ ๋น์จ
|๋น์
|๋ํ์จ
|๋น์
|๋น์ ๋น์จ
|1996๋
|15๋
|66/253
|
|13/46
|
|79/299
|
์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๊ฑฐ[ํธ์ง]
|์ฐ๋
|์ ๊ฑฐ
|๊ด์ญ๋จ์ฒด์ฅ
|๊ธฐ์ด๋จ์ฒด์ฅ
|๊ด์ญ์์
|๊ธฐ์ด์์
|๋น์
|๋น์ ๋น์จ
|๋น์
|๋น์ ๋น์จ
|๋น์
|๋น์ ๋น์จ
|๋น์
|๋น์ ๋น์จ
|1998๋
|2ํ
|6/16
|
|84/232
|
|303/690
|
์ญ๋ ์ ๋น๋ํ[ํธ์ง]
์์ ์น๊ตญ๋ฏผํ์ ์ฐฝ๋น๋ํ[ํธ์ง]
1995๋
9์ 5์ผ, ๊ตญ๋ฏผํ์ ์ฐฝ๋น๋ํ๋ ์งํ๋ถ์ธ ์ด์ฌ๋จ๊ณผ ์๊ฒฐ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ธ ์ง๋์์ํ๋ก ์ง๋๋ถ๊ฐ ์ด์ํ๋ ๋นํ๋น๊ท์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ฑํํ๊ณ ๊น๋์ค ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์ด์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฌ๋ก ์ ์ถํ์๋ค.
1996๋
9์ 10์ผ, ๊ตญ๋ฏผํ์ ๊ฐ๋ถํ์๋ ๊น๋์ค ์ด์ฌ ๋ถ์ฌ ์ ๋น๋ฌด๊ถํ์ ์์๋ฐ๋ ์ด์ฌ๊ถํ๋ํ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ๋์
ํ๊ณ , ์กฐ์ธํ ๋ถ์ด์ฌ๊ฐ ์ด์ฌ๊ถํ๋ํ์ ๋งก๋๋ก ํ๋ค.
2000๋
1์ 20์ผ, ๊ตญ๋ฏผํ์ ์ ๋น๋ํ๋ ์์ฒ๋
๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ผ๋ก์ ํก์ํฉ๋น์ ๊ฒฐ์ํ ๋ค 100๋ช
์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ํฉ๋น์์๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ํ๋ค.
๋
ผ๋[ํธ์ง]
1996๋
6์ 24์ผ ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ถ๋๋ฅผ ์์ฐฐํ ์๋ฆฌ์์ ๊น์์ผ๋ํต๋ น์ ๋ถํ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋๋ผ์ ๋์์ ์์ฒญํ๊ณ ์์ง๋ง ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ๋์ธ ์ ์๋ ๋๋ผ๋ ๋์กฑ์ธ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ง์ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ด ์๋ฆฌ์์ "6.25 ๋น์์ ๋ง์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํญ๊ฒฉํ์ผ๋ฉด ํต์ผ์ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ ์์๋ค"๊ณ ๋ฐ์ธํ์ฌ ์ฌ์ผ๊ฐ ๊ทนํ ์ธ์์ด ์ค๊ฐ๋ค. ๋น์ ๊ตญ๋ฏผํ์ ์ ๋์ ๋๋ณ์ธ์ ํด๋น ๋ฐ์ธ์ ๋ํด ๊ตญ๊ฐ์๋ณด๋ฅผ ํด์น๊ณ 4์ํ๋ด[4] ์ฑ์ฌ์ ์ฐฌ๋ฌผ์ ๋ผ์น๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด์ "๊ตญ๊ฐ์ด์ต์ ํ์ ํ๊ฒ ํด์น ์ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ ์๋ ๋ฐ์ธ์ ํ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํต๋ น์ ์ง๋ฌด์ ๊ด๋ จํด ํํต์์ถ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๋ฐ์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณธ๋ค"๋ ๋
ผํ์ ๋๊ณ , ์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฐํฉ ์ธก์์๋ "๋ํต๋ น ์์ ์ด ๋ถ์ ์๊ทนํ์ฌ ์ฐฌ๋ฌผ์ ๋ผ์น๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋์ ํ ์ดํดํ ์ ์๋ ์ฒ์ฌ"๋ผ๋ ๋
ผํ์ ๋๋ค. ์ง๊ถ๋น์ธ ์ ํ๊ตญ๋น์ ๊น ์ฒ ๋๋ณ์ธ์ "์ด๋ ์ชฝ์ ์๋ณด๋ฅผ ์งํค๋ ค๋ ์ ๋น์ธ์ง ์์ฌ์ด ๋ค ์ ๋๋ผ๋ ์ ์ ์๊ธฐํ์ง ์์ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ตญ๋ฏผํ์๋ ๋ถํ์ ๋ํด ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ ๋ฏธ์ํ๊ณ ์กฐ์ฌ์ค๋ฌ์ด์ง ๋ฌป๊ณ ์ถ๋ค"๋ ๋
ผํ์ ๋
ผํ์ ๋๋ค. [5] ๋น์ ๊ณต๋ฐฉ์ ๋ฐ๋จ์ ๊น์์ผ ๋ํต๋ น์ ์ง๋ 24์ผ ์ค๋ถ์ ์ ์์ฐฐ ๋น์ ๋ฐ์ธ์ผ๋ก ๊น์์ผ๋ํต๋ น์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๋ถํ ์ํฉ๊ณผ ํ๊ตญ์ ์์ ์ฐธ์์ ํ๊ณ ํ๊ณ ๋น์ ๋งฅ์๋ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ด ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ ๋ง์ฃผํญ๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด๋ฏธ ํต์ผ ๋ ์๋ ์์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด์ ์ฒ ์ ํ ์๋ณดํ์ธ๋ฅผ ๋น๋ถํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ์ ๊ตญ๋ฏผํ์์ธก์ ์ด์ ์ ์ค๋ ์๋ฐ๋ผ ๋น๋๊ณต์ธ์ ๋์ฐ๊ณ ์ ํ๊ตญ๋น์ธก๋ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ์์ชฝ ๊ณต๋ฐฉ์ ๊น์์ผ ๋ํต๋ น์ ๋ฐ์ธ์ด ๊ณผ์ฐ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ์๋ณด์์์ ์ด๋ค ์ํฅ์ ์ค ๊ฒ์ธ์ง์ ์ด์ ์ด ๋ง์ถฐ์คฌ๋ค. ๊ตญ๋ฏผํ์ ์ ๋์๋๋ณ์ธ์ ๋ง์ฃผ๋ถํญ ์ง์ง๋ฐ์ธ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ํ๋กญ๊ฒ ํ ์ ์๋ ์ค๋ํ ๋ฐ์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๊ท์ ์ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ์ ์ ํ๊ตญ๋น ๊น์ฒ ๋๋ณ์ธ์ ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ถ๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ ์๋ฆฌ์์ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ํต์ผ์ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ์์ฌ์ํ๋ฉด์ ์ ์์ธ๋๋ค์๊ฒ ์๋ณด์ ์ค์์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ ์๋ฏธ์์ ์ด๊ฐ์ ํ์์ ํ ๊ฒ์ ๋งค์ฐ ์์ฐ์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋น์ฐํ๋ค๋ ๋
ผํ์ผ๋ก ๊น์์ผ ๋ํต๋ น์ ๋นํธํ๋ค. ๋ ์ด๋ฒ ๋ฐ์ธ์ด ์ง๊ธ์ ์ฐํธ๊ตญ(?)์ด ๋์๋ค๋ ๋ ์ค๊ตญ๊ณผ์ ๊ด๊ณ์ ์ด๋ค ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น ๊ฒ์ธ์ง๋ ๋
ผ๋์ด ๋๋ค. ์ ๋์๋๋ณ์ธ์ ํ์ค ์ฐํธ์ ์
์ํฅ์ ์ด๋ํ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ์ ๋ถ๋ฌ์ฌ ์๋ ์๋ ์ค๋ํ ๋ฐ์ธ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋
ผํํ๊ณ ์ ํ๊ตญ๋น์ ๊น์ฒ ๋๋ณ์ธ์ ๋ฐ์ธ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ ์ ์ํฉ์ ๊ธฐ์คํ ๋ํต๋ น์ ๋ฐ์ธ์ด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ํด์ ํ์ฌ์ ํ์ค ํ๋ฌ ๊ด๊ณ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ค๋ค๋ ์๊ธฐ์ธ์ง ์ดํดํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๋
ผํ์ ๋๋ค. ์์ ์น๊ตญ๋ฏผํ์๋ ๊น์์ผ ๋ํต๋ น์ด ์ ๊ตญ๋ฏผํํ
์ด ๋ฐ์ธ์ ํด๋ช
ํด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์ด๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์ ํ๊ตญ๋น์ ๋น์ ๊ณต์ฐ๋น์ ์ ์ธํ ๋๋ค์ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด ๋งฅ์๋์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์ง์งํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ง๊ธ๋ ๋๋ค์ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ค์ด ๊ทธ๋๋ก ํ๋ค๋ฉด ํต์ผ์ด ๋์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ฉด์ ๊ตญ๋ฏผํ์๊ฐ 6.25์ ๋ํ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ดํด๋ ๊ฒฐ์ฌ๋ผ์์ ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ์ด๋์ชฝ ์๋ณด๋ฅผ ์งํค๋ ค๋ ์ ๋น์ธ์ง ์์ฌ์ด ๋ค ์ ๋๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ฐํ๋ค.[6] [7][8]
์ผ๋น ์์ ๋นผ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋
ผ๋[ํธ์ง]
15๋ ๋์ ์์ ์ฌ๊ถ ๋ถ์ด ๋๋ถ์ ๋ํต๋ น์ ๋น์ ๋ ๊น๋์ค์ ์ฌ์์ผ๋์ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋๋ผ๊ณ ์ธ์์ ์ธ ์ ๊ณ๊ฐํธ์ ๋จํํ์๋ค. ๋น์ ๊ณต๋์ฌ๋น์ด์๋ ์์ ์น๊ตญ๋ฏผํ์์ ์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฐํฉ์ ์์์ ํฉ์ด ์ผ๋น์ธ ํ๋๋ผ๋น์ ๋ฏธ์น์ง ๋ชปํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ฐ์ 1997๋
์ 15๋ ๋์ ์์ ๋์ ํ๊ณ ์ด๋ฌํด ์ด๋ฆฐ 1998๋
์ 2ํ ์ ๊ตญ๋์์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๊ฑฐ์์๋ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ ๋งํ ์ฑ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ์ด์ธ์ ์ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ๋น๊ณผ์ ํฉ๋น์ ์ถ์งํ์๊ณ ๊ฒ์ฐฐ์ด ํ๋๋ผ๋น์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ธ ์ฌ์ ์ ๋จํํ์ฌ ๋ช๋ช ์์๋ค์ ๋นผ์์๋ค๋ ๋
ผ๋์ด ์์ง๋ง ์ผ๋ถ ์์๋ค์ ์๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋น์ ์ ๋ณ๊ฒฝํ๋ ์ฒ ์ํ๊ฐ์ ๋ฒ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ ๋์ ๊ณต๋์ฌ๋น์ ๊ตญํ ๊ณผ๋ฐ์์์๋ฅผ ๋ง๋๋ ๋ฐ ์ฑ๊ณตํ์๋ค.
์ญ๋ ์ ๋น ๋น์ ๋ฐ ๋น๋ด ๊ด๋ จ ์ฌ์[ํธ์ง]
๊ฐ์ฃผ[ํธ์ง]
- โ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๊ฑฐ ์๋
์ผ๋ก, ๊ณต์ฝ์ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์๋์์ด ๋ณด์ธ๋ค
- โ ์์ ๊น๋์ค ์๋, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ ์์ ์ฃผ์ ์๋
- โ โ'๋ณด์ํ ์ธ์'๊ธฐ์กดํ ํโ. ๊ฒฝํฅ์ ๋ฌธ. 1995๋
8์ 28์ผ.
- โ ํด๋น ๋ฐ์ธ 2๊ฐ์ ์ ์ธ 1996๋
4์ ๊น์์ผ ๋ํต๋ น๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋น ํด๋ฆฐํด ๋ํต๋ น์ โํโค๋ฏธ ๊ณต๋๋ฐํ๋ฌธโ์ ํตํด 4์ํ๋ด ๊ฐ์ต๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. 4์ํ๋ด์ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ๋ถ๋ฏธ(๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ๋ถํ)๊ฐ ํ์(์: ์ ๋ค๋ฐ ํฉ์)์ ์ค๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊น์ง ํฌํจํ 4์(2+2)๊ฐ์ ํ๋ด์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ ๊ตญ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด ํค์ ์ ๊ฐ ์ ์ํ๋ค. (ํ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์กฑ๋ฌธํ๋๋ฐฑ๊ณผ)4์ํ๋ด
- โ ์ฌ์ผ, ๊น๋ํต๋ น์ 6.25 ๋ง์ฃผ ํญ๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ์ธ ๋๊ณ ์น์ดํ ์ฑ๋ช
์ mbc๋ด์ค๋ฐ์คํฌ 1996.6.26
- โ ๊น์์ผ๋ํต๋ น์ 6.25๋ง์ฃผํญ๊ฒฉ์ฃผ์ฅ ํ๊ณ ๊ด๋ จ ์๋ณด๋
ผ์ ๊ฐ์ด 1996.6.26 kbs๋ด์ค
- โ ๊น์์ผ ๋ํต๋ น ๋ง์ฃผํญ๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ์ธ ์ผํ๋งํ 1996.6.27 ๊ฒฝํฅ์ ๋ฌธ
- โ ์ฌ์ผ ๋ง์ฃผํญ๊ฒฉ ๊ณต๋ฐฉ 1996.6.27 ๋์์ผ๋ณด | null | ์์ ์น๊ตญ๋ฏผํ์ - ์ํค๋ฐฑ๊ณผ, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋์ ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์ฌ์ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Military_District | Eastern Military District
|Eastern Military District
|ะะพััะพัะฝัะน ะฒะพะตะฝะฝัะน ะพะบััะณ
|Founded
|21 October 2010
|Country
|Russia
|Branch
|Russian Ground Forces
|Type
|Military district
|Part of
|Ministry of Defence
|Headquarters
|Ulitsa Serysheva 15, Khabarovsk
|Engagements
|Decorations
|Website
|Official website
|Commanders
|Current
commander
|Lieutenant General Andrey Ivanayev
|Insignia
|Flag
|Russian Armed Forces
|Staff
|Services (vid)
|Independent troops (rod)
|Special operations force (sof)
|Other troops
|Military districts
|History of the Russian military
The Order of the Red Banner Eastern Military District (Russian: ะะพััะพัะฝัะน ะฒะพะตะฝะฝัะน ะพะบััะณ) is a military district of Russia.
It is one of the five military districts of the Russian Armed Forces, with its jurisdiction within the Far Eastern Federal District of the country. The Eastern Military District was created as part of the 2008 military reforms, and founded by Presidential Decree โ1144 signed on September 20, 2010, to replace the Far East Military District with the addition of the Transbaikal section of the Siberian Military District.[1] The district began operation on October 21, 2010, under the command of Admiral Konstantin Sidenko.
The Eastern Military District is the second largest military district in Russia by geographic size at 7,000,000 square kilometers (2,700,000 sq mi). The district contains 11 federal subjects of Russia: Amur Oblast, Buryatia, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Kamchatka Krai, Khabarovsk Krai, Magadan Oblast, Primorsky Krai, Sakha Republic, Sakhalin Oblast, Zabaykalsky Krai.[1]
The district commander may direct all the formations of the Armed Forces within the district's territory, with the exception of the Strategic Rocket Forces and Russian Aerospace Forces. In addition, operational subordination of the formations of the National Guard Troops, the Border Service of the FSB, as well as units of the Ministry of Emergency Situations and other ministries and departments performing tasks in the district.[2]
The Eastern Military District is headquartered in Khabarovsk, and its current district commander is Lieutenant General Andrey Ivanayev, who has held the position since November 2024.[3]
History[edit]
31 July 1918 is considered to be the date of foundation of the predecessor Far Eastern Military District. On this day, regular units of the Red Army defeated the White Army of the White Guards and interventionists in the area of the Kaul Heights, Shmakovka and Spassk. This date is widely celebrated by the military personnel of the Eastern Military District.
On 22 February 2018, at the National Defense Management Center awarded the Eastern Military District a banner as symbols of honor, valor and military glory.[4]
From 11 to 17 September 2018, the Vostok 2018 military exercise took place in the district.
By the end of January 2022, the headquarters of the Eastern Military District reportedly deployed to Belarus as part of the prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Combat units drawn from the district's 5th Combined Arms Army, 29th Combined Arms Army, 35th Combined Arms Army, 36th Combined Arms Army, 68th Army Corps and the Pacific Fleet's 155th Naval Infantry Brigade were also reported to have deployed to Belarus.[5]
Component units[edit]
This listing of formation and units is not complete. A Command, control, and communications (C3) brigade is synonymous with a headquarters brigade.
- 104th Cluj Headquarters Brigade (Khabarovsk)
- Honour Guard Company of the Khabarovsk Garrison (formed 14 December 1971 and is led by Lieutenant Colonel Dmitri Zielinski)[6][7]
- 106th Communications Brigade (Territorial) (Dalnerechensk)
- 14th Separate Guards Baranovichi Red Banner Order of the Red Star Engineering Brigade (Vyatka, Khabarovsk Krai)
- 17th Separate Electronic Warfare Brigade (Khabarovsk)
- 7th Separate Red Banner Railway Brigade (Komsomolsk-on-Amur)
- 50th Separate Railway Brigade (Svobodny)
- 118th Separate Pontoon-Bridge Railway Battalion (Khabarovsk)
- 392nd District Training Center for Junior Specialists (Motor Rifle Troops) (Khabarovsk)
- 212th Guards Vienna Orders of Lenin and Kutuzov District Training Center for Junior Specialists (Tank Troops) (Chita)[8]
- 51st Training Detachment of the Pacific Fleet (Vladivostok)
- 7th Regional Training Center for NCOs (Knyaz-Volkonskoye, Khabarovsk Krai)
- 338th Guards MRL Brigade (Novosysoevka) (rocket artillery; BM-27 Uragan)
29th Army (Chita)
- 101st Khingan Headquarters Brigade (Chita)
- 36th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade (Borzya)[9]
- 200th Artillery Brigade (Gorny)[10]
- 140th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade (Domna, Zabaykalsky Krai)
5th Combined Arms Army (Ussuriysk)
- 57th Motor Rifle Brigade (Bikin)
- 127th Motor Rifle Division[11]
- 60th Motor Rifle Brigade (Sibirtsevo and Lipovtsy)
- 20th Guards Rocket Brigade (Spassk-Dalny)[12]
- 305th Artillery Brigade (Ussuriysk)
- 8th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade (Razdolnoye, Primorsky Krai)
- 80th C3 Brigade (Ussuriysk)
- 16th Separate NBC Defence Brigade (Lesozavodsk)
68th Army Corps (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk)[13]
- 137th Separate Headquarters Battalion (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk)
- 39th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade (Khomutovo)
- 312th Separate Multiple-Launch Artillery Battery (Dachnoye)
- 676th Separate Engineer Battalion (Dachnoye)
- 18th Machine Gun Artillery Division (Goryachie Klyuchi, Sakhalin Oblast)
- 46th Machinegun Artillery Regiment (Lagunnoe)
- 49th Machinegun Artillery Regiment
- 38th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade (Belogorsk-Ekaterinoslavka)
- 64th Motor Rifle Brigade (Khabarovsk)
- 69th Covering Brigade in (Babstovo, Jewish Autonomous Oblast)
- 107th Rocket Brigade (Birobizhan)[14]
- 165th Artillery Brigade (Belogorsk)
- 71st Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade (Srednebelaya, Amur Oblast)
- 54th C3 Brigade (Belogorsk)
- 37th Engineer Regiment (Berezovka, Amur Oblast)
- 135th Separate NBC Defence Battalion (Khabarovsk)
- 5th Separate Guards Tank Brigade (Ulan Ude)
- 37th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade (Kyakhta)
- 103rd Rocket Brigade (Ulan-Ude)
- 1723rd Anti-Aircraft Rocket Regiment (Jida)
- 75th C3 Brigade (Ulan Ude)
Airborne Troops
Air and Air Defence Forces[edit]
- 11th Air and Air Defence Forces Army
- Aviation of the Pacific Fleet
- 326th Heavy Bomber Aviation Division
Russian Naval Forces[edit]
- Pacific Fleet
- Primorskiy Flotilla
- Kamchatka Flotilla/Northeastern Group of Troops and Forces
- Other naval units, ships and submarines
- 155th Guards Red Banner Naval Infantry Brigade
- 40th Naval Infantry Brigade
- 55th Air Defense Division (Coastal Operations)
- 165th Separate Naval Infantry Brigade (to be raised in 2018)
Leadership[edit]
Commanders[edit]
- Admiral Konstantin Sidenko (October 2010 โ October 2013)
- Colonel-General Sergey Surovikin (October 2013 โ November 2017)
- Lieutenant General Aleksandr Lapin (April โ November 2017; acting)
- Colonel-General Aleksandr Zhuravlyov (November 2017 โ November 2018)
- Colonel-General Gennady Zhidko (November 2018 โ November 2021)
- Colonel-General Aleksandr Chaiko (November 2021[15] โ June 2022)
- Lieutenant General Rustam Muradov (October 2022 - 3 April 2023)[16]
- Lieutenant General Mikhail Nosulev (acting) (6 April 2023 -20 April 2023)
- Lieutenant General Andrey Kuzmenko (20 April 2023 - May 2024)
- Lieutenant General Aleksandr Sanchik (May 2024 - November 2024; acting)
- Lieutenant General Andrey Ivanayev (November 2024 - present)[17]
Chiefs of Staff - First Deputy Commanders[edit]
- Lieutenant General Sergey Surovikin (October 2012 โ 2013)
- Lieutenant General Aleksandr Lapin (2014 โ April 2017)
- Lieutenant General Aleksandr Chaiko (April 2017 โ November 2018)
- Colonel General Sergey Kuralenko (October 2018 โ February 2020)
- Lieutenant General Yevgeny Nikiforov (February 2020 โ December 2022) The Armed Forces of Ukraine reported on December 26, 2022 that Nikiforov was appointed as commander, Western Military District, and commander of the Russian western grouping of forces in Ukraine.[18]
- Lieutenant General Aleksandr Sanchik (May 2023 - May 2024)
- Major General Andrey Kozlov (May 2024 - present)
Deputy Commanders[edit]
- Vice Admiral Alekminsky Gavrilovich (2014 โ July 2019)
- Lieutenant General Sergei Sevryukov (July 2019 โ present)
- Lieutenant General Mikhail Nosulev (January 2020 โ May 2024)
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b ะฃะบะฐะท ะัะตะทะธะดะตะฝัะฐ ะ ะพััะธะนัะบะพะน ะคะตะดะตัะฐัะธะธ ะพั 20 ัะตะฝััะฑัั 2010 ะณะพะดะฐ โ 1144 ยซะ ะฒะพะตะฝะฝะพ-ะฐะดะผะธะฝะธัััะฐัะธะฒะฝะพะผ ะดะตะปะตะฝะธะธ ะ ะพััะธะนัะบะพะน ะคะตะดะตัะฐัะธะธยป Archived 2012-03-31 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "ะะพััะพัะฝัะน ะฒะพะตะฝะฝัะน ะพะบััะณ". mil.ru. 31 March 2018.
- ^ "ะะธะฝะพะฑะพัะพะฝั ะฟัะพะฒะตะปะพ ัะพัะฐัะธั ะบะพะผะฐะฝะดัััะธั
ะณััะฟะฟะธัะพะฒะบะฐะผะธ ะฒะพะนัะบ". ะะตะดะพะผะพััะธ (in Russian). 2024-11-26. Retrieved 2024-11-28.
- ^ "ะ ะะพัะบะฒะต ัะพััะพัะปะพัั ะทะฐัะตะดะฐะฝะธะต ะะพะปะปะตะณะธะธ ะะธะฝะธััะตัััะฒะฐ ะพะฑะพัะพะฝั ะ ะพััะธะธ". mil.ru. 24 September 2018.
- ^ "Rondeli Russian Military Digest: Issue 118, 24 January โ 30 January 2022". Rondeli Foundation. 30 January 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
- ^ "ะ ะพัะฐ ะฟะพัะตัะฝะพะณะพ ะบะฐัะฐัะปะฐ | ะัััะตะต ะฒ ะฅะฐะฑะฐัะพะฒัะบะต". www.bestmagazine.ru. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
- ^ "ะะฐะบะพะฝะพะดะฐัะตะปัััะฒะพ ะฅะฐะฑะฐัะพะฒัะบะพะณะพ ะบัะฐั: ะะพััะฐะฝะพะฒะปะตะฝะธะต ะะดะผะธะฝะธัััะฐัะธะธ ะณะพัะพะดะฐ ะฅะฐะฑะฐัะพะฒัะบะฐ ะพั 09.10.2015 N 3490". mbpolyakov.ru. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
- ^ Holm, Michael. "49th Training Tank Division". www.ww2.dk. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
- ^ "38th Guards Motorised Rifle Division". www.ww2.dk. Retrieved 2017-06-18.
- ^ Russian Soldier from the 200th Brigade Disclosed his Unit's Position in Syria, 7 March 2016, and Holm, 200th Artillery Brigade of High Power
- ^ "ะ ะัะธะผะพััะต ะฟะพัะฒะธะปะฐัั ะฝะพะฒะฐั ะผะพัะพัััะตะปะบะพะฒะฐั ะดะธะฒะธะทะธั". regnum.ru. Retrieved 2019-03-12.
- ^ Holm, Michael. "20th Guards Missile Brigade". www.ww2.dk. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
- ^ Mukhin, Oleg (3 February 2017). "20-ั ะฐัะผะธั ะฝะฐัะปะฐ ะบะพะผะฐะฝะดัััะตะณะพ ะฝะฐ ะกะฐั
ะฐะปะธะฝะต" [20th Army finds commander on Sakhalin]. Kommersant (in Russian). Retrieved 18 March 2017.
- ^ "23rd Missile Brigade". www.ww2.dk. Retrieved 2017-06-13.
- ^ "ะ ะะพััะพัะฝะพะผ ะฒะพะตะฝะฝะพะผ ะพะบััะณะต ัะผะตะฝะธะปัั ะบะพะผะฐะฝะดัััะธะน". Retrieved 16 November 2021.
- ^ Times, The Moscow (2023-04-03). "Top Russian General Dismissed After Vuhledar Defeat". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
- ^ "ะะธะฝะพะฑะพัะพะฝั ะฟัะพะฒะตะปะพ ัะพัะฐัะธั ะบะพะผะฐะฝะดัััะธั
ะณััะฟะฟะธัะพะฒะบะฐะผะธ ะฒะพะนัะบ". ะะตะดะพะผะพััะธ (in Russian). 2024-11-26. Retrieved 2024-11-28.
- ^ Kateryna Stepanenko; Karolina Hird; George Barros; Frederick W. Kagan. "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 26".
Further reading[edit]
- Galeotti, Mark (2017). The Modern Russian Army 1992โ2016. Elite 217. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-47281-908-6. - page 31 has a district order of battle
External links[edit]
Media related to Eastern Military District at Wikimedia Commons | null | Eastern Military District - Wikipedia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904%E2%80%931905_Welsh_revival | 1904โ1905 Welsh revival
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The 1904โ1905 Welsh revival was the largest Christian revival in Wales during the 20th century. It was one of the most dramatic in terms of its effect on the population, and triggered revivals in several other countries. The movement kept the churches of Wales filled for many years to come, seats being placed in the aisles in Mount Pleasant Baptist Church in Swansea for twenty years or so, for example. Meanwhile, the Awakening swept the rest of Britain, Scandinavia, parts of Europe, North America, the mission fields of India and the Orient, Africa and Latin America.[1] The Welsh revival has been traced as the root of the megachurches in the present era.[2]
Background[edit]
The last revival in Wales was in 1859, but this followed other developments. From 1850 onwards, Christianity in Wales was markedly less Calvinistic in form. A generation of powerful biblical preachers ended, as leaders such as Christmas Evans (1766โ1838), John Elias (1744โ1841) and Henry Rees (1798โ1869) died.[citation needed]
Between 1859 and 1904, there were local revivals in Cwmafan (1866), Rhondda (1879), Carmarthen and Blaenau Ffestiniog (1887), Dowlais (1890) and Pontnewydd (1892).[citation needed]
Revival begins[edit]
New Quay and Blaenannerch[edit]
A prominent leader of the Revival was the Methodist preacher of New Quay, Joseph Jenkins, who arranged a conference in New Quay in 1903 with the theme to deepen loyalty to Christ. During a meeting in February 1904, Florrie Evans is quoted as having said, "I love Jesus Christ with all my heart," a statement which is recognized as having made an impression on the attendees. This event supposedly initiated the revival.[3] The regular Sunday meetings, as well as the newly founded midweek meetings, became lively. Members of Joseph Jenkins' church, led by Jenkins, traveled to other nearby towns and villages.[3]
In September, a conference was held at Blaenannerch. It was reported that 'massive blessing'[clarification needed] was upon this conference and the news quickly spread throughout the area and beyond. The South Wales Daily News picked up on the events and reported that "the third great revival was afoot through the nation!". The other two noted revivals were the Welsh Methodist revival and the 1859 Methodist revival.
Ammanford[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2010)
In November 1904, Jenkins was invited to be a guest preacher at meetings in Bethany, Ammanford, the church of Nantlais Williams. When the appointment was arranged, there was no news yet of the conversions in New Quay and Blaenannerch, but an extra meeting was hastily arranged on the Sunday afternoon so that Joseph Jenkins could tell about the events. Williams is recorded to have said that he was worried that there would be no interest in such a meeting and he was skeptical what the turnout would be. However, when he arrived, he could only just squeeze into the chapel to hear Jenkins.
It had been arranged that Jenkins was to preach on the Monday night before his return to New Quay. The church was again full with people professing their faith in Jesus. Perhaps the most dramatic turn was when one of the crowd members announced, "Another meeting like this will be held here tomorrow nightโฆ" That meeting was also well attended and went on until the early hours of the next morning. Despite already having been ordained as a minister, on that weekend in November 1904, Williams had a conversion experience, on the Saturday night prior to Jenkins' arrival.
North Wales[edit]
In December 1904, Joseph Jenkins embarked on three months of preaching and professing in areas of North Wales. Many meetings were held in Amlwch, Llangefni, Llanerchymedd, Talysarn, Llanllyfni, Llanrwst, Denbigh, and Dinorwig, and some students at the University of Wales Bangor were converted. But perhaps the most conversions were seen in Bethesda; another leader of the revival, J. T. Job, described the meeting held in Jerusalem, Bethesda on 22 December, 1904 as "a hurricane".
Evan Roberts and Loughor[edit]
Evan Roberts was a young man influenced by the stories and experiences that were happening in New Quay and Blaenannerch. He decided to go to Newcastle Emlyn for ministerial training, and arrived in the revival in south Ceredigion. The news of the mass conversions in New Quay and Blaenannerch had already spread to Newcastle Emlyn and were a distraction for a man who had been sent there to study. Seth Joshua, another prominent leader of the revival, was invited to preach locally at a youth rally in Newquay, which Roberts had been given permission by the bible school to attend.
Seth had been praying for many years for God to give him Wales.
In this early morning meeting at Blaenanarch chapel, Seth prayed publicly, O God, bend us. Evan Roberts went forward where he prayed with great agony, O God, bend me.
After Evan's three months training at Newcastle Emlyn he was to return to Loughor to start his ministry. He claimed to have direct visions from the Holy Spirit: very specific visions, such as the number 100,000 representing the souls God intended to use him to save. As the revival unfolded Roberts is said to have depended increasingly upon what he considered the guidance of the Holy Spirit.
Response to Roberts' ministry was initially slow, but soon the crowds turned out and the meetings were carried on until the early hours of the morning. After the meeting at Loughor, Roberts assembled a team and went on a tour of the South Wales valleys to spread the revival.
Roberts did not take well the decline of the revival, and the frustration of great expectations of a worldwide revival that had arisen in his team, and afterwards fell into depression. He was then housed by a friend in England at Leicester, and co-wrote a book with his friend's wife Jessie Penn-Lewis. War on the Saints, believed by some to be heretical because of its use of the term "possession" to describe demonic spirits' potential effect on believers, from which he dissociated himself[4] after he recovered from depression and the book was severely criticised. In 1913, when Roberts's mother was dying, his brother Dan tried to see him to ask him to visit his mother. Roberts refused contact. Eventually "Awstin", the reporter of the revival, gained access. There were rumours that Roberts was being held prisoner by the Penn-Lewises. Roberts spoke freely about how God was preparing him for his next great work, and sent, via "Awstin", "God's message to the churches of south Wales". Because of Roberts's treatment of his mother the message was ignored.
Aberdare[edit]
Aberdare became a major centre of the revival and the first area that Evan Roberts visited following his initial meetings at Loughor. In the Aberdare area, the revival aroused alarm among ministers for the revolutionary, even anarchistic, impact it had upon chapel congregations and denominational organization. In particular, it was seen as drawing attention away from pulpit preaching and the role of the minister.[5] The local newspaper, the Aberdare Leader, regarded the revival with suspicion from the outset, objecting to the 'abnormal heat' which it engendered.[6] Trecynon was particularly affected by the revival, and the meetings held there were said to have aroused more emotion and excitement than the more restrained meetings in Aberdare itself. The impact of the revival was significant in the short term, but in the longer term was fairly transient.
Role of newspapers[edit]
For the first time, the newspapers had a role in this revival. The Western Mail and the South Wales Daily News, Wales' daily newspapers, spread news of conversions and generated an air of excitement that helped to fuel the revival. The Western Mail in particular gave extensive coverage to Roberts' meetings in Loughor. The articles were gathered together and published as a series of seven pamphlets, including copies of picture postcards of the revivalists that were published at the time. The contents of the final pamphlet are credited by some as killing the revival. Peter Price, a minister from Dowlais, wrote a letter that was very critical of Evan Roberts. Price wanted to distinguish between the genuine revival that he believed was going on and a sham revival he associated with Evan Roberts. The pamphlet contains many letters in support of Evan Roberts (the majority), and a few supporting Price. Vyrynwy Morgan gives further letters supporting Price.[citation needed]
Interpretations[edit]
The Welsh revival has been described not as an isolated religious movement, but as very much a part of Britain's modernisation.[7] The revival began in late 1904 under the leadership of Evan Roberts (1878โ1951), a 26-year-old former collier and minister in training. The revival lasted less than a year, but in that time 100,000 people were converted. Begun as an effort to kindle non-denominational, non-sectarian spirituality, the Welsh revival of 1904โ05 coincided with the rise of the labour movement, socialism, and a general disaffection with religion among the working class and youths. Placed in context, the short-lived revival appears as both a climax for Nonconformism and a flashpoint of change in Welsh religious life. The movement spread to Scotland and England, with estimates that a million people were converted in Britain. Missionaries subsequently carried the movement abroad; it was especially influential on the Pentecostal movement emerging in California.[8]
Unlike earlier religious revivals based on powerful preaching, the revival of 1904โ05 relied primarily on music and on alleged supernatural phenomena as exemplified by the visions of Evan Roberts. The intellectual emphasis of the earlier revivals had left a dearth of religious imagery that the visions supplied. The visions also challenged the denial of the spiritual and miraculous element of Scripture by opponents of the revival, who held liberal and critical theological positions. The structure and content of the visions not only repeated those of Scripture and earlier Christian mystical tradition but also illuminated the personal and social tensions that the revival addressed by juxtaposing Biblical images with scenes familiar to contemporary Welsh believers.[9]
The after-effects of the revival were considered by Vyrynwy Morgan in the final chapter of his book, which gives the figures for convictions for drunkenness in the county of Glamorgan for the years 1902 to 1907, supplied by the police. There is a near 50% reduction after the revival.[10]
In popular culture[edit]
- The novels Queen of the Rushes (1906) by Allen Raine, and The Withered Root (1927) by Rhys Davies were inspired by the 1904โ1905 Welsh revival.
- In 2004, the BBC's Bread of Heaven series featured a programme on the 1904 Welsh revival, which was presented by Huw Edwards.
- In 2005 a musical was made about the 1904โ1905 Welsh revival.[11] The music and lyrics were written by Mal Pope and the book is by Frank Vickery. Its first tour began at the Grand Theatre, Swansea, Wales and was directed by Michael Bogdanov with the Wales Theatre Company and included an appearance from Peter Karrie.
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Orr, J. Edwin. The Flaming Tongue. Chicago: Moody, 1973.
- ^ "The Independent: The Rise of the Megachurch".
- ^ a b "EVANS, ANNIE FLORENCE ('Florrie') (1884 - 1967), revivalist and missionary | Dictionary of Welsh Biography". biography.wales. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
- ^ Brynmor Pierce Jones. An Instrument Of Revival: The Complete Life of Evan Roberts 1878โ1951. p. 182.
- ^ Morgan. Rebirth of a Nation. pp. 134โ5.
- ^ "Editorial". Aberdare Leader. 19 November 1904. p. 4. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
- ^ Edward J. Gitre (2004). The 1904โ05 Welsh Revival: Modernization, Technologies, and Techniques of the Self. Church History, 73(4) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009640700073054
- ^ J. Gwynfor Jones, "Reflections on the Religious Revival in Wales 1904โ05," Journal of the United Reformed Church History Society, Oct 2005, Vol. 7 Issue 7, pp 427โ445
- ^ John Harvey, "Spiritual Emblems: The Visions of the 1904-5 Welsh Revival," Llafur: Journal of Welsh Labour History/Cylchgrawn Hanes Llafur Cymru, 1993, Vol. 6 Issue 2, pp 75โ93
- ^ J. Vyrnwy Morgan, The Welsh Religious Revival of 1904โ5: A Retrospect and a Criticism (London, Chapeman & Hall, 1909), p.148
- ^ "Amazing Grace: musical". Archived from the original on 14 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-03.
References[edit]
- Evans, Eifion: "Diwygiad 04-05" : 2002
- Gibbard, Noel: "Nefol Dan โ Agweddau ar ddiwygiad 1904โ1905" : 2004
- Davies, Gwyn: "A Light in the Land โ Christianity in Wales 200โ2000" : 2002
- "Awstin" and other special correspondents of the Western Mail: "The Religious Revival in Wales" 2004
- J. Vyrnwy Morgan: "The Welsh Religious Revival 1904โ05: A Restrospect and Critique" : 2004
Further reading[edit]
- Clark, Dudley Charles. "Revolt and revival in the valleys: the influence of religion and revivalism on the politics and labour relations of the Taff Vale Railway, south Wales, 1878โ1914." (PhD Dissertation. University of Leeds, 2012)
- Eifion Evans, The Welsh Revival of 1904, third ed. (Bridgend, 1987)
- Philip Eveson (ed.), When God Came To North Wales: an account of how the 1904โ05 religious revival affected Bethesda and Rhosllanerchrugog (Weston Rhyn: Quinta Press, 2010) ISBN 978-1-89785-632-1
- Noel Gibbard, Fire on the Altar: A History and Evaluation of the 1904โ05 Revival in Wales (Bridgend, 2005).
- Noel Gibbard, On the Wings of the Dove: The International Effects of the 1904โ05 Revival (Bridgend, 2002).
- Edward J. Gitre, "The 1904โ05 Welsh Revival: Modernization, Technologies, and Techniques of the Self." Church history 73#4 (2004): 792โ827.
- Brynmor P. Jones, Voices from the Welsh Revival (Bridgend, 1995).
- R. Tudur Jones, Faith and the Crisis of a Nation: Wales 1890โ1914, trans. Sylvia Prys Jones ed. Robert Pope (Cardiff, 2004).
- Digby L. James (ed.), The Religious Revival in Wales: Contemporaneous Newspaper Accounts of the Welsh Revival of 1904โ05 Published by the Western Mail (Weston Rhyn: Quinta Press, 2004) ISBN 978-1-897856-25-3
- Harvey, John. "Spiritual Emblems: The Visions of the 1904-5 Welsh Revival," Llafur: Journal of Welsh Labour History/Cylchgrawn Hanes Llafur Cymru, 1993, Vol. 6 Issue 2, pp 75โ93
- Jones, J. Gwynfor. "Reflections on the Religious Revival in Wales 1904โ05," Journal of the United Reformed Church History Society, Oct 2005, Vol. 7 Issue 7, pp 427โ445
- Morgan, J. Vyrnwy. The Welsh Religious Revival: A Restrospect and Critique (Weston Rhyn:Quinta Press, 2004). ISBN 978-1-89785-624-6
- Stead, W. T. and G. Campbell Morgan. The Welsh Revival 1905. The Pilgrim Press.
- War on The Saints, Jessie Penn-Lewis & Evan Roberts Diggory Press, ISBN 1-905363-01-X; The Full Text, Unabridged Edition Thomas E. Lowe, Ltd., ISBN 0-913926-04-3
- The Awakening in Wales & Some of the Hidden Springs (republished as Fuel for Revival), Diggory Press, ISBN 1-84685-542-X
- I Saw The Welsh Revival, David Matthews Pioneer Books, ISBN 0-9626908-2-1
- The World Aflame, Rick Joyner, Whitaker House, 1995, ISBN 0-88368-373-3 | null | 1904โ1905 Welsh revival - Wikipedia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromaidan_Press | Euromaidan Press
|Type
|Online newspaper
|Format
|Website
|Founder(s)
|Alya Shandra
Mat Babiak
|Publisher
|NGO Euromaidan Press
|Staff writers
|Ukrainian volunteers
|Founded
|2014
|Language
|English, Spanish
|City
|Kyiv
|Country
|Ukraine
|OCLC number
|992513459
|Website
|euromaidanpress
|Free online archives
|Yes
Euromaidan Press (EP) is an English-language news website launched in 2014 by contributors from Ukraine, sponsored by reader contributions and the International Renaissance Foundation.[1] It shares its name with the Euromaidan movement in Ukraine. Registered as a non-governmental organization, EP's stated goal is to provide English-language material to those interested in Ukrainian topics such as business issues, the economy, military conflict, and tourism.
News organization[edit]
Euromaidan Press was founded in by Ukrainian volunteers as a newspaper based online in order to provide independent news reporting on issues relevant to Ukraine.[2] The news organization first launched in January 2014.[3] It shares its name and values with the Euromaidan movement from Ukraine, and the news organization states they, "support initiatives developing independent media and democratic initiatives in other states that uphold the core democratic values."[2] The lead creator of the site was Canadian analyst Mat Babiak[4][5] (who departed the following year), and was Kyiv-based activist Alya Shandra.[6] Shandra had previously helped translate Ukrainian news reporting into English during the 2013 wave of demonstrations and civil unrest in Ukraine known as Euromaidan.[6] Other journalists contributing to the newspaper have included Maksym Nedrya, Oleh Gychko, Mykhailo Honchar, and Paul A. Goble.[7][8][9]
The goal of the newspaper's foundation was to provide information to English-language consumers on journalism from Ukraine.[2] The organization registered in Ukraine as a non-governmental organization with the same name.[2] The news organization developed its focus on stories related to military conflict in Ukraine, business issues, the Ukrainian economy, and tourism.[2] The newspaper's founding was an attempt to "collect, rely on, and promote non-partisan, non-religious, non-biased information", as a way to address what the organization saw as a disinformation campaign by Russia in Ukraine.[2]
News content was setup to be delivered online through the newspaper's website euromaidanpress.com.[10][11][12] The newspaper maintained social media accounts on Twitter and Facebook at Euromaidanpr.[2] A sub-project called the Friends of Ukraine Network released semi-regular news reporting about Ukraine political issues.[2][3] The newspaper's Reft and Light Project was set up in order to analyze totalitarian groups.[2] The news organization worked in conjunction with Euromaidan SOS to bring attention to political prisoners of Ukraine origin jailed in Russia, through the website letmypeoplego.org.ua.[2] The International Renaissance Foundation supported the initiatives of Euromaidan Press.[2][13]
Reception[edit]
Writing in the Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society, contributor Tatiana Bonch-Osmolovskaya characterized the news organization among, "a series of online initiatives aimed at raising global awareness of Ukrainian issues".[3] She described Euromaidan Press as "an online newspaper specializing in translations of materials from local Ukrainian news outlets".[3] J. L. Black and Michael Johns, in their book The Return of the Cold War: Ukraine, The West and Russia (2016), cited the news organization as a resource, commenting it had a "colourful website".[14] Euromaidan Press has been relied upon for research on Ukrainian news analyses by The Perfect Storm of the European Crisis (2017),[15] New Generation Political Activism in Ukraine: 2000โ2014 (2017) by Christine Emeran,[16] Online around the World: A Geographic Encyclopedia of the Internet, Social Media, and Mobile Apps (2017),[17] and Gerard Toal's Near Abroad: Putin, the West and the Contest over Ukraine and the Caucasus (2017).[18]
See also[edit]
- Euromaidan
- Revolution of Dignity
- Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
- International reactions to the war in Donbas
- Russo-Ukrainian War
References[edit]
- ^ Euromaidan Press (2016), Annual Report 2015-2016 (PDF), pp. Finances, Resonance and awards, archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2019, retrieved 1 October 2018
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "About Us". Euromaidan Press. 2017. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
- ^ a b c d Bonch-Osmolovskaya, Tatiana (2015), Fedor, Julie; Portnov, Andriy; Umland, Andreas (eds.), "Information Resistance", Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society, Russian Media and the War in Ukraine, 1 (1), Stuttgart, Germany: ibidem Press: 196, ISBN 978-3838207261, ISSN 2364-5334
- ^ "@matbabiak". Medium. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
- ^ Francis, David (29 December 2014). "Putin's Dream of a Russian NHL Collapsing As His Economy Tanks". Foreign Policy.
Matthew Babiak, the Canadian managing editor of Euromaidan Press
- ^ a b Shearlaw, Maeve (22 November 2016), "Three years after Euromaidan, how young Ukrainians see the future", The Guardian, archived from the original on 1 October 2018, retrieved 1 October 2018
- ^ Besemeres, John (2016), A Difficult Neighbourhood: Essays on Russia and East-Central Europe since World War II, ANU Press, p. 498, ISBN 978-1760460600
- ^ Schoen, Douglas E.; Smith, Evan Roth (2016), "Chapter 6: Sowing Disorder", Putin's Master Plan, Encounter Books, ISBN 978-1594038891
- ^ Sloan, Stanley (2016), Defense of the West: NATO, the European Union and the Transatlantic Bargain, Manchester University Press, ISBN 978-1526105752
- ^ Svyatets, Ekaterina (2015), Energy Security and Cooperation in Eurasia: Power, Profits and Politics, Routledge Studies in Energy Policy, Routledge, p. 183, ISBN 978-1138902619
- ^ Krishna-Hensel, Sai Felicia, ed. (2016), Media in Process: Transformation and Democratic Transition, Global Interdisciplinary Studies Series, Routledge, p. 49, ISBN 978-1472470959
- ^ Kanet, Roger E.; Sussex, Matthew, eds. (2016), Power, Politics and Confrontation in Eurasia: Foreign Policy in a Contested Region, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 233, ISBN 978-1137523662
- ^ "Euromaidan Press : news and views from Ukraine". WorldCat. OCLC Online Computer Library Center. 2017. OCLC 992513459.
- ^ Black, J. L.; Johns, Michael, eds. (2016), The Return of the Cold War: Ukraine, The West and Russia, Routledge Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series, Routledge, p. 190, ISBN 978-1138924093
- ^ Vohn, Cristina Arvatu (2017), "Perspectives on the Future of Europe", in Dungaciu, Dan; Iordache, Ruxandra (eds.), The Perfect Storm of the European Crisis, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, p. 113, ISBN 978-1443895637
- ^ Emeran, Christine (2017), New Generation Political Activism in Ukraine: 2000-2014, Routledge Advances in Sociology, Routledge, p. 116, ISBN 978-1472482525
- ^ Wilson, Stephen Lloyd (2017), "Ukraine", in Steckman, Laura M.; Andrews, Marilyn J. (eds.), Online around the World: A Geographic Encyclopedia of the Internet, Social Media, and Mobile Apps, ABC-CLIO, p. 319, ISBN 978-1610697750
- ^ Toal, Gerard (2017), Near Abroad: Putin, the West and the Contest over Ukraine and the Caucasus, Oxford University Press, p. 351, ISBN 978-0190253301
Further reading[edit]
- Leonor, Alex (31 August 2016), "A guide to Russian propaganda. Part 2: Whataboutism", StopFake.org
- Whitmore, Brian (6 September 2016). "Deconstructing Whataboutism". The Morning Vertical. State News Service.
Deconstructing Whataboutism - In the second part of its guide to Russian propaganda, Euromaidan Press takes a look at 'Whataboutism.'
External links[edit]
- Official website
- Video designer: Ganna Naronina; video script and idea: Alex Leonor, Alya Shandra (5 September 2016). "A guide to Russian propaganda. Part 2: Whataboutism" (video). YouTube. Euromaidan Press.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) | null | Euromaidan Press - Wikipedia |
https://arxiv.org/list/cond-mat.dis-nn/current | Disordered Systems and Neural Networks
Authors and titles for March 2025
Total of 5 entries
Showing up to 50 entries per page: fewer | more | all
- [1] arXiv:2503.00241 [pdf, html, other]
-
- [2] arXiv:2503.00612 [pdf, html, other]
-
- [3] arXiv:2503.01361 [pdf, html, other]
-
- [4] arXiv:2503.00016 (cross-list from q-bio.NC) [pdf, html, other]
-
- [5] arXiv:2503.01843 (cross-list from cs.LG) [pdf, other]
-
Total of 5 entries
Showing up to 50 entries per page: fewer | more | all | null | Disordered Systems and Neural Networks |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_February_2025 | Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2025
This is a maintenance category, used for maintenance of the Wikipedia project. It is not part of the encyclopedia and contains non-article pages, or groups articles by status rather than subject. Do not include this category in content categories.
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This category combines all articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2025 (2025-02) to enable us to work through the backlog more systematically. It is a member of Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases.
Articles are automatically put into this monthly category by inline templates such as {{weasel inline}}, {{by whom}}, {{who}}, and {{which}}, which mark specific words as "weasel words". (Do not add this category directly.)
The key to improving weasel words in articles is either a) to name a source for the opinion or b) to change opinionated language to concrete facts. After you have made any necessary edits, remove the template.
Pages in category "Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2025"
The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 405 total. This list may not reflect recent changes.(previous page) (next page)
0โ9
A
- Abie the Agent
- Academy Award for Best Picture
- Reparation (theology)
- Brooks Adams
- Renata Adler
- Afro-Dominicans
- Air-independent propulsion
- Airdrie, North Lanarkshire
- Aire (Yuri album)
- Alchemy (novel)
- American Mathematical Society
- The American Mercury
- Annexation of the Dominican Republic to Spain
- Anti-antisemitism in Germany
- Anything Other Than Naked
- Arizona Coyotes
- ArtFacts.Net
- Asag
- Zakaria ibn Adam Ash'ari Qomi
- Australian Championship
- Australian Jews
- Ayahuasca
B
- Babbitt (alloy)
- Bahraich railway station
- Banff Sunshine
- James Barry (surgeon)
- The Beatles' 1966 tour of Germany, Japan and the Philippines
- David Beauchamp
- Bihar al-Anwar
- Bilingual education by country or region
- Billy the Axeman
- Black Notebooks
- William D. Bloxham
- Bolokhovians
- Bombardier Aviation
- FC Braศov (2021)
- Bread in Spain
- Bristol and Gloucester Railway
- John Brogden and Sons
- Buenos Aires House of Culture
- Burning Palms, New South Wales
- BurrโHamilton duel
- Buttar Kalan, Moga
C
- C-DAC Thiruvananthapuram
- Paul Cain (minister)
- Campo de Criptana
- Cardiff Railway
- Carlisle railway history
- Carrickmore
- Dora Carrington
- Johnny Carson
- Census in the United Kingdom
- Chabhal Kalan
- Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg
- Joyce Cheng
- Chevrolet Camaro (first generation)
- Chicago Area Project
- Chirp
- Chronotype
- Cinereous vulture
- City of London Cemetery and Crematorium
- Colt clan incest case
- Criminal investigation
- Criminal law in the Marshall Court
- The Crossing (TV series)
- Ctesiphon
- CTrain
- Cutty Wren
D
- Damor
- Daouda Diallo
- Deafness in France
- Decision theory
- Deir Hajla
- Delphic maxims
- Demographics of China
- Destruction under the Mongol Empire
- DG (company)
- Dhaka College
- Dhaka Residential Model College
- Die throw (review)
- Diomedes
- Disagreements on the intensity of tornadoes
- Document camera
- Domi and JD Beck
- Dopesick (album)
- Mathias Dรถpfner
- Dormanstown
- The Dowie Dens o Yarrow
- O'Landa Draper
- Dzungar genocide
E
F
G
- Gargantua and Pantagruel
- Gender fluidity
- Genuine progress indicator
- Geomagnetic pole
- Georg Gruber
- Gergesa
- Getting Over It with Bennett Foddy
- Odilo Globocnik
- David Goerlitz
- Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)
- James Goll
- Grameen Bank
- Great Western Railway in West Wales
- Greenfield project
- Gudetama
- Cรถlestin Gugger von Staudach
- Gullah
H
- Hand on Your Heart
- Hanson Australia
- Harold Hanson (lawyer)
- A. K. M. Fazlul Haque (surgeon)
- Haram
- Herbert Hasler
- Barney and Betty Hill incident
- James Hilton (designer)
- History of cotton
- History of Goa
- History of labour law in the United Kingdom
- History of the Jews in Guernsey
- Marek Hลasko
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Mawra Hocane
- Jeremy Hooker
- Hull Paragon Interchange
- Human rights in North Korea
- Hyperpop
I
- Ideasthesia
- Ignatian spirituality
- Takis Ikonomopoulos
- Image resolution
- Imam Khomeini International Airport
- Immorality
- Incompatible Timesharing System
- List of information systems journals
- International Panorama Council
- International School of Temple Arts
- Isle of Wight Militia
- Israeli Military Order
- ITV Evening News
J
K
L
- La Blue Girl
- Francisco Lachowski
- Latgalian phonology
- Lebanon Municipal Airport (New Hampshire)
- LeeโMetford
- LGBTQ culture in Los Angeles
- Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)
- Light novel
- Leaders Cup
- List of countries by largest historical comprehensive GDP
- List of deaths of Kenny McCormick
- List of Kereta Api Indonesia rolling stock classes
- Llanelly and Mynydd Mawr Railway
- Michaรซl Llodra
- Peter Loewenberg | null | Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2025 - Wikipedia |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90:%EC%9B%AC%EB%94%94%EB%9F%AC%EB%B9%84 | ์ฌ์ฉ์:NZ ํ ๋ผ๋ค
๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ
(์ฌ์ฉ์:์ฌ๋๋ฌ๋น์์ ๋์ด์ด)
|์ํค๋ฐฑ๊ณผ:๋ฐ๋ฒจ
|
|์ธ์ด๋ณ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ
|์ํค๋ฐฑ๊ณผ:์ ์ ๋ฐ์ค
|
์๋
ํ์ธ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ! ๋ฐ๊ฐ์ต๋๋ค. NZ๋ ์ ๊ฐ ๋๋ฌด๋๋ ์ฌ๋ํ๋ "๋ด์ง๋๋"์ ์ฝ์์ด์, ์ ๊ฐ ์ต๊ทผ์ ํฌ์ด ๋ NewJeans์ ์ฝ์ NJ์ ํผํ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํฉ๋๋ค.
2025๋
์ํด๊ฐ ๋ฐ์๋ค์. ๋ถ๋ ํ๋ณตํ๊ณ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ด ์ผ๋ง ๊ฐ๋ํ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋น๋๋ค.
ํ๋ช
[ํธ์ง]
Persephone Kore
์ธ์ ๋ ๋ฌต๋ฌตํ ์์ ์ ์์ข๋ฅผ ์งํค๋ "ํ๋ฅด์ธํฌ๋ค"์ฒ๋ผ, ํญ์ ๊ฒฝ๋๋์ง ์๊ณ ์ฐจ๋ถํ๊ฒ ์ํค๋ฐฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ๋ช
์ ๋ณ๊ฒฝํ์ต๋๋ค. ์ ํ๋ช
์ ๋๋ฌด ์์ด์ ๋๋์ด ๊ฐํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๊ณ ์.
์ข์ ๊ธ/์์ฐฌ ๊ธ ๋ชฉ๋ก[ํธ์ง]
์ข์ ๊ธ[ํธ์ง]
- ์ 1ยท2์ฐจ ์์ฃผ ์ ํฌ - 2017๋
4์ 16์ผ
- ์๊ตญ ์ ์ฐจ์ ์ญ์ฌ - 2020๋
4์ 16์ผ
์์ฐฌ ๊ธ[ํธ์ง]
ํธ์ง ์์ [ํธ์ง]
์์ ๋ฐ ํ์ฅ ์๋ฃ ๋ฌธ์[ํธ์ง]
ํ์ฅ ์์ ๋ฌธ์[ํธ์ง]
- ์ ์
- ๋ง์ผ ๊ฐ๋ ์์
(9์ ์์ )
- ๋น์ค์-์ค๋ฐ๋ฅด ๊ณต์ธ
- ๊ตญ๊ฐ/์ง์ญ
- ๊ตฐ์ธ
์์ฑ ์์ ๋ฌธ์[ํธ์ง]
- ์ ์
- ๊ตฐ์ธ | null | ์ฌ์ฉ์:NZ ํ ๋ผ๋ค - ์ํค๋ฐฑ๊ณผ, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋์ ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์ฌ์ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascicle_%28botany%29 | Fascicle (botany)
In botany, a fascicle is a bundle of leaves or flowers growing crowded together; alternatively the term might refer to the vascular tissues that supply such an organ with nutrients.[1] However, vascular tissues may occur in fascicles even when the organs they supply are not fascicled.
Etymology of fascicle and related terms[edit]
The term fascicle and its derived terms such as fasciculation are from the Latin fasciculus, the diminutive of fascis, a bundle.[2] Accordingly, such words occur in many forms and contexts wherever they are convenient for descriptive purposes. A fascicle may be leaves or flowers on a short shoot where the nodes of a shoot are crowded without clear internodes, such as in species of Pinus or Rhigozum. However, bundled fibres, nerves or bristles as in tissues or the glochid fascicles of Opuntia may have little or nothing to do with branch morphology.
In pines[edit]
Leaf fascicles are present in all pines, and the number of adult leaves (needles) per fascicle is an important character for identification of pine species and genera. Most species have fascicles of 2 to 5 needles; only occasional species typically have as few as one or as many as six leaves to the fascicle.
Variation is high between species, low within them. For example, Pinus flexilis (limber pine), has fascicles of 5 needles. This pine is a member of the white pine group, Pinus subgenus Strobus, section Strobus. In all members of the group the fascicles nearly all have five needles and the sheath at the base of the fascicle is deciduous.
The fascicle sheath is another character that is important for identification. Among North American pines the sheath is persistent in all so-called hard pines and deciduous in all so-called soft pines.[3] Thus, the fascicle sheath and number of needles can be used to identify valuable timber pines in all seasons and many years before they are mature enough to produce cones. These two characters readily distinguish the major groups of pines (see Pinus classification).
Pinus durangensis (Durango pine) has fascicles of 6 needles, rarely 7, and is the only species in Pinus with so many needles per fascicle. At the other extreme, Pinus monophylla has fascicles of one needle, rarely two. This is the only species of pine with just one needle per fascicle, and this rare and easily observed character is reflected in the specific epithet monophylla and in the common name single-leaf pinyon. Although it might strike non-botanists as illogical to apply the term "fascicle" to a stem bearing a single leaf, the justification is that the structure of the stem is consistent with other pine fascicles, which justifies generalising the term to embrace single-needle fascicles as well.
In flowering plants[edit]
Fascicles do occur in some flowering plants, though not as frequently as in many conifers. Consequently, when fascicles are present the specific epithet often refers to them.
Examples include Prunus fasciculata and Adenostoma fasciculatum. Species with flowers in fascicles include Aechmea biflora and Melicytus ramiflorus, several species of Malva, and the entire genus Flueggea. Some species of the family Alseuosmiaceae have flowers in fascicles.
In the Bignoniaceae in the genus Rhigozum flowers are borne in fascicles from cushion-like, dwarf branchlets in the axils of leaves, and several species also bear leaves in fascicles on similar or shared branchlets.[4]
Both leaf and flower fascicles occur among Angiospermae, often as adaptations facilitating pollination, such as in many Lamiaceae, of which some Lavandula are typical. Other plant fascicles are adaptations to achieve greater compactness for defensive reasons. For example, in Opuntia cacti, spines are produced in fascicles bearing a few long spines and many short spiny bristles (or glochids).
In lower plants[edit]
Sphagnum species bear branches in fascicles.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Shashtri, Varun. Dictionary of Botany. Publisher: Isha Books 2005. ISBN 978-8182052253
- ^ Brown, Lesley (1993). The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles. Oxford [Eng.]: Clarendon. ISBN 0-19-861271-0.
- ^ Fralish, James Steven; Franklin, Scott B. (2002). Taxonomy and ecology of woody plants in North American forests (excluding Mexico and subtropical Florida). John Wiley and Sons. p. 553. ISBN 0-471-16158-6.
- ^ Dyer, R. Allen, โThe Genera of Southern African Flowering Plantsโ. ISBN 0-621-02854-1, 1975 | null | Fascicle (botany) - Wikipedia |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%ED%8B%80%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%84_%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EA%B2%8C | ๊ณ ํ๋กํ ํ๋ ๊ฒ
|ํ๋ฆฌ๋๋ฆฌํ ๋ฃจํธ๋นํ ๊ณ ํ๋กํ ํ๋ ๊ฒ
Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege
|์ถ์
|1848๋
11์ 8์ผ
์ค์จ๋ด-๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด (์ค๋๋ ๋
์ผ ๋ฉํด๋ ๋ถ๋ฅดํฌํฌ์ดํฌ๋ฉ๋ฅธ์ฃผ) ๋น์ค๋ง๋ฅด(๋
์ผ์ด: Wismar)
|์ฌ๋ง
|1925๋
7์ 26์ผ(76์ธ)
๋ฐ์ด๋ง๋ฅด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ๋ฉํด๋ ๋ถ๋ฅดํฌํฌ์ดํฌ๋ฉ๋ฅธ์ฃผ ๋ฐํธํด๋ผ์ด๋จ(๋
์ผ์ด: Bad Kleinen)
|์ฑ๋ณ
|๋จ์ฑ
|ํ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ
|์ง๋ ๊ต์
|์๋ฅธ์คํธ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํฐ์ ์จ๋ฆฌ์ฐ์ค ์
ฐ๋ง(๋
์ผ์ด: Ernst Christian Julius Schering)
์ํ๋ ํธ ํด๋ ์
|ํ๋ฌธ์ ํ๋
|๋ถ์ผ
|์๋ฆฌ๋
ผ๋ฆฌํ, ๋ถ์์ฒ ํ
|์์ ๊ธฐ๊ด
|์๋ ๋ํ๊ต
|์ฃผ์ ๊ฐ๋
|์ ์ด ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ
ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ๋ฆฌ
๋ป๊ณผ ์ง์์ฒด
ํ๋ฆฌ๋๋ฆฌํ ๋ฃจํธ๋นํ ๊ณ ํ๋กํ ํ๋ ๊ฒ(๋
์ผ์ด: Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege [หษกษtloหp หfreหษกษ], 1848๋
11์ 8์ผ ~ 1925๋
7์ 26์ผ)๋ ๋
์ผ์ ์๋ฆฌ๋
ผ๋ฆฌํ์์ด์ ์ฒ ํ์์ด๋ค. ๊ทผ๋ ์๋ฆฌ์ฒ ํ๊ณผ ๋ถ์์ฒ ํ์ ๊ธฐ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ จํ์๋ค.
์์ [ํธ์ง]
1848๋
11์ 8์ผ์, ๋น์ ๊ณต์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ค์จ๋ด-๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด ์ ๊ตญ์ ์ํด ์์์ง๋ง ๋
์ผ ํต์น ์๋ ์๋ ๋์ ๋น์ค๋ง๋ฅด(๋
์ผ์ด: Wismar)์์ ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค.[1] ๋น์ค๋ง๋ฅด์ ๊น๋์ง์์ 1869๋
์ ์กธ์
ํ์๊ณ , ๊น๋์ง์์ ๊ต์ฌ ๊ตฌ์คํํ ์๋ํ ๋ ์ค ์์ธ(๋
์ผ์ด: Gustav Adolf Leo Sachse)๋ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ํ์ ์ฌ๋ฅ์ ์์๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ ๋ํ๊ต์ ์
ํํ ๊ฒ์ ๊ถ๊ณ ํ์๋ค.
ํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ 1869๋
์ ์๋ ๋ํ๊ต์ ์
ํํ์ฌ 4ํ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถํ์๊ณ , 1871๋
์ ๊ดดํ
๊ฒ ๋ํ๊ต๋ก ์ ํํ์ฌ 1873๋
12์์ ์ฌ์๊ธฐํํ์ ๋ํ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ฌ ํ์๋ฅผ ์์ฌ๋ฐ์๋ค. 1874๋
์ ์๋ ๋ํ๊ต์์ ํ๋น๋ฆฌํ์น์จ์ ๋ง์น๊ณ , ์๋์์ ์ํ ๊ฐ์ธ ๊ฐ์ฌ๋ก ์ผํ๋ค. 1887๋
3์ 14์ผ์ ๋ง๋ฅด๊ฐ๋ ํ
์นดํ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ํผ์ ์๋ ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ(๋
์ผ์ด: Margarete Katharina Sophia Anna Lieseberg, 1856๋
2์ 15์ผ ~ 1904๋
6์ 25์ผ)์ ๊ฒฐํผํ์๋ค.
1879๋
์ ์๋ ๋ํ๊ต์ ์กฐ๊ต์(๋
์ผ์ด: Ausserordentlicher Professor)๋ก ์์ฉ๋์๋ค. 1879๋
์ ใ๊ฐ๋
ํ๊ธฐ๋ฒ: ์์ ์ฌ๊ณ ์ ์ฐ์ ์ ํ์ ์ธ์ด์ ๋ชจํใ(๋
์ผ์ด: Begriffsschrift, eine der arithmetischen nachgebildete Formelsprache des reinen Denkens)์ ์ถํํ์๊ณ , ์ด ์ฑ
์์ ์ ์ด ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ต์ด๋ก ๋์
ํ์๋ค. 1884๋
์๋ ใ์ฐ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ด: ์์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์๋ฆฌ๋
ผ๋ฆฌํ์ ํ๊ตฌใ(๋
์ผ์ด: Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik: eine logisch-mathematische Untersuchung รผber den Begriff der Zahl)๋ฅผ ์ถํํ์ฌ ์์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋นํํ์๋ค.
1893๋
์ ใ๊ฐ๋
ํ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ ๋๋ ์ฐ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฒ์นใ(๋
์ผ์ด: Grundgesetze der Arithmetik, begriffsschriftlich abgeleitet) 1๊ถ์ ์ถํํ์๊ณ , 1896๋
์ ์๋ ๋ํ๊ต์ ์ ๊ต์(๋
์ผ์ด: Ordentlicher Honorarprofessor)๋ก ์น์งํ์๋ค. 1903๋
์ ใ์ฐ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฒ์นใ2๊ถ์ ์ถํํ์๋ค.
1917๋
๋๋ 1918๋
์ ์๋ ๋ํ๊ต์์ ์ํดํ์๋ค. ์ดํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋ 1920๋
๋์ ์ผ๊ธฐ์ ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๋์ฃผ์์ ํ์์ฆ ์ฑํฅ์ ๊ธ์ ์ผ๋ค. 1925๋
7์ 26์ผ์ ๋ฉํด๋ ๋ถ๋ฅดํฌํฌ์ดํฌ๋ฉ๋ฅธ์ฃผ์ ์์ ๋ง์ ๋ฐํธํด๋ผ์ด๋จ(๋
์ผ์ด: Bad Kleinen)์์ ์ฌ๋งํ์๋ค.
์
์ [ํธ์ง]
ใ๊ฐ๋
ํ๊ธฐ๋ฒใ[ํธ์ง]
1879๋
์ ์ถํ๋ ์ฑ
ใ๊ฐ๋
ํ๊ธฐ๋ฒ: ์์ ์ฌ๊ณ ์ ์ฐ์ ์ ํ์ ์ธ์ด์ ๋ชจํใ(๋
์ผ์ด: Begriffsschrift, eine der arithmetischen nachgebildete Formelsprache des reinen Denkens)์์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์๋ ค์ง ๋ช
์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์ด ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ๋ก ํ์ฅํ์๊ณ , ๋ช
์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์ด ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํํํ๋ ํ์์ ์ธ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ํ์๋ค. ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
|๊ฐ๋
|ใ๊ฐ๋
ํ๊ธฐ๋ฒใ ํ๊ธฐ
|ํ๋ ํ๊ธฐ
|๋ถ์
|ํจ์
|์ ์นญ ๊ธฐํธ
|์กด์ฌ ๊ธฐํธ
|๋์น
๋ฒํธ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฌ์
์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ก (theory of description)๊ณผ ๋ฒํธ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฌ์
๊ณผ ์จํ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋
ธ์ค ํ์ดํธํค๋์ ใ์ํ ์๋ฆฌใ์ ์ค์ํ ํต์ฌ์ด ๋๋ ์ํ(quantification)๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ ์ด๋
ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํํํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ๊ณ ์ํ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์
์ ์ ๋น์์๋ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ธ์ ๋ฐ์ง ์์์ผ๋, ๊ทธ์ ์๊ฐ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ฃผ์ธํ ํ์๋
ธ, ๋ฒํธ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฌ์
๋ฑ์ ์ํด ์ธ์์ ์๋ ค์ง๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ๋ฃจํธ๋นํ ๋นํธ๊ฒ์ํ์ธ๊ณผ ์๋๋ฌธํธ ํ์ค๋ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
ใ์ฐ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฒ์นใ[ํธ์ง]
ํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ ์ํ์ด ๋
ผ๋ฆฌํ์ผ๋ก ๊ท๊ฒฐ๋ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์์ ์ด๊ธฐ ์ฃผ์ฐฝ์ ์ค์ ํ๋์๋ค. ํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ 1884๋
์ ์ถํ๋ ใ์ฐ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ด: ์์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์๋ฆฌ๋
ผ๋ฆฌํ์ ํ๊ตฌใ(๋
์ผ์ด: Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik: eine logisch-mathematische Untersuchung รผber den Begriff der Zahl)์์ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์์ ์์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋นํํ์๊ณ , ์์ ๊ฐ๋
์ด ์ข
ํฉ์ (synthetic) ๊ฐ๋
์ด ์๋๋ผ ํด์์ (analytic) ๊ฐ๋
์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ์๋ค.
ใ๊ฐ๋
ํ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ ๋๋ ์ฐ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฒ์นใ(๋
์ผ์ด: Grundgesetze der Arithmetik, begriffsschriftlich abgeleitet, 1๊ถ 1893๋
, 2๊ถ 1903๋
)์์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌํ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ฐ์ ์ ์ ๋ํ๋ ค๊ณ ์๋ํ์๋ค. 1ํ์ด ์ถํ๋ ๋ค ๋ฒํธ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฌ์
์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ณต๋ฆฌ๊ณ๊ฐ ๋ฌ์
์ ์ญ์ค์ ํจ์ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ง์ ํ์๋ค. ํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ ์ด๋ฏธ ์์ฑ๋ 2๊ถ์ ์ด ์ญ์ค์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ์คํ ํ๋ ๋ถ๋ก์ ์ถ๊ฐํ์๋ค.
์ธ์ด์ฒ ํ[ํธ์ง]
ํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ ์ธ์ด์ฒ ํ์ ์ค์ํ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ์๊ณ , ํนํ ๊ณ ์ ๋ช
์ฌ์ ๋ป๊ณผ ์ง์์ฒด(๋
์ผ์ด: Sinn und Bedeutung) ์ฌ์ด์ ์ฐจ์ด์ ๊ดํด ๋
ผ์ํ์๋ค.
์ฃผ์ ์ ์[ํธ์ง]
- ใBegriffsschrift, eine der arithmetischen nachgebildete Formelsprache des reinen Denkensใ (๋
์ผ์ด). Halle: Louis Nebert. 1879. JFM 11.0048.02.
- ใ๊ฐ๋
ํ๊ธฐ๋ฒ: ์์ ์ฌ๊ณ ์ ์ฐ์ ์ ํ์ ์ธ์ด์ ๋ชจํใ
- ใDie Grundlagen der Arithmetik: eine logisch-mathematische Untersuchung รผber den Begriff der Zahlใ (๋
์ผ์ด). Breslau. 1884.
- ใ์ฐ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ด: ์์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์๋ฆฌ๋
ผ๋ฆฌํ์ ํ๊ตฌใ
- ใFunktion und Begriffใ. ใVortrag, gehalten in der Sitzung vom 9. Januar 1891 der Jenaischen Gesellschaft fรผr Medizin und Naturwissenschaft, Jena, 1891ใ (๋
์ผ์ด). 1891. JFM 23.0053.01.
- ใํจ์์ ๊ฐ๋
ใ
- โรber Sinn und Bedeutungโ. ใZeitschrift fรผr Philosophie und philosophische Kritikใ (๋
์ผ์ด) 100: 25-50. 1892.
- โรber Begriff und Gegenstandโ. ใVierteljahresschrift fรผr wissenschaftliche Philosophieใ (๋
์ผ์ด) 16: 192-205. 1892.
- ใ๊ฐ๋
๊ณผ ๋์์ ๊ดํ์ฌใ
- ใGrundgesetze der Arithmetik, begriffsschriftlich abgeleitet, Band Iใ (๋
์ผ์ด). Jena: Verlag Hermann Pohle. 1893. JFM 25.0101.02.
- ใGrundgesetze der Arithmetik, begriffsschriftlich abgeleitet, Band IIใ (๋
์ผ์ด). Jena: Verlag Hermann Pohle. 1903. JFM 34.0071.05.
- ใ๊ฐ๋
ํ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ ๋๋ ์ฐ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฒ์นใ (์ด 2๊ถ)
- โรber die Grundlagen der Geometrieโ. ใJahresbericht der deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigungใ (๋
์ผ์ด) 12: 368โ375. 1903. JFM 34.0525.02.
- ใ๊ธฐํํ์ ๊ธฐ์ด์ ๊ดํ์ฌใ
- S. Meyer, ํธ์ง. (1904). ใWas ist eine Funktion?ใ. ใFestschrift Ludwig Boltzmann gewidmet zum sechzigsten Geburtstage, 20. Feb. 1904ใ (๋
์ผ์ด). Leipzig. 656โ666์ชฝ. JFM 35.0977.01.
- ใํจ์๋ ๋ฌด์์ธ๊ฐ?ใ
- โDer Gedanke. Eine logische Untersuchungโ. ใBeitrรคge zur Philosophie des deutschen Idealismusใ (๋
์ผ์ด) 1: 58-77. 1918.
- ใ์ฌ๊ณ : ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌใ
- โDie Verneinungโ. ใBeitrรคge zur Philosophie des deutschen Idealismusใ (๋
์ผ์ด) 1: 143-157. 1918.
- ใ๋ถ์ ใ
- โGedankengefรผgeโ. ใBeitrรคge zur Philosophie des deutschen Idealismusใ (๋
์ผ์ด) 3: 36โ51. 1923.
- ใ๋ณตํฉ ์ฌ๊ณ ใ
๋ง์ง๋ง 3ํธ์ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ํฉ์ณ ใ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ ์ฐ๊ตฌใ(๋
์ผ์ด: Logische Untersuchungen)๋ผ๋ ์ ๋ชฉ์ผ๋ก ์ถํํ ๊ณํ์ด์์ผ๋, ํ๋ ๊ฒ ์์ ์ ์ถํ๋์ง ์์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ[ํธ์ง]
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ[ํธ์ง]
- ํ๋ ๊ฒ ใ์ฐ์์ ๊ธฐ์ดใ / ์ตํ[๊นจ์ง ๋งํฌ(๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ด์ฉ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ)] pdf
- ์ผ๋, ์ํ ๋ (2002). ใํ๋ ๊ฒ: ํ๋ ๋ถ์์ฒ ํ์ ์ฐฝ์์์ ๋ํ ์๊ฐใ. ์ต์๋ฐฐ ์ญ. ์๊ด์ฌ.
- Kenny, Anthony (1995). ใFrege: an introduction to the founder of modern analytic philosophyใ (์์ด). Penguin Books.
- Baker, Gordon; P.M.S. Hacker (1984). ใFrege: logical excavationsใ (์์ด). Oxford University Press.
- Currie, Gregory (1982). ใFrege: an introduction to his philosophyใ (์์ด). Harvester Press.
- Dummett, Michael (1993๋
1์). ใFrege: philosophy of languageใ (์์ด) 2ํ. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-067431931-8.
- Dummett, Michael (1981). ใThe interpretation of Fregeโs philosophyใ (์์ด). Harvard University Press.
- Dummett, Michael (1995). ใFrege: philosophy of mathematicsใ (์์ด). Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674319363. 2015๋
9์ 24์ผ์ ์๋ณธ ๋ฌธ์์์ ๋ณด์กด๋ ๋ฌธ์. 2014๋
11์ 24์ผ์ ํ์ธํจ.
- Heck, Richard G., Jr. (2011๋
12์ 15์ผ). ใFregeโs theoremใ (์์ด). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-019969564-5.
- Rosado Haddock, Guillermo E. (2006). ใA critical introduction to the philosophy of Gottlob Fregeใ (์์ด). Ashgate Publishing.
- Sluga, Hans (1980). ใGottlob Fregeใ (์์ด). Routledge.
- Weiner, Joan (1990). ใFrege in perspectiveใ (์์ด). Cornell University Press.
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ[ํธ์ง]
- ๊ณ ํ๋กํ ํ๋ ๊ฒ - ๋ธ๋ฆฌํ๋์ปค ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์ฌ์ (๋ค์๋ฐฑ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๋ฌ)
- ๊ณ ํ๋กํ ํ๋ ๊ฒ - ๋์ฐ์ธ๊ณ๋๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์ฌ์
- โ๊ณ ํ๋กํ ํ๋ ๊ฒโ. ใ๋ค์ด๋ฒ์บ์คํธใ.
- Zalta, Edward (2012๋
10์ 22์ผ). โGottlob Fregeโ. ใStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophyใ (์์ด).
- Zalta, Edward (2013๋
7์ 5์ผ). โFrege's Theorem and Foundations for Arithmeticโ. ใStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophyใ (์์ด).
- Klement, Kevin C. โGottlob Frege (1848โ1925)โ. ใInternet Encyclopedia of Philosophyใ (์์ด).
- Lotter, Dorothea. โGottlob Frege: Languageโ. ใInternet Encyclopedia of Philosophyใ (์์ด).
- OโConnor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. โFriedrich Ludwig Gottlob Fregeโ. ใMacTutor History of Mathematics Archiveใ (์์ด). ์ธ์ธํธ์ค๋๋ฃจ์ค ๋ํ๊ต.
- โGottlob Friedrich Ludwig Fregeโ. ใ์ํ ๊ณ๋ณด ํ๋ก์ ํธใ (์์ด). ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ํํ. | null | ๊ณ ํ๋กํ ํ๋ ๊ฒ - ์ํค๋ฐฑ๊ณผ, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋์ ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์ฌ์ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency | International Atomic Energy Agency
|Abbreviation
|IAEA
|Formation
|29 July 1957
|Type
|International organization
|Legal status
|Active
|Headquarters
|Vienna, Austria
|Membership
|180 member states[1]
Head
|Director General
Rafael Grossi
|Staff
|2556 (professional and general service staff)[2] (2022)
|Website
|iaea.org
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an intergovernmental organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. It was established in 1957 as an autonomous organization within the United Nations system;[4][5] though governed by its own founding treaty, the organization reports to both the General Assembly and the Security Council of the United Nations, and is headquartered at the UN Office at Vienna, Austria.
The IAEA was created in response to growing international concern toward nuclear weapons, especially amid rising tensions between the foremost nuclear powers, the United States and the Soviet Union.[4] U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower's "Atoms for Peace" speech, which called for the creation of an international organization to monitor the global proliferation of nuclear resources and technology, is credited with catalyzing the formation of the IAEA, whose treaty came into force on 29 July 1957 upon U.S. ratification.
The IAEA serves as an intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical cooperation on the peaceful use of nuclear technology and nuclear power worldwide. It maintains several programs that encourage the development of peaceful applications of nuclear energy, science, and technology; provide international safeguards against misuse of nuclear technology and nuclear materials; and promote and implement nuclear safety (including radiation protection) and nuclear security standards. The organization also conducts research in nuclear science and provides technical support and training in nuclear technology to countries worldwide, particularly in the developing world.[6]
Following the ratification of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in 1968, all non-nuclear powers are required to negotiate a safeguards agreement with the IAEA, which is given the authority to monitor nuclear programs and to inspect nuclear facilities. In 2005, the IAEA and its administrative head, Director General Mohamed ElBaradei, were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way".[7]
Missions[edit]
The IAEA is generally described as having three main missions:
- Peaceful uses: Promoting the peaceful uses of nuclear energy by its member states,
- Safeguards: Implementing safeguards to verify that nuclear energy is not used for military purposes, and
- Nuclear safety: Promoting high standards for nuclear safety.[8]
Peaceful uses[edit]
According to Article II of the IAEA Statute, the objectives of the IAEA are "to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world" and to "ensure ... that assistance provided by it or at its request or under its supervision or control is not used in such a way as to further any military purpose." Its primary functions in this area, according to Article III, are to encourage research and development, to secure or provide materials, services, equipment, and facilities for Member States, and to foster the exchange of scientific and technical information and training.[9]
Three of the IAEA's six departments are principally charged with promoting the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. The Department of Nuclear Energy focuses on providing advice and services to Member States on nuclear power and the nuclear fuel cycle.[10] The Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications focuses on the use of non-power nuclear and isotope techniques to help IAEA Member States in the areas of water, energy, health, biodiversity, and agriculture.[11] The Department of Technical Cooperation provides direct assistance to IAEA Member States, through national, regional, and inter-regional projects through training, expert missions, scientific exchanges, and provision of equipment.[12]
Safeguards[edit]
Article II of the IAEA Statute defines the Agency's twin objectives as promoting peaceful uses of atomic energy and "ensur[ing], so far as it is able, that assistance provided by it or at its request or under its supervision or control is not used in such a way as to further any military purpose." To do this, the IAEA is authorized in Article III.A.5 of the Statute "to establish and administer safeguards designed to ensure that special fissionable and other materials, services, equipment, facilities, and information made available by the Agency or at its request or under its supervision or control are not used in such a way as to further any military purpose; and to apply safeguards, at the request of the parties, to any bilateral or multilateral arrangement, or at the request of a State, to any of that State's activities in the field of atomic energy."[9]
The Department of Safeguards is responsible for carrying out this mission, through technical measures designed to verify the correctness and completeness of states' nuclear declarations.[13]
Nuclear safety[edit]
The IAEA classifies safety as one of its top three priorities. It spends 8.9 percent of its 352 million-euro ($469 million) regular budget in 2011 on making plants secure from accidents. Its resources are used on the other two priorities: technical co-operation and preventing nuclear weapons proliferation.[14]
The IAEA itself says that, beginning in 1986, in response to the nuclear reactor explosion and disaster near Chernobyl, Ukraine, the IAEA redoubled its efforts in the field of nuclear safety.[15] The IAEA says that the same happened after the Fukushima disaster in Fukushima, Japan.[16]
In June 2011, the IAEA Director General said he had "broad support for his plan to strengthen international safety checks on nuclear power plants to help avoid any repeat of Japan's Fukushima crisis". Peer-reviewed safety checks on reactors worldwide, organized by the IAEA, have been proposed.[17]
History[edit]
In 1946 United Nations Atomic Energy Commission was founded, but stopped working in 1949 and was disbanded in 1952. In 1953, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower proposed the creation of an international body to both regulate and promote the peaceful use of atomic power (nuclear power), in his Atoms for Peace address to the UN General Assembly.[20][21] In September 1954, the United States proposed to the General Assembly the creation of an international agency to take control of fissile material, which could be used either for nuclear power or for nuclear weapons. This agency would establish a kind of "nuclear bank".
The United States also called for an international scientific conference on all of the peaceful aspects of nuclear power.[22] By November 1954, it had become clear that the Soviet Union would reject any international custody of fissile material if the United States did not agree to disarmament first, but that a clearinghouse for nuclear transactions might be possible. From 8 to 20 August 1955, the United Nations held the International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Geneva, Switzerland. In October 1957, a Conference on the IAEA Statute was held at the Headquarters of the United Nations to approve the founding document for the IAEA, which was negotiated in 1955โ1957 by a group of twelve countries.[20] The Statute of the IAEA was approved on 23 October 1956 and came into force on 29 July 1957.[23][24]
Former US Congressman W. Sterling Cole served as the IAEA's first Director-General from 1957 to 1961. Cole served only one term, after which the IAEA was headed by two Swedes for nearly four decades: the scientist Sigvard Eklund held the job from 1961 to 1981, followed by former Swedish Foreign Minister Hans Blix, who served from 1981 to 1997. Blix was succeeded as Director General by Mohamed ElBaradei of Egypt, who served until November 2009.[25]
Beginning in 1986, in response to the nuclear reactor explosion and disaster near Chernobyl, Ukraine, the IAEA increased its efforts in the field of nuclear safety.[15] The same happened after the 2011 Fukushima disaster in Fukushima, Japan.[16]
Both the IAEA and its then Director General, ElBaradei, were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2005. In his acceptance speech in Oslo, ElBaradei stated that only one percent of the money spent on developing new weapons would be enough to feed the entire world, and that, if we hope to escape self-destruction, then nuclear weapons should have no place in our collective conscience, and no role in our security.[26]
On 2 July 2009, Yukiya Amano of Japan was elected as the Director General for the IAEA,[27] defeating Abdul Samad Minty of South Africa and Luis E. Echรกvarri of Spain. On 3 July 2009, the Board of Governors voted to appoint Yukiya Amano "by acclamation", and IAEA General Conference in September 2009 approved. He took office on 1 December 2009.[28][29][30] After Amano's death,[31] his Chief of Coordination Cornel Feruta of Romania was named Acting Director General.[32][33]
On 2 August 2019, Rafael Grossi was presented as the Argentine candidate to become the Director General of IAEA.[34] On 28 October 2019, the IAEA Board of Governors held its first vote to elect the new Director General, but none of the candidates secured the two-thirds majority (23 votes) in the 35-member IAEA Board of Governors that was needed to be elected. The next day, 29 October, the second voting round was held, and Grossi won 24 votes.[35][36] He assumed office on 3 December 2019. Following a special meeting of the IAEA General Conference to approve his appointment, on 3 December Grossi became the first Latin American to head the Agency.[37][38]
During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Grossi visited Ukraine multiple times as part of the ongoing efforts to help prevent a nuclear accident during the war. He warned against any complacency towards the dangers that the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, Europe's largest nuclear power plant, was facing. The plant has come under fire multiple times during the war.[39]
Structure and function[edit]
This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
General[edit]
The IAEA's mission is guided by the interests and needs of Member States, strategic plans, and the vision embodied in the IAEA Statute (see below). Three main pillars โ or areas of work โ underpin the IAEA's mission: Safety and Security; Science and Technology; and Safeguards and Verification.[40]
The IAEA as an autonomous organization is not under the direct control of the UN, but the IAEA does report to both the UN General Assembly and Security Council. Unlike most other specialized international agencies, the IAEA does much of its work with the Security Council, and not with the United Nations Economic and Social Council. The structure and functions of the IAEA are defined by its founding document, the IAEA Statute (see below). The IAEA has three main bodies: the Board of Governors, the General Conference, and the Secretariat.[41]
The IAEA exists to pursue the "safe, secure and peaceful uses of nuclear sciences and technology" (Pillars 2005). The IAEA executes this mission with three main functions: the inspection of existing nuclear facilities to ensure their peaceful use, providing information and developing standards to ensure the safety and security of nuclear facilities, and as a hub for the various fields of science involved in the peaceful applications of nuclear technology.
The IAEA recognizes knowledge as the nuclear energy industry's most valuable asset and resource, without which the industry cannot operate safely and economically. Following the IAEA General Conference since 2002 resolutions the Nuclear Knowledge Management, a formal program was established to address Member States' priorities in the 21st century.[42]
In 2004, the IAEA developed a Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy (PACT). PACT responds to the needs of developing countries to establish, to improve, or to expand radiotherapy treatment programs. The IAEA is raising money to help efforts by its Member States to save lives and reduce the suffering of cancer victims.[43]
The IAEA has established programs to help developing countries in planning to build systematically the capability to manage a nuclear power program, including the Integrated Nuclear Infrastructure Group,[44] which has carried out Integrated Nuclear Infrastructure Review missions in Indonesia, Jordan, Thailand and Vietnam.[45] The IAEA reports that roughly 60 countries are considering how to include nuclear power in their energy plans.[46]
To enhance the sharing of information and experience among IAEA Member States concerning the seismic safety of nuclear facilities, in 2008 the IAEA established the International Seismic Safety Centre. This centre is establishing safety standards and providing for their application in relation to site selection, site evaluation and seismic design.
The IAEA has its headquarters since its founding in Vienna, Austria. The IAEA has two "Regional Safeguards Offices" which are located in Toronto, Canada, and in Tokyo, Japan. The IAEA also has two liaison offices which are located in New York City, United States, and in Geneva, Switzerland. In addition, the IAEA has laboratories and research centers located in Seibersdorf, Austria, in Monaco and in Trieste, Italy.[3]
Board of Governors[edit]
The Board of Governors is one of two policy-making bodies of the IAEA. The Board consists of 22 member states elected by the General Conference, and at least 10 member states nominated by the outgoing Board. The outgoing Board designates the ten members who are the most advanced in atomic energy technology, plus the most advanced members from any of the following areas that are not represented by the first ten: North America, Latin America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Africa, Middle East, and South Asia, South East Asia, the Pacific, and the Far East. These members are designated for one year terms. The General Conference elects 22 members from the remaining nations to two-year terms. Eleven are elected each year. The 22 elected members must also represent a stipulated geographic diversity.
The Board, in its five-yearly meetings, is responsible for making most of the policies of the IAEA. The Board makes recommendations to the General Conference on IAEA activities and budget, is responsible for publishing IAEA standards and appoints the Director-General subject to General Conference approval. Board members each receive one vote. Budget matters require a two-thirds majority. All other matters require only a simple majority. The simple majority also has the power to stipulate issues that will thereafter require a two-thirds majority. Two-thirds of all Board members must be present to call a vote. The Board elects its own chairman.
General Conference[edit]
The General Conference is made up of all 180 member states. It meets once a year, typically in September, to approve the actions and budgets passed on from the Board of Governors. The General Conference also approves the nominee for Director General and requests reports from the Board on issues in question (Statute). Each member receives one vote. Issues of budget, Statute amendment and suspension of a member's privileges require a two-thirds majority and all other issues require a simple majority. Similar to the Board, the General Conference can, by simple majority, designate issues to require a two-thirds majority. The General Conference elects a President at each annual meeting to facilitate an effective meeting. The President only serves for the duration of the session (Statute).
The main function of the General Conference is to serve as a forum for debate on current issues and policies. Any of the other IAEA organs, the Director-General, the Board and member states can table issues to be discussed by the General Conference (IAEA Primer). This function of the General Conference is almost identical to the General Assembly of the United Nations.
Secretariat[edit]
The Secretariat is the professional and general service staff of the IAEA. The Secretariat is headed by the Director General. The Director General is responsible for enforcement of the actions passed by the Board of Governors and the General Conference. The Director General is selected by the Board and approved by the General Conference for renewable four-year terms. The Director General oversees six departments that do the actual work in carrying out the policies of the IAEA: Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Safety and Security, Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Safeguards, Technical Cooperation, and Management.
The IAEA budget is in two parts. The regular budget funds most activities of the IAEA and is assessed to each member nation (โฌ344 million in 2014).[47] The Technical Cooperation Fund is funded by voluntary contributions with a general target in the US$90 million range.[47]
Criticism[edit]
In 2011, Russian nuclear accident specialist Yuliy Andreev was critical of the response to Fukushima, and says that the IAEA did not learn from the 1986 Chernobyl disaster. He has accused the IAEA and corporations of "wilfully ignoring lessons from the world's worst nuclear accident 25 years ago to protect the industry's expansion".[48] The IAEA's role "as an advocate for nuclear power has made it a target for protests".[49]
The journal Nature has reported that the IAEA response to the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan was "sluggish and sometimes confusing", drawing calls for the agency to "take a more proactive role in nuclear safety". But nuclear experts say that the agency's complicated mandate and the constraints imposed by its member states mean that reforms will not happen quickly or easily, although its INES "emergency scale is very likely to be revisited" given the confusing way in which it was used in Japan.[49]
Some scientists say that the Fukushima nuclear accidents have revealed that the nuclear industry lacks sufficient oversight, leading to renewed calls to redefine the mandate of the IAEA so that it can better police nuclear power plants worldwide.[50] There are several problems with the IAEA says Najmedin Meshkati of University of Southern California:
It recommends safety standards, but member states are not required to comply; it promotes nuclear energy, but it also monitors nuclear use; it is the sole global organisation overseeing the nuclear energy industry, yet it is also weighed down by checking compliance with the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).[50]
In 2011, the journal Nature reported that the International Atomic Energy Agency should be strengthened to make independent assessments of nuclear safety and that "the public would be better served by an IAEA more able to deliver frank and independent assessments of nuclear crises as they unfold".[51]
Membership[edit]
The process of joining the IAEA is fairly simple.[52] Normally, a State would notify the Director General of its desire to join, and the Director would submit the application to the Board for consideration. If the Board recommends approval, and the General Conference approves the application for membership, the State must then submit its instrument of acceptance of the IAEA Statute to the United States, which functions as the depositary Government for the IAEA Statute. The State is considered a member when its acceptance letter is deposited. The United States then informs the IAEA, which notifies other IAEA Member States. Signature and ratification of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) are not preconditions for membership in the IAEA.
The IAEA has 180 member states.[53] Most UN members and the Holy See are Member States of the IAEA.[53]
Four states have withdrawn from the IAEA. North Korea was a Member State from 1974 to 1994, but withdrew after the Board of Governors found it in non-compliance with its safeguards agreement and suspended most technical co-operation.[54] Nicaragua became a member in 1957, withdrew its membership in 1970, and rejoined in 1977,[55][56] Honduras joined in 1957, withdrew in 1967, and rejoined in 2003,[57] while Cambodia joined in 1958, withdrew in 2003, and rejoined in 2009.[58][59][60]
Regional Cooperative Agreements[edit]
There are four regional cooperative areas within IAEA, that share information, and organize conferences within their regions:
AFRA[edit]
The African Regional Cooperative Agreement for Research, Development and Training Related to Nuclear Science and Technology (AFRA):[61]
- Algeria
- Chad
- Kenya
- Morocco
- South Africa
- Angola
- Ivory Coast
- Lesotho
- Mozambique
- Sudan
- Benin
- Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Libya
- Namibia
- Tanzania
- Botswana
- Egypt
- Madagascar
- Niger
- Tunisia
- Burkina Faso
- Eritrea
- Malawi
- Nigeria
- Uganda
- Burundi
- Ethiopia
- Mali
- Senegal
- Zambia
- Cameroon
- Gabon
- Mauritania
- Seychelles
- Zimbabwe
- Central African Republic
- Ghana
- Mauritius
- Sierra Leone
ARASIA[edit]
Cooperative Agreement for Arab States in Asia for Research, Development and Training related to Nuclear Science and Technology (ARASIA):[62]
RCA[edit]
Regional Cooperative Agreement for Research, Development and Training Related to Nuclear Science and Technology for Asia and the Pacific (RCA):[63]
ARCAL[edit]
Cooperation Agreement for the Promotion of Nuclear Science and Technology in Latin America and the Caribbean (ARCAL):[64]
List of directors general[edit]
|Name
|Nationality
|Duration
|Duration (years)
|W. Sterling Cole
|American
|1 December 1957 โ 30 November 1961
|4
|Sigvard Eklund
|Swedish
|1 December 1961 โ 30 November 1981
|20
|Hans Blix
|Swedish
|1 December 1981 โ 30 November 1997
|16
|Mohamed ElBaradei
|Egyptian
|1 December 1997 โ 30 November 2009
|12
|Yukiya Amano
|Japanese
|1 December 2009 โ 18 July 2019
|9
|Cornel Feruศฤ (Acting)
|Romanian
|25 July 2019 โ 2 December 2019
|0.33
|Rafael Mariano Grossi
|Argentine
|3 December 2019 โ present
|5
Publications[edit]
Typically issued in July each year, the IAEA Annual Report summarizes and highlights developments over the past year in major areas of the Agency's work. It includes a summary of major issues, activities, and achievements, and status tables and graphs related to safeguards, safety, and science and technology.[65] Alongside the Annual Report, the IAEA also issues Topical Reviews which detail specific sectors of its work, comprising the Nuclear Safety Review, Nuclear Security Review, Safeguards Implementation Report, Nuclear Technology Review, and Technical Cooperation Report.
IAEA Annual Report 2022[edit]
In the 2022 Annual Report, the IAEA demonstrated its commitment to its objectives despite global challenges. The report showcases the IAEA's initiatives aimed at fostering the safe, secure, and peaceful applications of nuclear technology. The agency's "Rays of Hope" initiative marked an effort to reduce disparities in cancer treatment by increasing the availability of radiation medicine, with a particular emphasis on African nations, in partnership with relevant professional societies and the World Health Organization (WHO). In response to the emergent threat posed by zoonotic diseases, the IAEA instituted the Zoonotic Disease Integrated Action (ZODIAC) initiative, which encourages international cooperation with member states, the WHO, and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), to enhance preparedness and response. The "NUTeC Plastics" initiative reflects the agency's engagement with environmental concerns, utilizing nuclear technology to address the growing problem of plastic pollution. The IAEA also made strides in the field of nuclear energy with the introduction of the Nuclear Harmonization and Standardization Initiative (NHSI), aiming to harmonize regulatory standards to facilitate the deployment of small modular reactors, a critical component in the global pursuit of net-zero emissions.[66]
See also[edit]
- European Organization for Nuclear Research
- Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism
- IAEA Areas
- Institute of Nuclear Materials Management
- International Energy Agency
- International Renewable Energy Agency
- International Radiation Protection Association
- International reactions to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
- Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents
- List of states with nuclear weapons
- Nuclear ambiguity
- Nuclear Energy Agency
- OPANAL
- Proliferation Security Initiative
- United Nations Atomic Energy Commission (UNAEC)
- World Association of Nuclear Operators
- World Nuclear Association
Nuclear technology portal Energy portal
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ "List of Member States". iaea.org. 29 November 2024.
- ^ (IAEA), International Atomic Energy Agency. "IAEA Annual Report 2022" (PDF). iaea.org. p. 6. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
- ^ a b "IAEA Offices and Contact Information". International Atomic Energy Agency. n.d. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
- ^ a b "History". IAEA. 8 June 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
- ^ IAEA Factsheet, Archived 13 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (2015)
- ^ "International Atomic Energy Agency". Encyclopรฆdia Britannica. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
- ^ Nations, United. "2005 โ International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Mohamed ElBaradei". United Nations.
- ^ "The IAEA Mission Statement". IAEA. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
- ^ a b "The Statute of the IAEA". IAEA. 2 June 2014.
- ^ "About the Nuclear Energy Department". IAEA. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
- ^ "Nuclear Techniques for Development and Environmental Protection". IAEA. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
- ^ "About Technical Cooperation". IAEA. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
- ^ "What We Do". IAEA. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
- ^ Jonathan Tirone (9 December 2011). "UN Atomic Agency Funds Anti-Terrorism, Not Safety". Bloomberg News.
- ^ a b Fischer, David (1997). History of the International Atomic Energy Agency: The First Forty Years (PDF). Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency. pp. 2, 108โ109. ISBN 978-92-0-102397-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2003.
The Three Mile Island accident and especially the Chernobyl disaster persuaded governments to strengthen the IAEA's role in enhancing nuclear safety.
- ^ a b "IAEA Nuclear Safety Action Plan Approved by General Conference". International Atomic Energy Agency. 22 September 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
- ^ Sylvia Westall and Fredrik Dahl (24 June 2011). "IAEA Head Sees Wide Support for Stricter Nuclear Plant Safety". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016.
- ^ "IAEA team begins inspection of Zaporizhzhia NPP; Grossi leaves after a few hours". Nuclear Engineering International. 1 September 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine war: Explosion near Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant". Sky News. 1 September 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
- ^ a b Fischer, David (1997). History of the International Atomic Energy Agency: The First Forty Years (PDF). International Atomic Energy Agency. ISBN 978-92-0-102397-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2003.
- ^ Brittain, John (22 June 2015). "The International Atomic Energy Agency: Linking Nuclear Science and Diplomacy". Science and Diplomacy.
- ^ William Burr, ed. (26 October 2017). "60th Anniversary of the International Atomic Energy Agency". National Security Archive. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
- ^ "About the Statute of the IAEA". IAEA. 8 June 2016.
- ^ "Statute of the IAEA". IAEA. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
- ^ "About the IAEA: Former DG's". IAEA. Archived from the original on 11 December 2009.
- ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed (10 December 2005). "The Nobel Lecture". IAEA. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
- ^ "Japanese Diplomat Elected U.N. Nuclear Chief". The New York Times. 2 July 2009. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011.
- ^ "Amano in the frame for IAEA leadership". World Nuclear News. 2 July 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
- ^ "Yukiya Amano says 'very pleased' at IAEA election". The News. 2 July 2009. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
- ^ "Japan envoy wins UN nuclear post". BBC. 2 July 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
- ^ Announcement, IAEA, 22 July 2019.
- ^ Designation of an Acting Director General, IAEA, 25 July 2019
- ^ Acting Director General, IAEA.
- ^ "Faurie presentarรก al candidato argentino para liderar el mayor organismo mundial en materia nuclear". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship. 2 August 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
- ^ "Argentina's Rafael Grossi elected head of UN's nuclear watchdog". The Times of Israel. 29 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
- ^ "El argentino Rafael Grossi dirigirรก el รณrgano de control de energรญa nuclear de la ONU" (in Spanish). Perfil. 29 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
- ^ IAEA: Rafael Mariano Grossi to Assume Office as Director General on 3 December, IAEA Press Release 46/2019, 2 December 2019.
- ^ "Rafael Mariano Grossi". International Atomic Energy Agency. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- ^ "Update 210 โ IAEA Director General Statement on Situation in Ukraine". iaea.org. 8 February 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
- ^ "IAEA". vienna-energy-club.at. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- ^ "The Statute of the IAEA". iaea.org. 2 June 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- ^ "IAEA Nuclear Knowledge Management Programme".
- ^ "Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy". IAEA. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
- ^ Nuclear Power Infrastructure, the Integrated Nuclear Infrastructure Group (INIG), International Atomic Energy Agency.
- ^ "IAEA Ready to Help Build Nuclear Power Plant Indonesia". Trendingtech.info. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011.
- ^ IAEA Highlights in 2010, A Retrospective View of Year's Major Events.
- ^ a b "IAEA Regular Budget for 2014". Retrieved 7 June 2014.
- ^ Michael Shields (15 March 2011). "Chernobyl clean-up expert slams Japan, IAEA". Reuters.
- ^ a b Geoff Brumfiel (26 April 2011). "Nuclear agency faces reform calls". Nature. 472 (7344): 397โ398. doi:10.1038/472397a. PMID 21528501.
- ^ a b Kurczy, Stephen (17 March 2011). "Japan nuclear crisis sparks calls for IAEA reform". The Christian Science Monitor.
- ^ "A watchdog with bite". Nature. 472 (7344): 389. 28 April 2011. Bibcode:2011Natur.472Q.389.. doi:10.1038/472389a. PMID 21525887.
- ^ "Process of becoming a member state of the IAEA". IAEA. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
- ^ a b "Member States of the IAEA". International Atomic Energy Agency. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
- ^ "NFCIRC/447 โ The Withdrawal of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea from the International Atomic Energy Agency" (PDF). International Atomic Energy Agency. 21 June 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- ^ "The Members of the Agency" (PDF). International Atomic Energy Agency. 10 February 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
- ^ "Actions taken by states in connection with the Statute" (PDF). International Atomic Energy Agency. 9 July 1971. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
- ^ "Actions taken by states in connection with the Statute" (PDF). International Atomic Energy Agency. 18 September 1967. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
- ^ "Cambodia, Kingdom of". International Atomic Energy Agency. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
- ^ "The Members of the Agency" (PDF). International Atomic Energy Agency. 6 May 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
- ^ "The Members of the Agency" (PDF). International Atomic Energy Agency. 9 December 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
- ^ "List of States". afra-iaea.org.dz. AFRA โ IAEA. Archived from the original on 18 May 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
- ^ "Our Work: ARASIA". iaea.org. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
- ^ "RCA Regional Office". rcaro.org. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
- ^ "Miembros(Members) ARCAL". arcal-lac.org (in European Spanish). arcal-lac. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
- ^ "| IAEA". iaea.org.
- ^ (IAEA), International Atomic Energy Agency. "IAEA Annual Report 2022: Overview" (PDF). iaea.org. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
Works cited[edit]
- Board of Governors rules
- IAEA Primer
- Pillars of nuclear cooperation 2005
- Radiation Protection of Patients
Further reading[edit]
- Adamson, Matthew. "Showcasing the international atom: the IAEA Bulletin as a visual science diplomacy instrument, 1958โ1962." British Journal for the History of Science (2023): 1โ19.
- Fischer, David. History of the international atomic energy agency. The first forty years (1. International Atomic Energy Agency, 1997) online.
- Holloway, David. "The Soviet Union and the creation of the International Atomic Energy Agency." Cold War History 16.2 (2016): 177โ193.
- Roehrlich, Elisabeth. "The Cold War, the developing world, and the creation of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 1953โ1957." Cold War History 16.2 (2016): 195โ212.
- Roehrlich, Elisabeth. Inspectors for peace: A history of the International Atomic Energy Agency (JHU Press, 2022); full text online in Project MUSE; see also online scholarly review of this book
- Scheinman, Lawrence. The international atomic energy agency and world nuclear order (Routledge, 2016) online.
- Stoessinger, John G. "The International Atomic Energy Agency: The First Phase." International Organization 13.3 (1959): 394โ411.
External links[edit]
- International Atomic Energy Agency Official Website
- NUCLEUS โ The IAEA Nuclear Knowledge and Information Portal
- Official IAEA's channel on YouTube
- Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the International Atomic Energy Agency, 1 July 1959
- IAEA Department of Technical Cooperation website
- Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy (PACT) โ Comprehensive Cancer Control Information and Fighting Cancer in Developing Countries
- International Nuclear Library Network (INLN)
- The Woodrow Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project or NPIHP is a global network of individuals and institutions engaged in the study of international nuclear history through archival documents, oral history interviews and other empirical sources.
- International Atomic Energy Agency on Nobelprize.org
- International Atomic Energy Agency
- International nuclear energy organizations
- Organizations awarded Nobel Peace Prizes
- Nuclear proliferation
- Atoms for Peace
- International organisations based in Austria
- Organizations established in 1957
- Research institutes established in 1957
- Scientific organizations established in 1957
- 1957 establishments in Austria
- 1957 in international relations | null | International Atomic Energy Agency - Wikipedia |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%84%EB%AA%BD%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98 | ๊ณ๋ชฝ์ฃผ์
๊ณ๋ชฝ์ฃผ์(ๅ่ไธป็พฉ, ํ๋์ค์ด: Lumiรจres ๋คผ๋ฏธ์๋ฅด[*])๋ 18์ธ๊ธฐ ํ๋ฐ๊ธฐ์ ํ๋์ค๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ฝ ์ ์ญ์ ์ ํํ๋ ๋ฌธํ์ , ์ฒ ํ์ , ๋ฌธํ์ , ์ง์ ์ฌ์กฐ๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ด ํฅํ๋ ์๋๋ฅผ ๊ณ๋ชฝ์๋๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๋ํ์ ์ธ ์ฒ ํ์๋ก ํ๋์ค์์ ๋ณผํ
๋ฅด, ์๊ตญ์์ ๋ฐ์ด๋น๋ ํ, ๋
์ผ์์ ์๋ง๋์ ์นธํธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋คผํ ์คํผ๋
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์ ๋น๋กฏํ 18์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง์ ์ ์น์ ๋๊ฒฉ๋ณ์ ํฐ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋ค.
๊ฐ์ค[ํธ์ง]
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๊ต, ์ฌ์ ๋ฑ์ ์์ด์์ ์ ๊ทผ๋์ ์ธ ์ด๋ ์ ์ด์ฑ์ ๋น์ ๋น์ถ์๋ค. ์ ๊ทผ๋์ ์ธ ์ด๋ ์ด๋ ์ ๊ทผ๋์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ด๊ฑด์ , ์ข
๊ต์ ์ธ ๊ถ์, ํน๊ถ, ๋ถ์ , ์์ (ๅฃๅถ), ์ธ์ต(ๅ ็ฟ), ์ ํต, ํธ๊ฒฌ, ๋ฏธ์ (่ฟทไฟก) ๋ฑ์ด๋ค. ๊ณ๋ชฝ(์ด๋ ์ ๋น์ ๋น์ถ์ด ๋ฐ๊ณ ํ๋ช
ํ๊ฒ ํ๋ ์ผ)์ ์ฌ์๊ฐ๋, ์ด์ฑ์ ์ฒ๋๋ก ํ์ฌ ์ด ์ด๋ ์ ๋นํํ๊ณ ์ฌํํ๋ค. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์๋ ์ข
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๊ฐํ ์์ํ ์ง๋ฆฌ, ์์ํ ์ ์๊ฐ ์ข
๋์ ์์ฐ(ๆๆ)์ ๋์น๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ผ์ฒด๊ฐ ์ ์ ๊ถ์์ ์
๊ฐํ ์ค์ธ(ไธญไธ)์ ๋ํด์, ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๋๋์ ์ฌ๊ณ (็ๆง)์ ์
๊ฐํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค๋ ์ญ์ ์ด์๋ค. ์ด์ฑ์ ์ ์ ์ ์ด๊ด์ด ์ธ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋คํ๋ค์๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๋จผ์ ์ ์น์ ๊ดํด์๋ ๊ณ์ฝ๋ก (ๅฅ็ด่ซ)์ด ์ฃผ์ฅ๋์๋ค. ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์นจ๋ฒ๋์ด์๋ ์ ๋๋ ์์ฐ๊ถ(่ช็ถๆฌ)์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ์์ฐ์ ์
๊ฐํด์ ์์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ๋ฑ์ด๋ค. ์์กด๊ณผ ์ฌ์ฐ ์์ ์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์งํค๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ์ฌ๋์ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ํด ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์นจํด๋นํ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ๋นํํ๊ณ ์ ํญํ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด ๊ฒฌ์ง์์ ๊ณ๋ชฝ์ฌ์๊ฐ๋ค์ ์๊ถ์ด๋ ๋ก์ ์ ๋๋ ์์ ๋ ๋ถํ๋ฑ์ ๋ํด์ ๋ ์นด๋ก์ด ๋นํ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฐํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ์ฌ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์ํด์ ๊ทผ๋์ ์ธ ์ฌ๋ฌ ํ๋ช
์ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ง์ฃผ(ๆฏๆฑ)๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค ๊ณ๋ชฝ์ฌ์๊ฐ๋ค์, ์ฌ๋์ ๋
ธ๋์ ์ํด์ ๋น๋ก์ ์ฌ์ฐ์ ์๊ธฐ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์ ๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ด๋ก์จ ํํธ์์๋ ์ ๊ทผ๋์ ์ฐฉ์ทจ๋ฅผ ๋น๋ํ๊ณ , ๋ ํํธ์์๋ ํฅ๋ฅญ(่้)ํ๋ ์๋ณธ์ฃผ์์ ์ฌ์ (็งๆ)๋ฅผ ์นํธํ๋ค.
์ข
๊ต์ ์์ด์๋ ์ด์ฑ์ ์
์ฅ์์ ์ด์ ๋ก (็็ฅ่ซ), ์์ฐ์ข
๊ต, ์ด์ฑ์ข
๊ต, ๋์๊ฐ ๋ฌด์ ๋ก (็ก็ฅ่ซ) ๋ฑ์ด ๋ํ๋์ ์ ์์ ์์ , ์ข
๊ต์ ๊ด์ฉ(ๅฏฌๅฎน), ๊ต๊ถ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ์ ํด๋ฐฉ ๋ฑ์ด ์๊ตฌ๋์๋ค. ๋๋์ ๊ดํด์๋ ํํธ์ผ๋ก ์์ํ ์ด์ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ (ๅ)์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณด๋ ์ด์ฑ์ฃผ์๊ฐ, ๋ ํํธ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ํ๋ณต์ ์ 1์๋ก ํ๋ ํ๋ณต๋ก (ๅนธ็ฆ่ซ)์ด ์ฃผ์ฅ๋์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ธ์๋ก ์์๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์์ฌ(ๆ่)๋ฅผ ์ค์ฑ(ๆๆง) ๋ด์ง ์์๊ฐ ์ข
ํฉํ๋ ๋ฐ์์ ์ง๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฆฝํ๋ค๋ ๊ฐ์ฑ(ๆๆง), ์ค์ฑ๋ก , ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝํ์ ์ค์ํ๋ ๊ฒฝํ์ฃผ์ ๋ด์ง ๊ฐ๊ฐ๋ก , ๋์๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ฌผ๋ก ๋ฑ์ด ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.
์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณ๋ชฝ์ฌ์์ ๊ธ์๋๋ก ๋ฐ์ ํด ์จ ์๋ณธ์ฃผ์ ๋ด์ง ๋ถ๋ฅด์ฃผ์ ์๋ฏผ์์๊ณผ ๊ณผํ ๋ด์ง ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ง๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ณ๋ชฝ ์ด๋์ ์๋ณธ์ฃผ์๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ฐ์ ํ ์๊ตญ์์ ์์๋์ด(๋กํฌ, ํ, ์ค๋ฏธ์ค ๋ฑ), ํ๋์ค์ ๊ฐ์(๋ชฝํ
์คํค์ธ, ๋ณผํ
๋ฅด, ๋ฃจ์, ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์ ์ํ ๋ฑ), ๋
์ผ๋ก ํ๊ธ๋์ด ๊ฐ๋ค(๋ผ์ดํ๋์ธ , ๋ณผํ, ์นธํธ ๋ฑ). ์๊ตญ์ด๋ ํ๋์ค์์์ ๊ณ๋ชฝ์ด๋์ ํ์ธต(ไธๅฑค)์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์์ธต์ผ๋ก์ ์์น(ไธๆ)์ ๋ฐ์์ด์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ทผ๋ํ๋ช
์ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ง์ฃผ๊ฐ ๋ ์ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ทผ๋ํ์์ ๋ค๋จ์ด์ง ๋
์ผ์์๋ ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ํ์ธต์์์ ์์น์ด ๊ฒฐ์ฌ๋์ด ์์๋ค. ์ด ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ณ๋ชฝ์ฌ์์ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์์์๋ง์ ์์ ๋ ํ๋ฑ์ด๋ ์ธ๊ถ ์กด์ค์ ๊ทธ์ณ์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋
์ผ์ ๊ณ๋ชฝ์ฌ์์ ๊ณ๋ชฝ๋ ์ ์ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ(ๅฐๅถๅไธป)์ ์ํ '์์์๋ถํฐ์ ๊ฐํ'์ ๋
์ผ์ ๊ทผ๋ํ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๋
์ผ[ํธ์ง]
17์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง๋ถํฐ ๋
์ผ์ ์ฒ ํ์ ์๋ก์ด ์๋๋ฅผ ๋ง์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋๊น์ง ์ง๋ฐฐ์ ์ด์๋ ์ ํ(็ฅๅญธ)๊ณผ ๊ทธ์ ์ข
์ด์๋ ์ค์ฝ๋ผ์ ํ์ด์ํ์ ๋์ ํด์ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ด์ฑ์ด๋ ๊ฒฝํ์ ์ค์ํ๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด ์ฒ ํ์ ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ ์๋ฏผ๊ณ๊ธ์ ์์ ๋กญ๊ณ ๋นํ์ ์ธ ์ฌ๊ณ ํ๋์ ๊ณ ์กฐ(้ซๆฝฎ)๋ฅผ ์๋ฏธํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค. ๋
์ผ ์ฒ ํ์ ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ์๊ธฐ๋ ๋๋ต ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํฐ์ ํ ๋ง์ง์ฐ์ค(1655-1728)๊ฐ ํ ๋ ๋ํ์์ ํ๋ํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ 1690๋
๋ถํฐ ์นธํธ์ <์์์ด์ฑ๋นํ(็ด็ฒน็ๆงๆนๅค)>์ด ๊ฐํ๋ 1781๋
๊น์ง๋ก ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ด ์๋์ ์ฃผ์ ์ฒ ํ์๋ค๋ก์๋, ์ ํ๊ณผ ์ฒ ํ์ ์ตํ๋ฅผ ๊พํ ์ฒ ํ์์ธ ๋ผ์ดํ๋์ธ ๋ฅผ ๊ณผ๋๊ธฐ(้ๆธกๆ)์ ์ฌ๋์ผ๋ก ํ๊ณ ๋ฐ์นด๋ฅดํธ, ์คํผ๋
ธ์์ ์ํ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ธ์๋ก ์ ์์ฑ์ํค๋ ค๊ณ ํ ์น๋ฅธํ์ฐ์ค(์น๋ฅธํ์ฐ์ ) (1651-1708), ์๊ตญ ๊ฒฝํ๋ก ์ ๋
์ผ์ ์๊ฐํ๊ณ ๋ฒํ(ๆณๅญธ)์ ์์ญ์์ ์
์ ์ ๋จ๊ธด ํ ๋ง์ง์ฐ์ค(1655-1728), ๊ณ๋ชฝ์ ๋ํ์ ์ฒ ํ์๋ก์ ํ์ ํฉ๋ฆฌ์ฑ์ ๊ธฐ์ด๋ก ํ์ด์ํ์ ๊ฐ์กฐ(ๆน้ )๋ฅผ ์๋ํ๊ณ , ์นธํธ ์ฒ ํ์ ์ค๋นํ ๋ณผํ, ์คํผ๋
ธ์์ฃผ์์ ์
์ฅ์์ ์ ํต ๋ฃจํฐ์ฃผ์ ์ ํ์ ๋นํํ๊ณ , ์ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ ๋ฒ์ ๋ก (ๆฑ็ฅ่ซ)์ ์ฃผ์ฅํ์ฌ ํค๋ฅด๋๋ ๊ดดํ
์๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ์ํฅ์ ๋จ๊ธด ์๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ง(1698-1767), ๋
์ผ ๊ณ๋ชฝ์ ์ต๋ ์ฌ์๊ฐ ๋ ์ฑ ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค.
๋น์์ ๋
์ผ์ ๋ด๊ฑด ์ ํ(่ซธไพฏ) ์ง๋ฐฐํ์ ์๋ฐฉ ๋ถ๋ฆฝ(ๅฐ้ฆๅ็ซ) ์ํ์ ์์๊ณ , ๋ด๊ฑด๊ถ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์์ ์ก์ ๋ฃจํฐ ์ฃผ์ ์ ํ์ด ์์ ๋ก์ด ์ธ๋ก ์ ํ์ํ๊ณ ์์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ๋
์ผ ๊ณ๋ชฝ์ฌ์์ ์ ํ๊ณผ ์ข
๊ต ๋ฌธ์ ๋ก ์ค๋ซ๋์ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ ๋์๋ค.
์๊ตญ[ํธ์ง]
๋์ ์๋ฏธ๋ก์์ ์๊ตญ ๊ณ๋ชฝ์ฒ ํ์ 17์ธ๊ธฐ ์ด์ ํ๋์์ค ๋ฒ ์ด์ปจ์์ 18์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง์ ์ ๋ค ์ค๋ฏธ์ค, ๋ฒค๋ด์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ ๊ฒฝํ๋ก ์ ์ฒ ํ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ค๊ณ ํด์๋๋๋ฐ, ์ข์ ๋ป์ผ๋ก๋ ์กด ๋กํฌ์์ ์ค๋ฏธ์ค๊น์ง์ 18์ธ๊ธฐ ์ฒ ํ์ ์ด์นญํ๋ค.
๊ทธ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ์ ์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ด์ฑ์ ์ฐ์(ๅชไฝ)๋ฅผ ์ค๋ช
ํ๊ณ ํ์ ๋ฌด์ ๋ก ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฝ์ฌ(ๅพๆ)๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ ์ด์ ๋ก (็็ฅ่ซ)์ ํ๋ฆ(์ค์๋ ์ฝ๋ฆฐ์ฆ, ์กด ํจ๋๋, ์ 3๋ ์คํ์ธ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฑ์)์ด ์๊ณ ๋๋์ฒ ํ์ผ๋ก์๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๋ด์ฌ(ๅ
งๅจ)ํ๋ ๋ชจ๋์ผ์ค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ ๋๋๊ฐํํ(้ๅพทๆๅญธๆดพ)(์คํ์ธ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ)์ ์ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์์ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ณต๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์(๋ฐ์ด๋น๋ ํํ๋ฆฌ, ์กฐ์
ํ๋ฆฌ์คํ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฒ๋๋ ๋งจ๋๋น)๊ฐ ๋๋ฆฝ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ์๋ก ์ผ๋ก์๋ ๊ฒฝํ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ค์ํ๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ(ํ)์ด ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ํ์ ํ์๋ก (ๆท็่ซ)์ ๋น ์ก๋๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒ์ ์คํ๋ ค ์์ธ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋์ธ(ๅคงๅข)๋ ๋๋๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ ์ด๊ธฐ์ฌ(ๅฉๅทฑๅฟ)์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋๊ด๋ก (ๆจ่ง่ซ)๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ ์ค์ฌ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ํ๋์ค ๊ณ๋ชฝ์ฌ์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ฌํ ๋นํ์ ์๊ณ , ์จ๊ฑดํ๊ณ ํ์(็พ็) ๊ธ์ ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ ์ ์๊ตญ ๊ณ๋ชฝ์ฌ์ ํน์ง์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๊ฒ ๋ค.
ํ๋์ค[ํธ์ง]
ํ๋์ค์์๋ ๋ค๋ง '์ฒ ํ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฐ๋ค. 18์ธ๊ธฐ 10๋
๋, ๊ฐํจ๋ฆญ ์ ์์ ๊ถ์์ฃผ์, ๊ธ์์ด๋ ๋ณต์ข
์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ ๋ณธ๋ฅ๊ณผ ์ง์ฑ์ ์ ํญ์ด ๋ฐ์นด๋ฅดํธ ์ฒ ํ์ ์ํฅ ์๋ ๋ฌธํ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ผ์ด๋์ 1715๋
์ดํ๊ฐ ๋์ ์ด์ฑ์ (็ๆง็) ๋นํ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ ํด ๋๊ฐ๋ค. ๋ณผํ
๋ฅด๋ ๋ชฝํ
์คํค์ธ, ๋๋๋ก๋ ์์์ต ๋ ์ง(่ๅถๅบฆ) ์ฌํ์ ๊ณ ์ฐฉ(ๅบ็)ํ๋ ์ข
๊ต์ ํธ๊ฒฌ, ์ฌํ์ ๊ธฐ์ฑ๊ด๋
์ ๋นํ์ ๊ฐํ๋๋ฐ, ํนํ ๋ณผํ
๋ฅด๋ ์ด์ ๋ก (็็ฅ่ซ), ์ข
๊ต์ ๊ด์ฉ(ๅฏฌๅฎน)์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ๊ตํ์ ๋ํ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ค์ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชฝํ
์คํค์ธ๋ ์ ๋ํ ์ฌํ, ๋ฌธ๋ช
๋นํ์ ์ ๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ, ๋ฐ์นด๋ฅดํธ์ ์ด์ฑ(็ๆง)์ ์ ์ (้็)์ธ ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ ํ์ (ๅ
้ฉ็)์ธ ๋ณด์ ์๋ผ๋ ์ฑ์ง์์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ (ๆฉ่ฝ็)์ธ ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ์(่ฟฝๆฑ่
)๋ผ๋ ์ฑ์ง๋ก ๋ณํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํํธ์์๋ ์๊ตญ์์ ๋ดํด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ์ ๊ฒฝํ์ฃผ์, ๋กํฌ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ๋ก (ๆ่ฆบ่ซ) ๋ฑ์ด ์์
๋์ด ์ด๋ฌํ ์์๋ ํ๋์ค ๊ณ๋ชฝ์ฃผ์ ์ฒ ํ ํ์ฑ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ์๋ค.๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์ฒด๊ณ(้ซ็ณป)๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค ๋ชจ๋ ํ๋ฌธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ฐ(ๅชไป)ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค.
1748๋
๋ชฝํ
์คํค์ธ์ <๋ฒ์ ์ ์ >์ด ๋ฐํ๋๋ ํด๋ ํ๋์ค ์ฌํ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฒ์, ๊ฒฝ์ ์์ ์ฃผ์์ ์ฑ์ฅ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ๋ชฝ์ฃผ์์ ๊ฒฐ์ (ๆฑบๆฐ) ๊ฐ์๊ธฐ๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฆฐ๋ค. ์์์ต ๋ ์ง ์ฌํ์ ๋ํ ์์ฐ๋ฒ(่ช็ถๆณ)์ด๋ ์ฌ์์ , ์ ์น์ ์
์ฅ์์์ ๋นํ์ ์ฐจ์ธฐ ์ฒด๊ณํ๋์ด, 1752๋
์๋ <๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์ ์(็พ็งๅ
จๆธ)>๋ก์ ๊ฒฐ์ค์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ์ด ์๊ธฐ์ ์ฒ ํ์ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ๋ ์ฝฉ๋์ฝ, ์๋ฒ ์์ฐ์ค, ๋ผ ๋ฉํธ๋ฆฌ ๋ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ๋ก , ์ด์ ๋ก ์ ์
์ฅ์์ ์ ๋ฌผ๋ก , ๋ฌด์ ๋ก (็ก็ฅ่ซ)์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ ํด ๋๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒ๋ ๋ํ๋ฌ๊ณ , ํํธ ์ ์น ๋นํ์ ๋ฃจ์์ <์ฌํ๊ณ์ฝ๋ก >(1762)๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์ ์ฒด ์ฌํ์ง์์์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์๋ฆฌ๋ก ๊ฑฐ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒ๋ ์์๋ค.
1770๋
๊ฒฝ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณ๋ชฝ์ฃผ์๋ ์๋์ ์ง๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฐ์ฌ๋ก๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ๋ช
์ด๋ ํ๋์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ ํ๋ญํด๋ฆฐ(1707-1790)์ ์ ์น์ ํ๋์ ์ํฅ ๋ฑ์์ ์๊ทน์ ๋ฐ์ ์ฌํ, ์ ์น ๋ณํ์ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ์ก๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ๋ชจ๋ฃจ๋ (1727-1819)๋ ๋ง๋ธ๋ฆฌ(1709-1785) ๋ฑ์ด ์ด ์ธ๋์ด๋ฉฐ, ์์ฐ๋ฒ์ ํ๋์ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ํ๊ณ ๊ณต๋ ์์ ์ ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ์์ (ๆณๅฎ)ํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ํ๋์ค ํ๋ช
์ง์ , ์ฒ ํ์ ์ ๊ตญ์ ๊ฐ๋ช
์ (้ๆ็) ๋ถ๋ฅด์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ก์ก์ '์๊ฐํ๋ ๋์ค'์ ์กฐ์ฑ(้ ๆ)ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ค์ฒ์ ์ธ ๋ณํ์ ์ฌ์์ด ๋์๋ค. ํ๋ช
์ํ์์ ์ ๊ฐ๋๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ ์น์ฌ์์ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณ๋ชฝ์ฃผ์์ ์ํ(ๅๅ)์ผ๋ก์ ๋ดํฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด ์ ์์ด๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์๊ธฐ, ์ ์น์ ์ญ๊ด๊ณ(ๅ้ไฟ)๋ฅผ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. 19์ธ๊ธฐ ์ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ณ๋ชฝ์ฃผ์์ ์ธ์๋ก , ๊ณผํ๋ก , ์ญ์ฌ๋ก ์ ์ฝฉํธ์ ์ค์ฆ์ฃผ์์ ๊ณ์น๋์๊ณ , ํํธ ๋ณดํธ์ ์ด์ฑ(็ๆง)์์ ์ ๋ขฐ๋ ๋ฃจ์์ด์ ์ฝ๋, ์ฃผํ๋ก์(1796-1842) ๋ฑ์ ๊ณ์น๋์๋ค. | null | ๊ณ๋ชฝ์ฃผ์ - ์ํค๋ฐฑ๊ณผ, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋์ ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์ฌ์ |
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