Coronavirus: how quarantine has fought disease through the ages

Summary: In China's Hubei province, over a dozen cities are in lockdown in the hope of preventing further cases of the new Coronavirus. And Western countries are putting people returning from Wuhan, the city at the centre of the outbreak, into enforced isolation for up to two weeks.

By Sophie WilliamsBBC News Quarantine has long been used to prevent the spread of diseases. The term itself comes from the first known example of the isolation method. As the Black Death raged through Europe in the 14th century, Venice enforced a rule where ships had to anchor for 40 days before crew and passengers were allowed to come ashore. The waiting period was named "quarantino", which derives from the Italian for 40. It's unclear where exactly the 40 days concept came from, said Mark Harrison, Professor of the History of Medicine at the University of Oxford. One possibility is that it was a biblical reference - the idea of spending 40 days and 40 nights in the wilderness as Jesus is said to have done. Over time, the duration of quarantine has been shortened, but it remains key to limiting disease outbreaks across the globe. In the UK, one of the most famous examples is the English village of Eyam's self-imposed quarantine during the bubonic plague. Between September and December 1665, 42 residents of the Derbyshire village died. In June 1666, the newly appointed rector Willliam Mompesson decided the village should be quarantined. He told his parishioners that the village must be enclosed with no-one allowed in, or out. He said the Earl of Devonshire had offered to send food and supplies if they agreed to be quarantined. The rector told villagers he would do everything in his power to alleviate their suffering and remain with them. That August, the village saw a peak of five or six deaths a day - but hardly anyone broke the cordon. Over time, the number of cases fell and by November the disease was gone. The lockdown had worked. Nowadays, most quarantines are imposed by governments or health bodies. "When quarantine measures are introduced, they're not just based on medical calculations about whether or not they're going to be effective in stopping or slowing the advance of the infectious disease," said Mr Harrison. "You take measures such as quarantine in order to meet expectations of other governments, but also to reassure your own population." In San Francisco in 1900, Chinese immigrants were quarantined after a Chinese man was found dead in a hotel. It was later confirmed that he had died of the plague. Concerned, police officers strung rope and barbed wire around a section of Chinatown. Residents were not allowed to come in or out, and only police and health officials were allowed to cross the barrier. During World War One, about 30,000 sex workers were quarantined amid fears about the number of rising sexually transmitted diseases. They were allowed to leave once it was confirmed they no longer had STDs. Mr Harrison says the Sars epidemic of 2002-3 started a new era in infectious disease control. During the outbreak, people who had been exposed to the virus were quarantined. The Chinese government threatened to execute or jail anyone who was found to breach quarantine rules and spread the contagion. The disease reinforced lessons about the importance of working with other countries during a public health crisis. When the syndrome spread from China to the Canadian city of Toronto, 44 people were killed and several hundred more infected. About 7,000 people in Canada were placed in isolation to stop the spread of Sars. "During the outbreak in 2003 when it started spreading to other countries, quarantine of various kinds was used extensively. The use of those measures of containment was credited with stopping the pandemic becoming worse than it could have been," said Mr Harrison. "One of the lessons that people drew was a victory for old-style public health methods." As China continues with the traditional method of quarantine to respond to the new coronavirus, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has praised the country for "taking extraordinary measures in the face of what is an extraordinary challenge".

चीन के हुबेई प्रांत में, नए कोरोनावायरस के आगे के मामलों को रोकने की उम्मीद में एक दर्जन से अधिक शहर लॉकडाउन में हैं। और पश्चिमी देश प्रकोप के केंद्र में स्थित शहर, वूहान से लौटने वाले लोगों को दो सप्ताह तक के लिए अनिवार्य अलगाव में डाल रहे हैं।


San Bernardino shootings: Obama's call for unity is a tall order

Summary: On Sunday night, in his television address on the San Bernardino shootings and the "broader threat of terrorism", President Barack Obama sought to tell Americans what he was doing, what Congress should do and what the nation shouldn't do.

By Anthony ZurcherNorth America reporter It was a tall order for a 12-minute speech, which reflects the complicated, fraught-with-peril position in which the president currently finds himself. He was elected to help disentangle the nation from a Middle East war, and now a majority of the American public seems to support a new military incursion into that same region. He ran for office as the face of a more diverse, inclusive country, and yet some of the Republicans who hope to replace him have called for a religious test for Syrian refugees, racial profiling of Muslim Americans and closing down "any place where radicals are being inspired", in the words of Florida Senator Marco Rubio. 'New phase' of terrorism Mr Obama has claimed that the US is winning the war against al-Qaeda and compared its spin-off groups to a "JV team" - a term for the squad of lesser athletes in a high school sport programme. But a series of ideologically inspired attacks on US soil, along with the bloodshed in Paris last month, has Americans increasingly concerned. For the first time Mr Obama acknowledged that the nation faces a pattern of violence inspired by "a perverted interpretation of Islam that calls for war against America and the West". He drew a line connecting the shootings at Fort Hood, a Texas military base, the Boston Marathon bombings, an attack on an Army recruiting station in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and the recent bloodshed in San Bernardino and said it represents a "new phase" of terrorist threat to the US. "As we've become better at preventing complex multifaceted attacks like 9/11," he said, "terrorists turn to less complicated acts of violence like the mass shootings that are all too common in our society." Lax gun laws That reference to the recent strings of US mass shootings - at a Planned Parenthood clinic in Colorado and a church in South Carolina, for instance - was not simply made in passing, as would be clear later in the president's speech. After outlining the steps his administration was already taking to defeat the so-called Islamic State (IS), he spoke of what he sees as a real threat to US security - the nation's lax gun laws. He said individuals on the federal "no-fly" list, which prevents suspected militants from boarding US aircraft, should be prohibited from purchasing guns. "What could possibly be the argument for allowing a terrorist suspect to buy a semiautomatic weapon?" he asked. "This is a matter of national security." More than that, however, Mr Obama called for Congress to pass legislation making it harder for every American to obtain "powerful assault weapons, like the ones that were used in San Bernardino". The president has often urged greater regulation of firearms, but now he is explicitly making the case in terms of safeguarding the nation against threats both at home and inspired abroad. "The fact is that our intelligence and law-enforcement agencies, no matter how effective they are, cannot identify every would-be mass shooter," he said, "whether that individual was motivated by ISIL or some other hateful ideology". Mr Obama's call comes the day after the New York Times issued a rare front-page editorial in which it proposed a ban on "military-style" semi-automatic rifles, prompting outcry from gun-rights groups. One conservative commentator, Erick Erickson, tweeted a picture of the newspaper, riddled with bullet holes. The president's proposal will likely receive a similarly hostile reception. "Millions of Americans have chosen to protect themselves and their families by purchasing a firearm," Republican presidential candidate Ted Cruz said in a statement released shortly before the president's speech. "This is their right; indeed protecting their families is their obligation." 'Coming together' Mr Obama also asked Congress to provide him with a direct authorisation for the use of force to fight IS and for more thorough screening of visitors who currently enter the US without a visa to see if they've been to war zones, but those requests will likely be overshadowed by the gun-control issue - and questions about Mr Obama's overall IS strategy. Adding fuel to the fire is the fact that the president's speech comes in the middle of a heated battle among Republicans for their party's presidential nomination. For the better part of a year, many candidates on the right have been warning that IS presents a pressing national security threat that is being underestimated by the current administration. After the Paris attacks and, in particular, after the San Beranardino shootings, some of the Republicans who hope to replace Mr Obama in the White House are claiming vindication. "We need to come to grips with the idea that we are in the midst of the next world war," New Jersey Governor Chris Christie, another presidential aspirant, said on Friday. Mr Obama acknowledged the reality of the US electoral calendar toward the end of his Sunday night speech, after urging Americans not to "turn against one another" or frame the conflict as a war between the US and Islam. "Even in this political season, even as we properly debate what steps I and future presidents must take to keep our country safe, let's make sure we never forget what makes us exceptional," he said. "Let's not forget that freedom is more powerful than fear. That we have always met challenges, whether war or depression, natural disasters or terrorist attacks, by coming together around our common ideals as one nation and one people." Donald Trump offered his brusque reply to the speech shortly after its conclusion. "Is that all there is?" tweeted the current Republican front-runner. "We need a new president - FAST!" Until the US presidential race concludes in just under 11 months, national unity is going to be hard to find.

रविवार की रात, सैन बर्नार्डिनो गोलीबारी और "आतंकवाद के व्यापक खतरे" पर अपने टेलीविजन संबोधन में, राष्ट्रपति बराक ओबामा ने अमेरिकियों को यह बताने की कोशिश की कि वह क्या कर रहे हैं, कांग्रेस को क्या करना चाहिए और राष्ट्र को क्या नहीं करना चाहिए।


Southern season ticket rail refund: What you need to know

Summary: Rail passengers with season tickets who have been hit by long-running disruption on the Southern network are to be repaid the equivalent of a month's travel . So who's eligible for a refund, and how do you go about getting it?

The Department for Transport says more than 84,000 passengers are to be compensated following "extraordinary disruption" caused by Network Rail track failures, engineering works, unacceptably poor performance by the operator and the actions of the RMT union. Who gets a refund? Season ticket holders will be able to claim a refund for the equivalent of a month's (4 weeks) travel. That means an annual season ticket holder will be able to claim a refund against their 2016 ticket. Those claiming against quarterly, monthly or weekly tickets must have bought travel for at least 12 weeks between 24 April 2016 and 31 December 2016 to be eligible. How do you claim? Govia Thameslink Railway (GTR) - the parent company of Southern - has the details of most season ticket holders who will have given their details when buying their tickets. Ticket-holders will be sent an email inviting them to log into a website to claim compensation - which can be transferred directly to their bank account or claimed as vouchers. GTR will also be able to consider proof of purchase from people claiming this compensation who are not registered with the company. Customers do not need to contact Southern directly at this stage. How long will it take? In early January 2017 Southern will contact all customers on its database it believes qualify for a refund to confirm the amount due and the method of payment. It is has not been outlined how long it will take for refunds to be made but current refund claims normally take 20 working days. How much are they expecting to pay out? The refund scheme is being funded by the Department for Transport, not Southern. The total amount will depend on how many people claim and for what routes. Passengers with a Brighton to London annual season ticket, for example, will get £371 back. Quarterly, regular monthly and weekly season ticket holders will also qualify for a one-off payment. In response to a BBC inquiry, Southern said it did not have a definitive figure worked out.

सीजन टिकट वाले रेल यात्री जो दक्षिणी नेटवर्क पर लंबे समय से चल रहे व्यवधान से प्रभावित हुए हैं, उन्हें एक महीने की यात्रा के बराबर भुगतान किया जाना है। तो कौन धनवापसी के लिए पात्र है, और आप इसे कैसे प्राप्त करते हैं?


Wrong way Woking driver, 87, failed Surrey Police eye test

Summary: An 87-year-old motorist was stopped by police for driving the wrong way down the road - and then failed an eye test.

A police car was forced to take evasive action when the man drove the wrong way after pulling out from a junction on to the A3 in Surrey earlier. He was stopped and given a roadside eyesight test, which he failed as he could only read a number plate from 7.3m away. The minimum distance is 20m. Surrey Police said he voluntarily surrendered his driving licence. The man, from Woking, was also reported for two driving offences.

एक 87 वर्षीय मोटर चालक को पुलिस ने सड़क पर गलत तरीके से गाड़ी चलाने के लिए रोका-और फिर नेत्र परीक्षण में विफल रहा।


Coronavirus doctor's diary: Will universities be able to avoid spreading the virus?

Summary: A great migration is under way. Children have returned to school and students are beginning to leave for university. Will the UK be able to avoid the outbreaks experienced at some US universities, asks Dr John Wright of Bradford Royal Infirmary.

In the hospital we continue to see small numbers of patients with Covid-19. We walk a tightrope of preparing for the autumn surge while trying to get all our normal clinical care waiting lists back to pre-pandemic levels. The lull in acute cases provides a tense truce. In the empty visitors' car parks discarded facemasks are the new tumbleweed. Meanwhile in the city the fever is rising. Every day the coronavirus needle flickers upwards; it's tempting to tap the dial in the hope that is just a malfunction. By Friday the incidence rate has crept up towards 80 per 100,000 and the case positivity rate towards 8%, from less than 50 per 100,000 and 5% just two weeks ago. And this is happening in the middle of the largest population movement seen since the start of the pandemic in March. Last week eight million children and young people returned cautiously to school - it will be a couple of weeks before we have an accurate picture of how many outbreaks are occurring in the classroom. Universities will be next over the trenches. Next week about two million students will start back at university - young people with some of the highest rates of Covid-19, and they will come from all over the country to congregate in large numbers in university cities and campuses. They will both give and take SARS-CoV-2. In the US, where students went back after their summer vacation last month, this has caused serious problems. The New York Times has counted tens of thousands of new cases at colleges and universities in the last few weeks. So how has the University of Bradford been preparing for the start of term? Vice Chancellor Prof Shirley Congdon tells me about 60% or 70% of the curriculum will be taught online, the rest will be face-to-face. Where students need to assemble, for laboratory work for example, an attempt will be made to keep them in small bubbles - though as the vice chancellor points out, different students choose different modules, so bubbles will inevitably overlap. Freshers' week is going to look very different this year, and not just because of the masks, thermometers and guidance pamphlets that each new student will receive in a welcome pack. "The Students' Union is working with us to do activities where we can have groups where 20 or 30 students maximum experience a campus activity. And then that will be repeated again at a different time of the day or week," Shirley Congdon says. But when it comes to socialising, she accepts that students are going to do their own thing. "We don't want to enforce a police state, nor could we," she says. "So what we're trying to do with students and our staff is really create a big community that understands the importance of following social distancing, making sure that we all understand the risks." The university is ready for test and trace, following guidance from Public Health England. It would be great if the university could carry out tests itself, Shirley Congdon says, "but that's not been offered to us yet". Front line diary Prof John Wright, a doctor and epidemiologist, is head of the Bradford Institute for Health Research, and a veteran of cholera, HIV and Ebola epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa. He is writing this diary for BBC News and recording from the hospital wards for BBC Radio. As many of the positive cases now being detected are among young people with mild or no symptoms, the eyes of the nation are glaring down at them as they revel in the joy and freedom of youth. It seems unfair to blame them, though, when we are giving out such mixed messages. Go to the pub, eat out to help out, go to university. But keep your distance, don't mingle, stay home when you can. Mark Mon-Williams, a professor of psychology at the University of Leeds and the Bradford Institute of Health Research, makes the point that it's unrealistic to expect young people not to socialise, and that this is a time when it's important for their personal development to meet new people. "So I think we really should think seriously about how we can support young people to have those social interactions, while maintaining the overall safety of the population," he says. In his view, viral transmission on campus, under the new teaching regimes that have been introduced at British universities, is likely to be less of a problem than in student accommodation. In the US, according to an editorial in the British Medical Journal, asymptomatic students infected one another "at lightning speed" in halls of residence and off-campus housing. A fellow psychologist at Indiana University in the US tells Prof Mon-Williams that all teaching has now gone online, the campus is deserted and that some fraternities and sororities (male and female societies with their own residential buildings) have infection rates of 80%. Like most other northern universities, the University of Bradford stands proudly at the heart of the city, surrounded by inner city wards. It is in these wards that we are seeing by far the highest levels of positive SARS-CoV-2 test results, and in these wards where most of the student accommodation lies waiting - bare walls waiting to be decorated with student posters, silent corridors waiting to be filled with laughter and late-night conversations that will put the world to rights. Ethan Chapman, 19, who is returning to Bradford from his home in Lancaster for the second year of a course in Paramedic Science, says it's difficult to predict how the pandemic will affect his course and his social life. "In relation to parties, the school leavers will miss an opportunity," he thinks. "It's hard to know if people will still party, especially with Bradford being such a hotspot." He expects students will be urged to stay within the bubbles that they find themselves in, through sharing kitchens and bathrooms in halls, or shared houses. But some people won't enjoy having their social life curtailed in this way, he predicts, and will want to socialise with a wider group. Though he was pulled off a placement working with qualified paramedics at the start of the pandemic, he is expecting to be equipped with a fitted mask and other PPE, and for placements this year to go ahead. An added challenge in Bradford is that many students - about half of the total - live at home, with the consequent risk that they will carry the virus to older and more vulnerable family members. Studying away In Britain, in the academic year 2017-18, just over 80% of full-time students left home to study - roughly half living in purpose-built halls and the rest in private rented accommodation In 2015/6 the University of Bradford was one of 10 British universities where more than 50% of students lived at home On average in Europe, 36% of students live in their parental home There are also students such as Marium Zumeer, whom I wrote about in May after her recovery from Covid-19, who has a place at Leeds Beckett university, and will continue living at home in Bradford if she decides to accept it. Her sister, Hana. is already at the same university. Marium knows only too well how serious this illness can be, having been very ill herself, and having lost her grandfather, Mohammed, in the pandemic. She wears a mask, she carries hand sanitiser, and whenever she returns home she changes her clothes. "University is about meeting new people, socialising and making friends and joining groups, though when meeting new people you don't know if they've got the virus. It will worry me a bit," she says. "I chose a university that's close to home because I prefer staying at home, that's just a personal choice, but for those who are living at home they have to be more mature about staying safe." Follow @docjohnwright and radio producer @SueM1tchell on Twitter

ब्रैडफोर्ड रॉयल इन्फर्मरी के डॉ. जॉन राइट पूछते हैं कि एक बड़ा प्रवास चल रहा है। बच्चे स्कूल लौट आए हैं और छात्र विश्वविद्यालय के लिए रवाना होने लगे हैं। क्या यू. के. कुछ यू. एस. विश्वविद्यालयों में अनुभव किए गए प्रकोपों से बचने में सक्षम होगा।


Bloody Sunday - what happened?

Summary: On Tuesday the Saville Inquiry published its long-awaited report on Bloody Sunday when 13 people on a civil rights march were shot dead by paratroops in Londonderry, Northern Ireland. Click through this guide to find out how the day unfolded.

Sources: Cain - key events of Bloody Sunday Find out in detail what happened on the day in the Saville Report What happened next The events of Bloody Sunday caused shock and revulsion across the world. In Dublin, a crowd of protesters burnt the British Embassy. In Northern Ireland, it marked the effective end of the non-violent campaign for civil rights. Some young people who had previously regarded themselves as non-political joined the IRA. Two months after Bloody Sunday, the Stormont parliament which had ruled Northern Ireland since its creation in the 1920s was suspended and direct rule from London was imposed. In April, the Widgery Inquiry concluded that the Paratroopers' firing had "bordered on the reckless". It also concluded the soldiers had been fired upon first and some of the victims had handled weapons, despite evidence from witnesses who said the victims were unarmed civilians. The Catholic community rejected these findings as a "whitewash" and began a long campaign for another inquiry. In 1998 a fresh inquiry, headed by Lord Saville, was announced.

मंगलवार को सेविल इन्क्वायरी ने ब्लडी संडे पर अपनी लंबे समय से प्रतीक्षित रिपोर्ट प्रकाशित की जब उत्तरी आयरलैंड के लंदनडेरी में एक नागरिक अधिकार मार्च पर 13 लोगों को पैराट्रूप्स द्वारा गोली मार दी गई थी। यह जानने के लिए इस गाइड पर क्लिक करें कि दिन कैसे आया।


Which shops and leisure services are opening and closing?

Summary: The budget retailer Poundworld faces an uncertain future after falling into administration. Chains including House of Fraser, Marks and Spencer and Mothercare, have announced they are closing branches. But what kinds of shops and leisure outlets are increasing and declining most across Britain?

By Justin ParkinsonBBC Reality Check If you want to get a haircut or shave, go for a workout, drink a coffee or eat a pizza (either at home or in a restaurant), times are good. Outlets offering these services are among the fastest-growing consumer premises in Britain, according to a survey by the Local Data Company. But pubs, banks, travel agents, post offices and newsagents are becoming more of a rarity. Despite overall sales rising considerably in May, British Retail Consortium chief executive Helen Dickinson has warned that conditions remain "extremely challenging" for shops, with margins tight and competition intense. So, here are the types of premises - selling goods and/or services - apparently doing best at the moment (the net increase shows how many more premises opened than closed during the year): The Office for National Statistics says British online sales increased to 17.3% of all retailing in the year to April, from 16.1% the previous year. So, it's little surprise that businesses providing services and goods that would be hard or impossible to supply over the internet - beauty treatments, tattooing, cups of coffee, and so on - have taken over hundreds of premises. Retailers, on the other hand, face "significant head winds" - including increases in the National Living Wage and rising costs in sourcing goods, with the decline in value of the pound - says Richard Lim, chief executive of the consultancy Retail Economics. Meanwhile, consumers are looking for "low costs and convenience", leading them to online shopping for many goods, a trend, he says, that will "only accelerate", potentially damaging High Streets. Here are the retail/service sectors that lost the most premises last year (the net decrease shows how many more closed than opened): The pubs figure roughly tallies with Campaign for Real Ale data suggesting they are closing at the rate of two a day. It blames high tax rates on alcohol, saying they cause more people to drink at home. But the Office for National Statistics also reports the proportion of the population who drink has shrunk. And a parliamentary report earlier this year described bank closures as "seemingly remorseless", saying decreased use of cheques and more payments being made electronically had played their part. Likewise, sales of actual physical newspapers have fallen, as has the number of people smoking, hitting newsagents. And the Association of British Travel Agents found that 83% of people used websites to book breaks last year - up from 76% in 2016. Shops and leisure operators are dealing with an "unprecedented" range of challenges, including internet competition, business rate increases and lifestyle changes, says Mr Lim. "The question," he adds, "is how the strongest brands deal with what's happening." Read more from Reality Check Send us your questions Follow us on Twitter

बजट खुदरा विक्रेता पाउंडवर्ल्ड को प्रशासन में आने के बाद अनिश्चित भविष्य का सामना करना पड़ रहा है। हाउस ऑफ फ्रेजर, मार्क्स एंड स्पेंसर और मदरकेयर सहित श्रृंखलाओं ने घोषणा की है कि वे शाखाएं बंद कर रहे हैं। लेकिन पूरे ब्रिटेन में किस तरह की दुकानें और अवकाश की दुकानें बढ़ रही हैं और सबसे अधिक घट रही हैं?


Coronavirus: Orangebox cuts 58 jobs at Nantgarw

Summary: A total of 58 jobs are set to be cut at an office furniture firm in Rhondda Cynon Taff after sales fell during the coronavirus pandemic.

Orangebox opened its headquarters and factory in Nantgarw in 2014. The firm, which employs about 250 people in south Wales, said it was offering voluntary redundancies in the hope of avoiding compulsory lay-offs. Managing Director Mino Vernaschi said they had to make difficult decisions to ensure the future of the business. "We are confident that that there is a strong future ahead and will continue to invest in innovative products to achieve our future growth plans," she said. The firm, which also has bases in Hengoed and Huddersfield, exports furniture to countries across the world.

कोरोनावायरस महामारी के दौरान बिक्री में गिरावट के बाद रोंडा साइनन टाफ में एक कार्यालय फर्नीचर फर्म में कुल 58 नौकरियों में कटौती की जाएगी।


Why did Pope Benedict XVI resign?

Summary: Benedict XVI shocked the world in February when he became the first pope to resign in almost 600 years. But attention shifted quickly to the succession, and the election of the new Pope, Francis. Amid the drama, one question was never fully answered - why did Benedict quit?

By Mark DowdBBC Radio 4 Pope Benedict's official resignation statement offered his waning physical and mental powers as the explanation, but it's long been suspected there was more to it. And my inquiries have confirmed that. I went to visit the Nigerian Cardinal, Francis Arinze at his apartment overlooking St Peter's. He's one of the most senior figures in the church and knows the Vatican like the back of his hand. He was even, for a short time in March of this year, mooted as a possible successor to Pope Benedict. And he was one of the select handful of senior church officials who were in the Pope's Apostolic Palace when he broke the news to them personally. I raised the subject of the scandals that had preceded the Pope's bombshell decision and, in particular the Vatileaks affair in which the Pope's butler, Paolo Gabriele, had leaked confidential documents exposing Vatican power struggles. Could that have been a factor in his resignation? His answer was unexpected. "It is legitimate for a person to speculate and say 'Maybe,' because some of his documents were taken secretly. It could be one of the reasons," he told me. "Maybe he was so pained that his own butler leaked out so many letters that a journalist was able to write a book. It can be one of the reasons. I don't expect him to be enjoying that event." In the Vatican, young ambitious members of the church are advised to "hear a lot, see everything and say nothing". That such a senior figure should essentially countenance a departure from the official line is significant. Essentially, Pope Benedict was a teaching Pope, a theologian and intellectual. "His idea of hell would be to be sent on a one-week management training seminar," one insider told me. His misfortune was to accede to the papacy at a time that there was a power vacuum, in which a number of middle-ranking members of the Roman curia, the Church's civil service, had turned into "little Borgias" as another clerical official put it. Don't take my word for it, this assessment comes from the highest source - the current leader of the Church. And Pope Francis does not mince his words. "The court is the leprosy of the papacy," he has said. He has described the curia as "narcissistic" and "self-referential". This is what Joseph Ratzinger had to deal with. Over a period of time dating back to final years of Pope John Paul II, the heart of the HQ of the Roman Church had become dominated by infighting cliques. This was what the Pope's butler, Paolo Gabriele said he wanted to expose by photocopying and leaking all those documents. But Gabriele said his relationship with Pope Benedict was like "father and son". So why did he act in a way that was sure to embarrass a man he was clearly close to? "He said he had seen many ugly things inside the Vatican. At a certain point he couldn't take it any more," says his lawyer Cristiana Arru, clutching her rosary beads, in only her second ever public interview. "And so he looked for a way out. He says he saw lies being told. He thought that the Pope was being kept in the dark regarding key events." Gabriele was found guilty of "aggravated theft" and spent three months in custody before being pardoned by the Pope. But that was not the end of it. The Church's leader set up an inquiry into the whole affair. Three Cardinals produced a 300-page report. It was meant to be kept under lock and key, but a leading Italian daily claimed it had been briefed on its contents. The result? More embarrassing leaks, this time with claims of a network of gay priests exerting "inappropriate influence" inside the Vatican. The headaches continued to mount for the German Pope. In many journalistic endeavours, "follow the money" is good advice for getting to grips with what is really going on, and it applies to the Vatican too. One of the most eyebrow-raising stories we encountered involved an annual Nativity scene in St Peter's Square. For years, deals were struck in which the Vatican paid several times the market rate. When a whistleblower tried to reform the system, officials in the papal court persuaded a hapless Pope Benedict to promote him to a role 4,000 miles from Rome. Similar antics occurred at the Vatican Bank, for years a source of unwelcome headlines for the Catholic Church. It was set up to help religious orders and foundations transfer much-needed money to far-flung parts of the world. But when a sizeable proportion of the transactions are in cash and are being sent to politically unstable parts of the planet, it does not take a genius to see what might go wrong. It appears that bank officials took key decisions without always informing the Pope. When the board ousted its reforming president, Ettore Gotti Tedeschi (conveniently, on the day that the news of the Gabriele's arrest was getting saturation news coverage), the Pope did not find out until it was too late. He was "very surprised" in the later words of his private secretary. Gotti Tedeschi was an Opus Dei member and thought to be close to the Pope, but in the end this did not protect him. Did all this prove too much for the ageing Pope Benedict? Examine the precise words of the papal press spokesman, Father Federico Lombardi: "The Church needed someone with more physical and spiritual energy who would be able to overcome the problems and challenges of governing the church in this ever-changing modern world." Maybe that is as near as you are ever going to get from a senior official that the church had become ungovernable and needed someone else at the helm to stop the rot. This is a church that now has a huge opportunity to move on and face up to the challenges of the 21st Century. Often seen as remote, its leadership is now canvassing the views of ordinary Catholics on hot-button issues such as contraception and gay marriage. Reform has come on the back of scandal. This is a development that has not gone unnoticed by Cardinal Arinze. "What you have to remember," he says, "is that God often writes straight on crooked lines." Mark Dowd presents The Report on BBC Radio 4 on Thursday 28 November at 20:00 GMT Follow @BBCNewsMagazine on Twitter and on Facebook

बेनेडिक्ट XVI ने फरवरी में दुनिया को चौंका दिया जब वह लगभग 600 वर्षों में इस्तीफा देने वाले पहले पोप बने। लेकिन ध्यान उत्तराधिकार और नए पोप, फ्रांसिस के चुनाव पर तेजी से स्थानांतरित हो गया। नाटक के बीच, एक सवाल का पूरी तरह से जवाब कभी नहीं दिया गया-बेनेडिक्ट ने क्यों छोड़ा?


Woman charged over York attack on dog and owner

Summary: A woman has been charged after a dog was kicked and a man spat at and racially abused.

The dog walker was not seriously injured in the attack in the Hob Moor area of York on 10 June, police said. The 51-year-old woman has been charged with racially aggravated assault, harassment of the owner and causing unnecessary suffering to the dog. She is due to appear at York Magistrates' Court next month, North Yorkshire Police said. Follow BBC Yorkshire on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Send your story ideas to yorkslincs.news@bbc.co.uk

एक महिला पर कुत्ते को लात मारने और एक आदमी पर थूकने और नस्लीय दुर्व्यवहार करने का आरोप लगाया गया है।


Faroe Islands 'close down' as tourists fly in to repair them

Summary: In the North Atlantic lies a remote group of volcanic islands renowned for their rugged beauty. Increasingly favoured by tourists, the Faroe Islands announced this year they were temporarily closing down parts of the country.

By Yaroslav LukovBBC News, Faroe Islands The first thing you discover about these islands, halfway between Norway and Iceland, is the weather. Monstrous gusts welcome planes as they wobble in to land at picturesque Vagar airport. Step outside the terminal and the power of the wind can almost knock you off your feet. When the archipelago's authorities declared they were shutting down 11 popular tourist sites for two days last month, they also advertised for volunteers. "Closed for maintenance, open for voluntourism," their video said. From thousands of applications, 100 people have been selected. Aged between 18 and 75, they have come from 25 countries, including as far afield as Australia. These "voluntourists" agreed to pay for their own flights and work for two days on selected sites. In return, they are fed and lodged without charge. On arrival, they are split into colour-coded groups to work with the locals across the 18 islands. "Brown group" are quickly put to work near the islands' most important historical site in the village of Kirkjubour, which is home to about 50 residents, on the largest island of Streymoy. Few among the team of Britons, Norwegians, Danes and Irish have the faintest idea of what to expect. A 7km (4.3 miles) rocky trail awaits, snaking up into the foggy hills, and with it a full working day of lifting heavy boulders. By the end of day one everyone in the team is scratched and hurting, discovering muscles they never knew they had. But for many, there is also a feeling of deep satisfaction and a sense of belonging. Danish volunteer Casper Abenth came along in search of a challenge, away from his typical office job. "It was pretty hard work - we're out in the elements and there's a lot of wind and there is a lot of carrying heavy stones," he says. On the second day, they continue their task of building the rocky trail. Green group are working a short ferry-ride away across the sea, past fog-covered, rocky outposts, on the island of Sandoy. They are in Skarvanes, a village with a fewer than 10 residents. The team, which includes Germans and Americans, is tasked with mending the old cairn path, fixing gates and building steps over fences, or stiles. Other volunteer groups are busy working on a range of projects including constructing viewpoints to help preserve nature and protect birdlife sanctuaries. The future for the Faroes? After two days of hard work, project organisers Visit Faroe Islands tell the volunteers their results have made a "notable impact", far exceeding their expectations. "It has been wonderful to see so many faces from around the world come together with local villagers and farmers with one united mission and a 'roll-up-your-sleeves' attitude," says director Guðrið Hojgaard. A similar project for 2020 has already been announced. The concept of "voluntourism" itself is nothing new: such initiatives have taken place elsewhere in recent years. So, is the scheme breaking new ground in responsible tourism or just a clever publicity campaign to get more visitors? The islanders say the maintenance projects were co-ordinated with them and took into account their needs first. In some areas plans had to be adjusted not to damage the fragile ecosystem. "This was something that really had to be done for the locals," said Sandoy farmer Jacob Martin Debes. "So, it wasn't just a PR campaign," he said, adding that the main beneficiaries of the maintenance projects would be local residents. 'Not another Iceland' The big question now is how to strike the right balance between luring more tourists and protecting the ecosystem and traditional way of life. The idea of a boom in tourism may seem unlikely as the Faroe Islands - an autonomous country part of the Kingdom of Denmark - are still relatively unknown, even in Scandinavia. "It can't be easy to market the Faroe Islands. Because it's in the middle of nowhere," said Swedish volunteer Hakan Johansson. 51,312 Population 80,000Sheep 18 Volcanic islands 110,000Tourists in 2018 Travel here also remains a big headache. Take the UK - potentially a huge tourist market - where the only direct flights come from Edinburgh and the same difficulties face those in continental Europe. But change is afoot. Iceland, seen by some Faroese as a cultural and linguistic big brother, has become a prime tourist destination with more than two million visitors a year. And there is an expectation that these Nordic islands could follow suit, because of a 10% rise in tourism and 110,000 people visiting in 2018. "We don't want to become a new Iceland. We have to keep it the way it has always been here," one regional tourism representative said. "We don't want ugly hotels and apartments taking over our islands. We have to protect the local farmers and their sheep." The picturesque capital of Torshavn has a population of about 20,000 and just two hotels, although two more are being built. For all the Faroe Islands' big plans, Faroese Prime Minister Aksel Johannesen has made clear he values the "huge responsibility" to look after the community and their environment. "While we welcome people from all over the globe to experience the Faroe Islands, we also need to preserve and protect what we have to ensure a sustainable future," he said. Saviour Mifsud is a Faroe Islands-based photographer.

उत्तरी अटलांटिक में ज्वालामुखीय द्वीपों का एक दूरस्थ समूह है जो अपनी ऊबड़-खाबड़ सुंदरता के लिए प्रसिद्ध है। पर्यटकों द्वारा तेजी से पसंद किए जाने के कारण, फरो आइलैंड्स ने इस साल घोषणा की कि वे देश के कुछ हिस्सों को अस्थायी रूप से बंद कर रहे हैं।


Hull man Darren Barker named as victim in A63 crash

Summary: A pedestrian killed in a crash involving two cars on the A63 in East Yorkshire has been named by police.

Darren Barker, 51, from Hull was taken to hospital on the evening of Saturday 3 April after the collision on Clive Sullivan Way, but later died. His family continue to be supported by specially trained officers, said Humberside Police. Witnesses to the crash on the busy road A-road are still being sought by officers, the force added. Follow BBC Yorkshire on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Send your story ideas to yorkslincs.news@bbc.co.uk

ईस्ट यॉर्कशायर में ए63 पर दो कारों की दुर्घटना में मारे गए एक पैदल यात्री का नाम पुलिस ने लिया है।


New Daybreak show debuts on ITV

Summary: New morning show Daybreak has made its debut on ITV.

Ex-One Show presenters Adrian Chiles and Christine Bleakley kicked off the programme by welcoming and thanking viewers for "joining us on our first day". Former Prime Minister Tony Blair also appeared on the show for his first live UK television interview since the publication of his memoir, A Journey. Daybreak's predecessor GMTV bowed out on Friday after a 17-year run. The new show is not a complete departure from its predecessor, with former GMTV faces Kate Garraway, John Stapleton and Dr Hilary Jones appearing alongside new presenters. The inaugural show featured items including interviews with victims of the Farepak collapse, cuts to the schools building programme and a skateboarding bulldog. It also visited Forth Park Hospital in Kirkcaldy, Fife, to meet parents of newborn babies, coinciding with the birthday of the programme. The Prince of Wales is due to appear later this week from the new studio in London's South Bank. Blogging on The Guardian's website, Stuart Heritage wrote: "Although it does seem like a continuation of GMTV rather than a bold reinvention, some of the new aspects of Daybreak have worked. "Adrian and Christine have done reasonably well and the other new faces all seem like good additions." The Daily Mail noted "the pair looked incredibly cosy", even though "they stumbled over a word or two". But The Telegraph's Andrew Pettie seemed less than impressed, saying "this could have been any old edition of any other breakfast show". "Daybreak's producers had promised that it would help set the day's news agenda for its viewers. For most of the show, however, the news items were flabby and lacklustre," he added.

न्यू मॉर्निंग शो डेब्रेक ने आई. टी. वी. पर अपनी शुरुआत की है।


Arthur teacher comes out in children's cartoon series

Summary: Animation plays a big part in both children's and adults' lives these days - just look at the popularity of online games , TV series such as Paddington , and recent box office hits such as Detective Pikachu .

By Sherie RyderBBC UGC hub and Social News So when long-running US cartoon series Arthur introduced its first gay wedding, it gained huge traction on social media. Now on its 22nd series, Arthur is produced by American public-service broadcaster PBS, known for its educational children's broadcasts, and is currently broadcast on CBBC daily at 0700. In this episode, Arthur, an eight-year-old aardvark, attends his teacher's wedding, along with friends and other teachers, where they anticipate Mr Ratburn's marriage to Patty, a female rat. The first surprise is that Patty is his sister, and the second, when he walks down the aisle, is that he's with his groom. In New York, one Twitter user's post highlighting Mr Ratburn's gay marriage, was "liked" more than 112,000 times in 21 hours. Gamers, animators and fans have shared their congratulations, with comments including: "Love conquers hate," "Welcome out," and "Arthur says, 'Gay rights.''' While one Twitter user asked why no-one was talking about the fact Patty was also "clearly" gay. Another Twitter user, an actor, writer and "gay internet person", was clearly happy with the coming out, calling it his "Game of Thrones finale". One fan of drawing and watching cartoons joined in with a '"Woo-hoo" for featuring gay teachers in children's cartoons. But not everyone was impressed with the broadcast. One Twitter user questioned PBS Kids's agenda. And someone on Facebook called it "grooming kids and wrong". It's not the first time a gay character has been introduced to children's cartoons. Variety Magazine reported that children's TV network Nickelodeon had featured a "bi-racial" gay couple in its series Loud House in 2016. And what about the timing of the event? It comes not long after Teacher Appreciation Week in the US, when Arthur PBS tweeted a form encouraging pupils to nominate their favourite teacher, giving its own example of Mr Ratburn. You might also be interested in:

एनिमेशन इन दिनों बच्चों और वयस्कों दोनों के जीवन में एक बड़ी भूमिका निभाता है-बस ऑनलाइन गेम, टीवी श्रृंखला जैसे पैडिंगटन और हाल ही में बॉक्स ऑफिस पर हिट जैसे डिटेक्टिव पिकाचू की लोकप्रियता को देखें।


Profile: Taliban leader Mullah Akhtar Mansour

Summary: Elevation to the top leadership of one of the world's deadliest militant movements does not come with assurances of longevity, but Mullah Akhtar Mohammad Mansour's short tenure as Taliban leader has to be some sort of a record.

By M Ilyas KhanBBC News He came from the influential Ishaqzai clan of the Durrani tribe of Pashtuns in Kandahar province, the political and cultural seat of Pashtun power in Afghanistan. Before assuming the leadership of the Taliban, he functioned as the acting head of the movement on behalf of Mullah Mohammad Omar, its founder and spiritual head. In this capacity, he is understood to have authorised the release of periodic statements by Mullah Omar on the official Taliban website, even after Mullah Omar had been dead for a long time. This created controversy within the higher echelons of the movement, and there were allegations that he might have conspired with some other tribal allies or elements in Pakistan to assassinate Mullah Omar. Many of his detractors accused him of being firmly in the hands of the Pakistani intelligence apparatus, which they say offers him sanctuary and protection. However, the main challenges to his leadership eased away, and even al-Qaeda chief Ayman al-Zawahiri expressed his allegiance to Mullah Mansour as the legitimate successor to Mullah Omar, after his appointment in July 2015. The BBC spoke to a number of experts on the Taliban to build up a picture of how the group operated under its new leader. A prominent young fighter Mullah Mansour was born sometime between 1963 and 1965 in Band-e-Taimoor, a village in Maiwand district of Kandahar, a southern province of Afghanistan that shares a border with Pakistan's south-western Balochistan province. During the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s, Mullah Mansour, like some other members of his family, is said to have carried a gun alongside Islamist resistance fighters of the mujahideen. Like some other members of his family, he also followed a local group led by Mullah Haji Mohammad, who was the regional commander of Hezb-e-Islami Khalis, one of seven main Pakistan-based resistance groups led by Maulvi Yunus Khalis. Some sources say he was a prominent, though young, fighter, but not much is known about his exploits then. In 1987, he is known to have moved to Quetta, the capital of Pakistan's Balochistan province, and later to Peshawar in the north-west, in what is now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, where he resumed a religious education that had been interrupted by the war in Afghanistan. Mullah Mansour was among the first bands of Taliban, or seminary students, that descended from Pakistan to capture Kandahar and then the rest of Afghanistan in a two-year blitzkrieg that wiped out nearly all the various mujahideen groups except the Northern Alliance. According to an independent Afghan news agency, Pajhwok, after the capture of Kandahar, the Taliban leadership put Mansour in charge of airport security in the southern city and later made him "commander of its jet fighters". When the Taliban captured Kabul in 1996, he was initially appointed as director of the Afghan airline Ariana and was later made minister of civil aviation, with additional responsibility for transport and the air force. There have been allegations that when the Taliban were in power, he used drug money from the poppy fields of the south to set up businesses in the Gulf. Rise to the leadership Like most Taliban leaders in the south, Mullah Mansour moved to Quetta when the US attacked Afghanistan in late 2001. As Taliban resistance to the US grew, he was named shadow governor of Kandahar, an indication of his importance within the movement. He also quickly climbed the ladder within the Taliban ruling council. In 2007, Pakistani security forces captured former Taliban defence minister and the movement's acting head, Mullah Obaidullah Akhund, in Quetta. The Taliban's ruling council replaced him with Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar and appointed Mullah Mansour as one of his two deputies. Mullah Baradar himself was arrested in a joint ISI-CIA operation in 2010, paving the way for Mansour to become the acting head of the movement. Leaks by Afghan intelligence in July that Mullah Omar had died sometime in 2013 created an embarrassing situation for Mullah Mansour. But the Pakistan-based leadership council moved quickly to confirm him as their permanent head, in a move aimed at preventing initial unrest among the rank and file from translating into a wider divide.

दुनिया के सबसे घातक उग्रवादी आंदोलनों में से एक के शीर्ष नेतृत्व में पदोन्नति दीर्घायु के आश्वासन के साथ नहीं आती है, लेकिन तालिबान नेता के रूप में मुल्ला अख्तर मोहम्मद मंसूर का छोटा कार्यकाल किसी न किसी तरह का रिकॉर्ड होना चाहिए।


Inside Ironbridge Power Station's doomed cooling towers

Summary: For 50 years now, they have stood proudly at the heart of the Ironbridge Gorge as one of Shropshire's best-known landmarks. But the cooling towers at Ironbridge Power Station will become just a memory later this year - when they are demolished simultaneously in a matter of seconds.

The power station opened in 1969, but stopped generating electricity in November 2015. Now a major programme of demolition is under way at the site, nestling on the banks of the River Severn. The dramatic moment will be the collapsing of the four cooling towers. And although no firm date has been announced, developers Harworth Group said they were committed to bringing them down "later this year". It is a date in Ironbridge's history that is likely to draw large crowds to the area. Already photographers and fans of the towers have been scouting out the best positions to position their cameras and tripods. For now, a team of demolition workers continue working to transform what was once one of the UK's largest plants, providing power for the equivalent of 750,000 homes. The most recent master-plan shows a mixed-use scheme for 1,000 new homes in addition to a range of commercial, leisure and community uses, including a park and ride facility and a school. Talks have been taking place with Network Rail over bringing existing rail sidings on the site back to life. Walking around the site, you are immediately struck by the imposing size of the towers, and the bravery and skill of the workers who built them. And it is pretty awe-inspiring to step inside one of the towers, where air and water were once brought into direct contact with each other to reduce the water's temperature. Next door to the towers is the cavernous turbine hall, where you could be forgiven for thinking you have wandered on to the set of a Mad Max sci-fi film. It is a mass of mangled metal and giant tubes, with workmen using oxy-acetylene cutting equipment. Building work on the power station began in 1962, and it was connected to the National Grid seven years later. Originally coal-fired, it converted to burning wood-pellets in 2013. The power station was switched off when it reached its 20,000 hours limit of generation under an EU directive. You may also be interested in: Nearby residents were divided over whether they wanted to see the demise of the cooling towers, with some saying they were "an eyesore". But others had been clinging to the hope that at least one tower could be preserved for generations to come. Photography and words by John Bray

पिछले 50 वर्षों से, वे आयरनब्रिज गॉर्ज के केंद्र में श्रॉपशायर के सबसे प्रसिद्ध स्थलों में से एक के रूप में गर्व से खड़े हैं। लेकिन आयरनब्रिज पावर स्टेशन पर कूलिंग टावर इस साल के अंत में सिर्फ एक स्मृति बन जाएंगे-जब उन्हें कुछ ही सेकंड में एक साथ ध्वस्त कर दिया जाएगा।


El Chapo: How Mexico's drug kingpin fell victim to his own legend

Summary: Caked in filth, the world's most powerful drug baron hauled himself from a manhole.

By Joshua NevettBBC News For Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán, whose feats of escapology were matched only by his drug-smuggling acumen, it was a trademark yet ultimately futile manoeuvre. The 17 Mexican marines raiding his ranch nearby would catch him soon enough. Six months earlier, he had humiliated Mexican authorities by fleeing Mexico's most secure prison, his second jailbreak in two decades. This time he would not slip through their fingers, although those who caught him were left in no doubt how angry he was to have been arrested. "You are all going to die," he warned police in the hours after his capture in Los Mochis, north-west Mexico, on 8 January 2016. Three years on, Guzmán has been handed a life sentence, plus 30 years, after being found guilty of international drug smuggling in a lurid three-month trial that exposed his criminal empire. At his sentencing in New York, Guzmán said he had received an unfair trial and his treatment in solitary confinement was tantamount to torture. "We're never going to see his like again," Douglas Century, the author of the book Hunting El Chapo, told the BBC. Guzmán was the oldest of seven children born into a poor family in the rural community of La Tuna in Sinaloa state, north-west Mexico. His parents - Emilio Guzmán Bustillos and María Consuelo Loera Pérez - earned their living from farming. His father was officially a cattle rancher but is believed to have been an opium poppy farmer, Malcolm Beith writes in his book, The Last Narco. Guzmán's enterprising spirit was apparent from a young age. He would support his family by selling oranges to peasant farmers for a few pesos. His penchant for the spoils of wealth didn't go unnoticed, either. In a Vice News podcast, Guzmán's younger sister Bernarda said he would wear fake gold jewellery when visiting family members. "Even as a little child, he had ambitions," his mother told filmmakers in 2014. She recalled he had "a lot of paper money" which he would count and recount. His first foray into organised crime came at the age of 15, when he cultivated his own marijuana plantation with his cousins. Then, he adopted the nickname "El Chapo" - Mexican slang for "Shorty". But his ambitions belied his diminutive stature (he is only 5ft 6ins, or 1.64m). In his late teens, Guzmán left La Tuna to seek his fortune in drug smuggling. "He always fought for a better life," his mother said. That better life would come at a cost, paid for by illegal drugs and years of bloodshed. From his beginnings as a hitman, Guzmán's rise through the ranks of the criminal underworld was swift. Former cartel kingpin Héctor "El Güero" Palma gave Guzmán his first break in Guadalajara in the late 1970s, when he oversaw a shipment of drugs from the Sierra Madre mountains. Guzmán was ambitious and eager to increase the quantities of drugs being transported, according to Mr Beith's book, The Last Narco. He was also "no-nonsense" and would execute employees himself if deliveries were late, Mr Beith said. Guzmán's reputation for ruthless efficiency was duly noted. In the 1980s he was introduced to Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo - known as the Godfather of the Guadalajara cartel - who put him in charge of handling logistics. When Félix Gallardo was arrested in 1989, his cartel's drug trafficking territories were divided among different factions, later known as The Federation. Guzmán was a beneficiary, setting up his own Sinaloa cartel with other traffickers in north-west Mexico. In the 1990s, he honed his operation, pioneering the use of sophisticated underground tunnels to move drugs across the border. "He was the go-to guy," David Weinstein, a former federal prosecutor in Miami, told the BBC. "When the United States started shutting down ports of entry in the Atlantic and Pacific in the 1990s, drugs had to go through Mexico. And if it had to go through Mexico, it had to go through El Chapo." He invested his proceeds wisely, not only expanding his enterprise, but building infrastructure that benefited locals in Sinaloa too. This cemented his popularity. "You are Santa Claus. And everybody likes Santa Claus," Eduardo Medina Mora, Mexico's former ambassador in Washington, told the New Yorker in 2014. Over time, Guzmán's cartel became one of the biggest traffickers of drugs to the US and in 2009, he entered Forbes' list of the world's richest men at number 701, with an estimated worth of $1bn (£709m). As his wealth and empire grew, so too did scrutiny from law enforcement. "The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) have been after him for decades," Mr Weinstein said. In 1993, a Roman Catholic cardinal was shot dead in a turf war with rival drug smugglers. Guzmán was among those blamed and a bounty was placed on his head by the Mexican government. His moustachioed face, previously unknown to the public, started appearing in newspapers and on TV screens. Within weeks, he was arrested in Guatemala and he was later sentenced to 20 years in prison on charges of conspiracy, drug trafficking and bribery. A prison psychological profile described him as "egocentric, narcissistic, shrewd, persistent, tenacious, meticulous, discriminating, and secretive", according to the New Yorker. In prison, he enjoyed a life of luxury, smuggling in lovers, prostitutes and Viagra, according to reports in Mexico. Eight years behind bars was enough for Guzmán. In January 2001, he broke out of a top-security jail, Puente Grande. He did so, as the myth goes, in a laundry cart. What's more likely, multiple journalists and authors argue, is that he simply walked out of the door with the help of corrupt guards. Guzmán controlled the prison to such an extent he escaped in police uniform, Mexican journalist Anabel Hernández wrote in her book, Narcoland. Guzmán would spend the next decade evading authorities and consolidating his power as Mexico's pre-eminent drug smuggler. In that period, he always seemed to be one step ahead of would-be captors and rival cartels. "He's a micro-manager," said Mr Century, who co-authored his book with Andrew Hogan, the undercover DEA agent who caught Guzmán in 2014. "In the text messages we have, he's in the weeds of every single minor facet of his drug operation." Sex was his other preoccupation, Mr Century said. "He had more mistresses than you can probably fathom. This was his existence: having sex with strange women and micro-managing every detail of his operation." After 13 years on the run, Guzmán was captured by Mexican marines called in by Mr Hogan in February 2014. Guzmán's second prison break, in July 2015, was arguably even more fantastical than the first. This time, his accomplices used GPS to burrow a 1.5km (one mile) tunnel that led directly underneath his cell in Altiplano prison in central Mexico. The escape was elaborate and carefully planned. The tunnel had ventilation, lighting and stairs and the exit was hidden by a construction site. Mexican TV stations later aired footage that showed that guards failed to act when loud hammering was heard from inside Guzmán's cell. Guzmán had embarrassed Mexico's government for the second time, leaving then-President Enrique Peña Nieto "deeply troubled" and "outraged". His freedom, however, was short-lived. In January 2016, Guzmán was tracked down to a house in an affluent part of Los Mochis in northern Sinaloa. Five of Guzmán's guards were killed in the raid by Mexican marines and he managed to flee out of a manhole, but was caught in a car while leaving town. One year later, he was extradited to the US. His Achilles' heel, Mr Century told the BBC, was his narcissism. He was reaching out to actors and directors to commission screenplays about his life, Mr Century said. His communication with actors and producers gifted Mexico's attorney general a new line of investigation. "When he escaped from prison in 2015, he probably could have run away to the mountains and just lived," Mr Century said. Instead, Guzmán made the unprecedented move of granting an exclusive interview to Hollywood actor Sean Penn in October 2015. It was a decision that may have cost him his freedom. "I have a fleet of submarines, airplanes, trucks and boats," he said in the interview published in Rolling Stone magazine. After his capture it was speculated - though never formally confirmed - that Mexican authorities found Guzmán by tracking Penn. "He contacted actresses and producers, which was part of one line of investigation," said Mexico's attorney general, Arely Gómez. Facing a life sentence at a "supermax" prison in the US, Guzmán's fleet is of no use to him now. Over his 30-year criminal career, he is believed to have earned more than $14bn (£11bn) in cash proceeds from narcotics sales, the US Department of Justice said. So far, the value of Guzmán's assets has proven difficult to verify. Forbes even removed him from its billionaire rankings over verification concerns. The $14bn figure is too high, Bruce Bagley, a Mexican drug cartel expert, argued. He told Forbes that most Mexican drug lords plough their revenues into "operations and protection", estimating that "El Chapo probably makes well below a billion per year". Mr Weinstein said the $14bn figure was not unrealistic, but doubted the full amount would be recovered. Some of his assets were mentioned during his 11-week trial in New York. A former cartel member told the court Guzmán bought homes in every state in Mexico. Miguel Angel Martinez said Guzmán was so wealthy, he had a private zoo, a $10m beach house and yacht he named after himself ("Chapito"), the court heard. The most jaw-dropping revelations, however, were not about his wealth. BBC reporter Tara McKelvey covered the trial, which started in November 2018. She said the courtroom "looked like a real-life movie", the jurors watching intently as they would a Netflix show. His beauty queen wife, Emma Coronel Aispuro, she said, "looked bored most of the time" - even when Guzmán's former mistress testified. While Coronel remained placid, the trial's astonishing moments shocked others. One witness, for example, told the court Guzmán buried a man alive. Another told of a rival narco chief who refused to shake Guzmán's hand - and paid for it with his life. Court papers also accused him of drugging and raping girls as young as 13, calling them his "vitamins". The scale of his drug trafficking operation was laid bare, too. Assistant US Attorney Adam Fels alleged that Guzmán had sent the equivalent of more than a line of cocaine for every single person in the US in just four shipments. And to protect his businesses, a bribe of $100m (£77m) was paid to former President Peña Nieto when he took office in 2012, it was alleged in court. Mr Peña Nieto strenuously denies the allegation. When Guzmán's guilty verdict was read aloud, his mouth was "agape" and he looked "vaguely stunned", the New York Times reported. In a trial that attracted podcasters, screenwriters and true-crime obsessives, some observers said the media attention trivialised the proceedings. The intention was quite the contrary, our correspondent said. The trial was meant to be a public spectacle to show what El Chapo and his henchmen had done and to send a warning to others, she said. The title of Mr Beith's book, The Last Narco, suggests Guzmán is one of a dying breed of ultra-violent drug barons as bloodthirsty as they are shrewd. Yet, while Guzmán is likely to die behind bars, Mexico's drug-smuggling problem is likely to outlive him. In his Rolling Stone interview, Guzmán said it was false to assume drug trafficking would cease "the day I don't exist". For all his supposed vanity and self-confidence, not even Guzmán can claim to be the last narco.

गंदगी में डूबा हुआ, दुनिया का सबसे शक्तिशाली ड्रग बैरन खुद को एक मैनहोल से खींचता है।


Ruff weather: Wintry scenes in Scotland

Summary: Snow has continued to fall over large parts of Scotland.

The white stuff has been falling over the Highlands, parts of Moray, Perthshire, Tayside and central Scotland. Some dramatic images have been captured by the Sportscotland Avalanche Information Service (SAIS). SAIS teams report on the potential risk of avalanches in six mountain areas - Glencoe, Lochaber, Creag Meagaidh, Northern Cairngorms, Southern Cairngorms and Torridon. The service, which is used by hillwalkers and climbers, runs between December and early April. Several of the team members make their daily checks accompanied by their hardy dogs. This one chills out during a trip into the Southern Cairngorms. Snow has also fallen over central Scotland where a small number of schools have been closed. The white stuff has been falling to depths of several inches in Tyndrum. And to even greater depths at Dalwhinnie in the Highlands. A pet rabbit called Bugs has been eating the carrot noses on snowmen built in a garden in Inverness in the Highlands where almost 100 schools are shut and snow has affected travel on some roads. Related Internet Links SAIS

स्कॉटलैंड के बड़े हिस्सों में बर्फबारी जारी है।


The bedbug summit - banishing the itchy insects

Summary: More than 300 people have gathered at the National Bedbug Summit in Washington DC to try to find ways to deal with the growing problem of infestations. Experts say bedbugs are now the "toughest pests to control", and that the insects are becoming more resistant to chemical treatments.

By Rajini VaidyanathanBBC News, Washington Warning - reading this could make you itch. "I can't think of anything creepier than these little things that suck the blood out of you," says Bob Rosenberg, vice-president of the National Pest Management Association. "You wake up with your sheets stained by faecal matter and blood; can you think of anything worse?" he asks. With a description like that - perhaps not. And that is why more than 300 people, from lawmakers to pest controllers to academics, have met in the nation's capital to discuss ways to beat the bedbugs. Bug bear It's not your usual fodder for Washington summits, granted - but the issue of bedbugs is so widespread that representatives from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the US Department of Agriculture, and the US Department of Housing and Urban Development are among the list of attendees. There are no nationally-collated figures on the numbers of bedbug infestations in the US, but officials from the EPA say cases are on the rise, and that they are putting more money and manpower into tackling the problem. "It's spreading throughout the country," says Bill Diamond, from the EPA. "It used to just be concentrated in hot spots but now we're seeing them pop up in lots of places." Mr Diamond says that while cases are still mainly confined to cities on the East Coast, there are now reports of infestations in every state in America. The purpose of the bedbug summit is to determine the nature and scope of the problem and find ways to deal with it more efficiently. One problem, Mr Diamond says, is that the bugs are becoming increasingly resistant to the pesticides used to control them. "There are many different strains of bugs not only in this country but around the world and that's one of the problems we are having," he adds. Itchy infestations This is one reason why the nation's pest controllers now say that bedbugs are the toughest insects to deal with. "When you ask US pest control operators what is the most difficult pest to control - is it termites, cockroaches, bedbugs or ants - close to 80% say bedbugs are the most difficult," says Mr Rosenberg. "There's not any one silver bullet, not one magic thing you can do that works all the time." Bedbugs often live in the seams of mattresses, sofas and sheets, emerging to feed on their victims at night. They are not known to carry diseases, but many people develop an itchy swelling when bitten. Many people are now trying to deal with bedbugs themselves, and while this was a topic for discussion on the summit's agenda, experts say DIY treatments such as home chemicals and "foggers" - bug bombs - should be used with caution. Fifty years ago, cases of bedbugs were virtually unheard of. Back then, chemicals such as DDT - which is now banned - were credited for killing them off. In recent years, the rise has been attributed by some experts to an increase in international travel. The numbers of people calling out professional help to eradicate bedbugs is now at an all-time high. Between 2006 and 2009 it tripled - with almost $258m (£160m) spent on treatments. In New York last year, locations including the flagship Nike store, a branch of lingerie chain Victoria's Secret and even the BBC's studios at the United Nations were forced to deal with infestations. 'Stigma misplaced' One of the summit's attendees, Michael O'Leary from the Baltimore City Health Department, says his city saw a 93% increase in infestations between July and December 2010, compared with the previous year. "We see about 90 cases per month during the peak periods which is during summer. Overall we see maybe 650 to 700 cases in a year, and that's probably only a quarter of the actual cases," he says. He has come to the summit in the hope of securing more resources to deal with the problem. "We are doing what we can, but we could be doing a lot more," he says. "The stigma around bugs is that they are caused by people being dirty, poor people, or through inadequate housing - that is not true. "I often go to talks and I have a piece of string on me and I say picking up a bug during the day is as easy as picking up string on your clothes." But perhaps a bit more uncomfortable. There was very little head-scratching at the summit as the delegates crammed into the hall to hear such sessions as: "The cornerstone of control and prevention", "Using temperature extremes for best effect" and "Educating to increase successes in bed bug control". All of this is working towards the creation of a National Bedbug Strategy - a comprehensive programme of education and research all aimed at killing the little critters off.

वाशिंगटन डी. सी. में राष्ट्रीय बेडबग शिखर सम्मेलन में 300 से अधिक लोग संक्रमण की बढ़ती समस्या से निपटने के तरीके खोजने की कोशिश करने के लिए एकत्र हुए हैं। विशेषज्ञों का कहना है कि बेडबग अब "नियंत्रित करने के लिए सबसे कठिन कीट" हैं, और कीट रासायनिक उपचार के लिए अधिक प्रतिरोधी हो रहे हैं।


Ten things for the summer break

Summary: After months of gradual atrophy, simmering frustration and pretty toxic arguments, the inhabitants of the Westminster village are slowly disappearing for a while - whether to help constituents, take to a sun lounger, or a mixture of the two.

Laura KuenssbergPolitical editor@bbclaurakon Twitter When the place fills up again on the other side of the summer, if the last 48 hours are anything to go by, events might be even more dramatic, and wildly unpredictable. Before I sign off for a few weeks, here are few thoughts about how it might unfold. It's been a long old year, so forgive for putting them in the form of a list. In no particular order, here are 10 things worth noting as this session comes to a close. 1) The new prime minister is going to do a fair bit of darting about the UK in his first week or so in office, in an effort to show that he cares about the Union, and not just the south east of England that sucks up so much of the country's political power, resource and focus. 2) Mr Johnson is not likely to do the same around multiple European capitals, at least not any time soon. Calls and communications with other leaders are already under way, though. Chancellor Angela Merkel has invited him to Berlin, and President Emmanuel Macron has invited him to France. But Number 10 right now does not want to look like it will budge, and neither does the EU. 3) He does want to take the country out with a Brexit deal. From multiple conversations with different insiders, that is crystal clear. Downing Street is not plotting a no-deal conspiracy. 4) The PM is, however, absolutely willing to take us out of the EU without formal arrangements in place, if needs be. And there is an absolute awareness in Number 10 that the chances of that are not to be, as he claimed, "a million to one", but pretty small - they might, perhaps, be more accurately described as one in a million. 5) Mr Johnson's team's political and ideological calculation is very simple - keeping the promise to leave is more important to them than the potential damage of leaving without a deal. It's a fundamental, historic and risky judgement, but it is clear. 6) The government plans a huge focus now on trying to prepare for and manage those risks and, in the next few weeks, a new structure of doing so is likely to emerge, with Theresa May's labyrinthine committee systems being put to bed. 7) The key ministers in all this are likely to be Michael Gove, reunited with his controversial policy chief - now, of course, Boris Johnson's senior adviser - Dominic Cummings, and Chancellor Sajid Javid. 8) There will be a big-spending and tax-cutting Budget, whatever happens in early talks with the EU. It might even be in the first couple of weeks back in Parliament in September, and if not, likely soon after the Conservative Party conference. Mr Johnson's team know that Labour is in a tricky position on Brexit too, and if the Tories also turn on the spending taps, they hope it's harder for them to oppose. 9) The timing of that Budget is crucial, as it's just weeks before the first official EU summit in the middle of October. Note, too, that summit is less than a fortnight before the 31 October deadline - very little time afterwards, therefore, for MPs to try to stop a prime minister intent on taking us out without a deal if the talks have been inconclusive. 10) Before that summit I expect Number 10 will do everything it can to stop Parliament passing a law that would block no deal. If it does, and there's no deal from the EU, Boris Johnson would not hesitate to call an election if it's the only way. Just like leaving without a deal, it's not what his team wants. But again, sticking to the Halloween deadline to leave is what matters to them above all else. If risking an election is what it takes to do so, as things stand at the moment, it's entirely likely that after only a few months in Number 10, that is what the new prime minister would choose to do. There are, of course, multiple scenarios - lots of things that could go on that list, lots of ifs and buts. Politics is febrile and unpredictable at the moment. Predictions very likely to be wrong. But if you've been following all of this on here for the last few months, or even years, you might feel a bit exhausted by it. I hope, like me you're getting a bit of respite in the summer, it might be even more frenetic on the other side. Thanks for joining me on here - more in September.

महीनों के क्रमिक क्षय, उबलती हताशा और बहुत विषाक्त तर्कों के बाद, वेस्टमिंस्टर गाँव के निवासी धीरे-धीरे कुछ समय के लिए गायब हो रहे हैं-चाहे मतदाताओं की मदद करने के लिए, धूप में आराम करने के लिए, या दोनों का मिश्रण।


South Africa's Jacob Zuma down but not quite out

Summary: The last year has been a bumpy one for South Africa's President Jacob Zuma. Mr Zuma has appeared to veer from one crisis to another. The latest being the negative effect to the economy after the controversial sacking of his internationally respected finance minister. Yet as the BBC's Alastair Leithead finds he is far from out.

South Africa is in for a rough ride as the ruling African National Congress prepares to choose President Jacob Zuma's successor. His critics want him to resign or be dismissed well before the next election in 2019, either through a vote of no confidence in parliament, or with ANC action. But the party of struggle is protecting a president who is clinging on, despite corruption scandals, criticism from the constitutional court and street protests demanding he must fall. So what's the future of President Zuma and how will that impact South Africa? On the immediate horizon is the vote of no confidence. Demanded by the opposition and originally scheduled for just after Easter, the vote has been postponed pending a Constitutional Court decision. The country's top judges will decide whether the MPs' ballot should be secret. If it is, ANC MPs might worry less about their jobs and more about their consciences, and the long term future of the party. This will be the fifth time Mr Zuma will face such a vote and it would take a big revolt within the ruling party for him to be sacked. While cracks are opening, the formidable ANC machinery is once again rallying behind the president. "Thank you comrade president," the ANC's deputy secretary general Jessie Duarte told the crowd at his 75th birthday party in Soweto a fortnight ago. "Thank you for the dignity you have shown in the face of many, many years of being insulted for who you are and what you stand for," she said, to cheers and applause. But who exactly does President Zuma stand for? Is it the poor and struggling masses the ANC has a commitment to help, or is his leadership more about enriching himself and his close supporters? It all depends on who you ask. There have been a series of corruption scandals and allegations of so-called state capture by the wealthy Indian-born business brothers - the Guptas - who are seen as having undue influence over politics and procurement deals. The Guptas, deny having undue influence or benefitting from close ties with the President's family. But talk to people in President Zuma's heartland in rural KwaZulu-Natal and the support for their man is unwavering. "Those who say he should step down? Nooooo," a woman at a local clinic said, a small baby tied to her back. "Everyone does corruption. Everyone. Even I do corruption. Let's just leave him until he stands down," she said. President Zuma is due to be replaced as leader of the ANC at a big party conference in December. If the party goes on to win the 2019 election, the presidency is then handed to the anointed successor. An ANC win has never seriously been in question, but the ever increasing criticism of President Zuma and the ANC's falling support in last year's municipal elections must at least be making senior figures nervous. "To us he is an innocent man, he is a champion for economic transformation of this country," said Thanduxolo Sabelo, the ANC Youth League provincial secretary in KwaZulu-Natal. "President Zuma represents the majority of the people in this country who remain in poverty whom we believe, as our champion, will be able to uplift us from poverty." The rhetoric is now "radical economic transformation" to remove "white minority capital". While land reform is overdue, calls of "take back the land" and the president describing white South Africans as racists are popular rallying calls. Some critics believe he is hanging on, despite the pressure and the street protests, because he wants to be able to influence the decision on who will replace him. "The gracious thing for him to do right now is to be asked to be relieved of his duties," said Sheila Sisulu, the daughter-in-law of anti-apartheid hero Walter Sisulu. She is one of the struggle stalwarts who have publically raised concerns over corruption among some ANC leaders. "I think there are a lot of vested interests around him," she said, referring to more than 780 charges a court is deciding whether to reinstate against the president. "He needs to play for time so that his successor, if he is successful in anointing one, would be willing to delay or protect or deflect the charges." Perhaps the most poignant symbol of this loss of faith among the ANC old guard was at the recent funeral of anti-apartheid hero Ahmed Kathrada. A year before his death Mr Kathrada had written an open letter calling for the president to resign and had asked Mr Zuma not attend the burial. Former President Kgalema Motlanthe read out that letter, over his coffin, which was draped in an ANC flag. It would be expected that many of Mr Zuma's opponents want to see him leave now, but even some of his allies criticised his sacking of respected Finance Minister Pravin Gordhan at the end of last month. That act led the country's credit rating to be downgraded to junk status. Deputy President Cyril Ramaphosa has recently ramped up his criticism of the president, calling for a judicial commission of inquiry into state capture. He has unofficially launched his bid for the presidency, to keep up with the president's ex-wife Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, who already appears to be on the campaign trail. To add to the problems, cracks are appearing in the tripartite alliance - made up of the South African Communist Party (SACP), the ANC and the trades union federation, Cosatu - which has run the country since the end of apartheid in 1994. The SACP has taken a strong stand against the president; Cosatu was also critical, but has recently gone quiet; but the top echelons of the ANC have simply closed ranks. Critics say it is because they are all entrenched in the system and have too much to lose. At his birthday party there was no doubt President Zuma still oozes charisma. Singing a rousing solo, dancing on stage and delivering a long and passionate speech in Zulu he is appealing to his base. As long as he keeps the core support of the party, and his people, it seems unlikely any vote of no confidence will succeed or that he will be leaving a moment before his time is up.

पिछला साल दक्षिण अफ्रीका के राष्ट्रपति जैकब जुमा के लिए एक ऊबड़-खाबड़ साल रहा है। श्री जुमा एक संकट से दूसरे संकट की ओर बढ़ते हुए दिखाई दिए हैं। नवीनतम उनके अंतरराष्ट्रीय स्तर पर सम्मानित वित्त मंत्री की विवादास्पद बर्खास्तगी के बाद अर्थव्यवस्था पर नकारात्मक प्रभाव पड़ा है। फिर भी जैसा कि बीबीसी के एलिस्टेयर लीटहेड को लगता है कि वह बहुत दूर हैं।


The viral roots of Trump's Syria refugee 'solution'

Summary: If Donald Trump becomes US president, he says he's going to deport all refugees of the Syrian civil war who have been allowed on US soil. His justification for such a move has drawn criticism for being based on questionable evidence and sketchy numbers, however.

Anthony ZurcherNorth America reporter@awzurcheron Twitter During a campaign stop in Keene, New Hampshire, on Wednesday night, the New York billionaire warned of what he saw as a possible "200,000-man army" of so-called Islamic State sympathisers entering the US under the guise of refugees. "Did you ever see a migration like that?" he asked. "They're all men. And they're all strong looking guys! Did you see it? They're walking, and there are so many men there aren't that many women, and I'm saying to myself, why aren't they fighting to save Syria? Why are they migrating all over Europe?" Mr Trump's comments on the Syrian refugee crisis echo similar statements by politicians around the world. Winston Peters, head of the centre-right New Zealand First Party, objected to admitting male Syrian refugees. "Let's bring the women and children and tell some of the men to go back and fight for their own country's freedom," he said. During a Canadian leaders' debate in September, Prime Minister Stephen Harper was attacked by his two opponents in the upcoming general election for not admitting more refugees. "These guys would have had, in the last two weeks, us throwing open our borders and literally hundreds of thousands of people coming without any kind of security check or documentation," he said, calling such a move "an enormous mistake". During his remarks in Keene, Mr Trump added that such a secret army could be "one of the great tactical ploys of all time" - and that a President Trump would foil it. "I know a lot of people will say, 'Oh that's not nice,'" he said. "We can't afford to be nice." Mr Trump's assertions appear drawn, in part, from the realm of internet memes, viral Facebook posts and right-wing commentary that have portrayed the refugees flooding out of the Middle East as largely composed of young male militants. Earlier this month photos purported to be of an IS-fighter-turned-refugee were shared by tens of thousands before being debunked by the BBC. Another series of photos allegedly showed muscle-bound Syrian men posing as refugees, but in reality the images came from Australia. Vice writer Philip Kleinfeld found that a photo of young Syrian men walking through a Munich train station accompanied by text alleging that they left "women and children in a war zone" was taken from a video that showed the crowd contained many women and children as well. Conservative media in the US have also picked up on these themes. Radio host Rush Limbaugh said last month that the Syrian refugees might be IS "sleepers". "Obama's flying Syrian refugees into this country, and it's the same demographic makeup," he said. "Eighty percent male, most of them military age: 18, 21, 22, somewhere around there." Conservative author Kurt Schlichter, writing for IJReview, called the male refugees "cowards" who are leaving behind women and children. "America is supposed to be the Home of the Brave, not the Hostel of the Gutless," he writes. The number of Syrian refugees arriving in Europe via the Mediterranean Sea is about 70% male of unspecified age - perhaps a reflection of the dangers of travel on overloaded boats. Of the 4 million total Syrians dislocated by the civil war, however, the UN Refugee Agency estimates that slightly more than half are female. "It's a helluva thing, decrying the courage of people facing categories of hardship no native-born American has had to endure," writes Matt Welch of the libertarian Reason Magazine. "Should those Jews have just stayed in Russia in the 1980s? Should the boat people have instead stood their ground against the likes of Pol Pot?" It's not clear where Mr Trump gets the 200,000 number for US-bound refugees. The US has granted entry to 1,500 Syrians so far - of which 52% are male. Secretary of State John Kerry has proposed increasing the annual number of refugees from around the world granted residency in the US to 100,000 by 2017, but there's no indication that the male-female ratio would change substantially. Elsewhere on the US presidential campaign trail, former Florida Governor Jeb Bush offered a sharp response to Mr Trump's comments. "Send them all back? To a hellhole?" Mr Bush said. "This is the same guy, by the way, that is also advocating exactly what seems to be supportive of Putin and his emergence in Syria. That's not the proper policy for the United States." Gut-reaction statements by Mr Trump shouldn't come as much of a surprise, given that the success of his candidacy has been premised on his non-PC, tell-it-like-he-sees-it style of improvised speechmaking. Last week Mr Trump took a swipe at a fellow presidential aspirant, Florida Senator Marco Rubio, for apparently being a little too studious when it comes to foreign policy. "Look, Marco Rubio sits behind a desk sometimes, and he reads stuff, and he's in committees," Mr Trump said. "That's all he does. I create jobs all day long. I'll know more about all of this than all of them put together." Unlike Mr Rubio, Mr Trump asserts he has a "winning strategy" for Syria - although he maintains that he's keeping it to himself so IS won't know what's coming. Except for any Syrian refugees currently living in the US, of course. Candidates in (and out of) the Republican presidential field

यदि डोनाल्ड ट्रम्प अमेरिकी राष्ट्रपति बन जाते हैं, तो वे कहते हैं कि वे सीरियाई गृहयुद्ध के उन सभी शरणार्थियों को निर्वासित करने जा रहे हैं जिन्हें अमेरिकी धरती पर अनुमति दी गई है। इस तरह के कदम के लिए उनके औचित्य की आलोचना की गई है क्योंकि यह संदिग्ध सबूतों और अस्पष्ट संख्याओं पर आधारित है।


Child diabetes 'is being missed'

Summary: Your child has a raging thirst and is rapidly losing weight. What could be behind it - it couldn't be diabetes - could it? In this week's Scrubbing Up, Barbara Young, chief executive of Diabetes UK, says there needs to be more awareness of the symptoms of Type 1 diabetes, so it can be detected more quickly to prevent children from becoming seriously unwell.

By Barbara YoungDiabetes UK chief executive The idea of rushing your child to hospital and then watching them fight for their life is the stuff of parents' nightmares. Yet for hundreds of parents every year in the UK, that is the reality of a diagnosis for Type 1 diabetes. Some children become so unwell that they fall unconscious and a small number even die. This is horrendous enough, but what is really shocking is that the 500 children a year who become seriously ill with something called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) are doing so unnecessarily. In Type 1 diabetes DKA happens due to the severe lack of insulin which upsets the body's normal chemical balance leading to the production of poisonous chemicals called ketones, the build-up of which can be fatal if left unchecked. 'A matter of days' But Type 1 diabetes has some really obvious symptoms. Children who develop it typically need to urinate a lot; are very thirsty; lose weight quickly; and feel very tired. By picking up on all or any of these symptoms and getting a doctor to do a test, a parent can ensure their child starts getting treatment before DKA has a chance to develop. That can happen in a matter of days. Parents need to be aware of the dangers signs - the four Ts - Toilet, Thirsty, Tired and Thinner. But that's only part of the picture. One of the things that's most shocking about diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes is that in some cases parents do identify the symptoms and ask for a test but are told by their GP that it is probably just a virus or infection and that they should come back in a week if symptoms persist. Sometimes, that decision to "watch and wait" results in children developing DKA and could even be fatal. High glucose warning So why are medical practitioners not diagnosing Type 1? The first thing is that they might not be aware of the symptoms themselves. Around 90% of parents don't know all the Ts, and it is likely that this lack of awareness also extends to healthcare professionals. But perhaps it's more likely that Type 1 diabetes isn't at the forefront of their minds. About 2,000 children a year are diagnosed with the condition, though when you divide that by the number of GPs in the UK, it is clear that many of them could go some years without seeing a case. We will be working with healthcare professionals - particularly GPs, practice nurses, and accident and emergency staff - to ensure they take the precautionary approach of giving every child with any one of these symptoms a test for Type 1. Then if that test shows that the child has abnormally high glucose levels, that child should be referred to a specialist paediatric diabetes team the same day, as any delay can result in DKA. It is possible for us to help the hundreds of children with Type 1 diabetes - and help them avoid the trauma of DKA.

आपके बच्चे की तेज प्यास है और उसका वजन तेजी से कम हो रहा है। इसके पीछे क्या हो सकता है-यह मधुमेह नहीं हो सकता है-क्या हो सकता है? इस सप्ताह के स्क्रबिंग अप में, डायबिटीज यूके की मुख्य कार्यकारी बारबरा यंग कहती हैं कि टाइप 1 मधुमेह के लक्षणों के बारे में अधिक जागरूकता की आवश्यकता है, ताकि बच्चों को गंभीर रूप से अस्वस्थ होने से रोकने के लिए इसका अधिक तेज़ी से पता लगाया जा सके।