Malaria vaccine: How good is good enough?

Summary: The first malaria vaccine is set to be given the green light by regulators on Friday, opening the door for the World Health Organization to recommend its use in developing countries. But in this week's Scrubbing Up, By Dr Seth Berkley, chief executive officer of Gavi (the Vaccine Alliance), and Dr Mark Dybul, executive director of the Global Fund to Fight Aids, Tuberculosis and Malaria, say it won't be a straightforward decision.

By Dr Seth Berkley, Gavi& Dr Mark Dybul, Global Fund How effective does a vaccine have to be before it should be made available? This is far from straightforward. Clearly it needs to be capable of preventing disease, but to what extent? None are 100% effective. So in the cold light of day, for most countries it comes down to a complex calculation based on the cost effectiveness, lives saved, illness avoided and the availability of other effective interventions. For highly effective vaccines - ones which offer a high level of immunity - this normally proves uncontentious, but what about ones that are less effective? How much protection do they need to provide in order to justify their use? Such is the question World Health Organization (WHO) experts will now be preparing to ask themselves as they consider whether or not to recommend the world's first malaria vaccine for use in affected countries in Africa. That's because, on Friday, the European Medicines Agency is effectively giving the GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) vaccine - called Mosquirix - a green light, meaning that the 250,000-page application has now passed every regulatory bar required of it for WHO to consider it. The decision is expected in October. 'Many unknowns' With nearly 200m cases of malaria every year, resulting in the deaths of around 1,200 children every day, this may seem like a no brainer. However the decision is a complex one. Clinical trial data suggests that Mosquirix offers only partial protection, preventing one in three cases of clinical malaria, a relatively low success rate compared to other approved vaccines. What's more, the clinical trials were carried out with the vaccine used in conjunction with high use of other interventions, such as long-lasting insecticide treated bed-nets and anti-malarial drugs. So we don't really know how effective the vaccine is by itself or how well it would perform outside the controlled setting of a clinical trial. In fact there are still many unknowns. We don't know, for example, if the vaccine will give people a false sense of security and lead to reduction in the use of bed-nets and other interventions. 'No better alternative' Given the progress that has been made since 2000 in halving the number of malaria deaths, that would be tragic. Similarly, the effectiveness is very much dependent upon children receiving an additional booster shot, after an initial three doses. Without this protection starts to wane significantly from 36% efficacy with the booster to around 28% in older children, the equivalent of preventing one in four cases, and even lower in younger children. The obvious answer is to make sure everyone gets that booster, but that's easier said than done. With vaccinations half the challenge is making sure everyone gets the full course. That's all very well in the controlled setting of clinical trials, but in practice what sort of dropout rate can we expect for that booster shot, particularly since this will be given outside of the normal childhood immunisation schedule? So, with such unanswered questions it may seem more prudent to hold off, focus on current tools with known cost effectiveness and wait for a better alternative. The problem is that there currently aren't any. Mosquirix is about five to 10 years ahead of any other candidate malaria vaccines, and there's no guarantee any of them will be better. Moreover, in clinical trials Mosquirix still prevented on average 1,774 cases of malaria per 1,000 children (with more than one malaria episode per child), meaning that in areas of high burden it prevented several episodes of malaria per child per year. Real life So, if Mosquirix can potentially save lives or reduce illness now - even if only in one in three cases - then can we really justify holding off? Indeed, governments of malaria-affected countries are keen to see a malaria vaccine soon. For many countries malaria is a hugely important issue and a big drain on their economies. Not only does it kill 584,000 people every year, the vast majority being African children under the age of five, but through recurring sickness it takes many adults out of work for prolonged periods. All these factors conspire to make the WHO decision incredibly complex. The best way to get any clarity on these issues is to see how the vaccine performs in a real-life setting, in high and low transmission areas, with and without high coverage of other interventions. Normally this kind of post-market surveillance, or phase four trial, is used to gather additional long-term safety data. But for Mosquirix it now seems clear that this is the only way to find out definitively the role this vaccine has to play in reducing the disease burden of malaria. Currently, several phase four trials have been proposed for Mosquirix, some of which aim to shed more light on its effectiveness and the issues around the booster dose, yet none of these studies are fully-funded. That has to change. Most of the uncertainty surrounding this important vaccine concern questions that can be answered. Given the vast scale of the number of people affected, we have a duty to fill these gaps in our knowledge.

शुक्रवार को नियामकों द्वारा पहली मलेरिया वैक्सीन को हरी झंडी दी जाएगी, जिससे विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन के लिए विकासशील देशों में इसके उपयोग की सिफारिश करने के लिए दरवाजे खुल जाएंगे। लेकिन इस सप्ताह के स्क्रबिंग अप में, गावी (वैक्सीन एलायंस) के मुख्य कार्यकारी अधिकारी डॉ सेठ बर्कले और एड्स, तपेदिक और मलेरिया से लड़ने के लिए वैश्विक कोष के कार्यकारी निदेशक डॉ मार्क डिबुल का कहना है कि यह एक सीधा निर्णय नहीं होगा।


10 ways christening has changed

Summary: Prince George's christening on Wednesday comes 31 years after his father Prince William in 1982. Here are 10 ways in which baptisms have changed since then.

By Tom HeydenBBC News Magazine 1. There are fewer christenings George's christening is the exception rather than the rule. And not just because he's a royal. Although christenings were already in decline, one in three infants was still baptised into the Church of England in 1980. By 2011 that had fallen to just over one in 10. The overall number of baptisms - of people of all ages - witnessed a similar decline, from 266,000 in 1980 to 140,000 in 2011. It's a similar story in the Catholic Church, although the major drop-off in baptisms happened between 1964 and 1977, when the number halved. There's been a far gentler downward trend over the past three decades, recently stabilising at about 60,000 baptisms a year. 2. But more godparents Christenings may have dwindled but the number of godparents per child has increased. Prince George will have seven. Elizabeth Hurley's son apparently has six godfathers. And it's not just a celebrity fad. "In practice it seems to be changing," says the Archdeacon of Leicester, Tim Stratford, although there's been no doctrinal change. That's because both the Church of England and the Catholic Church only have minimum requirements, of three and one respectively. "It used to be the minimum that was the issue," says Stratford. "Now the issue for a lot of clergy is that often people are choosing a lot of godparents. "The registers we have, for instance, often only have four spaces to put godparents' names but people may be choosing six or eight." 3. …who are not necessarily religious A godparent is supposed to mentor the child in their faith. And the rules haven't changed. "Because of what godparent strictly means, we only have practising Catholics as godparents, and fellow Christians as 'special witnesses'," says Fr Paul Keane, a parish priest in Essex. The Church of England does not distinguish between denominations, says Stratford. "The only requirement for godparents is that they should have been baptised. A Muslim or a Hindu cannot strictly speaking be a godparent, nor can a secularist who has not been baptised." While the Church does insist on godparents being baptised, that may not be uniformly enforced across all parishes. Stratford acknowledges that in practice the godparent's role is broader than just a religious one. "Providing the child has enough godparents, there's nothing to stop people being 'honorary godparents', without technically being one. That is fairly common in the Church," he says, explaining that the Church is soon to advise using the term "supporting friend". "It's the Church trying to catch up with emerging trends in society." 4. The rise of baby-naming ceremonies People may be less religious but many are reluctant to relinquish all church traditions. "Naming ceremonies are on the rise and are something that we would probably expect to see increase in the coming years," says Sarah Barrett, managing editor of parenting website BabyCentre. These were almost non-existent about 15 years ago but now there are hundreds every year, according to the British Humanist Association. "The lack of religious belief is why they're becoming more popular," says Barrett, with many enjoying "the idea of officially welcoming the baby into the world and introducing them to friends and family". And while they may have rejected religion, they haven't rejected religious terminology. "'Godparent' is a much easier term to explain to people than 'supportive mentor'," says Barrett. Plus, Marlon Brando has never portrayed a "supportive mentor". 5. Children baptised later in life In 1992, almost 80% of Church of England baptisms were of babies under a year old. By 2011 this had dropped to about 60%. One in three Church of England christenings is now of a child between the ages of one and 12. "Traditionally christenings took place when the child was a baby but now more and more parents are waiting until they've had a second child and then getting both christened together," says Barrett. Sort of like a two-for-one deal. But it's only partially about cost, she says. "Parents like to do it when the child will perhaps remember the ceremony." 6. "Bogus" baptisms High competition for school places is credited with creating a new phenomenon - the "bogus" baptism - where the primary motivation is to get a child into a faith school. "To be sure that I could have the privilege of having my son going to my local state school I had to pretend to be an Anglican," says atheist Andrew Penman, author of School Daze: My Search for a Decent State Secondary School. "It wasn't something I did for kicks or to undermine anyone else's faith. I did it under duress because that's really the only way I could be sure of getting into my local state school," he says, adding that he felt "embarrassed" and "awkward" during the ceremony. Penman feels the practice is widespread, indicating that the numbers of people attending church "fall off a cliff after the children get past the threshold at which they either get or don't get a [school] place". The word "bogus" is a bit strong in her case, says Jane, who prefers not give her real name. A lapsed Catholic with a non-religious Jewish husband, she says she'd always wanted her children to have a religious grounding. "But I'd be lying if I said I didn't have the idea of schooling in my head. The most 'bogus' aspect is the time pressure," she says, admitting that she baptised her second child much earlier than her first after reading a parish newspaper warning that Catholic schools would be making the entrance criteria more stringent. "[It said] it would be a good idea to get your child christened in the first four months of their life," she says. It's difficult to gauge how widespread the practice is. Keane thinks that, if it's an issue at all, it's most likely to be in areas where Christian schools are oversubscribed, such as London. Both he and Stratford think that the preparation time and public nature of services mitigate the likelihood of large numbers doing so. "My experience has been that parents invariably wanted to mean what they were saying," says Stratford. 7. Christening gowns are out of fashion George will be baptised in a replica of the same traditional white christening gown as his father and every monarch since Edward VII. But it's an increasing rarity. "Christening gowns are a bit out of fashion right now," says Barrett. "At [the baptismal] classes we were told that you no longer have to dress your child in a traditional gown," says Becky Bevis, who has a 13-month-old son. "He wore a white shirt and some baby chino trousers." None of the other four children baptised that day wore a gown either, she says. "What the Church simply asks is that the child is wrapped up in a white garment as a sign of their new life with Christ after they're baptised," says Keane. "Unless you've got an heirloom or a family tradition of passing down the christening gown, such as the royals, lots of mums will get their children dressed in cute outfits, pretty outfits, or christening nappies," says Barrett. 8. But gifts are not (although they're not always silver) Christenings are big business. Designers such as Vera Wang have got in on the action, while John Lewis witnessed an 8% growth in christening gift sales in the past year. Although the tradition for silver gifts still prevails, it seems to be less strictly adhered to. "We didn't receive any silver," says Bevis of her son's baptism, while she received a silver spoon for her own christening three decades ago. The penchant for silver rattles is waning, says Barrett. "Now planting trees is quite popular as a christening gift, as are things that you can give to the baby that are for future years," she says. "Some people give whisky that is meant to be drunk when the child reaches 21." Even those sticking to traditional silver may be cutting corners. Of John Lewis's premium christening gifts, only 55% were actually silver plate, with 40% pewter and 5% stainless steel. 9. The christening water is warmed Babies may still cry from time to time, but it's far less likely to be the shrill shriek after being doused in freezing water. "Water's being warmed up in the fonts these days simply because churches can do it," says Stratford. "You wouldn't have to go very long ago to find most country churches having no electricity. How then would you provide warm water? It's got to be a relatively new phenomenon." Some rural churches may not yet have the capacity. "More and more churches are putting kitchens in so it's possible to boil a kettle and warm the water up," he says. 10. Simpler language The Church of England is still developing its language for the service. Until 1980 christening services were still given in 17th Century language. But while the Alternative Service Book introduced modern language, it provided "quite a thin service, with short questions and fewer [of them]", says Stratford. The Common Worship, introduced in 2000, hasn't pleased everybody. "The clergy thought that the language was too complex, [as were] the services themselves." It prompted the general synod in 2011 to agree new language was required, although the specifics have not yet been agreed. "It's not a dumbing-down of the language or the use of colloquialisms," says Stratford, nor about brevity or a loss of poetry, but about making the language less high-brow. Questions over the use of the word "submit" - as in "Do you submit to Christ as Lord?" - were also raised. "It felt quite inquisitorial," he says. "It was not easy for a lot of people to respond to that question because it was felt that 'submit' meant giving up and communicated the wrong meaning." Follow @BBCNewsMagazine on Twitter and on Facebook

बुधवार को प्रिंस जॉर्ज का नामकरण 1982 में उनके पिता प्रिंस विलियम के 31 साल बाद हुआ है। यहाँ 10 तरीके हैं जिनसे तब से बपतिस्मा बदल गया है।


Device behind M5 closure near Oldbury 'is flare'

Summary: A suspected "unexploded device" which closed part of a motorway was a flare, say police.

A member of the public found the object under the M5 motorway near Oldbury. Police said officers and Royal Logistics Corps members had "safely detonated" the flare which was found in a canal. The motorway had been closed in between junctions 1 and 2, but has now reopened.

पुलिस का कहना है कि एक संदिग्ध "बिना फटे उपकरण" ने मोटरवे के एक हिस्से को बंद कर दिया था।


Princess Latifa: What are women's rights in Dubai?

Summary: The case of Princess Latifa has shocked the world.

By Ashitha NageshBBC News She's the daughter of the ruler of Dubai. In secretly recorded videos shared with the BBC, the princess accused her father of having held her hostage in the city since she tried to flee in 2018, and said she feared for her life. The United Nations has since said it will question the United Arab Emirates (UAE) about her. She isn't the only member of her family to flee the city. In June 2019 Princess Haya bint Hussein, the 45-year-old wife of Princess Latifa's father, fled to Germany and sought political asylum. Latifa's sister, Shamsa, also attempted to escape. It's a disturbing story, with allegations of oppression, abuse and control against one of the Gulf's most powerful men. But what about other women in Dubai and in the UAE more widely? How are their rights and opportunities determined by the men in their lives? Women in the UAE are allowed to drive, vote, work, and own and inherit property. A report from the In the World Economic Forum ranked the UAE second-best in the Middle East and North African (Mena) region for gender equality. However, context is important. First, in the WEF's Global Gender Gap report, the Mena region had the lowest score of all the regions - and apart from Israel, none of its countries were in the top 100. The UAE was ranked 120th in the world out of 153. And while the UAE does have an anti-discrimination law, sex and gender aren't included in its definition of discrimination. Then, while women do have rights, under the Personal Status Law some of these are dependent on the formal approval of a male "guardian" - that is a man, often a spouse or other male relative, who grants a woman permission to do certain things. Although the UAE's guardianship laws aren't as strict or wide-reaching as neighbouring Saudi Arabia's, they do impact women's lives. At other times, where women do have rights, it is hard in practice for women to defend them in a court of law. One aspect of a woman's personal life that is affected is marriage: a woman needs the permission of a male guardian to wed. Other areas include the custody of children, and inheritance. But there are also unofficial forms of guardianship that aren't codified in law but are carried out in practice, Hiba Zayadin, Human Rights Watch's Mena researcher, tells BBC News. "Of course there are some instances where it isn't in the law, but in some cases you find people asking women for their guardian's permission when they're applying for jobs or looking for apartments," Ms Zayadin says. "But that is not in the laws themselves. It's most apparent in the laws when it comes to marriage and divorce." Divorce is also much harder for women. While men can unilaterally divorce their wives, women wanting to divorce have to apply for a court order. Domestic abuse is another area in which women continue to be discriminated against. There have been some positive legal changes in the last few years, at least on the surface. For example the UAE's penal code used to explicitly permit men to be violent towards their wives, but this was removed in 2016. A requirement in the Personal Status Law for women to be "obedient" to their husbands was revoked in 2019. Last March a new law came into effect that allowed women access to protection orders - that is, restraining orders - for the first time. There were further legal reforms at the end of last year. However, campaigners say the rewritten laws don't go nearly far enough. The new law defines domestic violence as abuse or threats that "exceed [an individual's] guardianship, jurisdiction, authority or responsibility" - meaning that a decision over whether to convict someone of domestic violence ultimately rests on a judge's subjective opinion of whether the accused person was acting within their "authority". So, in practice, protections for abuse victims are still weak. "What seems to be happening is that the state is removing the most egregious things that it has written down, in its own words in its laws, on the statute books, that show an attitude hostile to gender equality," Devin Kenney, Gulf researcher for Amnesty International, tells BBC News. Amnesty, he says, hasn't been able to enter the UAE to conduct its own research since 2014, when it published a report critical of discriminatory laws in the country. "So we have tended to rely on what the state writes in its laws to illustrate what their attitudes towards gender questions are," he adds. "And there's still a lot of inequality in those laws themselves, even during this time of ostensible reform. So I would tend to be suspicious because this does not necessarily reflect any deep shifts in social attitudes or government attitudes." Any person resident in or visiting the UAE is subject to its laws: there are no exceptions for tourists. There have been a few high-profile cases of tourists getting arrested while on holiday in Dubai. In 2017, for example, a British woman was arrested and sentenced to one year in prison for having consensual sex with a man she wasn't married to. She had reported him to the authorities for sending her threatening messages, who found out the two had had sex. But whether these laws are actually applied equally is a different issue. One particular legal change will, in essence, put into law what was previously an unofficial hierarchy - with wealthy expatriate women at the top, Emirati women second, and then migrant domestic workers. "The UAE appears to be moving towards institutionalising this split now," Mr Kenney says. "At the end of last year when they announced this package of reforms to the Personal Status Law, among other things, it was reported very openly - including in the state news agency Wam - that the purpose was to draw investment and make the country more attractive to expatriates as an investment location. "And it was reported explicitly in the national press… that the changes to the rules on inheritance and divorce were just going to apply to expatriates, not to Emirati women." According to the International Labour Organisation (ILO), in 2017 low-paid migrant workers - who Mr Kenney says are at an "extreme class disadvantage" - made up about 80% of the UAE's total population. Female migrants in particular, who are predominantly domestic workers from South and Southeast Asia, are policed harshly. Mr Kenney says they have "incredibly limited rights". He cites an article of the penal code which says 'consensual violation of honour' can be prosecuted. In practice, he says, it's used to target consensual sex, especially if it breaks gender norms. "Female migrant labourers who have presented to hospital in the UAE with pregnancies, when they've been unable to produce a husband who is the father responsible for the pregnancy, have been prosecuted under this law. So essentially they've been prosecuted for exercising sexual autonomy," Mr Kenney says. Women who become pregnant outside marriage face up to a year in prison - for migrant workers, this is a sentence that must be served before they can leave the country. According to a UAE official quoted in a Guardian report last year, several thousand migrant women in the country have children born outside of marriage. Rape victims, too, have been prosecuted under the laws against extramarital sex. A BBC Arabic investigation in 2015 found that hundreds of women, including rape victims, were being imprisoned under this law every year - and that domestic servants were particularly vulnerable.

राजकुमारी लतीफा के मामले ने दुनिया को चौंका दिया है।


Guernsey States continues review of assets

Summary: Guernsey States has agreed to continue to explore the possibilities of commercializing more of the island's key assets.

Those included in the ongoing review include the harbour, airport, water, waste water and solid waste services. A move to get States Works included in the ongoing review was defeated. The Public Services Department was tasked with returning to the States with recommendations from the ongoing evaluation.

ग्वेर्नसे स्टेट्स द्वीप की प्रमुख परिसंपत्तियों के अधिक व्यावसायीकरण की संभावनाओं का पता लगाने के लिए सहमत हो गया है।


Why the story of body-swapping teenagers has gripped Japan

Summary: A Japanese film has made history by becoming the first animation not made by the legendary Studio Ghibli to rake in more than 10bn yen (£76m; $98m) in a month. But what exactly is it that has been drawing in the crowds?

1. It is a body-swapping fantasy Your Name, also known as Kimi no Na wa in Japanese, is a body-swapping fantasy with two teenagers at its heart. Based on a novel, it tells the story of Mitsuha, a female high school student in a rural Japanese town, and Taki, a male high school student in central Tokyo. Mitsuha starts dreaming of herself as a young man. Taki also begins seeing himself through the eyes of a female student in the countryside. The rest of the movie explores their body-swap and the journey they go on involves time travel as well as disastrous deadly comets. 2. It mirrors the boy-girl swaps found in old Japanese tales Director Makoto Shinkai is said to have been inspired by a classic Japanese 12th Century tale, Torikaebaya Monogatari, which features a sibling duo, where a boy is raised as a girl and the girl raised as a boy because of their personality. And it's there in more recent tales too. Tenkousei is a Japanese film made in 1982 also about a teenage boy and girl who swapped bodies when they fell down some stairs at a temple. A father and daughter switch bodies in 2007, TV drama Papa to Musume no Nanokakan saw 3. It captures the melancholy of adolescent dreaming It touches on universal themes such as coming of age, adolescence and the struggle to assert your identity in a confusing world. In Your Name the characters wake up from their dreams as each other and the line between reality and dreams constantly blurs. This aspect of the film, Shinkai says, was influenced by a famous Japanese poem titled Yume to Shiriseba. It reads: I wonder if he appeared in my dream because I fell asleep thinking of him. I wouldn't have woken up if I had known it was a dream. That melancholy moment of bleary wakefulness after a dream is the sensation Shinkai appears to have been reaching for in this film. 4. It is a reminder of the earthquake that changed a nation It also draws upon the experience of Japan in the wake of the deadly 2011 earthquake, the most powerful to have ever hit Japan, and which claimed 16,000 lives Widely referred to as 3.11, Shinkai's told magazine outlet Diamond that it changed not just him but the whole of Japanese society. The film itself is also overshadowed by the threat of a natural disaster. Shinkai said he used the film to reflect a sentiment that many, including himself, shared - that a disaster could strike at any moment. "You will never know when Tokyo could become like this," the character Taki says at one point. "It takes five years to digest the shocking experience and sublimate to such a scale of art," one Twitter user Yoshinaga Tastuki reflected. 5. Fans are making pilgrimages to its stunning locations The film has also been appreciated for its beautiful graphics, often modelled after real-life locations. "I finally watched Your Name. The story, acting and music were all good but most of all I was overwhelmed by the beauty of [the] images. Each cut was amazing," said one user on Twitter. Other users posted pictures of real-life locations that the film modelled after, with fans descending upon locations such as Shinkai's home town in Nagano Prefecture, the Gifu prefecture and even Tokyo. And the film's audience was not limited to only Japan. "Each detail of the film was painstakingly thought out and executed with such precision and passion," Canadian anime fan Ismael Ramos told the BBC. "It was a perfect balance of art, music and storytelling." 6. Hope for the next generation of mainstream Japanese animation For the film to be such a success, it had to transcend boundaries and appeal to audiences wider than young people and anime fans. As such, Shinkai has been hailed by some as being the next Hayao Miyazaki, whose name is almost synonymous with anime and has been credited with bringing Japanese animation to a broad global audience. He directed award-winning hits such as Spirited Away, Princess Mononoke and Howl's Moving Castle during his time with Studio Ghibli, all of which have gone on to break the 10bn yen mark. "Shinkai is on his way to Miyazaki status with Kimi no Na wa," said one Twitter user. Others had a slightly different view. "I think Miyazaki and Shinkai actually have very distinct styles, though they are equally as powerful," said Mr Ramos. "What they do have in common is the ability to take audiences through a journey and experience, which I believe is the ultimate goal of any artist." And if you believe imitation is the highest form of flattery, the film has already been turned into a mini horror movie spin-off by fans. Reporting by Yuzuha Oka in Tokyo and the BBC's Yvette Tan. Your Name opens in the UK on 24 November

एक जापानी फिल्म ने एक महीने में 10 बिलियन येन (76 मिलियन पाउंड; 98 मिलियन डॉलर) से अधिक की कमाई करने के लिए प्रसिद्ध स्टूडियो घिबली द्वारा नहीं बनाया गया पहला एनीमेशन बनकर इतिहास रच दिया है। लेकिन वास्तव में यह क्या है जो भीड़ को आकर्षित कर रहा है?


'Making sure your ad doesn't end up by an Isis video'

Summary: One of the biggest challenges for advertisers right now is "to make sure your advert doesn't end up next to a recruitment video for Isis", says Matt Scheckner, founder of an advertising industry extravaganza being held in London this week.

By Tim BowlerBusiness reporter, BBC News Advertising Week Europe 2017 is a four-day jamboree of around 175 seminars, workshops and events across the capital. Now in its fifth year, it attracts up to 40,000 visitors. The event is designed as a multiple-themed discussion programme. But this year it's been overshadowed by just one issue: Google, YouTube and adverts appearing next to extremist content. In response, a slew of major advertisers have been pulling their online ads. Google's European boss Matthew Brittin apologised, saying, "If there's something we could do better, we will do it better." He promised Google would do more through technology and the more rigorous flagging of offending content - although he did not say it would use staff to actively hunt down extremist videos. Industry challenge Away from the main stages, in the coffee bars and lounges at London's Picturehouse Central, many attendees agreed that despite the media focus on Google, the challenge is one for the industry as a whole. Much of this is because of the explosion in programmatic advertising, where advertisers use algorithms to automatically buy, sell and place adverts. In a world that is going through a surge in smartphone ownership (there are now 2.7 billion smartphone users and there will be five billion by 2020) coupled with an explosive growth in digital video advertising, automation does make sense. Done well it can allow brands to target specific consumers, but it can also allow them to chase audiences without regard to who those people might be. "It's all about automation, doing things at scale," said one speaker. But the dilemma for the industry is that chasing audiences without checking on what sites those audiences might be using leads to the mess Google now faces. "You have to be wary of the environment where you place your ad," insists Cristina Constandache, of the instant messaging and VoIP application, Viber. 'Not believable' Matt Kelly, chief content officer of regional newspaper group Archant, goes further. He says we should not be surprised; the issue of adverts appearing in unwanted places has been an "open" secret in the industry for a while. "The idea that nobody has twigged that these ads were appearing next to dodgy content is frankly not believable. Of course they realised this, it's at the heart of programmatic advertising," he says. There are already solutions. Certain websites can be blacklisted. For instance, the alt-right news website Breitbart has faced a sustained campaign to get advertisers to pull their adverts. Other solutions would include hiring staff to vet websites - although this is time-consuming and expensive. Or you can create a "white list" of so-called approved sites. The issue comes down to cost - and how much more brand owners are prepared to advertise and how much we as consumers are prepared to pay for those products. "We all want the cheapest [advertising]," says Unilever's chief marketing officer Keith Weed, "but it comes at a cost." This year, politics has muscled its way onto the stage, as well. Matt Scheckner, the Advertising Week event's founder, says this is not surprising as advertising is "a mirror of the times", whether that's the US presidential election or Brexit. More politics Brands and advertisers themselves have been responding by becoming more political, "taking sides on issues like immigration, the US elections, Brexit, cultural diversity or same sex marriages," says Nick Flynn, senior vice president at Shutterstock, the stock photography, image and music provider. In the UK last October, Lego ended its promotional giveaways with the Daily Mail newspaper amid a campaign to stop firms advertising with some newspapers over "divisive" coverage of migrants. In the US at the 2017 Super Bowl, Airbnb ran an advert criticising President Donald Trump's stance on immigration, declaring "acceptance starts with all of us". Brands are being pushed to take a side, says Flynn partly because "this resonates with the next generation of consumers for whom these issuers are important," but also in recognition of the increasingly diversified audiences they are trying to reach. Follow Tim Bowler on Twitter @timbowlerbbc

विज्ञापनदाताओं के लिए अभी सबसे बड़ी चुनौतियों में से एक यह सुनिश्चित करना है कि आपका विज्ञापन आईएसआईएस के लिए भर्ती वीडियो के बगल में समाप्त न हो, इस सप्ताह लंदन में आयोजित किए जा रहे एक विज्ञापन उद्योग के असाधारण आयोजन के संस्थापक मैट शेकनर कहते हैं।


Is Angela Merkel really on the ropes?

Summary: At the end of July, Germany was hit by a series of violent attacks, three of which were carried out by asylum seekers. So are Germans turning against Chancellor Angela Merkel's refugee policy? Damien McGuinness in Berlin is not convinced.

"Merkel on the ropes!" screeched one headline, after the recent attacks in Germany, before going on to predict confidently that her "premiership is hanging by a thread". "Calls for Chancellor Angela Merkel to stand down grow," wrote another paper. But what's interesting about these and similar articles is that they were written by English-speaking journalists reporting from outside Germany. And in both these cases, the only evidence that Merkel's government was apparently about to fall was a video filmed by Russian TV of right-wing extremists protesting in Berlin. No polling data. No evidence. Just that video. You can't necessarily blame the journalists. From the outside the narrative makes sense. Merkel allows Germany to take in more than a million asylum seekers from the Middle East. A year later there are violent Islamist attacks committed by migrants. So it stands to reason that her government is on the verge of collapse. The problem is, though, the facts really get in the way of that story. Almost 70% of Germans do not think that Merkel's refugee policy contributed to the attacks, and the violence has barely had any effect on support for her centre-right party, making it unlikely that anyone else will lead the next government, let alone topple the present one. Since the attacks, her personal approval ratings have slipped, but almost half of German voters, across the political spectrum, say they still want her as chancellor. In fact, she has no credible rivals - the left-wing opposition is small and the anti-migrant Alternative for Germany party is riven with internal rivalries. In times of turmoil, history shows that the unflappable Angela Merkel actually does quite well. With every crisis she's written off by many commentators. But weirdly, like some indestructible rubber cartoon character, she bounces back. From Brexit to eurozone chaos, she's seen as a safe pair of hands. Even, to a large extent, after these latest attacks. At first there was some criticism that she was too slow to respond. Immediately after the Munich shooting, in which 10 people died, French President Francois Hollande condemned what he called a brutal act of Islamist terror. Some here said: "Why does the French leader speak, and not ours?" Until, it turned out, that it wasn't an act of Islamist terror at all - but rather a US-style shooting spree, carried out by a disturbed German-born teenager obsessed with right-wing extremism and mass shootings. And that's the point: despite what the most lurid headlines indicate, unlike France, Germany hasn't yet been hit by a major Islamist terror attack. In the two recent attacks by asylum seekers, which were claimed by so-called Islamic State, no victim was killed. That's not to ignore the fierce debate around Berlin's refugee policy - Germany is split. People are nervous about more attacks and increasingly uneasy about migration. And with parliamentary elections next year, Merkel faces pressure from all her rivals - from the left and from the right. There are calls to screen migrants better. Many now say failed asylum seekers should be sent back, whether they've come from a war zone or not. And dip into German social media, and the criticism of Merkel becomes vicious. But no leading politician suggests that Germany should stop accepting refugees fleeing war, and some of the pressure on Merkel comes from left-wing critics, who say she's not doing enough to help migrants. The debate in the mainstream media, meanwhile, is the very opposite of alarmist. The tabloid, Bild, Germany's best-selling newspaper, has positioned itself as the crusading champion of refugee rights, while traditionally tough-talking ministers have warned against stigmatising migrants since the attacks. More violence, or a major IS terror attack, could endanger this measured approach. And some do question whether too cosy a consensus in the mainstream marginalises legitimate concerns that should be debated. But the attitude of German political leaders also hints at a deeper question - namely, what is the responsibility of government? Should it lead or follow popular opinion? Angela Merkel's idea of government is top-down, trust-us-we-know-best, which in this age of referendums and social media is not exactly fashionable. But she's not following, she's leading. Not everyone agrees with her, and her approach is not risk-free. Merkel, though, is not changing her mind. And, for now at least, she's staying exactly where she is. Follow @BBCNewsMagazine on Twitter and on Facebook

जुलाई के अंत में, जर्मनी हिंसक हमलों की एक श्रृंखला का शिकार हुआ, जिनमें से तीन शरण चाहने वालों द्वारा किए गए थे। तो क्या जर्मन चांसलर एंजेला मर्केल की शरणार्थी नीति के खिलाफ हो रहे हैं? बर्लिन में डेमियन मैकगिनेस आश्वस्त नहीं हैं।


Coronavirus: Border businesses in lockdown limbo

Summary: "The fact is, that front door is closed and I don't know when it's going to open back up again," said Brian McDermott, owner of the Foyle Hotel and Bistro in Moville, County Donegal.

By Leanna ByrneBBC News NI This sentiment rings true for many hospitality businesses on both sides of the border. Yet, depending on which side of the border your business was placed, your trade either stopped overnight or was waiting to come to a screeching halt. "Moville is a destination for people in Northern Ireland to escape and all of that has all stopped," said Mr McDermott. When the Republic of Ireland's lockdown restrictions were implemented, Mr McDermott closed his doors. But, he said, his customers from Northern Ireland were confused. They were not in lockdown, so why were their bookings cancelled? "We're watching both sides of the border in terms of a potential return because we take our governance from the Republic of Ireland, but our customer base comes from Northern Ireland," said Mr McDermott. Business on the border Like Mr McDermott, the hospitality industry is keeping a keen eye on developments in the south. A recent Irish Times report said that the Republic's National Public Health Emergency Team is discussing an early stage plan that would see cafes and restaurants reopen by the middle of the summer and people being allowed to travel within Ireland for holidays by late summer. On Thursday, two major business groups wrote to the governments in Dublin and Belfast to urge co-ordination in the recovery from coronavirus. The CBI and its Irish equivalent, Ibec, say an economic reboot will need "the highest level of co-operation, co-ordination and joined-up thinking". Around the border areas in Northern Ireland, the hospitality sector relies quite heavily on cross-border trade. "It's often said if you go into Derry/Londonderry, 40% of the number plates will be from Letterkenny," said Colin Neill, chief executive of Hospitality Ulster. "That's a sign of how much movement there is back and forward, wining, dining and socialising." "When the social distancing restrictions came into force down south, there was a bit of confusion", he said. "We even saw a very slight rise in consumers coming across north because of the different elements and that can cause confusion," said Mr Neill. "If we go forward and with different social distancing rules in the Republic of Ireland and the north of Ireland, there could be issues and confusion, particularly for customers if the distance is different and the policies are different." Mr Neill said it is really important that both sides of the border address the pandemic with "a joint approach as much as possible", with similar guidelines so that "there's a clear and concise message". "For the importance of safety for our staff and customers, we have to reopen at the right time," he said. Dermot Doherty, owner of the Scullery Cafe in Londonderry, agrees with Mr Neill. As he watched news rolling in about other countries in lockdown, he knew something was coming. "We were still really busy, but we closed before the lockdown came in here. It just didn't feel right," he said. Mr Doherty has 18 staff members across three locations. Nine of those, including himself, are living in Donegal. "I think there has to be a joined-up plan of opening for both the north and the south. "You have to be on the same page and the same ideas. There's no point in the south opening, people would just go over the border." Business beyond the lockdown Mr McDermott spent €2m (£1.7m) renovating his premises on Main Street in Moville when he was forced to close. "It is strange for me personally, it's strange for the business," he said. "We've laid off 25 staff on a short-term basis and more importantly your income has stopped, but your costs have continued in terms of utilities and associated costs with just keeping the business ticking over." He added: "I estimate it's going to take us in and around €100,000 (£87,477) to return to working capital capacity because we're just two years gone, we weren't able to build up our collateral." As Mr McDermott sees it, "you'd be the bravest business globally if you were to write a business plan for a hospitality business right now".

काउंटी डोनेगल के मोविल में फोयल होटल और बिस्ट्रो के मालिक ब्रायन मैकडर्मोट ने कहा, "तथ्य यह है कि सामने का दरवाजा बंद है और मुझे नहीं पता कि यह फिर से कब खुलने वाला है।


Boys, 14, charged over blaze at former Forfar bingo hall

Summary: Two 14-year-old boys have been charged in connection with a blaze at a former bingo hall in Angus.

Fire crews were called to Queen Street in Forfar shortly before 14:00 on 29 November. A number of nearby residents were evacuated as a result of the incident, which was attended by six fire appliances and specialist support. A Police Scotland spokesperson said a report would be sent to the Youth Justice Assessor.

एंगस में एक पूर्व बिंगो हॉल में आग लगने के मामले में दो 14 वर्षीय लड़कों पर आरोप लगाया गया है।


Duke of York becomes University of Huddersfield patron

Summary: The Duke of York has agreed to serve as the royal patron of the University of Huddersfield.

Prince Andrew has been a regular visitor to the West Yorkshire university and in May opened its £12m Innovation Centre, the university said. Professor Bob Cryan, the vice-chancellor of the university, said the appointment would help to "encourage enterprise and economic regeneration". The institution has won two Queen's Awards for Enterprise this year. Sir Patrick Stewart who was born in nearby Mirfield is the university's chancellor.

ड्यूक ऑफ यॉर्क हडर्सफील्ड विश्वविद्यालय के शाही संरक्षक के रूप में सेवा करने के लिए सहमत हो गए हैं।


Hinkley Point power station consultation reopened

Summary: A council consultation on plans to prepare land for the building of a new nuclear power station at Hinkley Point has been reopened.

It comes after the applicant, EDF Energy, supplied West Somerset Council with more information. The council said it had made a formal request for extra details to be included in the environmental statement. The consultation is due to run until 20 May. The response from EDF includes more information on environmental issues including transport, ecology, landscape and visual impacts, noise, vibration and air quality. The information can be seen on the council's website and at the authority's headquarters in Williton.

हिंकले पॉइंट पर एक नए परमाणु ऊर्जा केंद्र के निर्माण के लिए भूमि तैयार करने की योजना पर एक परिषद परामर्श फिर से खोल दिया गया है।


Trump says America is 'full' but this US state says 'not us'

Summary: President Donald Trump has claimed that the United States "is full", and incapable of allowing entry to any new and diverse migrants. But citizens in one mostly-rural state say they couldn't disagree more.

By Rupa ShenoyPRI's The World Forty years ago, Curtiss Reed Jr came to Vermont for a ski vacation and got stuck in a storm. He had to sleep in a Dunkin Donuts for two nights before he could make it to a friend's house. That gave him plenty of time to take in Vermont's natural beauty. "I spent three weeks skiing, eating, drinking and decided this was paradise," says Mr Reed, a consultant with the Vermont Partnership for Fairness and Diversity. "Six months later, I moved here." But since then, Mr Reed has seen downtown shops close in towns across the state. Taxes have gone up. Wages for many have stagnated. Mr Reed says that's because Vermont has only tried to attract one kind of new resident. Despite President Donald Trump saying "our country is full" earlier this month during a visit to the US southern border, Mr Reed says if Vermont wants to improve its economy, it needs to bring in more people. But the New England state has two problems. It doesn't have enough people to do the jobs it already has, and it doesn't know how to attract people of a different demographic from Vermont's current population, which is nearly 95% white. Under the Trump administration's policies, there are fewer refugees, immigrants and temporary visa workers coming into the state. Joan Goldstein - commissioner of the Vermont Department of Economic Development - says the race is on. States across the US are competing to attract new residents, she says. "I know that sounds very mercenary but we're in a competitive marketplace," she says. "Vermont's marketing strategy for decades was white, heterosexual males with family incomes of $120,000 (£92,000) or more. That population is shrinking." Vermont has made a big change in their approach, she says. Instead of just trying to attract businesses to the state, they're now appealing directly to individuals. "Other states have asked us how we did this because they're also interested in some of the same types of tactics," she says. "So clearly, even though it's a departure, it's probably going to be more mainstream soon." This year Vermont began handing out $10,000 (£7,600) for certain workers who move to remote parts of the state. "There was significant interest from outside the US on the initial publicity hit we had," she says. "I would say close to 25% of people coming in with inquiries were from other countries." But so far none of the 26 people approved for the grant have been refugees or people who moved from another country. That may be because there are barriers for immigrants who want to work in the state. Chris Winters, the deputy secretary of state, says it's been difficult for people to get their credentials from elsewhere to qualify in Vermont. "When you go beyond protecting the public you start unfairly keeping people out of professions who are otherwise qualified to be there," Mr Winters says. "So, we can really do a lot still in Vermont to improve access to our workforce." This month the Vermont legislature passed a bill that would make it easier for many immigrants to transfer their qualifications so they can get certified for jobs in the state. The governor is expected to sign it. The state is also making other moves, like hiring a chief racial equity and diversity officer. Mr Winters hopes those measures will help to attract, among others, nearby Canada's many new, diverse immigrants to work in Vermont. He believes diversity is key to keeping millenials in the state - and points to his own daughter, who's leaving Vermont for university because she doesn't feel like she's met enough different kinds of people. "I think it's really unfortunate that we've heard statements recently like 'America is full,' 'there's no more room at the inn,'" Mr Winters says. "I can tell you there's plenty of room in Vermont." But Marita Canedo, with the group Migrant Justice in Burlington, says Vermont still has a long way to go before it appears to be welcoming of all immigrants and minorities. "If you're going to promote a state as 'The Green Mountain,' beautiful landscape, you have to take into account the people that are there already, and struggling, which is the dairy industry," Ms Canedo says. Many people who work in Vermont's dairy industry are undocumented. Cruz Alberto Sánchez-Pérez came to Vermont from Mexico in 2015 to join two of his brothers working on dairy farms. He says they were paid less than minimum wage and didn't get a day off until they organised to demand better wages and benefits. It's still a tense environment for people who look like him, says Mr Sánchez-Pérez, even though he's just won asylum in the US. In addition to Immigration and Customs Enforcement, US Border Patrol has jurisdiction 100 miles (160km) from the federal border, which includes much of Vermont, and is on alert for undocumented people trying to cross into Canada. Vermont has also had some recent race problems. "Over the last three or four years, we've had a number of unfortunate incidents," Mr Reed says. In 2017, the city of Rutland's incumbent mayor campaigned on bringing in Syrian refugees to reinvigorate the local economy. The pushback he faced drew national attention and he lost in what was seen at the time as a referendum on refugee resettlement. Last year, Kiah Morris, Vermont's only female African-American state senator, resigned because her family was being harassed. In Stowe, racial slurs were yelled at non-white counsellors and children at a camp. "There any number of places around the state that have had these incidents," Mr Reed says. "And in the absence of a robust response, what's left in people's minds is: 'Eh. Vermont. I believe the SNL skit,'" he said, referring to a Saturday Night Live segment aired last year which parodied a meeting of racists. "If they're going to keep coming here, we're going to go someplace else," the character leading the meeting in the skit says. "Our own place for our own people. No immigrants, no minorities. An agrarian community where everyone lives in harmony because every single person is white. Yes, sir?" "Yeah, I know that place - that sounds like Vermont," special guest Adam Driver said in character. The audience laughs. To dispel that image of Vermont, Mr Reed says the state and local governments have to actively campaign against it by appealing specifically to immigrants and minority communities - because not all of them get information the same way as white people. Vermont could advertise through social media via the online community colloquially known as Black Twitter. It could advertise in Spanish. "It starts with an invite," Mr Reed says. "And if you're inviting only to a shrinking population, then the net result of that is that your economic growth and prosperity is in jeopardy." Unfortunately, Mr Reed says, the natural beauty that drew him to Vermont isn't enough to sustain its economy. The state will also have to learn to embrace change. The World is a co-production of the BBC World Service, PRI/PRX and WGBH. You can listen and read more here.

राष्ट्रपति डोनाल्ड ट्रम्प ने दावा किया है कि संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका "भरा हुआ है", और किसी भी नए और विविध प्रवासियों को प्रवेश की अनुमति देने में असमर्थ है। लेकिन एक ज्यादातर ग्रामीण राज्य में नागरिकों का कहना है कि वे अधिक असहमत नहीं हो सकते।


Mexico violence: Why were two butterfly activists found dead?

Summary: Homero Gómez was one of best-known guardians of the monarch butterfly in Mexico. His body was found in a well last month. Three days later, another guide at a monarch butterfly reserve was also found dead. Mr Gómez's colleagues and family, who believe he was murdered for his work protecting the threatened species from illegal loggers, are living in fear. They spoke to the BBC's Will Grant in Michoacán.

"Hello friends, it's a lovely warm day here at El Rosario butterfly sanctuary after a recent cold snap," said Homero Gómez on one of his regular Twitter videos. A burly, good-natured man with a thick moustache, he would appear in a haze of thousands of tiny orange monarch butterflies - the insects settling on his white shirt - to encourage the public to visit the reserve and witness the spectacular annual migration for themselves. He was right, it is a breathtakingly beautiful sight. As you climb through the forest in Michoacán, clouds of butterflies flutter overhead at the end of their 4,500km journey from Canada. You reach a point where they entirely coat the oyamel firs - the natural habitat for their winter in Mexico - the green branches obscured by the vibrant orange of their wings. 'Not scared of anyone' Homero Gómez dedicated his life to protecting the monarch from the twin threats of climate change and deforestation. His friends and family fear it may have cost him his life. "He was very cheerful, strong, active and jovial," recalls Javier Miranda, one of the guides at the reserve, as we trek into the sanctuary. "And he wasn't scared of anyone. He was always working to benefit the ejido [a Mexican cooperative system of community and shared ownership] and would cajole the government by saying 'help us with this, support us with that'." Since Homero Gómez's body was found down a well, the atmosphere among the guides at El Rosario is one of grief and fear. "We had many years of working together," said Mr Miranda as he wept at the side of the trail, tourists passing by oblivious to his tears. "We can't let what Homero taught us collapse. We have to keep the sanctuary going without him." The drug cartels that rule Michoacán are involved in a range of different criminal enterprises, including illegal logging of protected tropical hardwoods, firs and pines. One theory in the community is that Homero Gómez was murdered for hindering the cartels' activities. He organised a large-scale reforestation programme and set up teams of guides to patrol the reserve day and night. Pushed on whether he thought his friend's activism had got him killed, Mr Miranda did not want to say, partly out of fear of reprisals against others at the sanctuary. Worried and frightened But the Gómez family have few qualms about speaking out. "The whole family believes it was murder," explains his 19-year-old son, also called Homero, whom I met inside the reserve. "The state attorney gave a news conference in which he said that my father's death was an accident, that he drowned. But the autopsy showed the body had received a blow to the head." The family say they have been given no viable explanation for the head trauma. Furthermore, they say, Homero Gómez knew the area intimately and would not have fallen down a well, which was not even on his normal route home. In a sign of the rotten state of Michoacán's institutions, more than 50 local police officers in nearby Ocampo were briefly detained and interrogated in connection with the case. "The family is worried and frightened," says the young man, still numb with grief. "My father was a fundamental piece of the ejido. He was an obstacle to anyone who wanted to mess with this community because he was always active in protecting the forest and his people." He adds that the family have not ruled out that he was killed by illegal loggers for "impeding" their business. 'He will return' Impunity in Mexico is near total, especially in Michoacán where barely 3% of murders are solved. With a second guide, Raúl Hernández, also found dead in a nearby reserve with signs of having been beaten with a blunt instrument, the local authorities are under pressure to conduct a thorough investigation. Yet the state attorney general's office has already indicated they believe Homero Gómez's death was an accident. They turned down repeated requests for an interview. Juan Plancarte Esquivel of the state Human Rights Commission admits that the official reaction in the case has been inadequate. The authorities "need to raise their level" he says, "to give trustworthy answers which can satisfy the calls being made for investigations - calls which in this state are louder and more frequent every day". At Homero Gómez's funeral, a handful of monarch butterflies flew into the church in Ocampo and fluttered above the congregation. In Mexican culture, the monarch is considered the soul of the recently departed as its annual return to Mexico coincides with Day of the Dead on 2 November. His son says that Homero Gómez firmly held that belief too: "We know he will return in the form of millions of butterflies in November."

होमेरो गोमेज़ मेक्सिको में मोनार्क तितली के सबसे प्रसिद्ध संरक्षकों में से एक थे। उनका शव पिछले महीने एक कुएं में पाया गया था। तीन दिन बाद, मोनार्क तितली अभयारण्य में एक और गाइड भी मृत पाया गया था। श्री गोमेज़ के सहयोगी और परिवार, जो मानते हैं कि उनकी हत्या अवैध लकड़हारे से खतरे में पड़ी प्रजातियों की रक्षा करने के उनके काम के लिए की गई थी, वे डर में जी रहे हैं। उन्होंने मिचोआकैन में बीबीसी के विल ग्रांट से बात की।


'Why I never want babies'

Summary: An increasing number of South Korean women are choosing not to marry, not to have children, and not even to have relationships with men. With the lowest fertility rate in the world, the country's population will start shrinking unless something changes.

By Simon MaybinBBC World Service, Seoul "I have no plans to have children, ever," says 24-year-old Jang Yun-hwa, as we chat in a hipsterish cafe in the middle of Seoul. "I don't want the physical pain of childbirth. And it would be detrimental to my career." Like many young adults in South Korea's hyper-competitive job market, Yun-hwa, a web comic artist, has worked hard to get where she is and isn't ready to let all that hard graft go to waste. "Rather than be part of a family, I'd like to be independent and live alone and achieve my dreams," she says. Yun-hwa isn't the only young Korean woman who sees career and family as mutually exclusive. There are laws designed to prevent women being discriminated against for getting pregnant, or for just being of an age where that's a possibility - but in practice, unions say, they're not enforced. The story of Choi Moon-jeong, who lives in one of Seoul's western suburbs, is a powerful illustration of the problem. When she told her boss she was expecting a child, she was shocked by his reaction. "My boss said, 'Once you have a child your child is going to be your priority and the company will come second, so can you still work?'" Moon-jeong says. "And he kept repeating this question." Moon-jeong was working as a tax accountant at the time. As the busiest time of the year approached, her boss piled even more work on her - and when she complained, he said she lacked dedication. Eventually the tensions came to a head. "He was yelling at me. I was sitting in my chair and, with all the stress, my body started convulsing and I couldn't open my eyes," says Moon-jeong, her open, freckly face crumpling into a frown. "My co-worker called a paramedic and I was taken to hospital." At the hospital the doctors told her that stress was bringing about signs of miscarriage. Find out more Listen to Simon Maybin's report Not making babies in South Korea on Assignment, on the BBC World Service For transmission times, or to listen online, click here When Moon-jeong returned to work after a week in hospital, her pregnancy saved, she felt her boss was doing everything he could to force her out of her job. She says this kind of experience isn't uncommon. "I think there are many cases where women get concerned when they're pregnant and you have to think very hard before announcing your pregnancy," she says. "Many people around me have no children and plan to have no children." A culture of hard work, long hours and dedication to one's job are often credited for South Korea's remarkable transformation over the last 50 years, from developing country to one of the world's biggest economies. But Yun-hwa says the role women played in this transformation often seems to be overlooked. "The economic success of Korea also very much depended on the low-wage factory workers, which were mostly female," she says. "And also the care service that women had to provide in the family in order for men to go out and just focus on work." Now women are increasingly doing jobs previously done by men - in management and the professions. But despite these rapid social and economic changes, attitudes to gender have been slow to shift. "In this country, women are expected to be the cheerleaders of the men," says Yun-hwa. More than that, she says, there's a tendency for married women to take the role of care-provider in the families they marry into. "There's a lot of instances when even if a woman has a job, when she marries and has children, the child-rearing part is almost completely her responsibility," she says. "And she's also asked to take care of her in-laws if they get sick." The average South Korean man spends 45 minutes a day on unpaid work like childcare, according to figures from the OECD, while women spend five times that. "My personality isn't fit for that sort of supportive role," says Yun-hwa. "I'm busy with my own life." It's not just that she is not interested in marriage, though. She doesn't even want boyfriends. One reason for that is the risk of becoming a victim of revenge porn, which she says is a "big issue" in Korea. But she's also concerned about domestic violence. The Korean Institute of Criminology published the results of a survey last year in which 80% of men questioned admitted to having been abusive towards romantic partners. When I ask Yun-hwa how men see women in South Korea, she has a one-word answer: "Slave." It's clear to see how this feeds into South Korea's baby shortage. The marriage rate in South Korea is at its lowest since records began - 5.5 per 1,000 people, compared with 9.2 in 1970 - and very few children are born outside marriage. Only Singapore, Hong Kong and Moldova have a fertility rate (the number of children per woman) as low as South Korea's. All are on 1.2, according to World Bank figures, while the replacement rate - the number needed for a population to remain level - is 2.1. Another factor putting people off starting a family is the cost. While state education is free, the competitive nature of schooling means parents are expected to fork out for extra tuition just so their child can keep up. All these ingredients have combined to produce a new social phenomenon in South Korea: the Sampo Generation. The word "sampo" means to give up three things - relationships, marriage and children. Defiantly independent, Yun-hwa says she hasn't given those three things up - she's chosen not to pursue them. She won't say whether she intends to be celibate, or to pursue relationships with women. Speak to South Koreans from older generations about the low fertility rate and the contrast in attitude is sharp. They see people like Yun-hwa as too individualistic and selfish. I start chatting to two women in their 60s enjoying the stream-side park that runs through central Seoul. One tells me she has three daughters in their 40s, but none has had children. "I try to instil patriotism and duty to the country with the kids, and of course I would love to see them continuing the line," she says. "But their decision is not to do that." "There should be that sense of duty to the country," her friend chips in. "We're very worried about the low fertility rate here." Yun-hwa and her contemporaries, the children of a globalised world, aren't persuaded by such arguments. When I put it to her that if she and her contemporaries don't have children her country's culture will die, she tells me that it's time for the male-dominated culture to go. "Must die," she says, breaking into English. "Must die!" Join the conversation - find us on Facebook, Instagram, YouTube and Twitter.

दक्षिण कोरियाई महिलाओं की बढ़ती संख्या शादी न करने, बच्चे पैदा न करने और यहां तक कि पुरुषों के साथ संबंध नहीं रखने का विकल्प चुन रही है। दुनिया में सबसे कम प्रजनन दर के साथ, देश की आबादी सिकुड़ना शुरू हो जाएगी जब तक कि कुछ न बदले।


Leeds sex worker death: Woman named as Daria Pionko

Summary: A woman who died after being found seriously injured in Leeds, sparking a murder inquiry, has been named by police.

Polish national Daria Pionko, 21, was found in Springwell Road, Holbeck, at about 01:30 GMT on Wednesday. Police said Miss Pionko, who had been living in Leeds, was a sex worker. She was taken to hospital for treatment, but died a short time later. A 38-year-old man was arrested in connection with the incident. Miss Pionko had been found unconscious with injuries consistent with an assault, West Yorkshire Police said. Officers found her in a defined managed area where sex workers operate during set hours, the force said. The force appealed for witnesses to come forward and in particular anyone who was in the Springwell Road area between 20:00 Tuesday and about 01:30 Wednesday.

लीड्स में गंभीर रूप से घायल पाए जाने के बाद एक महिला की मौत हो गई, जिससे हत्या की जांच शुरू हो गई, जिसे पुलिस द्वारा नामित किया गया है।


Italy PM Conte vows more united Italy as Salvini leaves power

Summary: Caretaker Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte has accepted a mandate to form a new coalition with a vow to lead a "more united, inclusive" Italy, a week after the collapse of his government dominated by nationalists.

He said Italy should play a leading role in Europe, a marked change from the policies of the right-wing League. League leader Matteo Salvini triggered the downfall of the previous coalition. His partner, Five Star, has now reached a deal with the centre left. Mr Conte, an independent ex-law professor, had already savaged Mr Salvini in parliament last week, accusing him of creating a political crisis for "personal and party interests". After President Sergio Mattarella gave him a mandate to form a new coalition, he said Italy had to make up for lost time as it was in a "very delicate phase". "It will be a government for the good of the citizens, to modernise the country, to make our nation even more competitive internationally, but also more just, more supportive and more inclusive." Mr Conte has also accused the League leader of having an obsession with closing ports to migrants, and in one of his last acts as interior minister, Mr Salvini refused to allow a charity rescue ship into Italy carrying 100 migrants. The interior ministry has since agreed to allow women, children and sick people off the Mare Ionio. The Eurosceptic Mr Salvini has announced a protest in Rome on 19 October, condemning the nascent coalition as conceived in Paris or Brussels. Who will be in the coalition? The anti-establishment Five Star Movement has long been hostile to its new prospective partner, the Democratic Party (PD). But on Wednesday evening the two parties buried the hatchet. They entered talks last week after Mr Conte resigned ahead of a no-confidence motion tabled against him by Mr Salvini. One of the stumbling blocks had been Five Star's insistence on Mr Conte remaining as prime minister. "We consider it worthwhile to try this experience," the PD's Nicola Zingaretti said after meeting the president, with the aim of forming a government to serve until the next scheduled elections in 2023. "In difficult times like these, shunning our responsibility to have the courage to try this is something we cannot afford," Mr Zingaretti said. The markets reacted positively to news of the president's mandate, with the Milan Borsa climbing almost 2%. Italy is the eurozone's third biggest economy and bond yields fell to a record low at one stage on Thursday. The so-called "spread" between Italian and German 10-year bond yields was also at its narrowest for a year as Mr Conte promised to make economic growth a priority. A major blow for Salvini This coalition agreement represents a major setback for the League's leader Matteo Salvini. For 14 months, he was the dominant figure in Italian politics. But a share of power wasn't enough for him - he wanted outright power. This led him to overreach. Mr Salvini brought down the government last week in the hope of winning a potential snap election. But it turns out that his gamble had a fatal flaw. The League Party's leader did not count on the possibility of his opponents teaming up to stop him. A common aim - Stop Salvini - now binds together the Five Star Movement and the Democratic Party in their new coalition. But in order for this administration to last, the two parties may need to find more common ground than their mutual distrust of a single man. Their coalition will be harried and chased at every step by the man they've sent into sudden opposition. What will Conte have to do now? The two parties still have a long way to go to agree a platform and appoint ministers. Five Star will also require its 100,000 members to back the deal via its controversial online "Rousseau" platform. There are plenty of supporters who will have reservations about a deal with a centre-left, mainstream party that they consider part of the problem in Italian politics. Some centre-left politicians have also rejected a PD-Five Star coalition, with MEP Carlo Calenda resigning from the leadership in protest. Mr Conte has promised, once the coalition is confirmed, that the government will proceed quickly to agreeing a new budget for 2020. Italy has the second biggest debt in the eurozone in proportion to its output and the incoming administration is keen to avoid a rise in VAT (sales tax), which will kick in unless the government can tackle the shortfall elsewhere.

कार्यवाहक प्रधान मंत्री ग्यूसेप कोंटे ने राष्ट्रवादियों के प्रभुत्व वाली अपनी सरकार के पतन के एक सप्ताह बाद एक "अधिक एकजुट, समावेशी" इटली का नेतृत्व करने के संकल्प के साथ एक नया गठबंधन बनाने के जनादेश को स्वीकार कर लिया है।


The leasehold disputes taking an emotional toll

Summary: More than two-thirds of people who have encountered issues with their leasehold feel anxious about their future, a survey by the National Leasehold Campaign (NLC) suggests. For some, disputes have led to suicidal thoughts.

By Colleen HarrisBBC Victoria Derbyshire programme "It absolutely drains you. It makes you feel a failure, that you can't do anything," 'Lisa' - not her real name - told the BBC's Victoria Derbyshire programme. "I'm not sleeping. It's affecting my work." The leasehold flat that Lisa bought in 2007 has been repossessed. The survey by the NLC, which lobbies to abolish leasehold homes in England and Wales, and charity SOS Silence of Suicide was taken by more than 1,150 people who had encountered leasehold problems. The results suggested that 72% felt "very worried and anxious" about their future, and 17% had had suicidal thoughts as a direct result. Anxiety 'off the rails' A leaseholder owns the right to use a property for a fixed period of time - typically between 99 and 125 years for most buyers. But it is the freeholder who owns the property outright, and the land on which it is built. They also decide what service charges are payable and can ask for necessary work to be carried out to ensure the property's upkeep. In 2013, Lisa and others in her block of 21 flats were served an invoice for major works that initially totalled just short of £100,000 between them. Works went ahead, but Lisa says that was when damp problems began to appear. The costs then spiralled to £600,000, with Lisa's portion costing about £50,000. By law, leaseholders must be consulted on service charges before any works are carried out. But the freeholder of Lisa's block took the residents to a tribunal and won the case, which meant that the consultation could be scrapped and the works enforced because of the building's condition. Lisa's mortgage company paid the costs, but it meant her mortgage increased by £600 a month. "I couldn't even be in that flat any more because it depressed me so much. "I'm struggling, I'm on antidepressants, I'm going to a therapist, everything's just drowning me. "It came to a point where I did want to commit suicide and my anxiety went completely off the rails. If I didn't have the support of my friends I think I would have done it." As well as an emotional toll, the situation affected Lisa's physical health too. One day she says she woke up "and my whole left side was numb", she explains. "I was slurring, I thought I was having a stroke." 'Trapped' There are four million leasehold properties in England and Wales. On Thursday, the government announced a plan for all new-build houses to be sold as freehold in what it describes as "a bold move to tackle unfair leasehold practices and prevent future homeowners from being trapped in exploitative arrangements". Communities Secretary James Brokenshire said it was "committed to taking bold action to reform the sector and will be pressing ahead as soon as parliamentary time allows - helping us deliver our promise to make the home buying and selling process quicker, cheaper and easier". But the NLC's Katie Kendrick wants leaseholds stopped altogether. "When you've worked really hard for your home that you think that you own, and then have that penny drop moment to realise you own absolutely nothing, it's absolutely devastating. "People are trapped and they need to be released from this." For Garrii Bailey, who bought his Victorian conversion flat in 2006, stress over the leasehold has caused him anxiety. He was paying about £270 a year for ground rent and management fees at the time of purchase, but when a new freeholder took over costs rose. He received an annual service charge invoice for £1,240. "If I pay them I'm going to be short on my mortgage, or short on bills," he explains. "So the pressure that's been put on me is absolutely horrible. My antidepressants have doubled in dosage because sometimes I just can't cope." Garrii sees the system as deeply unfair. "I had to save for that deposit like anyone buying a freehold property would. "I pay my mortgage exactly the same as somebody that has a freehold, but I'm treated as a rental tenant." 'Unaware of obligations' In March, the Housing, Communities and Local Government Committee called for the system to be reformed. It said: "Many of the leaseholders we heard from were not aware of the differences between freehold and leasehold at the point of purchase, in particular the additional costs and obligations that come with a leasehold property." But the Home Builders Federation says the leasehold model "provides a secure form of ownership for millions of homeowners and gives mortgage providers the assurance to lend". In a statement, it added: "While alternative structures exist in other countries, these are not without drawbacks - often requiring homeowners to take on greater responsibility for the oversight of their buildings and estates. "Conditions, including ground rents, are set out in sales contracts and leases and buyers should receive advice from their legal adviser." For Lisa, it is not just about what she sees as unseen costs, but what she sees as a "lack of support" too. "I had no clue what to do, no help," she adds, saying solicitors' fees also spiralled. "It's a joke, the way [the leasehold system] is run. I think it's a joke. "[Freeholders] don't care, money talks in this situation." Information and advice If you or someone you know is struggling with issues raised by this story, find support through BBC Action Line. Follow the BBC's Victoria Derbyshire programme on Facebook and Twitter - and see more of our stories here.

नेशनल लीजहोल्ड कैम्पेन (एन. एल. सी.) के एक सर्वेक्षण से पता चलता है कि दो-तिहाई से अधिक लोग जिन्हें अपने पट्टे के मुद्दों का सामना करना पड़ा है, वे अपने भविष्य के बारे में चिंतित हैं। कुछ लोगों के लिए, विवादों ने आत्महत्या के विचारों को जन्म दिया है।


Wild circus animals ban plans clear final hurdle in Senedd

Summary: Plans for a new law banning wild animals in circuses in Wales have passed their final vote in the Senedd and now await royal assent.

It follows moves to outlaw the practice in Scotland and England. Rural Affairs Minister Lesley Griffiths said the ban was "overdue" and the legislation represented a "significant step forwards for wild animals in Wales and beyond". The law is due to come into force on 1 December. The proposals have been welcomed by the RSPCA but a man described as Britain's last lion tamer, Thomas Chipperfield, has called them "illiberal".

वेल्स में सर्कस में जंगली जानवरों पर प्रतिबंध लगाने वाले एक नए कानून की योजना ने सेनेड में अपना अंतिम वोट पारित कर दिया है और अब शाही सहमति का इंतजार है।


Jon Bon Jovi: 'My hair is turning grey. I'm cool with that'

Summary: When Jon Bon Jovi decided, in March last year, to call his next record 2020, he couldn't have known what he was setting himself up for.

By Mark SavageBBC music reporter "Honest to God, I did not," laughs the singer. "When I proposed the title, it was a tongue-in-cheek approach to an election year. "Truthfully, it was meant to be a cute bumper sticker and maybe sell a couple of T-shirts!" The album was always intended to be a snapshot of modern America. The initial batch of songs, announced in August 2019, dealt with topics like gun control (Lower The Flag), PTSD in the military (Unbroken) and the poisoning of political discourse (Blood In The Water). It was due to come out in May this year. Then the pandemic hit. The band's keyboard player, David Bryan, and percussionist Everett Bradley caught Covid-19. "They were truly sick," says Bon Jovi. "It was all around us." Tour dates were cancelled and the album was put on ice. During quarantine, the star turned his attention to working at his community food kitchen in New Jersey and distributing produce to local food banks. "I was back washing dishes, the way it was when we first opened 10 years ago," he says. "There was just a huge spike in demand." In March, his wife Dorothea posted a photo of the star scrubbing pans on Instagram, captioning it: "If you can't do what you do, do what you can." The line inspired a new song, recorded the next day, intended as an anthem of unity during troubled times. Another new song arrived in May as the star watched news coverage of the death of George Floyd after a police officer kneeled on his neck for nearly nine minutes. "George Floyd called out for his mom," recalls the 58-year-old. "A grown man, calling out for his mom as he's down on the ground with a knee on his neck. My eyes welled up with tears. "So I do what I do, and I grabbed my guitar and locked myself away and I wrote the song." The chorus of American Reckoning - "Stay alive, stay alive, use your voice and you'll remember me" - is written in the "the voice of George Floyd and Ahmaud Arbery and Breonna Taylor and everyone else who came before them," says the star. "It's using their voice for peaceful protest to get the messaging out that Black Lives Matter." While Bon Jovi have always had a social conscience, 2020 is their most politically-charged record to date. If it risks alienating parts of their fanbase, the singer is nonplussed. "I am nothing more than witness to history," he says. "I still have hardcore fans that will moan about this record and say, 'They haven't been good since the 80s'. "Well guess what? If you want us to rewrite You Give Love A Bad Name, it's not going to happen. "My hair is turning grey. I'm cool with that. I'm just who I am. And if you want to come along for the ride, amen." The rock star spoke to BBC News in February, before his album was postponed, and we caught up with him again on a Zoom call from New York this week to discuss the issues raised by the album, working with Prince Harry, the recent presidential debate and his secret covers band. You've called this "a topical album" rather than a political one. What's the difference? Well, I don't take sides. Even in the heavier topics like gun violence in America, which has run rampant, I don't take sides because there are those who are really defensive about that topic. And when you don't take sides, I think it opens it up to conversation. I presume given your politics that you're an advocate of gun control. I am. So how would you open the conversation? You start by saying, "OK, put yourself in the shoes of that family member who has lost somebody. How do you feel about it?" And then let them defend their position, you know? My wry answer would be, "You want to buy a gun? Great - but bullets are $5,000 apiece." But these are all conversations that need to be had because, unfortunately, money controls the lobbyists and the lobbyists control the politicians. You've been working in the food kitchen during the pandemic. Does it feel like the virus is adversely affecting the poor and disadvantaged? It's not just the poor, it's everybody who has a job. It's your blue collar family that had a job on 1 March, and on 15 March there was no more paycheck. So by 1 April, they were knocking on the door at the kitchen, saying, "Hi, we could use a meal." You said you'd made this album as a statement in an election year. Did you watch this week's presidential debate? I certainly did. A lot of people in this nation did and were distraught by it, because it was a shouting match and very little was gained from it. These are very divisive times in America but the beautiful thing about our elections is that every four years we get a chance to start over. There is a thread of hope woven into the album's lyrics - do you still feel that? I do. You have to. My son Jake, who graduated high school this year, and all those kids that graduated college this year, they were born out of 9/11, and they're coming of age in a pandemic. And why I have hope is, I think that this generation is tough. I think they're worldly. I think they'll be the innovators and the creators and the ones that get [past] skin colour and sexual preference and political party. The song Unbroken deals with PTSD in the military. Because both of your parents were in the Marines, did their experience feed into the lyrics? No, because it wasn't wartime [when] they both volunteered. So I really didn't have anything from experience to write about. - but I was knowledgeable enough, and I had a couple of conversations with those who had served. So are there lines in the song that are directly influenced by those conversations? When I sing "I'd do it all again", that's from the service members. You recorded a version of that song for Prince Harry's Invictus Games Foundation. Will you ask him to sing with you when you play it live? Well, we'll see about that! Once upon a time his brother jumped up on an acoustic performance of Living On A Prayer with me - and young Prince William is quite the singer, believe it or not. Can he do the key change in that song? I don't think any of us can do the key change any longer! I was a much younger man at the time. And you know, every time every single time that key change comes up, I think, 'What were you thinking?' But, you know, I was 25 and young and dumb. How does touring work now? You seem to play fewer shows more often, rather than organising a 200-date world tour. Right. It's a little more civilised for me. When the exuberance of youth just takes you away, you can do 200-plus shows in a year. And looking back, of course, that's how you make a career. But as I've gotten older, I've decided that you can still do those hundred shows, but it doesn't have to be in a [single] year. And it seems to work, because we toured Europe and South America in 2019 - but I was able to write a record too. There was a Bon Jovi cruise last year, too. Will that be a regular thing? That was a one time only, trust me. As a matter of fact, and this is what happens when you're blessed with this kind of success, I said, "Pull the boat up to the dock, I'll get on. You pull away, I'll perform. Then you pull the boat back to the dock." The guy said, "Do you know what that costs?" I said, "That's not my problem. Pull it in, parallel park, buddy, because I'm getting off." And that's exactly what happened. When you were inducted to the Rock Hall of Fame in 2018, you played with former guitarist Richie Sambora for the first time in five years. What was that like? Wonderful. It was really great. I mean, there's not a day that goes by that I don't wish that he were here. But he had some issues that he just couldn't deal with, right? So I wish he was in the band, I wish he was with me on these records, I wish he was sane and sober. We didn't have a fight. He didn't show up [for a show in Canada in 2013]. It was 20,000 people in the arena and he just couldn't get it together. So I wasn't going to stop our career for it, nor was Tico [Torres, drummer] or Dave. Life had to go on but you know, it was cool to see him for a night. Haven't spoken to him since. Is it true that, outside Bon Jovi, you play in a covers band? Oh yeah, The Kings Of Suburbia! It's a bunch of guys that play the bar circuit in Jersey, who I throw on private aeroplanes and take to exotic places and their lives change for weekend. But I have horns and a violin player and background singers and it gives me the joy of being in a bar band again and not having to, say, "OK folks, here comes Living On A Prayer again." How many times do you think you've played Living On A Prayer? Thousands. Many thousands. And I'm blessed to have co-written that song, it's one of the miracles of my life. I know, when I die, it'll be: "He co-wrote Living On A Prayer." I know what the people get out of it, and so I enjoy doing it. But it's also great to be able to write new songs and not just be on a nostalgia tour because, I have to tell you, in truth, I'd walk away. I would leave a good looking corpse. Nobody loved the fat Elvis! Bon Jovi's new album, Bon Jovi: 2020, is out now. Follow us on Facebook, or on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts. If you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.

जब जॉन बॉन जोवी ने पिछले साल मार्च में अपना अगला रिकॉर्ड 2020 बनाने का फैसला किया, तो उन्हें पता नहीं चल सकता था कि वह खुद को किस लिए स्थापित कर रहे हैं।


Engineers work to fix 'stuck' Poole lifting bridge

Summary: Engineers have spent the day working to fix an electrical fault on a lifting bridge after it was stuck in the upright position for several hours.

The bridge in Poole, which links the port with Hamworthy, had to close to traffic after becoming stuck. It was eventually brought into the closed position to allow vehicles to cross, but engineers remained on the bridge dealing with the fault. The bridge returned to normal operation by the evening rush hour. Users had been advised to use the Twin Sails bridge while the lifting bridge was out of action. An estimated 20,000 vehicles use the bridges, which lift every half hour, to cross the harbour each day.

इंजीनियरों ने कई घंटों तक सीधी स्थिति में फंसने के बाद एक उठाने वाले पुल पर बिजली की खराबी को ठीक करने के लिए दिन बिताया है।


Digital nomads: The new elite with no fixed abode

Summary: Why work in an office when you can sit by the beach? Armed with a laptop and an internet connection, a new generation of 'digital nomads' is taking their work on their travels around the world. But they are not always welcome.

By Jonty BloomBusiness correspondent, BBC News Jemma Porter and her boyfriend James Cave's journey began like many others when they became disillusioned with their desk-bound jobs. "I really didn't like my job," Jemma told me. "I used to work in online marketing in an office in Edinburgh and then I started doing some freelance copywriting on the side just to make a bit of extra money." A second development - the discovery of house sitting - spurred a new lifestyle. After a dodgy start in a French gite with terrible wi-fi connections, Jemma and James haven't looked back. "We have lived in Germany, France, Spain, Portugal and South Africa - when I say 'lived', I'm talking say more than two or three months," James said. "We've also travelled around South East Asia and other parts of Europe as digital nomads." They regularly move between flats in different areas of the city, sometimes working at home and sometimes in bars and cafes. James prefers to work at home, Jemma in cafes or in rented office space - frankly anywhere with cheap coffee. After five years on the move they are veterans and for now Lisbon is their home. James's main income comes from the growing industry of search engine optimization. "Basically, companies pay because they want to rank higher on Google for a certain search term and they'll have key words that are important for their business, maybe, car hire in Madeira, and they'll want to appear number one for that, so I'll work with them to see how - how that's possible." Jemma and James are paid well, earning about £40,000 a year each and are living a city with one of the lowest costs of living in Europe. It's easy to see why they chose to become digital nomads, but it is not one long holiday. They have found themselves working nine-to-five most of the time to fit in with their clients and sometimes they realise they have been working so hard they haven't left the flat in days. They also feel guilty about the effect they and thousands of other digital nomads are having on the local economy. Agustin Cocola-Gant from the University of Lisbon has been studying the changes among the local Portuguese population of having thousands of digital nomads turning up on their doorsteps. "They see people coming from the north of Europe, that don't speak Portuguese, who are taking their places. The shops, the stores are changing, they're losing the places where they meet with their friends and neighbours." All of a sudden trendy coffee shops are replacing local family run cafes. As Mr Cocola-Gant points out, all those people like Jemma and James are earning far more than the locals. "People in the north of Europe earn quite a lot of money, and obviously it's more convenient for them to live here, because it is much cheaper. And also they can have a better quality of life because of the weather, the beach, etc," he says. He argues that the digital nomads, earning North European wages and living in the cheap south, is forcing up house prices, turning family homes into holiday lets and driving out the locals who can no longer afford to live in the centre of Lisbon. And their kind of lifestyle raises a different, but related challenge. How do you tax people if you don't know where they are, or what they are doing? A digital nomad might be working from Bali on a tourist visa, creating a website for an American company, to be used in France, but based on a server in Switzerland. Just how do you tax such people and where should they pay it? "I honestly don't know the answer to that question," said Anne-Marie Malley of consultants Deloitte. "It's one that we asked, and I have no idea. We asked the tax experts and basically what they said is that it's very much on an individual basis. If and when this grows, then that becomes much more of a challenge for pretty much every country," she said. By their very nature, it is impossible to know how many digital nomads there are. They move too quickly to count, but there are certainly hundreds of thousands of them, and as more work becomes possible to do online, the number can only grow. For the countries they travel to, they bring not just money but problems. They can easily outspend the locals and can distort the local economy. But the bigger issue affects us all. For thousands of years, ever since the rise of agriculture and urban living, the nomad lifestyle has been in decline. As a result governments have become very used to registering and taxing people who live and work in one place for long periods of time. All that is changing, and governments will have to learn to adapt to the new age of the digital nomads. For more on this story, you can listen to Radio 4's In Business programme, broadcast on Thursday 3 May at 20:30 BST.

जब आप समुद्र तट के किनारे बैठ सकते हैं तो कार्यालय में काम क्यों करें? लैपटॉप और इंटरनेट कनेक्शन के साथ, 'डिजिटल खानाबदोशों' की एक नई पीढ़ी दुनिया भर में अपनी यात्राओं पर अपना काम ले रही है। लेकिन उनका हमेशा स्वागत नहीं किया जाता है।