The dogs that protect little penguins

Summary: When foxes discovered little penguins on a small Australian island, they nearly wiped the colony out. But a farmer came up with a novel way to protect the birds - and the story has been made into a hit film.

Jon DonnisonSydney correspondent As a premise for a film, think Lassie meets Babe meets Pingu. What's not to like? Middle Island, a beautiful, rugged and windswept outcrop off the coast of southern Victoria is home to a colony of the world's smallest penguins. Originally known as fairy penguins, before some pen-pusher deemed that politically incorrect, they've now been given the far more dreary sounding title of little penguins. To be fair, they are just that - little, standing at 30 to 40cm tall. There used to be hundreds of them on Middle Island - but that was before the foxes got to them. Find out more Hear Jon Donnison's report on the PM programme on BBC Radio 4 on Monday 14 December from 17:00, or listen now on iPlayer radio. "We went from a point where we had around 800 penguins down to where we could only find four," says Peter Abbott from the Penguin Preservation Project. "In our biggest bird kill, we found 360 birds killed over about two nights. Foxes are thrill killers. They'll kill anything they can find." That particular incident was in 2005, but the problem had been building up for a few years. Middle Island - which is uninhabited by humans - is separated from the mainland by a stretch of water measuring no more than 20 or 30m. At low tide, and when sand builds up in the narrow channel, foxes can cross from the mainland barely getting their paws wet. The problem first became apparent in the year 2000 when the sea's natural current led to increased sand build-up. Over time the fox population grew as it became clear they had an easy source of food. The fairy penguins, as I'm going to call them, faced being wiped out on Middle Island - until a chicken farmer, by the made-for-cinema name of Swampy Marsh, came up with a plan. He suggested sending one of his Maremma dogs to protect the birds. "In Australia those dogs are generally used for chicken protection or goats or sheep," says Abbott. The dog, the first of several to be used on Middle Island, was called Oddball - and Oddball made quite an impact. "We immediately saw a change in the pattern of the foxes," says Abbott. "Leading up to when the dog went on the island, every morning we'd find fox prints on the beach. Putting a dog on the island changed the hierarchy. The foxes can hear the dogs barking, they can smell them so they go somewhere else." Amazingly, since Oddball and his four-legged successors were introduced 10 years ago, there has not been a single penguin killed by a fox on Middle Island. Little penguins Source: Encyclopedia Britannica The fairy penguin population has gone back up to almost 200. The current dogs patrolling Middle Island are Eudy and Tula, named after the scientific term for the fairy penguin: Eudyptula. They are the sixth and seventh dogs to be used and a new puppy is being trained up by Peter Abbott and his team to start work in 2016. The dogs operate in the penguin's breeding season, usually from October to March, when they spend five or six days a week on the island. Even when the dogs are not there, their lingering scent is enough to keep the foxes away. The project has been such a success that a movie called Oddball has been made about it. "It's a great story. We're trying to save a cute penguin with a couple of cute dogs but the movie has taken things to a different level," says Abbott. The film has already taken around 11m Australian dollars ($8m; £5.3m) at the box office here and is now heading for global audiences. "The movie had been in the pipeline for many years," says Kristen Abbott from the Middle Island Project Committee. "Many of us thought, 'Yeah, we'll believe it when we see it,' and then suddenly it was pandemonium in the town with video cameras and actors everywhere." It has provided a huge boost for tourism - and in the summer months people can visit the island on a "Meet the Maremma Tour". "It's been one of the best things that's happened for a long time," says John Watson who runs a local hotel. "It's filled a lot of extra bed nights for us with tourists coming down to either meet the dogs or do a tour of the island." Many of the locals appeared as characters in the film and others worked as extras on set. "My character was played by an American actor," says Peter Abbott. "I tell people it's because they couldn't find an Australian as good looking as me." Subscribe to the BBC News Magazine's email newsletter to get articles sent to your inbox.

जब लोमड़ियों को एक छोटे से ऑस्ट्रेलियाई द्वीप पर छोटे पेंगुइन मिले, तो उन्होंने कॉलोनी को लगभग मिटा दिया। लेकिन एक किसान पक्षियों की रक्षा के लिए एक नया तरीका लेकर आया-और कहानी को एक हिट फिल्म में बनाया गया है।


Sinkhole opens up in Enborne Road in Newbury

Summary: A section of a road in Newbury, Berkshire has collapsed revealing a large sinkhole.

The hole, on Enborne Road, measures 3ft (1m) deep and 2ft (60cm) wide. The road has been closed both ways between Kingsbridge Road and Skinner's Green Lane - motorists are being diverted via the A4. West Berkshire said its engineers had been called in to assess the damage caused by the cavity, but the timescale for repairs was unknown.

न्यूबरी, बर्कशायर में एक सड़क का एक हिस्सा ढह गया है जिससे एक बड़े सिंकहोल का पता चलता है।


Catalonia independence: Spain's unfathomably delicate task

Summary: Spain's prime minister rarely talks in such stark language.

By Tom BurridgeBBC News, Barcelona But his message to Catalonia's devolved government, which spearheads the pro-independence movement, was blunt. He said Madrid would remove its leaders and impose direct rule. Mariano Rajoy is conservative by party, and in his political style. He has meandered his way through other crises; a financial one for his country; a corruption scandal that tainted his party. His "keep calm and carry on" strategy worked each time. But Catalonia today is a completely different ball game. This Spanish region has enjoyed a high degree of autonomy since the 1980s - only the Basque Country has more. It's also important to note that in cultural terms, Catalonia is arguably the most distinct of Spain's regions. The Catalan language is widely spoken and from the folkloric dance of Sardana to human towers, there is a long list of cultural traditions here, which enforce the sense of Catalan identity. And a large part of Catalan society will see Madrid's planned takeover as an affront to their whole way of life. The word among the pro-independence camp is that, in the coming weeks, peaceful direct action will be the order of the day. The Spanish government has outlined a clear strategy, couched within a legal framework. Advisers close to the prime minister emphasise that the decision to intervene was not taken lightly but they also argue that Mr Rajoy was left with no choice. At stake, they say, is Spain's entire system of governance; no other Western government would allow a regional administration to ride roughshod over its constitution and laws. Catalonia's independence, or a legitimate vote on the matter, has never been and never will be an option, they exclaim. But over the next days Mariano Rajoy's government faces an unfathomably delicate task. It must now reassert Madrid's authority in Catalonia. The practicalities of that won't be straightforward. Some within Catalonia's civil service will be die-hard supporters of independence. Others will simply hate the concept of Madrid being ultimately in charge. Catalonia's regional police force, Mossos, insists it remains impartial. "We are policemen, not politicians," Inspector Albert Oliva told me. But he admits that his force is in the middle of a "political hurricane." Over the coming weeks the loyalties of Catalan police will be tested to the absolute limit. Before we reach that point, the Spanish senate will have to approve Madrid's proposals. That could take days. In the meantime, the soon-to-be-sacked Catalan leader Carles Puigdemont will try and convene the regional parliament, before it is stripped of powers. If that happens, he will probably make a more emphatic declaration of independence. The vast majority of Spaniards will, in turn, declare that meaningless. But every twist and turn from now will play into an already febrile political atmosphere. Every time I speak to a taxi driver or an old lady pushing her shopping trolley down the street, be it in Catalonia or in the neighbouring region of Aragon, people's views, on both sides, have hardened. To the naked eye of a tourist, Spain is a country at ease, a country of sun, sea, beautiful buildings and friendly people. Scratch below and there are deep political divisions. And in Catalonia the situation is becoming fractured beyond belief.

स्पेन के प्रधानमंत्री शायद ही कभी इतनी कठोर भाषा में बात करते हैं।


Is wearing a Native American headdress offensive?

Summary: After an online petition gained 65 signatures, Glastonbury has added Native American headdresses to the list of items traders cannot sell at the festival without "prior authorisation". Has the UK woken up to an issue that is controversial in the US, asks Luke Jones.

Magazine MonitorA collection of cultural artefacts Glastonbury organisers say that this instruction to their market traders is to ensure that sellers "reflect the values of the festival". It follows an online petition that called for the headdresses to be banned, saying the wearing of them by non-Native Americans is "disrespectful". They have become a regular feature at festivals. But some see them as offensive - using an ethnic minority's traditional culture as novelty clothing. For Native Americans headdresses can be seen as a sacred item. Dr David Stirrup of the University of Kent says they are "something you have to earn. It is normally earned through exploit." The eagle feathers in the headdress are revered and worn for specific ceremonial occasions. "They are not everyday wear," he says. In the US, the wearing of headdresses for fashion reasons has become controversial. Celebrities such as Pharrell Williams and Harry Styles caused controversy by wearing the headgear in photographs. Meanwhile football team the Washington Redskins are under pressure to change their name and logo, which many see as a racial slur. In the US it is illegal to misrepresent products as Native American and the name "Navajo" is a registered trademark. Discussion on social media and the popularity of blogs such as Native Appropriations have amplified the debate. But until now it has barely registered in the UK. In the UK there is no significant Native American population. And what happens at a festival in Somerset is unlikely to matter much to Native Americans in the US, says Dr. Tim Lockley of the American Studies department at Warwick University. "I think they are more worried about jobs." The headdress joins cigarettes, candle flares and flags on the list of items traders are not allowed to sell at the Glastonbury festival without prior authorisation. However the restriction does not stop visitors bringing their own. Not everyone appears to be taking the headdress restriction seriously. A new petition has been launched calling on Glastonbury to ban tipis. Subscribe to the BBC News Magazine's email newsletter to get articles sent to your inbox.

एक ऑनलाइन याचिका के 65 हस्ताक्षर प्राप्त करने के बाद, ग्लास्टनबरी ने मूल अमेरिकी शिरोवस्त्रों को उन वस्तुओं की सूची में जोड़ा है जिन्हें व्यापारी "पूर्व प्राधिकरण" के बिना उत्सव में नहीं बेच सकते हैं। ल्यूक जोन्स पूछते हैं कि क्या यू. के. एक ऐसे मुद्दे पर जाग गया है जो यू. एस. में विवादास्पद है।


Queen to visit Swansea for St David's Day celebrations

Summary: The Queen is to visit Swansea as part of St David's Day celebrations next month, Buckingham Palace has confirmed.

She will carry out a traditional St David's Day ceremony of presenting leeks to members of the 3rd Battalion The Royal Welsh, according to the royal diary. The Queen is the regiment's colonel-in-chief. The ceremony will take place at Swansea's Guildhall on 2 March.

बकिंघम पैलेस ने पुष्टि की है कि महारानी अगले महीने सेंट डेविड दिवस समारोह के हिस्से के रूप में स्वानसी जाने वाली हैं।


'What council tax has done for me'

Summary: Nearly all local authorities are concerned for their financial stability, according to a survey carried out by BBC News, which also indicates the majority of local authorities plan to raise council tax, cut spending, or both.

Everybody relies on council services to some extent, whether it is bin collection, road maintenance or the local library. But some people rely on services more than others. BBC News spoke to some of them. The young mum who had a stroke Many people in East Sussex who have had a stroke rely on a charity - the Stroke Association - to help them rebuild their lives. The organisation currently receives an £80,000 grant from the county council - but the local authority recently voted through a £17m savings package and a 5.99% council tax rise, which will see a number of frontline services affected. Katie Simpson is a mother of two girls. She had a stroke in 2013 when she was aged 25 and 16 weeks pregnant with a baby boy. "I had lost feeling in my body, and my speech was starting to slur. "Doctors had to make the decision whether to save my life or for me to deliver my unborn baby first. I gave birth to my baby son, who was stillborn. "Scans confirmed I'd had several mini-stokes, and strokes on the left and right side of my brain. "I had to move back into my parents' home with my two daughters. The stroke left me with severe fatigue, a communication difficulty called aphasia, left-sided weakness in my body, on-going chronic pain, and issues with swallowing which meant I could only eat pureed food like a baby. "The Stroke Association supported me when I left hospital, and have continued to support me with many aspects of my life over the past five years. "My little girls were only four and seven years old. "I felt like I'd lost my life. It was really difficult. All of a sudden the simple things I'd naturally do with my children were really challenging - you never quite realise how much you actually use your limbs until you lose the power to move them. "Walking was difficult, cooking, using kitchen utensils, reading a bed time story, trying to help my children get ready for school - it's so sad when you are the adult and you can't do their buttons on their tops or tie their laces. Even putting their hair up was impossible. "I remember crying because I felt like a failure and that I couldn't help them with such simple things. "Thanks to support from the Stroke Association I have regular therapy sessions to help with this. "I owe so much thanks to the Stroke Association for being there for me and my family through my darkest days and bringing me out on the other side." The new mum's support network Northamptonshire County Council is currently consulting on almost £35m worth of cuts and plans to close some of its libraries. Rachel McMain is a member of campaign group Save Kingsthorpe Library, which she first used as a child. "I used to get books there with my grandma and these days I use the library's children's services with my own one-year-old baby. "I have accessed the service since I was tiny. Now I'm a new mum and if I hadn't have had the library I wouldn't have had the support network that I have now. "It's not just the children's services, it's people that are vulnerable in the community. It is a place for them to meet, to socialise. "The council will fund the libraries for one more year before they are taken over by community groups, but for Kingsthorpe it is not great news. "The council said it would be extremely difficult for Kingsthorpe to be a community-run library but has still decided to make that decision. "Kingsthorpe doesn't have a parish or town council that can support it so we don't have an immediate funding stream available to us."

बीबीसी न्यूज़ द्वारा किए गए एक सर्वेक्षण के अनुसार, लगभग सभी स्थानीय अधिकारी अपनी वित्तीय स्थिरता के लिए चिंतित हैं, जो यह भी इंगित करता है कि अधिकांश स्थानीय अधिकारी परिषद कर बढ़ाने, खर्च में कटौती करने या दोनों की योजना बना रहे हैं।


Man, 21, dies in Sheffield New Year's Day crash

Summary: A man has died after the car he was driving smashed into railings in the early hours of New Year's Day.

The 21-year-old was killed when the silver Saab 95 crashed in Southey Green Road, in Sheffield, near to the junction with Buchanan Road. South Yorkshire Police said the driver suffered serious head injuries and died at the scene. A passenger in the car escaped uninjured. The crash happened at about 04:00 GMT and witnesses are being sought.

नववर्ष के दिन तड़के जिस कार को वह चला रहा था, वह रेलिंग से टकरा जाने से एक व्यक्ति की मौत हो गई।


Summary: The Governor of the Bank of England has entered the controversial world of climate change - telling the BBC that, if there is no action now, global warming could become one of the biggest risks to economic stability in the future.

Kamal AhmedBusiness editor@bbckamalon Twitter Mark Carney said that the world was changing, and whether you were a "sceptic or an evangelist" on global warning, governments and investors should be aware of the possible effects on financial stability. In the insurance industry, extreme weather events were becoming more costly, he said, with losses increasing from $10bn a year in the 1980s to $50bn in the last decade. In banking, billions of pounds of loans to energy companies and mining businesses might have to be re-assessed. Mr Carney said that wasn't a job for him, but for investors, who would need to be given more information. 'Tail risks' The Governor said that the vast majority of oil and gas reserves already discovered could now be "stranded" if new rules on carbon emissions are enforced by governments. The oil and gas would be unusable. "There are near term risks that are so called tail risks, a series of extreme weather events, pandemics, others," Mr Carney told me. "We have seen manifestations of those in the past. "The point is the risks build with time, and they build more rapidly with inaction so climate change is a function of cumulative emissions, so the slower the action is today, the bigger the action has to be in the future. "That would mean more abrupt change, that would mean bigger shocks to the value of financial assets, bigger strains on banks and insurance companies that are exposed to those assets, so what we're trying to do is to promote as smooth an adjustment as possible. "And we think it can be done, and we think it can be done by providing better information." Threat Mr Carney's interview came as he gave a major speech to Lloyd's of London insurers. In the speech he said that "climate change will threaten financial resilience and longer term prosperity". "While there is time to act, the window of opportunity is finite and shrinking," he said. Mr Carney is also the head of the Financial Stability Board, the global organisation of central bankers. As said he will be raising the issue at the next meeting of the G20 group of the world's largest economies in November. In December, government leaders will be meeting in Paris to discuss the next moves on controlling global warming. Challenge Mr Carney told me that "he wouldn't be sitting here" in 20 or 30 years when the risks of global warming would be more apparent. He even suggested that there could be legal challenges in the future - similar to asbestos claims now - over inaction on climate change and the impact on health or the value of businesses. "This is the challenge," he said. "Sitting here today, is it [global warming] the biggest risk? No it isn't. "Is it one of the biggest risks in the future? Yes. "The challenge is that if there's not action today or in the near future that risk in the medium term goes up and up and requires sharper action, more abrupt action, and a bigger hit to the economy and financial stability." I asked Mr Carney whether global warming came under the remit of the Governor of the Bank of England. He said it did - the stability of the insurance sector which is facing increasing costs and banks facing possible asset write-downs meant this was a matter of global financial stability. Bank of England governor - global economy at risk from climate change

बैंक ऑफ इंग्लैंड के गवर्नर ने जलवायु परिवर्तन की विवादास्पद दुनिया में प्रवेश किया है-बीबीसी को बताया कि, अगर अब कोई कार्रवाई नहीं की जाती है, तो ग्लोबल वार्मिंग भविष्य में आर्थिक स्थिरता के लिए सबसे बड़े खतरों में से एक बन सकती है।


New conditions for Birmingham drug death nightclub

Summary: A nightclub has been made subject to strict new conditions, following the death of a teenager caused by a contaminated batch of drugs.

Dylan Booth, 18, from Solihull, died in hospital after taking the substance at the Rainbow in the Digbeth area of Birmingham on New Years's Eve. Three men and a woman were also taken ill but have since recovered. A city council licensing hearing stipulated the club must employ under-cover security staff and sniffer dogs. Other conditions include extra drugs signage and more stringent identity checks. A full licensing review is due next month.

नशीली दवाओं के दूषित समूह के कारण एक किशोर की मृत्यु के बाद एक नाइट क्लब को सख्त नई शर्तों के अधीन कर दिया गया है।


David Bowie: Did he change attitudes to sexuality?

Summary: The new David Bowie exhibition at the Victoria & Albert Museum was already a hot ticket even before the show opens to the public this weekend. "David Bowie is" shows how, in the 1970s, David Bowie's passport to fame was his daringly ambiguous sexuality. But did appearances deceive?

By Vincent DowdBBC World Service These days Dylan Jones is editor of British GQ magazine and very accustomed to living the high-life. But in July 1972 he was an ordinary 12-year-old living with his parents in an ordinary part of Kent. Then one evening, his life changed. "I can picture the exact moment: my father was away and my mother was out in the garden," he says. "So I was alone in a terrace house in Deal watching Top of the Pops. "Normally it would have been a forgettable Thursday but I was about to be astounded. It was the first time we were exposed to Ziggy Stardust in all his androgynous glory. Bowie, with flaming red hair and a skin-tight body-suit, played the song Starman. Last year, Dylan Jones published a book arguing that this remains a crucial moment in cultural history - When Ziggy Played Guitar: David Bowie and Four Minutes that Shook the World. Wasn't the book's premise a little overstated? "Absolutely not," he insists. "In those days Top of the Pops could easily be watched by 14 million people, so the next day Bowie was all anyone was talking about. "It's not like hundreds of thousands of people all claiming to have seen the Sex Pistols live when they started out: Bowie genuinely did become common currency overnight. "He was a dangerous figure on British TV at a point when television didn't do danger. "41 years ago, it was an extraordinary experience. It didn't immediately fill me with gay longings - though with some people it did. But nothing was quite the same afterwards. Someone else fascinated by Bowie that evening was Rupert Smith, now known as a novelist and critic. "I was a gay 12 year-old just starting to take an interest in pop music and I was knocked out," he says. "I was watching with my mother who said, Oh he looks like Glenda Jackson playing Elizabeth I - which in retrospect was quite perceptive. "And then came the famous moment on the show when David Bowie slung his arm around guitarist Mick Ronson - which was simultaneously blokey but also a bit gay. It may not sound like much now but in 1972 it was a revolution." Even as a teenager, Smith spotted one big difference between Bowie and other '70s performers who appeared to flirt with sexual ambiguity, such as Marc Bolan. "A few months before the TOTP appearance, Bowie said on the record in the Melody Maker that he was gay - or at least bisexual. (The interview with Michael Watts appeared on 22 January 1972.) Looking back now, the statement was ambiguous but at the time it was a brave thing to say - it was only five years since homosexual acts had been legalised in Britain. "I didn't find David Bowie at all attractive in any physical way. But I loved what he stood for." Paul Trynka, a recent Bowie biographer, thinks the singer was revealing the genius for remaking his image which the world would see again and again. "In 1972, there wasn't the huge media proliferation we have today. That early statement to the music press had barely been picked up by mainstream newspapers. "So TV appearances on TOTP, the Old Grey Whistle Test and even on a news programme like Nationwide became a tipping point. He brought the outrageous into the mainstream. "We don't know exactly what was happening in his own life - by 1972 he'd been married two years - although certainly he's of a generation which was more relaxed about experimentation. "But David was aware of a British fondness for camp which goes all the way back to music hall. His theatricality didn't come from nowhere." Rupert Smith says it would be wrong to be cynical about Bowie's manifestations of sexual ambiguity in the 1970s. "Perhaps it was partly for show but ultimately I don't think it matters what he was doing in his private life. He's always been an actor. "He clearly knew his way around gay culture in terms of its writing and music and visual art. "More than anyone else, he blasted the closet-door off its hinges. So for that I'll always love him - but his position on the politics of sexuality is a conflicted one. If, like me, you're a big Bowie fan you just have to accept that. "At the very least in the '70s he was a pioneer of sexual openness in Britain. It was a long time before anyone came along in music who was unambiguously gay. Arguably in Britain, that title goes to Jimmy Somerville but Bowie paved the way." Dylan Jones says we all owe the 25-year-old Bowie a debt: "Much of '70s Britain was drab and colourless. He offered us excitement." But Jones also warns against cultural false memory syndrome. "When I was writing my book about Bowie, I was lovingly recounting to my father my memories of that day in 1972: Bowie's bright red hair contrasting with the pallid skin and the incredibly colourful body-suit which, of course, I could recall in absolute detail. "My father listened and when I finished, he quietly pointed out that in 1972 we only had a black and white TV set." Jones thinks for a moment. "Or maybe that just proves Bowie's talent: he was massively exciting even in monochrome."

विक्टोरिया एंड अल्बर्ट संग्रहालय में नई डेविड बॉवी प्रदर्शनी इस सप्ताह के अंत में जनता के लिए शो के खुलने से पहले ही एक गर्म टिकट थी। "डेविड बॉवी इज" से पता चलता है कि कैसे, 1970 के दशक में, डेविड बॉवी का प्रसिद्धि का पासपोर्ट उनकी साहसपूर्ण अस्पष्ट कामुकता थी। लेकिन क्या उपस्थिति धोखा देती थी?


The maths that made Voyager possible

Summary: Nasa's Voyager spacecraft have enthralled everyone with their exploits at the edge of the Solar System, but their launch in 1977 was only possible because of some clever maths and the persistence of a PhD student who worked out how to slingshot probes into deep space.

By Christopher Riley and Dallas CampbellBBC Four On the 3 October, 1942, the nose cone of an early V2 test rocket soared high above the north German coast before falling back to a crash-landing in the Baltic Sea. For the first time in history, an object built by humans had crossed the invisible Karman line, which marks the edge of space. Astonishingly, within 70 years - just one human lifespan - we'd hurled another spacecraft right to the edge of the Solar System. Today, 35 years after leaving Earth, Voyager 1 is 18.4 billion km (11.4 billion miles) from Earth and about to cross over the boundary marking the extent of the Sun's influence, where the solar wind meets interstellar space. Sometime in the next five years, it will likely break through this so called "bowshock" and head out into the galaxy beyond. Its twin, Voyager 2, having flown past all the outer giant planets, should pass over into interstellar not long after. It's easy to take this monumental achievement for granted, but the gateway to the outer Solar System remained shut for the first 20 years of the space age. In 1957, as Sputnik 1 became the first engineered object to orbit our home planet, mission planners started to look towards other worlds to propel their probes. Spacecraft were quickly dispatched to the Moon, Venus and Mars. But there was one major limiting factor to reaching more distant destinations. For a voyage to the outer planets, you must escape the gravitational pull of the Sun, and that demands a very large rocket indeed. And given what an "uphill" gravitational struggle it would be to reach them, such a journey to the furthest planet - Neptune, more than four billion km (2.5 billion miles) away - could easily take 30 or 40 years. At the time, Nasa couldn't guarantee a spacecraft for more than a few months of operational life, and so the outer planets were considered out of reach. That was until a 25-year-old mathematics graduate called Michael Minovitch came along in 1961. Excited by UCLA's new IBM 7090 computer, the fastest on Earth at the time, Minovitch decided to take on the hardest problem in celestial mechanics: the "three body problem". The three bodies it refers to are the Sun, a planet and a third object such as an asteroid or comet all travelling through space with their gravities acting on each other. The problem is predicting exactly how the gravity of the Sun and the planet will influence the third object's trajectory. Astronomers had been pondering the three-body problem for at least 300 years, ever since they'd started plotting the path that comets took as they fell through the inner Solar System towards the Sun. Undeterred by the fact that some of the finest minds in history, including Isaac Newton hadn't solved the three-body problem, Minovitch became focused on cracking it. He intended to use the IBM 7090 computer to home in on a solution using a method of iteration. In his spare time, whilst studying for his PhD during the summer of 1961, he set about coding a series of equations to apply to the problem. Feeding data on planetary orbits into his model, Minovitch had made progress by the autumn, but was anxious to check his data. So in the summer of the following year during an internship at Nasa's Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL), he persuaded his boss to give him more accurate data on planetary positions to re-test his model. To his delight, he ran the simulations again and found his solution still worked. What he had achieved made possible an extraordinary breakthrough in spacecraft propulsion. Minovitch had shown that as a craft flew close to a planet orbiting the Sun, it would steal some of the planet's orbital speed, and be accelerated away from the Sun. Such acceleration, without using a single drop of rocket propellant seemed too good to be true, and Minovitch's critics were quick to try to discredit him. Without funds for further computer time, and in a bid to persuade Nasa to embrace his discovery, he drew up by hand hundreds of theoretical mission trajectories to the outer planets. Among them was one very special flight path that would become the Voyagers' trajectory. But in 1962 the Jet Propulsion Lab was preoccupied with supporting Project Apollo, and no-one spotted Minovitch's breakthrough. It would take another summer intern called Gary Flandro to identify the opportunity. A spacecraft engineer, grounded in the hard realities of spaceflight, Flandro knew that any mission to the outer planets would have to be flown as fast as possible, otherwise the craft might not last long enough to reach its destination. So in the summer of 1965, he began to look at whether the solution to the three-body problem could be put to practical use in exploring the outer planets. He started by drawing graphs of where these planets were going to be in the coming years. And to his surprise, the plots revealed that Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune would all be on the same side of the Solar System in the late 1970s. Using a solution to the three-body problem, a single mission, launching from Earth in 1977, could sling a spacecraft past all four planets within 12 years. Such an opportunity would not present itself again for another 176 years. With further lobbying from Minovitch and high level intervention from Maxwell Hunter, who advised the president on US space policy, Nasa eventually embraced Minovitch's slingshot propulsion and Flandro's idea for a "grand tour" of the planets. Initially named "Mariner-Jupiter-Saturn", or MJS, funding to build two spacecraft was released in the early 1970s. The twin craft would eventually become known as the Voyagers. To reach Neptune they would have to last for over a decade in space, operating in the darkest reaches of the Solar System billions of km from the Sun. They would require radiation-hardened electronics to survive their encounters with the magnetosphere of Jupiter, and an artificial intelligence autonomous enough to make independent decisions when too far away from Earth for help. Although still lacking funding to extend its mission beyond Saturn, Nasa's optimistic engineers loaded enough control propellant on board to keep the probes' dishes orientated towards the Earth for decades after passing Saturn. They'd also built the Voyager power supply system to last until at least the year 2020. But most visionary of all, they'd included five experiments on board that were capable of analyzing space beyond the Solar System. In 1977, as the duo launched from Earth, no-one dared imagine that they would survive long enough to make such measurements. But in 2012, they're still going strong - their pitifully weak signals just a billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a watt of power by the time they reach the Earth. New discoveries are still being made. Today, in a darkened lecture theatre at JPL - named after the same Theodore von Karman whose boundary to space our machines first crossed 70 years ago - sits a model of the Voyagers. These great machines are now carrying our spirit of exploration across a boundary the Hungarian-American engineer could only dream of - into interstellar space. Voyager: To The Final Frontier will be broadcast on BBC Four on Wednesday 24 October, 2012. It is produced and directed by Christopher Riley and presented by Dallas Campbell.

नासा के वायेजर अंतरिक्ष यान ने सौर मंडल के किनारे पर अपने कारनामों से सभी को मंत्रमुग्ध कर दिया है, लेकिन 1977 में उनका प्रक्षेपण केवल कुछ चतुर गणित और एक पीएचडी छात्र की दृढ़ता के कारण संभव हुआ, जिन्होंने गहरे अंतरिक्ष में जांच करने के तरीके पर काम किया।


Slavery 'worse' 10 years after Morecambe Bay tragedy

Summary: A decade ago 23 Chinese cockle pickers drowned when they were trapped by sweeping tides while working in Morecambe Bay, Lancashire. Yet, 10 years on, campaigners say workers are still being dangerously exploited in the UK.

By Andrew GloverBBC News The headlines from China were full of disbelief. "The Devil's beach," one newspaper cried. That anger grew as it became clear how desperate the victims' lives had been. Twenty-one bodies were recovered within hours, a woman's skull was washed up six years on and one man has never been found. All were working illegally, picking cockles for hours on end to send money back to their families. It was their gangmaster, however, and a wider web of criminals, that truly profited while paying scant regard to the cockle pickers' safety on the sands. Mick Gradwell, the detective who led the investigation into the tragedy, said criminals were funnelling £1m per day to China by exploiting workers all around England. "Tens of thousands of illegal Chinese workers were living in the country," he said. "Building up hidden communities and building a life below official recognition." Li Hua was the only worker to be rescued on the night of 5 February, 2004. Now living under witness protection, he told BBC Inside Out of his "despair" before help arrived. "It was pitch black and I was desperate," he said. "I thought I might just as well wait to die. It was freezing cold but I didn't feel it. I was just numb… then, I don't know how, a wave maybe turned me round. I was on my own and then a helicopter came." Gangmaster Lin Liang Ren would drive the workers to Morecambe from Liverpool and visit casinos while the men and women toiled through the night. Mr Gradwell said while "significant sums" were pocketed by the gangmaster, the cockle pickers earned "a pittance". The former detective superintendent, who is now retired, said: "The main reason 23 people died in Morecambe Bay on this particular night was because of poverty in the Fujian province of China. "There is a constant threat and risk of people being abused like this and dying because they're being forced to work in dangerous conditions." Lin Liang Ren was jailed for 14 years in 2006 after being found guilty of manslaughter and helping the cockle pickers break immigration laws. The 23 deaths at Morecambe Bay highlighted the serious risks being taken by low-paid workers and the cavalier attitude of those supposedly responsible for them, but in Parliament efforts were already under way to tackle gangmasters. Labour MP Jim Sheridan raised the matter with a private member's bill and legislation soon followed which saw the creation of the Gangmasters Licensing Authority (GLA) in 2006. The organisation was set up to protect vulnerable workers in the shell fish, agriculture, food and food packaging labour markets but MPs and academics are campaigning for it to be given more powers. Mr Sheridan wants to see its remit extended into industries including social care and construction. "When the GLA was first introduced we were hopeful that it would be extended into other sectors but that's proven not to be the case," he said. "That's the sad thing about it." Research led by Durham University last year found evidence that the numbers of people trafficked for labour exploitation would soon exceed those brought to the country for sexual exploitation. The report also called for the scope of the GLA to be widened. Professor Gary Craig, who led the study, said there was a "real problem" getting people to acknowledge that "slavery exists in the UK" and warned there were "accidents waiting to happen". "People tend to think that slavery is something to do with faraway countries with poor human rights records," he said. "Well, actually, slavery is here and now in the UK and the research which I've done with colleagues suggests there may be upwards of 10,000 people at any one time in the UK in conditions which we would class as modern slavery." The remit of the GLA, Prof Craig said, should be extended to include industries including "construction, hospitality and leisure and social care". He added: "What's changed since Morecambe Bay? The problem has got worse and the resources directed to it are totally inadequate." For its part, the GLA accepts exploitation exists in other industries and insists it could be more of an "effective deterrent" with extra resources. Chief executive Paul Broadbent said it was making progress to ensure "exploitation in all its forms was eradicated and people can work for a good honest wage and get paid that wage". In Westminster, Mr Sheridan has tabled an early day motion to mark 10 years from the tragedy. He said: "If there's any fitting memorial to the poor people that died it would be that we can legislate or do our best to make sure no one dies in a similar situation."

एक दशक पहले लंकाशायर के मोरेकैंबे बे में काम करते समय ज्वार-भाटा में फंसने से 23 चीनी कॉकल बीनने वाले डूब गए थे। फिर भी, 10 साल बाद, प्रचारकों का कहना है कि ब्रिटेन में श्रमिकों का अभी भी खतरनाक रूप से शोषण किया जा रहा है।


Will globalisation take away your job?

Summary: Millions around the globe may have taken to the streets in recent years to protest against the impact of globalisation on their jobs and communities - but this backlash is only likely to grow as globalisation itself becomes more disruptive.

By Tim BowlerBusiness reporter, BBC News The stark warning comes from Richard Baldwin, president of the Centre for Economic Policy Research think-tank, who has been studying global trade for the past 30 years. Technological advances could now mean white-collar, office-based workers and professionals are at risk of losing their jobs, Prof Baldwin argues. In the US, voter anger with globalisation may have led to Donald Trump's election victory, but those who voted for him could be disappointed as his aim of bringing back jobs is unlikely to work, says Prof Baldwin, who also worked as an economist under President George HW Bush. Protectionist trade barriers won't work in the 21st Century, he says. "Knowledge crossing borders in massive amounts [is the] big new disruptive thing." It's going to help people in Africa and Asia compete more effectively with people in the West, as communication advances mean workers in the developing world will be able to control robots to do jobs in Europe and the US at lower cost, he says. Virtual migration Developing world labour costs can be a tenth of what they are in the West, says Prof Baldwin. "They can't get here to take the jobs but technology will soon allow virtual migration, thanks to telerobotics and telepresence." Ever-faster internet speeds becoming globally more widely available, coupled with the rapidly falling prices of robots will allow workers, for example in the Philippines or China, to remotely provide services to a country like the UK - where the sector accounts for about 80% of the economy. "What it will do is unbundle our jobs and change the nature of our occupation. Some of the things you do absolutely require your judgement - but parts of your job could be off-shored, just as some stages in a factory can be off-shored. "All you need is more computing power, more transmitting power and cheaper robots - and all that is happening." Security guards in US shopping malls could be replaced by robots controlled by security personnel based in Peru, and hotel cleaners in Europe could be replaced by robots driven by staff based in the Philippines, he argues in his book The Great Convergence. Robots rise The use of robots has grown exponentially since the mid-20th Century. A typical industrial robot can cost about £4 an hour to operate, compared to average total European labour costs of about £40 an hour - or £9 an hour in China. And robots are getting cheaper to buy and are increasingly able to do more complex tasks. This means the increased use of robots is also threatening millions of jobs in developing countries, says the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (Unctad), as well as in developed economies. And it's not just in factories; the worldwide number of domestic household robots will rise to 31 million between 2016 and 2019, says the International Federation of Robotics (IFR), with sales of robots for cleaning floors, mowing lawns, and cleaning swimming pools forecast to grow to about $13bn (£10.3bn) in this period. In the 19th Century, the first wave of the industrial revolution triggered an upsurge in global trade. Steam power, the end of the Napoleonic wars and the subsequent era of peace cut the costs of moving goods internationally. Global wealth became increasingly concentrated among just a few nations; the G7 group - the US, Germany, Japan, France, the UK, Canada and Italy - saw their share of the world's wealth rise significantly. But from the 1990s a second wave of globalisation kicked in, with the rise of information and communications technology. There's been a dramatic change of gear, and "a century's worth of rich nations' rise has been reversed in just two decades," says Prof Baldwin. Old-style globalisation "worked on a calendar that ticked year by year" whereas the current wave of globalisation is being driven by IT which is changing and disrupting economies and societies with increasing rapidity, he says. Political backlash All of this has created a backlash, especially in developed economies, as many voters say they are losing out or seeing little of the benefits that globalisation supposedly brings. Prof Baldwin says protectionist policies, such as those of Donald Trump, are ultimately counterproductive. If firms become inefficient by being forced to move jobs back to the US, then ultimately they will lose their business to international competitors. "People are so angry they are doing things that are not in their own interest. "Cures are being sold which are not related to the problem." He points out that the backlash is not the same in every single country. It often depends on how governments deal with workers who may be displaced by technology. "For instance, in Japan they take care of their workers, and there really isn't an anti-globalisation feeling there," he says - unlike in the UK and the US. As a consequence, even businesses that are benefiting from greater automation are increasingly sensitive about the potentially negative social and political consequences. Similarly, in Europe the bosses of both Deutsche Telekom and Siemens have advocated paying a basic income to workers replaced by technology. We may see a move to protectionism as countries try to preserve jobs within their economies, but this is unlikely to work in the long term, says Prof Baldwin. Balancing act The trick is to accept "21st Century reality", he says, and the fact that many jobs simply aren't going to come back. Governments need to pay more attention to social policy, says Prof Baldwin. "In the post-war period of globalisation we liberalised trade but at the same time we expanded social welfare - instituted low-cost education and retraining for workers. "In essence there was a set of complementary policies that reassured workers that they would have a good chance of taking advantage of globalisation." The challenges all this is throwing up for governments are many, but Prof Baldwin says it should be possible to develop policies that embrace globalisation - and give workers displaced by it the support they need. Follow Tim Bowler on Twitter @timbowlerbbc

दुनिया भर में लाखों लोग हाल के वर्षों में अपनी नौकरियों और समुदायों पर वैश्वीकरण के प्रभाव के खिलाफ विरोध करने के लिए सड़कों पर उतर आए होंगे-लेकिन यह प्रतिक्रिया केवल बढ़ने की संभावना है क्योंकि वैश्वीकरण स्वयं अधिक विघटनकारी हो जाता है।


'Breathtaking' stone-stacking artworks on Dunbar beach

Summary: Gravity-defying stacks of stones were created at the first European Stone Stacking Championships.

Competitors from across the UK, France and Spain took part in the contest at Dunbar last weekend. Organiser Steve Hill said stone stacking was "the most natural form of street art you can find" and the artists' creations were "breathtaking". The overall winner was Pedro Duran, of Spain, who managed to balance 33 rocks in one stack.

पहली यूरोपीय स्टोन स्टैकिंग चैंपियनशिप में पत्थरों के गुरुत्वाकर्षण-विरोधी ढेर बनाए गए थे।


Life as an undercover police officer

Summary: For seven years, a police officer posed as an environmental activist and then sparked the collapse of a prosecution case against six other activists when he switched sides and offered to give evidence against the Crown. So what is it like living this kind of double life?

By Dominic CascianiBBC News home affairs correspondent David Corbett has been in the loneliest place in the world - the place inhabited by undercover police officers. For weeks at a time, he would leave his home, wife and family and turn himself into someone completely different. His own clothes, the pictures in the wallet and the favourite CDs in the family car would be left behind. He would take to the criminal underworld as someone completely different: new hair, new clothes, jewellery and cars. David Corbett the policeman, the family man, would die - and Mr X, the hardened career drug dealer from Glasgow would be born. That's the world now under scrutiny after undercover police officer Mark Kennedy spent seven years infiltrating green campaigners only to then offer to give evidence in their defence at trial. Only Kennedy, known to his protest movement friends as Stone, knows how he got to that place. But Corbett, who wrote a memoir of his experiences under his assumed name, says that it is all too easy to lose sight of the exit signs when you're deep inside the mind of a fictional person. He became an undercover officer after a highly fulfilling career investigating organised crime in Scotland. He was picked out for the job and went through three days of special psychological testing in London to see if he was capable of living a lie without losing his mind. He passed and became one of the northern undercover officers working on organised crime investigations co-ordinated by Scotland Yard. His first weeks undercover, tasked with bringing down heroin dealers, gave him a high almost as powerful as the hit from the drug itself, he recalls with black humour. "It was like starting out in the police service again," he says, now in his 50s. "I was cutting my teeth again - I wanted to be exceptional in what I was doing but I had to start small and work my way up." His first proper undercover job involved buying a "parcel" - street drugs - from a dealer in Newcastle Upon Tyne. "It was a two-week operation and the target was very suspicious of being caught," he says. "But it was textbook. I got the parcel, I handed it over to my colleagues from the regional crime squad and then I disappeared into the shadows, never to be seen again. They moved in and made the arrest. The target would never know who I was or my role." Mission: Keep focused From there he moved to bigger and more complex operations, eventually creating a believable Scottish crime figure who won the respect and time of major criminals. But he was only able to do this, he says, because he kept to the rules. Undercover police work, he says, must be tightly focused on gathering specific evidence of a crime. It doesn't work as well as if the officer doesn't know what he is there to do. There has to be a reason for entering the world - and a planned point of exit. On drugs operations, Corbett would need to gather evidence proving that a major criminal was not only willingly selling drugs - but also willing to secure large quantities of them. He needed specific instructions - but also Home Office-backed guidelines on what he should do in various scenarios. He had to approach each target with a reasonable suspicion that they were up to no good, rather than go fishing or act as an agent provocateur. He had to become part of the target's world and witness things unfold. He would never offer to drive a targeted criminal to a meeting with other contacts. But if asked, he would be the driver because refusing to do so would look odd. Critically, he says, clear instructions and guidelines provide an officer with security and certainty in a world where they are being asked to behave ambiguously. At the end of an operation, he would return to his handler, usually a former undercover officer, and run through what he had experienced. He would do the paperwork including detailing any laws he may have broken. And most importantly, he would ditch the physical trappings of being undercover - the haircut, the clothes, and return to his normal world. "The most important thing that I learned was that first and foremost, whatever I was doing, I had to always remember that I was a police officer," he says. "Don't allow yourself to get psychologically mixed up in what you are doing and who you are. "During my time, I came across people who, I have to be honest, I felt sympathetic towards. There was one young kid [who was part of an investigation] who was on drugs and selling heroin. I felt sorry for his life. But you have to remind yourself that it was his decision to put the needle in his arm." The biggest challenge faced by an undercover officer is whether they can break the law. Corbett recalls situations where gang bosses are hosting parties with lines of cocaine ready for guests. In some cases officers talk their way out of it, claiming a pre-existing medical condition, such as heart palpitations. Others would align themselves with the criminals who stick to the hard drinking. Some officers, fearing for their own lives, take the drug. "If you have taken the drug, you have got to come out [of the personality] as soon as possible and say on tape [hidden on your body] or to the handler what has happened and why it was a life-threatening situation. You have to maintain that line between the job and the real person." That line is essential when it comes to enjoying the trappings of criminal wealth. Corbett regularly drove flashy sports cars - his character demanded it. But if officers start to look on those props as possessions, rather than tools, they can find themselves sucked into their self-created world. And after five years deep undercover, he knew he had to get out. He went to see the force's doctor for professional psychological help. "He was not aware that I existed - only three people in the force knew that I existed. That was enough and so I decided I had to stop." He was diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder - but counts himself lucky that he got out in time to rebuild his health.

सात साल तक, एक पुलिस अधिकारी ने खुद को एक पर्यावरण कार्यकर्ता के रूप में पेश किया और फिर छह अन्य कार्यकर्ताओं के खिलाफ एक अभियोजन मामले को ध्वस्त कर दिया जब उसने पक्ष बदल लिया और क्राउन के खिलाफ सबूत देने की पेशकश की। तो इस तरह का दोहरा जीवन जीना कैसा लगता है?


French election: What Emmanuel Macron's win means for Africa

Summary: Emmanuel Macron's first overseas trip since becoming president of France is to the West African nation of Mali. Across Africa, where France retains huge influence in its former colonies, his election has been celebrated in the hope that it will usher in a radical change in France's African policy. The BBC's Lamine Konkobo looks at what that change might look like.

Africa's 'Ode to Joy' moment It was a very powerful, if subtle, symbol. As supporters of Emmanuel Macron gathered at the Louvre's Esplanade in central Paris after his election victory earlier this month, the podium was turned for about 15 minutes into a gigantic dance floor by one of Ivory Coast's most famous bands. Magic System took to the stage, flooding the Parisian night with rhythms and dance moves not often heard and seen in this part of town. Mr Macron had originally taken to the stage to the European anthem Ode to Joy for his victory speech but for African audiences watching on television, this was their Ode to Joy moment. It was a nod to Africa; a nod that reflected the positive message of openness and universalism which has underlined Macron's winning campaign. It could also be seen as one in the eye for defeated far-right candidate Marine Le Pen, who must have felt repulsed by such a cultural invasion. If the sight of Magic System at the Louvre was refreshing for Africans, that is not why the French presidential contest was closely watched across Africa. Mr Macron is expected to deliver on issues of far greater importance in respect of the continent. Fighting Islamist militancy Mr Macron did not say much about African policy on the campaign trail, because Africa was not a decisive topic that could give him the votes he needed to win. However, from what he did say about the continent, it appears that fighting Islamist militancy will be prominent on his African agenda. He was elected while France was under a state of emergency following a series of Islamist attacks in recent years, some of which were carried out by people with African links. But while on the campaign trail, he made it clear that he realised that France was not the only country affected: "Africa is struggling more and more with terrorism," he told Jeune Afrique. "We saw it in Bamako [Mali], in Ouagadougou [Burkina Faso] and in Grand Bassam [Ivory Cost]." Islamist militants targeted hotels in all these places last year, killing many people, including foreign tourists. "Everyone should get involved in the fight against terrorism," he said. France has deployed about 4,000 troops in the Sahel region of Africa as part of the anti-terrorism Barkhane operation. They were deployed to Mali in 2013 to prevent Islamist groups who had taken over the north of the country, from advancing on the capital, Bamako. In Mali, he will visit French troops based in the northern city of Gao. The president-elect has no plan of withdrawing these troops in the foreseeable future. On the military front, France's policy in Africa under Mr Macron will be more of the same. On aid, trade and development There is a famous saying that nations have no permanent friends but only permanent interests. Mr Macron has been elected to serve France's interests and he will do so in his relationship with Africa, political analyst Serge Theophile Balima told the BBC. "Macron is a neo-liberal who believes in businesses and trade," Mr Balima says. "He will do his utmost to open Africa to a maximum of French businesses. That is obvious." However, the new president believes that partnership with the continent will be more beneficial if Africa is strong. As a candidate, he vowed to lobby the G20 at its July summit in Germany to support economic development in African countries. In more clearer terms he has pledged to channel to Africa most of France's foreign aid, which he intends to increase to 0.7% of his country's GDP. However, Mr Macron comes to power at a time when a growing movement of economists and political leaders have been pushing for a major reform they view as more empowering than aid. One sign of France's continued influence over its former colonies is the CFA franc, which is pegged to the euro with the financial backing of the French treasury. While some see it as a guarantee of financial stability, others attack it as a colonial relic. Critics say true economic development for the 14 African countries can only be achieved if they shake off the CFA currency. Some argue that in exchange for the "luxury" of the guarantee provided by the French treasury, the African countries channel more money to France than they receive in aid. Ms Le Pen said that if elected, she would drop the link. While no previous French president has ever expressed a willingness to let go of the CFA, Mr Macron says the decision to move away from it is for African countries to take. Breaking from antiquated politics France's African policy has come under attack from pro-democracy activists since the 1990 Baule conference, at which former President Francois Mitterand issued a call for African countries to embrace democracy, following the fall of the Berlin Wall. Critics have consistently railed against what they perceive as a form of hypocrisy. They say France has repeatedly used anti-democratic means on the continent to further dictatorships or overthrow unfriendly governments if they serve French interests, while openly extolling democratic values. The system of personal networks which backed these controversial practices is pejoratively referred to as "Francafrique". The times are long gone when a French commando unit would fly parachutes in broad daylight into an African capital to restore a deposed head of state. But Francafrique is not totally dead. Mr Macron says he will finally kill it off. He says he will defend and respect fundamental democratic principles everywhere in Africa, working with the African Union and regional organisations. But how will he deliver where his predecessors failed to meet similar promises? "I think he is in a position to bring that end," analyst Mr Balima told the BBC. "First of all, he is young. He does not belong to the old generation. He has few friends in the Mafiosi circles in Francophone Africa." "When meeting African heads of state, some will be embarrassed to speak to this man who could be their son." African leaders will no longer benefit from the former era's complicity, Mr Balima says. "A head of state in a situation of bad governance... could not count on Macron to mobilise the French army to quash a rebellion in a military barracks." If Mr Macron delivers on that promise, he would indeed turn a page that has been a source of much acrimony in French-African relations. Addressing wounds from the past And how France should remember its colonial legacy is closely related to the issue of whether it still pursues a neo-colonial policy in Africa. Right-leaning French political leaders have long maintained that colonisation was not only about forced labour, exploitation and mass graves but that colonised countries also benefited. In 2005, under President Jacques Chirac, a provision enshrining that patriotic view in law was passed. However, it was repealed a year later as a result of an outcry in France as well as in some of its former colonies and overseas territories. Nicholas Sarkozy, as a candidate and later on as president, often complained about being tired of endlessly apologising for his country's past transgressions. Unlike those politicians on the right, Mr Macron considers that recognising the wrongs France did in its past interaction with African people is crucial in redefining the type of dialogue necessary for the new relationship with the continent. As a candidate on a visit to Algeria, he stirred a controversy by branding as a crime against humanity France's colonial war in Algeria. While that statement was condemned by Ms Le Pen and her supporters, it was well received across the whole of French-speaking Africa. Immigration What was strikingly different between Mr Macron and Ms Le Pen was how the two approached immigration. Ms Le Pen's closed-border proposition was that she "has love for the Africans but only if they are at home in Africa", while Mr Macron has defended a policy of immigration that should be defined by France's needs. In other words, under President Macron, there would be no reason to stop an African from coming to France if they have skills that are useful to the country's economy. Since the 1970s, waves of migrants from North Africa and then former colonies south of the Sahara have found their way into France, playing a role in various sectors of the country's economy. Mr Macron does not say he will make immigration from Africa easier. But nor will he obsess about tightening immigration control to stem a real or supposed flow of migrants from Africa. "That is part of the dynamics of [his] liberalism," Mr Balima told the BBC. The president-elect has said he would encourage foreign students and those with useful skills to move to France. With Mr Macron's liberal attitude to immigration, isn't there a fear that Africa might end up losing its best talents? Not really, says Mr Balima. "There will always be enough manpower within Africa for the development of Africa."

फ्रांस के राष्ट्रपति बनने के बाद इमैनुएल मैक्रों की पहली विदेश यात्रा पश्चिम अफ्रीकी राष्ट्र माली की है। पूरे अफ्रीका में, जहां फ्रांस ने अपने पूर्व उपनिवेशों में भारी प्रभाव बनाए रखा है, उनके चुनाव का जश्न इस उम्मीद में मनाया गया है कि यह फ्रांस की अफ्रीकी नीति में एक क्रांतिकारी बदलाव की शुरुआत करेगा। बीबीसी के लैमिन कोंकोबो देखते हैं कि वह बदलाव कैसा दिख सकता है।


Bat survey in Rhondda rail tunnel for cycle route plan

Summary: A survey is being carried out to see if any bats are living in the tunnel campaigners want to turn into a cycle route.

Rhondda Tunnel Society undertakes the first of two checks on Wednesday in the Blaencwm tunnel in Rhondda Cynon Taff. The society hopes to reopen the route, which runs for 1.8 miles (3km) to Blaengwynfi, Neath Port Talbot. If bats are found then a "bat-friendly" habitat roosting place will have to be built. The next survey will be carried out in late March. The Blaencwm tunnel was closed during cutbacks of the UK railway network in the 1960s. In May 2015, the Welsh government said it would commission a study to look at reopening the tunnel for tourism.

यह देखने के लिए एक सर्वेक्षण किया जा रहा है कि क्या सुरंग में कोई चमगादड़ रह रहे हैं, प्रचारक साइकिल मार्ग में बदलना चाहते हैं।


Yahya Jammeh: Other leaders accused of looting the coffers

Summary: More than $11m (£8.8m; €10.3m) is reportedly missing from The Gambia's state coffers following the departure of long-time leader Yahya Jammeh, who clung to power for nearly two months despite losing the presidential election in December.

Mr Jammeh, thought to now be in Equatorial Guinea, is not the first leader accused of lining his own pockets with state funds. In fact, many have taken far more. Here are some of the worst offenders. Sani Abacha, Nigeria Sani Abacha, the Nigerian leader from 1993 to 1998, reportedly looted somewhere between $1bn and $5bn from the country's coffers using fake funding requests. In 2014 the US Justice Department said it had frozen more than $450m of Abacha's stolen assets. Suharto, Indonesia Suharto, the president of Indonesia from 1967 to 1998, is alleged to have cleaned out the country's state funds to the tune of about $35bn. In 2000 he was placed under house arrest and charged with the theft of $570m via fake charities, but court doctors found him too ill to stand trial. He died in 2008. Mobutu Sese Seko, Zaire The leader of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo) from 1965 to 1997, Mobutu ran a murderous regime which brutally suppressed the opposition. He also lived in great style at the expense of the country's people, accumulating international properties including a 30-room mansion in Lausanne worth $5.5m. He is suspected of stealing about $5bn. Ferdinand Marcos, Philippines It's the shoes that everyone remembers - the supposed 3,000 pairs of designer shoes accumulated by Marcos' wife Imelda. They became an enduring symbol of the corruption of his leadership of the Philippines between 1965 and 1986. But Marcos is suspected of stealing more than $10bn from the country during his reign. After his death a series of lawsuits forced the Swiss banks in which he stashed the cash to release nearly $700m back to the Philippine authorities. Ali Abdullah Saleh, Yemen Former Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh is suspected of corruptly amassing as much as $60bn during his time in office - roughly equivalent to Yemen's annual GDP - much of it through schemes to provide oil and gas contracts. He was ousted from power in 2012 after the Arab Spring, but is now allied with the Houthi rebels, locked in battle with the country's internationally recognised government. Slobodan Milosevic, Serbia Slobodan Milosevic, the brutal dictator who ran Serbia between 1989 to 1997, was eventually charged with genocide, but he was first arrested on charges of plundering funds from the Serbian state. The total is not known, but he is suspected of stealing $1-$4bn. He died in 2006, while on trial in The Hague. Hosni Mubarak, Egypt Toppled by the 2011 uprising, Hosni Mubarak went on trial accused of embezzling funds meant for the renovation of presidential palaces to do up his personal properties. Mubarak and his sons were found guilty of embezzling more than $17m over an eight-year period. He was sentenced to three years in prison while his sons, Gamal and Alaa, got four years each. Ben Ali, Tunisia The 2011 overthrow of Ben Ali marked the beginning of the Arab Spring. Ali and his wife fled to Saudi Arabia but a Tunisian court sentenced them in their absence to 35 years in prison for embezzlement and misuse of public funds. At his trial, the prosecution said $27m in jewels and public money had been found at one of his mansions.

लंबे समय तक नेता रहे याह्या जमेह, जो दिसंबर में राष्ट्रपति चुनाव हारने के बावजूद लगभग दो महीने तक सत्ता में रहे, के जाने के बाद कथित तौर पर गाम्बिया के राज्य के खजाने से 11 मिलियन डॉलर से अधिक (8.8 मिलियन पाउंड; € 10.3m) गायब है।


Boris Johnson changes tone over handling of pandemic

Summary: Boris Johnson doesn't tend to do remorse.

Laura KuenssbergPolitical editor@bbclaurakon Twitter He is fond of looking on the bright side and moving forward. "Come on! Come on!" and "Fantastic, fantastic!" are the phrases you hear in public most frequently from his mouth. Even some of his allies agree privately with his detractors that he is a politician for the good times, a spreader of cheer, rather than seeming like a statesman for a crisis. That's one reason why the handling of this terrible epidemic has been a profound political challenge for this prime minister, beyond the enormous strain that coronavirus has put on the government machine and his own health. He moved into No 10 a year ago today, taking charge of a country politically divided over Brexit, with protestors at the gate. But after chucking veteran Tories out of the parliamentary party and suspending Parliament, the first tumultuous phase of his premiership ended with him being clapped back into No 10 for the second time, and with a thumping majority. A pugilistic Downing Street was almost punch drunk with the opportunities that lay before them. But with unbelievable timing, 31 January 2020 - Brexit day - was also the day that the UK confirmed its first cases of coronavirus. Far from the first day of Boris Johnson's dream of raw power, it was the first day of a nightmare for the country's health and economy too. It is the pandemic, therefore, not his hoped-for policies, that have fundamentally shaped Boris Johnson's premiership so far. Like other world leaders, he had to take a series of enormous decisions, at huge speed, that have had consequences for each and every one of us. The worst of the health crisis has faded; however, Boris Johnson has shown a profound reluctance to admit mistakes that were made. The government did expand the capacity of the health service at breakneck speed. The Treasury's interventions in the economy have kept millions of people afloat for now. UK scientists are ahead in the world in terms of treatments and vaccine research. But a debate has raged about whether the lockdown came too late. Stock response Why was the government slow to ramp up the testing they now say is vital? Why were protections for care homes not introduced much sooner? Why has the death rate here been so much higher than in nearly every other country? Why does the government keep promising 'world beating' this, and 'world beating' that, when the UK's record on handling the pandemic has many flaws? When these questions have come, the prime minister's stock response has been to protest that it is not the right time to look at what went wrong. Time and again, ministers have repeated the mantra that "we made the right decisions at the right time". But today, as he reflected on his 366 days in power, Boris Johnson inched towards confronting what went wrong. In his first full TV interview since the lockdown, and his own time in hospital, he told me that ministers had not understood the disease "for the first few weeks and months", unaware that the virus was already here and in circulation before the government fully realised. And what of the timing of the lockdown? Again, he took a step towards acknowledging that there could have been mistakes, suggesting the lockdown timing was an "open question", and that while the government had stuck "like glue" to the advice given by its scientists, maybe that advice had been wrong. Preaching, not practice Despite that change in tone, the prime minister's reluctance to go into detail yet about the mistakes the government might have made is still striking. Advice from his former close adviser Will Walden, who spoke to us on Newscast, is that he should admit mistakes were made, and get on with a proper inquiry into what went wrong, seems to have fallen largely on deaf ears. While the prime minister always says that he takes full responsibility for what the government does, that's perhaps preaching, not practice. Mr Johnson wants to use the government's experience of what happened during the pandemic to speed up his agenda, to "double down on levelling up", as he puts it in his peculiar political jargon. In other words, to push ahead with more determination, and less fudge in Whitehall, with the changes that he says will actually improve the lives of voters, particularly those who voted Tory for the first time in 2019. Questions continue While preparing the NHS for a potential second surge, he clearly wants to concentrate on what's next, not what's gone before. But perhaps until the government is really ready to acknowledge what has happened, the questions will continue - and the public may still feel anxious about whether they can really trust ministers to handle a second surge next time round. Just as 366 days ago, optimism is Boris Johnson's trademark. But if the last few months have shown anything, it is that the real challenge of life in power, is that events that can surprise.

बोरिस जॉनसन को पछतावा करने की प्रवृत्ति नहीं है।


Your pictures of Scotland 27 November - 4 December

Summary: A selection of your pictures of Scotland sent in between 27 November and 4 December. Send your photos to scotlandpictures@bbc.co.uk. Please ensure you adhere to the BBC's rules regarding photographs which can be found here.

Please also ensure you follow current coronavirus guidelines and take your pictures safely and responsibly. Conditions of use: If you submit an image, you do so in accordance with the BBC's terms and conditions. Please ensure that the photograph you send is your own and if you are submitting photographs of children, we must have written permission from a parent or guardian of every child featured (a grandparent, auntie or friend will not suffice). In contributing to BBC News you agree to grant us a royalty-free, non-exclusive licence to publish and otherwise use the material in any way, including in any media worldwide. However, you will still own the copyright to everything you contribute to BBC News. At no time should you endanger yourself or others, take any unnecessary risks or infringe the law. You can find more information here. All photos are subject to copyright.

स्कॉटलैंड की अपनी तस्वीरों का चयन 27 नवंबर और 4 दिसंबर के बीच भेजा गया। अपनी तस्वीरें scotlandpictures@bbc.co.uk पर भेजें। कृपया सुनिश्चित करें कि आप तस्वीरों के संबंध में बीबीसी के नियमों का पालन करते हैं जो यहां पाए जा सकते हैं।


The death of the local newspaper?

Summary: The government has announced a review into the future of the newspaper industry, warning the closure of hundreds of regional papers is fuelling fake news and is "dangerous for democracy". But is it too late to save local newspapers?

By Alice HuttonBBC News There's a spot just off the M6 in Coventry where you can time-travel into the 1950s. Walking through beech-panelled boardrooms and a butler's pantry you might not guess this was the Coventry Evening Telegraph for nearly half a century. The rooms look abandoned mid-shift, as though the reporters have spiked their last story and walked out. There's a baseball cap on one of the old PCs, and old family photos on the desks. The building was boarded up in 2012 when the paper finally left for more modern premises. It's due to be turned into a boutique hotel - just in time for Coventry's turn as the UK's new City of Culture in 2021. Brushing dust from the huge but silent printing press Mick Williams, who started working at the Telegraph in 1972 aged just 16, says fondly: "This was my baby. Working here wasn't just a job, there was a prestige attached to it because you were bringing people their news. It's like a museum now." The old building is now a pop-up arts space where tourists come to take photos of the rooms filled with dead technology and dust. Standing in the room where he worked for 30 years, ex-printer Mick reflects on the future of local papers. "I suppose you can get the news from different parts of the media these days. I know I can look at Facebook local groups and I can get some news of what's happening that doesn't appear in the Telegraph until perhaps three days later. [But] you've lost a bit of community spirit haven't you? You've lost a connection." Earlier this month, when Prime Minister Theresa May launched a government review into the sustainability of the British press, she praised the work done by local journalists in covering the terror attack on the Manchester Arena, in which 22 people died. The coverage, by the Manchester Evening News, was, she said, "a very good example of where good quality local journalism and a good quality local paper can actually be out there supporting their community". In an act of solidarity following the bombing, 30 local journalists from Teesside to Dublin answered a call by MEN publisher Trinity Mirror to cover shifts for the exhausted reporters, photographers, subs and editors. Then MEN editor Rob Irvine, whose We Stand Together campaign raised £2.5m for the families of victims, said at the time: "We will make Greater Manchester an even greater place. We will care about each other and support our neighbours. The terrorists will fail. We will prevail." But the National Union of Journalists has warned that the regional newspaper industry is in "free-fall". Since 2005 more than 200 local papers have closed in the UK and the number of regional journalists has halved to around 6,500, with staff cuts, centralised newsrooms, sub-editing and printers re-located miles from local communities, leaving press benches in councils and courtrooms increasingly empty. An estimated 58% the country has no daily or regional title and rural areas are increasingly reliant on London-based media and their own social networks for local news. Public 'losing a voice' A 2016 study found UK towns, whose daily local newspapers had shut, suffered from a "democracy deficit" with reduced community engagement and increased distrust of public bodies. "We can all have our own social media account, but when [local papers] are depleted or in some cases simply don't exist, people lose a communal voice. They feel angry, not listened to and more likely to believe malicious rumour," said Dr Martin Moore, director of the Centre for the Study of Media, Communication and Power at King's College London, which published the report. "Because it's not necessarily the sexy stuff - like big investigations - for quite some time people didn't notice it was disappearing." Dr Moore says the "repercussions of a lack of a local press" were seen after the Grenfell Tower fire, which killed 71 people in June last year. The nearest local newspaper - The Kensington and Chelsea Chronicle - closed in 2014. After that, the area was covered by a single journalist working out of a hub newsroom based in Surrey. "If there had been reporters consistently on the ground who could elevate residents' voices then it's hard to think that the authorities wouldn't have reacted in some way more constructively than they did. As a consequence they went unheard," Dr Moore says. In December the city of Cambridge woke to find that its 130-year-old daily paper The Cambridge News had printed 12,000 copies missing the front-page headline. Readers were quick to poke fun at the paper on social media with the editor-in-chief blaming "a technical problem". But former deputy editor Paul Kirkley said behind the laughter the incident highlighted that "management have cut resources to the bone and then kept on cutting". The paper had changed publishers three times in five years including Local World, which made a large number of staff redundant, Trinity Mirror which removed 10 years of stories from the website and Iliffe News and Media, which was successfully taken to court by HMRC for using an alleged tax-avoidance scheme to ring-fence £51.4m in income. The Yattendon Group, which formerly owned Iliffe News and Media, declined to comment. Current publisher Trinity Mirror said: "Regarding the removal of story archives, it is wrong to use the word 'deleted'. They still exist and can be accessed by our reporters. Given that less than 1% of readers read content more than four months old, we feel resources are better placed covering breaking local news for our readers." Last month journalists at The Swindon Advertiser went on strike over alleged "poverty pay" and job cuts at the title. owned by Newsquest, given the hashtag #scroogequest on Twitter. But Newsquest chief executive Henry Faure Walker, says although digital income was rising, cuts were needed partly because the papers' traditional funding model of advertising had declined so badly and social media giants like Facebook and Google were "free-riding" newspaper's content and giving "peanuts in return." He welcomed the government review. "The important point is that if a publisher doesn't adapt their business to the new economic reality, then they will close and the town or city will lose their newspaper." In 2016 the newspaper trade body The News Media Association (NMA) also raised concerns about the rise of digital news saying the BBC's news website "risks damaging the local press sector, which is currently in transition to a sustainable digital world". Last year, in response, the corporation and NMA, launched the Local News Partnership Scheme. It set up a shared data unit where local reporters can learn new skills, access BBC News video and audio material and local papers can use 150 licence-fee funded reporters to cover public meetings as part of its £8m annual Local Democracy Scheme. But the chair of the independent press regulator Impress, Jonathan Heawood, said it was not just the big publishers that new funding models should be aimed at. "There are around 400 innovative and commercially successful, independent publishers in operation already like The Ferret in Scotland or The Bristol Cable which are co-operatives. "I think this could be the rebirth of the local newspaper if we work out how to help the new business models thrive in the long run, not prop up the old ones." The Bureau Local, a branch of the Bureau of Investigative Journalism, is another model looking to improve the future of local journalism. Launched last year with a £500,000 Google grant, its aim is to support public-interest journalism by publishing free data online and collaborating with local and national papers and communities. So far it is active in 106 UK cities and has helped publish more than 150 local stories - including an investigation into swing seats during the snap election, and council cuts to domestic violence services. Bureau local director Megan Lucero said: "People are innovating the way they tell stories, we are innovating the way we consume it. "It rests on how we see journalism- do we see it as a service or do we think it needs to thrive alone as a business? That is a decision we have to make as a society." Correction: An earlier version of this article incorrectly stated that the Manchester Evening News had announced redundancies a month after the Manchester Arena Bombing of May 2017. The redundancies were announced in June 2016 and this line has been amended. A complaint about the inaccuracy was upheld by the BBC's Executive Complaints Unit. Death of the Local Newspaper? was broadcast on Radio 4's PM programme on February 19. Alice Hutton worked for The Cambridge News between 2010 and 2012 when it was owned by Iliffe News and Media.

सरकार ने समाचार पत्र उद्योग के भविष्य की समीक्षा की घोषणा करते हुए चेतावनी दी है कि सैकड़ों क्षेत्रीय समाचार पत्रों को बंद करने से फर्जी खबरें फैल रही हैं और "लोकतंत्र के लिए खतरनाक" है। लेकिन क्या स्थानीय समाचार पत्रों को बचाने में बहुत देर हो चुकी है?


Miners' strike: 'Police fitted me up'

Summary: Thirty years on from the miners' strike there are growing calls for a public inquiry into allegations of widespread miscarriages of justice - with claims that many picketers were arrested on bogus charges and evidence was falsified to get them to court.

By Jenny ChryssBBC Radio 4's The Report The Home Office has so far refused to comment on the inquiry demands. Cabinet papers relating to the 1984-5 miners' strike are due to be published on Friday. "I remember hearing the sound of glass smashing and then within seconds there was just a stampede. People were falling over themselves trying to get out of the way. It was every man for himself." Miner Ray Riley had been picketing at Frickley Colliery in West Yorkshire in November 1984 when trouble broke out. Fleeing a police charge, he had taken refuge in a nearby garden when he was arrested and assaulted by a group of police officers. He needed stitches to a head wound and was taken straight from hospital to a police cell and charged with breach of the peace. The police said he threw a missile before he ran and struggled violently on arrest - both claims he strenuously denies. "I'm saying absolutely and emphatically that the police fitted me up. If convicted I would have been instantly dismissed from British Coal. A lot depended on it, they were quite serious odds and I took it upon myself to do a bit of my own detective work," he said. Mr Riley went back to the estate where events took place and found two residents who contradicted the police version of his arrest, backed up his account and threw doubt on that of the officers. A jury cleared him of the charge and he went on to win compensation from West Yorkshire Police. But more than 11,000 people were arrested during the strike and more than 8,000 were charged - mostly with breach of the peace and obstruction. Pat Gore, the solicitor who represented Mr Riley, said his acquittal was against the odds. "It was very difficult if you were in court and the evidence was that of the police and that of you, as a miner. The benefit of the doubt was generally given to the police and therefore I think a lot of people felt quite aggrieved at the outcome of those court hearings," she said. A spokesman for West Yorkshire Police said: "While many issues relating to the incident have already been dealt with through the courts, if there are any outstanding matters which Mr Riley feels are still unresolved, we believe that it is vital and in the public interest that these are addressed." Vera Baird QC served as Solicitor General in the last Labour government, and is now Police and Crime Commissioner for Northumbria. But in 1984 she represented some of the 93 men arrested after clashes at Orgreave, coking works near Rotherham, South Yorkshire. Some were charged with riot or unlawful assembly and could have faced considerable prison terms if convicted. During the first trial of 15 picketers she was able to dismantle the police evidence by proving to the court that two officers had lied under oath about an incident they could not possibly have witnessed. She demonstrated they had also lied over a forged signature on one of the officer's statements. Other barristers went on to produce evidence which also undermined police witnesses and the prosecution gave up the case. All 93 men were acquitted. Ms Baird said: "The Orgreave trial had at its core what I can't describe in any other way than a plot to pervert the course of justice." Hillsborough 'parallels' No officers were prosecuted or disciplined as a result of the Orgreave trial, but South Yorkshire Police has now referred itself to the Independent Police Complaints Commission after allegations about manipulated statements were made last year in a BBC Inside Out documentary. The IPCC has spent the last year carrying out a "scoping exercise" - working out if it has the necessary powers and resources to look at what happened at Orgreave, but has yet to decide if it will investigate. South Yorkshire Police is currently under investigation over claims of falsified statements following the Hillsborough football disaster in 1989, and campaigners on behalf of the miners arrested believe there are parallels with events at Orgreave. Barbara Jackson of the Orgreave Truth and Justice Campaign is demanding an immediate inquiry: "We think because the police had already got away with what happened at Orgreave - nobody was held to account, no officer, no force - the police were then emboldened to take the same view that they could mislead and fabricate things at Hillsborough as well." Michael Mansfield QC, who has direct involvement with both campaigns, agrees and believes the miners, like the Hillsborough families, deserve to find out what happened. "What matters most to them is the fact that there was no accountability for officers who had plainly broken the law and it seems to me that this still needs to be rectified in the same way as Hillsborough. It doesn't matter when it happened, you have to investigate it because otherwise it gives them immunity," he says. Blacklisted South Yorkshire Police refused to comment while the IPCC is considering the evidence. While some people were cleared, thousands were convicted during the year-long strike, leaving them with damaging criminal records. Alex Bennett was arrested at the Bilston Glen pit in Scotland and still maintains he was unfairly convicted of breach of the peace - a conviction which he says had disastrous and lasting consequences. "I was sacked. I just got a letter from British Coal saying I was summarily dismissed. They didn't tell me why. I was blacklisted for three years," he says. Mr Bennett struggled to support his family, and was continually turned down for jobs he was well qualified to carry out. "It was terrible, really terrible because I had two kids at school. Every job I applied for I was rejected," he adds. Neil Findlay, MSP for the Lothian region, is leading calls in Scotland for an inquiry into the police handling of the strike and claims of false evidence against miners. "These are people who are law-abiding citizens who have been charged and whose lives have changed. And some people's lives have ended through this - through depression, alcohol, mental illness and they are no longer here," he says. At Westminster 42 MPs have signed a Commons motion seeking an inquiry into the alleged manipulation of statements by police at Orgreave, and the wider policing of the strike. Ian Lavery, Labour MP for Wansbeck and a former miner, tabled the motion and wants a blanket amnesty for anyone with picket line convictions. Conservative MP Sir Peter Bottomley, an employment minister under Margaret Thatcher during part of the dispute, has signed the motion: "If there is nothing to hide, nothing will be hidden. "If there is something to hide it should be exposed. The key point is that the police are even more accountable than the people who organise mass picketing." He says he objected strongly to mass picketing because he saw it as intimidating and an opportunity for those out to cause trouble, but that did not stop him from calling for an inquiry over Orgreave. Not everyone, though, wants to dig up the past. Retired West Yorkshire police officer Cedric Christie says he believes there were better things on which to spend today's limited resources. He says: "It's hard enough to investigate things that happened last week or last year, but 30 years - it's just too long. I know the sentiments behind it are very important but are we able ever to find out exactly what happened in each arrest? We'll never achieve that." The Report with Jenny Chryss is broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on Thursday 2 January at 20:00 GMT.

खनिकों की हड़ताल के तीस साल बाद न्याय के व्यापक गर्भपात के आरोपों की सार्वजनिक जांच की मांग बढ़ रही है-इस दावे के साथ कि कई प्रदर्शनकारियों को फर्जी आरोपों में गिरफ्तार किया गया था और उन्हें अदालत में लाने के लिए सबूतों को गलत साबित किया गया था।


Body confirmed as missing 90-year-old Arthur Roy Taylor

Summary: The body of a man found on a Ceredigion beach last month has been confirmed as that of missing Arthur Roy Taylor, 90.

Mr Taylor, known as Archie and from Lancashire, went missing after going out to sea on his boat from Gwbert boat club. His body was found on 30 April on the beach between Llangrannog and Ynys Lochtyn. An inquest has been opened by Ceredigion Senior Coroner Peter Brunton, and was adjourned.

पिछले महीने सेरेडिगियन समुद्र तट पर पाए गए एक व्यक्ति के शव की पुष्टि 90 वर्षीय लापता आर्थर रॉय टेलर के रूप में हुई है।


EU immigration - the Croatian solution?

Summary: The prime minister will announce plans to limit EU migration before Christmas but the search is still on for a way to do this without needing to re-write the founding treaty of the EU - the Treaty of Rome - which enshrines the principle of the freedom of movement of people.

Nick RobinsonPolitical editor Sources stress that no final decisions have yet been made on what the specific measures will be, how they will be announced (ie whether in a speech or an article or an interview) or when they'll be made (ie before or after the Rochester by-election). Yesterday's Sunday Times story about a possible limit to the number of national insurance numbers issued to new arrivals from the EU is said to draw on current practice in Croatia - the latest country to join the EU. British workers wanting to live and work in Croatia for more than three months need a work permit which - according to one website - requires: These requirements also apply to citizens of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta Netherlands, Slovenia and Spain who have also applied so-called transitional controls limiting free movement for the first seven years of Croatia's EU membership - up until 2020. It is unclear how or whether this regime could be applied to an existing member state though, perhaps, it suggests that it could be possible provided the restrictions work in both directions. This is just one of a number of options being considered, I'm told. Last week another possibility emerged - a so-called "emergency brake" mechanism which would allow a country to stop migration after it reached a certain level. This has never previously been used to stop immigration and EU officials are fond of pointing out that at the same time as immigration levels to the UK are high unemployment levels are much lower than other EU countries - suggesting, they argue, that there is no evidence that immigrants take the jobs of UK workers. Several countries - German, Austria and the Netherlands - have already agreed to the desirability of limiting benefit payments to the families of migrants and changing the so-called transitional arrangements which apply when countries join the EU. However, as yet, there is no sign of any other country wanting limits to the total numbers allowed to move from one EU country to another. There is some frustration amongst the prime minister's advisers that ideas are leaking out before they have had proper time to assess them. That, of course, is the problem with simultaneously trying to solve a political problem - the rise of UKIP - by talking up how tough you'll be in Europe at the same time as considering whether any of your promises will be agreed to by 27 other EU countries.

प्रधान मंत्री क्रिसमस से पहले यूरोपीय संघ के प्रवास को सीमित करने की योजना की घोषणा करेंगे, लेकिन यूरोपीय संघ की संस्थापक संधि-रोम की संधि-जो लोगों की आवाजाही की स्वतंत्रता के सिद्धांत को स्थापित करती है, को फिर से लिखने की आवश्यकता के बिना ऐसा करने के तरीके की खोज अभी भी जारी है।


Pedestrian, 91, in two-car collision dies in hospital

Summary: A pedestrian seriously injured in a collision involving two cars has died in hospital.

The 91-year-old man was taken to Raigmore Hospital in Inverness following the incident in Nairn on 21 January. Emergency services were called to the junction of Thurlow Road and Seafield Street at about 16:50. Police Scotland has appealed for witnesses to the incident which involved a black Mazda and a red Honda.

दो कारों की टक्कर में गंभीर रूप से घायल एक पैदल यात्री की अस्पताल में मौत हो गई है।