Scientists glimpse inside a Peruvian mummy

Summary: In a small room lined with shelves of skulls, fossils, bones and antique violins, researchers are using advanced computer imaging to study priceless objects, including a mummy from Peru. So what's inside?

By Daniel Nasaw and Matt DanzicoBBC News Magazine, Washington Some patients find CT scanners and other medical imaging devices claustrophobic. But this lady, a high-born Peruvian woman in her 40s, was not complaining - she has been dead for about seven centuries. And researchers at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History would like to know a bit more about her. The nameless woman is one of the best preserved Peruvian mummies anywhere, and the CT scanner allows researchers to peer inside her without damaging her. The scanner uses x-rays to shoot thousands of images of the object in thin slices. Computer software then reassembles the images to create highly accurate, detailed three-dimensional models and reconstructions. "We could probably do the same with a traditional autopsy," says Bruno Frohlich, a physical anthropologist with the museum, "but there would be nothing left for future generations and it would destroy something that should not be destroyed." The National Museum of Natural History is one of Washington's most popular, and on a given day its public galleries teem with school children and tourists. To reach the CT scanner lab, a visitor passes the stuffed elephants, birds, mammals and native American artefacts and takes a lift upstairs into the research wings. Next, there is a long walk through a labyrinth of dim corridors lined with drawers holding thousands of once-living specimens - a crate of whale bones here, a box full of chipmunks there. Spacesuits and violins The museum's newest CT scanner, worth a cool $250,000 (£155,472), was donated by global technology giant Siemens in the spring. The company has donated four to the museum since the 1990s. "It allows us to connect the dots of history," says Kulin Hemani, a vice-president at Siemens' computed tomography division, explaining the significance of the mummies. "How these people were living, what were their habits, how did they die?" The CT (computed tomography) scanner has proven invaluable to researchers as it allows them an increasingly high-resolution peek inside the objects and artefacts they study, without having to cut them open or destroy them. In addition to mummies, researchers here have used CT scanners to examine priceless Stradivarius violins, marine fossils, pottery, aging Nasa spacesuits and more. The applications are innumerable, researchers say. On Thursday, Dr Frohlich, a native of Denmark who has been with the museum since 1978, brandished a set of fossilised reptile jaws between 50 million and 100 million years old. Heads and bodies Because the rocky sediment lodged in cracks and crevices in the jaws has a different density than the fossilised bone, the CT scanner will allow researchers to remove the sediment digitally by isolating it from the bone in the digital images, says Dr Frohlich. That offers a picture of the scrubbed fossil without the risk of harming it with physical tools, he says. Researchers ran a Nasa spacesuit through the CT scanner in order to learn how its polymer fibres were breaking down with age, in order better to preserve it for the future, says David Hunt, another museum anthropologist. And recently, researchers in Mongolia sent Dr Frohlich a collection of mummies - with the bodies separated from the heads and no records to match them up. This was fine, Dr Frohlich says, because the CT scanner will allow him to reassemble the mummies by matching the bone density of each specimen. Natural mummification The woman mummy, discovered in Ancon, Peru, arrived in the museum's collection between 50 years and a century ago, he says. When she died, she was placed upright in what looks like a red dress with an elaborately crocheted fringe, sitting cross-legged. Rather than decompose, her body was mummified by the cold, dry mountain air and wind. The process is called natural mummification, as opposed to the classic Egyptian mummification in which the body is eviscerated and treated with chemicals. Researchers have only recently begun to investigate her, but Dr Frohlich says the CT scanner has revealed her internal organs are intact. That will eventually enable investigators to learn about her nutrition and diet, her general level of health, whether she suffered illness, whether she had overcome disease, whether she had broken bones or other injuries, and more. "Maybe she's pregnant," says Dr Frohlich. "Who knows?" Such studies add to the human understanding of ancient peoples, he says. "We should learn about our history. Why did cultures and civilisations start up and especially why did they disappear? Is it economy or is it environment? We may be able to help our own society to learn, which will help us in our decision making."

खोपड़ी, जीवाश्म, हड्डियों और प्राचीन वायलिन की अलमारियों के साथ एक छोटे से कमरे में, शोधकर्ता अमूल्य वस्तुओं का अध्ययन करने के लिए उन्नत कंप्यूटर इमेजिंग का उपयोग कर रहे हैं, जिसमें पेरू की एक ममी भी शामिल है। तो अंदर क्या है?


Commons Speaker: Who is Sir Lindsay Hoyle?

Summary: "A kind of embodiment of the British constitution," one Westminster savant told me, the sort of politician who has been marinated in parliamentary practice so long they have an instinctive feel for its unwritten rules and unspoken conventions.

By Mark D'ArcyParliamentary correspondent To him, Lindsay Hoyle is a classic example of the political operator turned constitutional fixture. His father was an MP (and is now a Labour Peer) and he served as a councillor in his home seat of Chorley in Lancashire, becoming deputy leader, before moving to Parliament in 1997. This is a man steeped in politics. And that shows through in other ways. He is seen in the tea room as a strategic streetwise campaigner, who set his eyes on the prize he won today perhaps a decade ago, when he was one of the first three MPs to be elected as deputy Speaker. "The by-ways of Lancashire are littered with the bodies of those who've underestimated Lindsay," one former parliamentary neighbour told me. There is steel under the cheerful surface. The succession to John Bercow had been a Westminster talking point for at least 18 months, and it was striking how cautious potential competitors were about showing their hand too soon, with Lindsay already spoken of as the commanding frontrunner in that race. When the election finally came, much later than many expected, he played a cautious hand - emphasising his record in the chair, for example during the terror attack on Westminster. He has also been the point of contact for MPs concerned about security issues, for themselves, their staff and their families - a vital role in the current political climate. His list of nominators was a careful cross-section of serious backbenchers - balanced on Brexit and on party factions, and on political generations. Heading the list of nominators was Sir Charles Walker, vice chairman of the Conservative 1922 Committee, and one of those who dragged John Bercow to the chair (I'm told he won't be doing any dragging this time, though). Sir Charles was talked of as a potential candidate himself, so it was quite a coup to have him front and centre, signalling seriousness of purpose and a dash of reform-mindedness to MPs. As chairman of the Commons Procedure Committee, Mr Walker has a shopping list of changes he wants to implement, but he has also shown his disquiet at some of Speaker Bercow's recent rulings, so his support sends a nuanced message. 'Traditional route' What kind of Speaker will he be? Sir Lindsay has taken the traditional route - serving since 2010 as a deputy, so MPs have had plenty of opportunities to observe his avuncular style, and, on occasion to contrast it favourably with Speaker Bercow's. And as the senior deputy, the Chairman of Ways and Means, he has a guaranteed spot in the limelight every year, chairing the Budget debates (this is a tradition going back to the Stuart kings, when the Speaker was seen as an agent of the Crown, while the deputy was chosen by MPs and therefore seen as more suited to chairing debates on taxation). He also selects amendments to be considered when MPs sit as a Committee of the Whole House, as they did over the Early Election Bill, last week. His decision to rule out amendments not strictly within the compass of the Bill bolstered his reputation as a straight shooter who was not keen on Bercow-esque stretching of the rules. If there is to be change, the likelihood is that it will be by consensus, and probably with the stamp of approval of Sir Charles's committee. But Mr Speaker Hoyle could find himself having to decide, in the heat of controversy, whether to allow some of his predecessor's innovations to continue; extra amendments to the address of thanks for the Queen's Speech (Speaker Bercow's 2013 decision to allow an extra amendment ratcheted up the Commons pressure for an EU referendum), amendments to Business of the House Motions and substantive emergency motions. These all sound like technical in-house issues, but their impact on the politics of the last few years has been enormous. Some of these questions may not arise if there is a stable government majority to vote them down - but, especially if there is a hung Parliament, the new Speaker may have to decide whether to accept or reject some of the precedents that have been set in the last few years. And the consequences could be huge. Even if the next House of Commons has a majority, the chances are that it will not default back to its 2005 factory settings - and MPs will still expect plenty of urgent questions, emergency debates and chances to put their questions at PMQs, and a Speaker who seeks to erase the practice of the last decade may get some pushback. And MPs will also expect their Speaker to stand up to ministers where appropriate - which is a lot more difficult to do where the government has a majority. In conducting debates, his put-downs and shuttings-up will be gentler, and the advice of the clerks - those priests of parliamentary practice - is more likely to be implemented. With a demand for a kinder, gentler politics, this could help the Commons lead the way.

वेस्टमिंस्टर के एक विद्वान ने मुझे बताया, "ब्रिटिश संविधान का एक प्रकार का अवतार", जिस तरह के राजनेता इतने लंबे समय से संसदीय अभ्यास में लगे हुए हैं, वे इसके अलिखित नियमों और अनकही परंपराओं के लिए सहज महसूस करते हैं।


Funding for North Sea carbon capture study announced by Nicola Sturgeon

Summary: First Minister Nicola Sturgeon has announced the Scottish government is to provide funding for a feasibility study into carbon capture and storage (CCS) in the North Sea.

It centres on the Acorn Project, which aims to create a CCS project at St Fergus in Aberdeenshire. A UK government-led £1bn pound competition to develop carbon capture and storage was dropped in 2015. Ms Sturgeon said help would be provided during investigations. Peterhead power station and the White Rose scheme in North Yorkshire were in the running to win the £1bn contract before it was cancelled in 2015. It would have seen emissions from heavy industry stored permanently underground.

प्रथम मंत्री निकोला स्टर्जन ने घोषणा की है कि स्कॉटिश सरकार उत्तरी सागर में कार्बन ग्रहण और भंडारण (सी. सी. एस.) में व्यवहार्यता अध्ययन के लिए धन प्रदान करेगी।


Harvey Weinstein scandal: Who has accused him of what?

Summary: Salma Hayek, Rose McGowan and Gwyneth Paltrow are among dozens of women who have come forward with allegations ranging from rape to sexual harassment by movie mogul Harvey Weinstein.

He is currently facing five charges relating to two women in New York. He has previously admitted his behaviour has "caused a lot of pain" but has described many of the allegations against him as "patently false". His spokesperson has said "any allegations of non-consensual sex are unequivocally denied" and there were "never any acts of retaliation" against women who turned him down. Here are some of those who have made allegations against him. Rose McGowan The actress has accused Weinstein of raping her by performing oral sex in a hotel at the Sundance Film Festival in 1997, when she was 23 and had just appeared in Scream. She later reached a $100,000 settlement with him - and says he offered her $1m for a further non-disclosure deal to stay silent. She declined and has been one of his most vocal accusers. Annabella Sciorra The Emmy-nominated former Sopranos actress has alleged that Weinstein forced himself into her apartment in New York in 1992 and raped her. "I was so ashamed of what happened," Sciorra told the New Yorker. "And I fought. I fought. But still I was like, Why did I open that door?" Ashley Judd The actress says Weinstein asked her to go to his hotel room under the guise of a business meeting, but appeared in a bathrobe and asked if he could give her a massage or if she could watch him shower. She refused, and says he got revenge by seeking to damage her career. Director Peter Jackson has come forward to say he removed her from a casting list "as a direct result" of what he now thinks was "false information" provided by Weinstein. In May 2018 Judd sued Weinstein claiming he damaged her career in retaliation for her rejecting his sexual advances but a Los Angeles court later dismissed her sexual harassment suit. Her defamation claim may still proceed, the judge said. Mira Sorvino The Mighty Aphrodite star says he harassed her in a hotel room in 1995. "He started massaging my shoulders, which made me very uncomfortable, and then tried to get more physical, sort of chasing me around," she said. Like with Ashley Judd, Peter Jackson said Weinstein warned him off casting her. Salma Hayek The Frida actress says she turned down repeated sexual advances from Weinstein while making the 2002 film Frida. And she says his persuasion tactics included threats. Hayek said Weinstein once told her: "I will kill you, don't think I can't." Asia Argento The Italian actress and director Asia Argento says she reluctantly agreed to give him a massage in a hotel room on the French Riviera, but he then raped her. Weinstein "terrified me, and he was so big", she said. "It wouldn't stop. It was a nightmare." Lucia Evans Lucia Evans - nee Stoller - encountered Weinstein in 2004 in a New York club when she was an aspiring actress. She says she was forced to perform oral sex by the producer after going to his office for what she thought was a casting meeting. "The type of control he exerted, it was very real," she told The New Yorker. "Even just his presence was intimidating." Paz de la Huerta The Boardwalk Empire star has accused Weinstein of raping her twice in New York in 2010. The first time was after he offered her a ride home, and the second was when he turned up uninvited at her apartment. "I did say no, and when he was on top of me I said, 'I don't want to do this'," she said. Gwyneth Paltrow Paltrow says Weinstein asked her to give him a massage in his hotel suite after casting her in the leading role of 1996's Emma when she was 22. She refused. "He screamed at me for a long time. It was brutal," she said. She told then boyfriend Brad Pitt - who threatened to kill the producer if he did anything like that to Paltrow again. Mimi Haleyi Former production worker Mimi Haleyi alleges that she was raped by Weinstein when he forcibly performed oral sex on her in 2006 in his New York apartment. "I told him 'no, no, no'. But he insisted," Ms Haleyi told a press conference in New York. Dominique Huett The actress also alleges she was raped by Weinstein when he performed oral sex on her without her consent. She says he lured her to a hotel room in 2010 under the guise of helping her procure future TV and film roles. "I didn't know how to say no to someone like him at the time, which I regret," she said. Natassia Malthe The Norwegian actress accuses Weinstein of raping her in a London hotel after the 2008 Bafta Awards ceremony. She also alleges that he then asked her to engage in a threesome with him and another woman when back in Los Angeles following the Baftas. Lysette Anthony British actress Lysette Anthony says he carried out a "pathetic, revolting" attack at her London home in the late 1980s, which left her "disgusted and embarrassed". Lysette Anthony told The Sunday Times she had reported an attack by Weinstein to the Metropolitan Police in London. Cara Delevingne In an Instagram post, Delevingne writes how uncomfortable she felt during an encounter with Weinstein in a hotel room and describes what allegedly happened when she told him she wanted to leave. "He walked me to the door and stood in front of it and tried to kiss me on the lips. I stopped him and managed to get out of the room," she says. Lea Seydoux The French actress has written about how he invited her to come to his hotel room for a drink. "We were talking on the sofa when he suddenly jumped on me and tried to kiss me," she wrote in The Guardian. "I had to defend myself. He's big and fat, so I had to be forceful to resist him." Angelina Jolie Jolie says she was propositioned by Weinstein in a hotel room in 1998. "I had a bad experience with Harvey Weinstein in my youth, and as a result, chose never to work with him again and warn others when they did," she said. Uma Thurman The Pulp Fiction actress says Weinstein pushed her down and "tried to expose himself" at the producer's hotel room in London during the 1990s. "He tried to shove himself on me... He did all kinds of unpleasant things," Thurman said. "But he didn't actually put his back into it and force me. You're like an animal wriggling away, like a lizard." Heather Graham The Boogie Nights actress told Variety she was once propositioned by Weinstein in the early 2000s when she met him to discuss being cast in one of his movies. She alleges he implied she had to sleep with him to get a film role, telling her that his wife would have been fine with it. Zoe Brock The model and actress says he asked for a massage in the south of France in 1997. She said: "I didn't know what to do and I felt that letting him maybe touch me a little bit might placate him enough to get me out of there somehow." Before long, she "bolted" into the bathroom. He banged on the door with his fists before eventually retreating, putting on a dressing gown and starting to cry. Louisette Geiss The actress and producer says she was attacked by Weinstein when he invited her to his office in a hotel for a meeting about a script she had written at the Sundance Film Festival in 2008. He insisted on listening to her pitch in his hot tub, then asked her to watch him masturbate, she says - and told her he could green-light her script if she did so. She left. Daryl Hannah The Splash actress says she repeatedly turned down Weinstein's advances during promotion for Kill Bill and its sequel. He tried, she says, to get into her hotel room on multiple occasions, once getting a key and "burst[ing] in like a raging bull." He asked to grope her breasts and then asked her to expose herself to him, she alleges. She suffered physical repercussions as her flights were cancelled and she was left stranded after she turned him down on one occasion, she adds. Rosanna Arquette The actress says she rejected Weinstein's advances and that she believes her acting career suffered as a result. She told the New York Times in the early 1990s she was directed to his hotel room, where he was in a bathrobe and asked her for a massage. When she refused she says he grabbed her hand and pulled it toward his crotch. More voices Model Ambra Battilana Gutierrez has said she was groped by Weinstein and later went to New York police in 2015, saying the producer assaulted her. She then met Weinstein wearing a hidden microphone. But prosecutors took no action. Other stars to have detailed how he made advances in his home or hotel rooms include Brit Marling, Lupita Nyong'O, Lena Headey and Kate Beckinsale. Other women who have come forward since then with their stories include French actresses Florence Darel, Judith Godreche and Emma de Caunes. British model Kadian Noble, US actresses Jessica Barth, Katherine Kendall and aspiring actresses Dawn Denning, who is now a costume designer, Tomi-Ann Roberts, who is now a psychology professor, have also gone on the record. TV anchor Lauren Sivan alleges Weinstein cornered her in an empty basement area of a New York restaurant in 2007 and masturbated in front of her. And other workers at the Weinstein film company told the New Yorker about their experiences, including Emily Nestor, who was a temporary front desk assistant who said she had had to refuse his advances "at least a dozen times". Actress Claire Forlani has said "nothing happened" between her and Weinstein - but only because she "escaped five times". In an interview with Canadian TV, actress Lauren Holly said the producer approached her naked and requested a massage, at which point she "pushed him and ran". Zelda Perkins, a British former assistant of Harvey Weinstein, says she resigned after a colleague accused him of trying to rape her. Weinstein's spokeswoman Sallie Hofmeister issued a statement on 10 October in response to the allegations of sexual harassment and assault. "Any allegations of non-consensual sex are unequivocally denied by Mr Weinstein," she said. "Mr Weinstein has further confirmed that there were never any acts of retaliation against any women for refusing his advances. "Mr Weinstein obviously can't speak to anonymous allegations, but with respect to any women who have made allegations on the record, Mr Weinstein believes that all of these relationships were consensual. Mr Weinstein has begun counselling, has listened to the community and is pursuing a better path." Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.

सलमा हायेक, रोज़ मैकगोवन और ग्वेनेथ पाल्ट्रो उन दर्जनों महिलाओं में शामिल हैं, जिन्होंने फिल्म निर्माता हार्वी वाइनस्टीन पर बलात्कार से लेकर यौन उत्पीड़न तक के आरोप लगाए हैं।


New Zealand is making trolling illegal

Summary: New Zealand is making cyber bullying a specific crime.

The country's Harmful Digital Communications Bill has been approved by parliament last week and is expected to come into effect on Monday. It means people could be fined or sent to prison for using deliberately harmful, threatening or offensive language. An agency will also be set up to work with firms like Facebook, Google and Twitter to remove the content. Tech companies will be expected to ask authors to remove a post before taking it down themselves if it has not been removed within 24 hours. Critics say the law is too broad and could limit free speech but others think the threshold for prosecutions will be high. How is this different from the UK? In England and Wales, there is no specific offence of trolling, but trolls can be prosecuted through three existing laws; the Malicious Communications Act, the Communications Act and the Protection from Harassment Act. These can be used to deal with online threats and stalking and messages causing distress, although they provide no clear definition of "trolling". Scotland and Northern Ireland have similar legislation. Media lawyer Nick McAleenan believes the current laws are sufficient, saying: "Over last 12 months or so, police have really got a grip on these laws. "We've seen a massive increase in prosecutions but it is hard to police and there are a lack of resources for prosecutions." But he thinks the police and the public need more advice on what constitutes an offence. He says a new single law could send a clear message on what's acceptable but a lot of time and money would be wasted creating it. What could be prosecuted in the UK? According to the Crown Prosecution Service, social media messages which "specifically target an individual or individuals and which may constitute harassment or stalking" could be a criminal offence. Posts which also make a "credible threat of violence" against a person or property, may also be prosecuted. There is also a possibility of "grossly offensive, indecent, obscene or false" messages also falling foul of the law. People under the age of 18 are unlikely to be prosecuted as children "may not appreciate the potential harm and seriousness of their communications". What about freedom of speech? The CPS advises a "high threshold" for prosecuting social media users under the Malicious Communications Act. "Just because the content expressed in the communication is in bad taste, controversial or unpopular, and may cause offence to individuals or a specific community, this is not in itself sufficient reason to engage the criminal law," the guidelines add. Posts must be more than "banter or humour" for prosecution to go ahead. What are the potential punishments for trolling? Depending on which of the laws outlined is used to prosecute, maximum sentences for trolling can range from two to five years in prison. But Nick McAleenan says: "Although more people are being prosecuted, in reality, we haven't seen massive sentences." Last year, Peter Nunn, 33, from Bristol, was sent to prison for 18 weeks after being found guilty of trolling Labour politician Stella Creasy over her campaign to put Jane Austen on the £10 note. He sent what were viewed as "menacing" messages to the Walthamstow MP. The judge also imposed a restraining order, preventing him from contacting either Ms Creasy or Caroline Criado-Perez, who began the Jane Austen campaign. In 2011, Sean Duffy from Reading was also jailed for 18 weeks after he mocked dead children online. Follow @BBCNewsbeat on Twitter, BBCNewsbeat on Instagram, Radio1Newsbeat on YouTube and you can now follow BBC_Newsbeat on Snapchat

न्यूजीलैंड साइबर बदमाशी को एक विशिष्ट अपराध बना रहा है।


What really happened when Swedes tried six-hour days?

Summary: Sweden has been experimenting with six-hour days, with workers getting the chance to work fewer hours on full pay, but now the most high-profile two-year trial has ended - has it all been too good to be true?

By Maddy SavageBusiness reporter, Gothenburg Assistant nurse Emilie Telander, 26, cheers as one of the day patients at Svartedalen's elderly care home in Gothenburg manages to roll a six in a game of Ludo. But her smile fades as she describes her own luck running out at the end of the year, when after 23 months of six-hour shifts, she was told to go back to eight-hour days. "I feel that I am more tired than I was before," she reflects, lamenting the fact that she now has less time at home to cook or read with her four-year-old daughter. "During the trial all the staff had more energy. I could see that everybody was happy." Ms Telander is one of about 70 assistant nurses who had their days shortened for the experiment, the most widely reported of a handful of trials in Sweden involving a range of employers, from start-ups to nursing homes. Productivity boost Designed to measure well-being in a sector that's struggling to recruit enough staff to care for the country's ageing population, extra nurses were brought in to cover the lost hours. The project's independent researchers were also paid to study employees at a similar care home who continued to work regular days. Their final report is due out next month, but data released so far strongly backs Ms Telander's arguments. During the first 18 months of the trial the nurses working shorter hours logged less sick leave, reported better perceived health and boosted their productivity by organising 85% more activities for their patients, from nature walks to sing-a-longs. However, the project also faced tough criticism from those concerned that the costs outweighed the benefits. Centre-right opponents filed a motion calling on Gothenburg City Council to wrap it up prematurely last May, arguing it was unfair to continue investing taxpayers' money in a pilot that was not economically sustainable. Saved from the axe at the eleventh hour, the trial managed to stay within budget, but still cost the city about 12 million kronor (£1.1m; $1.3m). "Could we do this for the entire municipality? The answer is no, it will be too expensive," says Daniel Bernmar, the Left Party councillor responsible for running Gothenburg's elderly care. But he argues the experiment still proved "successful from many points of view" by creating extra jobs for 17 nurses in the city, reducing sick pay costs and fuelling global debates about work culture. "It's put the shortening of the work day on the agenda both for Sweden and for Europe, which is fascinating," he says. "In the past 10, 15 years there's been a lot of pressure on people working longer hours and this is sort of the contrary of that." More trials Yet while work-life balance is already championed across the political spectrum in Sweden, the chances of the Nordic country trimming back its standard 40-hour week remain slim. On a national level, the Left Party is the only parliamentary party in favour of shortening basic working hours, backed by just 6% of voters in Sweden's last general election. Nevertheless, a cluster of other Swedish municipalities are following in Gothenburg's footsteps, with locally funded trials targeting other groups of employees with high levels of illness and burnout, including social workers and hospital nurses. Cleaners at Skelleftea Hospital will begin an 18-month project next month. There's also been an increase in pilots in the private sector, with advertising, consulting, telecoms and technology firms among those testing the concept. Yet while some have also reported that staff appear calmer or are less likely to phone in sick, others have swiftly abandoned the idea. 'Like skipping homework' "I really don't think that the six-hour day fits with an entrepreneurial world, or the start-up world," argues Erik Gatenholm, chief executive of Gothenburg-based bio-ink company. He is candid enough to admit he tested the method on his production staff after "reading about the trend on Facebook" and musing on whether it could be an innovative draw for future talent. But the firm's experiment was ditched in less than a month, after bad feedback from employees. "I thought it would be really fun, but it felt kind of stressful," says Gabriel Peres, as he slots a Petri dish inside one of the 3D printers he's built for the company. "It's a process and it takes time and when you don't have all that [much] time it kind of feels like skipping homework at school, things are always building up." On the other side of the country, his concerns are shared by Dr Aram Seddigh, who recently completed his doctorate at Stockholm University's Stress Research Institute and is among a growing body of academics focusing on the nation's shifting work patterns. "I think the six-hour work day would be most effective in organisations - such as hospitals - where you work for six hours and then you just leave [the workplace] and go home. "It might be less effective for organisations where the borders between work and private life are not so clear," he suggests. "This kind of solution might even increase stress levels given that employees might try to fit all the work that they have been doing in eight hours into six - or if they're office workers they might take the work home." Flexible working Back in Gothenburg, Bengt Lorentzon, the lead researcher for the Svartedalen care home project, argues that the concept of six-hour days also jars with the strong culture of flexible working promoted by many Swedish businesses. "A lot of offices are already working almost like consultancies. There's no need for managers to have all their workers in the office at the same time, they just want to get the results and people have to deliver," he says. "Compare that to the assistant nurses - they can't just leave work to go to the dentist or to the doctors or the hairdressers." "So I don't think people should start with the question of whether or not to have reduced hours. "First, it should be: what can we do to make the working environment better? And maybe different things can be better for different groups. "It could be to do with working hours and working times, but it could be a lot of other things as well." Listen to Maddy Savage's report on Sweden's experiment with six-hour days on The World Tonight.

स्वीडन छह घंटे के दिनों के साथ प्रयोग कर रहा है, जिसमें श्रमिकों को पूर्ण वेतन पर कम घंटे काम करने का मौका मिल रहा है, लेकिन अब सबसे हाई-प्रोफाइल दो साल का परीक्षण समाप्त हो गया है-क्या यह सब सच होना बहुत अच्छा है?


Tackling the hidden weapons left behind

Summary: Photojournalist Sean Sutton has worked for Mines Advisory Group (MAG), a not-for-profit humanitarian organisation, since 1997, after almost a decade covering conflicts as a freelance photographer. To mark International Landmine Awareness Day, he has written about his work and selected some of his pictures from his archive from the past 25 years.

Phil CoomesPicture editor I started my career as a photographer back in 1988 and found myself drawn to conflict and the impact it had on people's lives. My initial work in Burma over a two-year period led to assignments in many countries affected by war. Landmines were part of the story wherever I went, and in the early 90s I decided to focus on this issue while working on other stories in these countries. I got to know the actors involved, especially MAG, who were one of only two charitable organisations clearing landmines at the time. To my complete surprise, in early 1997 MAG offered me a staff job to act as the interface between the situation on the ground with decision makers and the public - to use my photography, design and page-layout skills to communicate on the issues. The problems and the solutions. It has been an extraordinary journey and a pretty unique one for a photographer. When I was freelance I worked for many non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and United Nations (UN) agencies as well as the international press. This was amazing work, but it certainly had its frustrations. It was also getting increasingly hard to publish stories, so I jumped at the chance to focus on the issue I cared so deeply about. I had experienced the horrific impact of landmines first hand for a number of years and the issue stood out to me due to the indiscriminate nature of the hidden weapons. Primed like coiled explosive springs under the ground for decades - waiting patiently for their unsuspecting victims. Mine clearance is a prerequisite to any normal activity in so many areas after conflict. People can't safely farm, they can't safely build a house and their children can't safely play. Aid agencies can't drill water wells, can't build schools and in many cases can't deliver medical assistance or food aid. People don't want to survive on aid handouts. Many are subsistence farmers and they need land to survive. In my experience the vast majority of people who stood on a landmines knew they were in a minefield. They had no choice. They had to get to the stream for water, they had to collect the firewood and they had to use the land to grow food. This is the tragic situation still affecting thousands today. In many places, such as Cambodia, villages became military positions. This is due to a water source, shade from trees, solid structures and so on. The occupying military would surround the village with defensive minefields. The other side would take it, clear some of the mines and also lay more around the village for defence. This would go on for many years - villages would be taken by different sides time and time again - and you end up with a patchwork quilt of contamination. After the war when people returned they had no choice but to go to their ancestral lands. They would have to pay someone to use other land - and they had no money. Also there was a risk that people would take their land. The pressures were massive. As a result Cambodia has one amputee for every 290 people. After World War Two there was extensive contamination across Europe, but the countries involved had the resources as well as the resolve to deal with it. More recent conflicts mean that the poorest countries are now affected and they don't have the resources themselves to pay for clearance. As a result MAG, prioritises those areas where the humanitarian need is greatest, land for farming, rebuilding homes, safe access to water and other resources. Children are a specific cause for concern - every day a child is killed or injured by a landmine. Children often look after animals and herd cattle and goats across land in other countries, so that also makes them particularly vulnerable. But the biggest thing really is that children are naturally inquisitive, kids are likely to pick up shiny metal objects they might find in the bush or in the rice field. The results are horrific. One day, the husband of a family I met was walking to the rice field and a few hundred metres from their house he stood on a mine, he went to hospital and had an amputation. Six weeks later, he returned to the village and asked his wife if she could go and get him some medicine for his pain. So she went to a neighbour's house, got some medicine and on the way back - just a few metres from their house she stood on a mine. She laughed as she said to me: "So I took the medicine instead of him because I needed it more." The couple told me they were the poorest family in their village of Chisang because neither parents could work as hard as others, due to their injuries. But they said the most important thing of all for them was their children and their future and that if MAG hadn't come and cleared the village and surrounding area it would be a very different scenario. So it was a message of happiness in a way, despite the sort of tragic scenario they found themselves in, at least their kids were not going to stand on a mine going to school. I have seen the village change dramatically over the years. Now it is lush and full of life with a school, a clinic and a busy market.

फोटो पत्रकार सीन सटन ने एक गैर-लाभकारी मानवीय संगठन माइंस एडवाइजरी ग्रुप (एमएजी) के लिए 1997 से काम किया है, एक स्वतंत्र फोटोग्राफर के रूप में संघर्षों को कवर करने के लगभग एक दशक बाद। अंतर्राष्ट्रीय बारूदी सुरंग जागरूकता दिवस को चिह्नित करने के लिए, उन्होंने अपने काम के बारे में लिखा है और पिछले 25 वर्षों से अपने संग्रह से अपनी कुछ तस्वीरों का चयन किया है।


Estates holds street parade for Hull City of Culture

Summary: Residents of a housing estate in Hull have held a huge street parade as part of the UK City of Culture 2017 arts festival.

Giant puppets and homemade costumes were created for the event on Orchard Park in the north of the city. Artists ran special sessions to help people design and build their creations. Roads on the estate were closed and hundreds of people turned out to watch the event. Kerith Ogden, one of the artists behind the parade, said it was a chance for people to bring their ideas to life. "It's about bringing lots of different people together to make a brilliant spectacle that can be enjoyed by all," she said.

हल में एक आवासीय संपत्ति के निवासियों ने यूके सिटी ऑफ कल्चर 2017 कला उत्सव के हिस्से के रूप में एक विशाल सड़क परेड आयोजित की है।


'I had no choice but to be split from my sister'

Summary: At least 5,000 children currently in care have been split from their siblings, a Freedom of Information request to councils in England and Wales has found. Two sisters tell the BBC's Victoria Derbyshire programme what it was like to be separated from as young as nine.

By Ashley John-BaptisteBBC Victoria Derbyshire programme Vicky Willis still clearly remembers the day she was split up from her sister. "I just remember packing everything and getting in the car. We cried. There was no going back," she says. "I found it unfair because we hadn't done anything wrong to get separated. We just got taken away and that was that." Vicky, now 19, was four when she and her two siblings went into care due to neglect. Five years later, she was split from her older sister Pip, to whom she was particularly close. She was found a placement near her brother, in their childhood town, but Pip moved away to Oxford. She says she really struggled without having her sister to look after her. Vicky, who now lives in a mother and baby unit with her two-year-old son, Louie, says she was very jealous of her sister, who was making a new life without her. "Her accent changed. She became posh. She changed. I didn't change - but she had moved to a new area and a new family," she said. Loss and bereavement There are currently more than 70,000 children in care in England and Wales - and many of them, like Vicky, have been split from siblings. When a court makes a care order for a child or sibling group to go into care, the local authority then becomes responsible for them. Nearly 2,500 sibling groups, at least 5,000 children, are currently split up in care, data from 50 councils in England and Wales that responded to a Freedom of Information request showed. In 30 of the 50 councils, more than 50% of sibling groups had been split. In Islington, 73% of their sibling groups are split up, in Oxfordshire it's 68% and 60% of sibling groups are split in Cheshire West and Chester. And in Bridgend in Wales, 58% are split up. The Family Rights Group has campaigned for more children in care to be kept together with their siblings. Its chief executive, Cathy Ashley, said when siblings who had experienced the same things and supported each other were split up, "that sense of loss and bereavement alongside the other trauma can be overwhelming". "Practically, local authorities struggle to find carers who will take on a sibling group," she said. "It's a lack of importance perhaps being placed on that sibling relationship, but the price of that is being paid by those individual children." She explained there were times when it was in a child's best interest to be moved away from their sibling group, for example if they needed counselling separately after trauma, but that was not the norm. "The norm should be that priority is given to brothers and sisters being able to live together like most brothers and sisters," she said. Funding gap David Simmonds, Conservative leader of the Local Government Association, said councils consider keeping siblings together as a priority. "There's a £2bn funding gap in children's social care in England and inevitably that's going to have an impact on the way councils do their work," he said. He also called on the Children's Minister, Nadhim Zahawi, to listen to the voice of young people in care. The Department for Education said "local authorities have more than £200 billion available for local services up to 2019-20 - which includes funding for children's services". Pip, the elder sister, says she loved the family she was taken in by, but would have preferred to be with a different family if the siblings could have been kept together. Her foster family planned to look after just one child, so it wasn't possible for Vicky to move in as well. Pip says of her younger sister: "We just had a bond and we stuck together. We had each other's backs. We didn't have a good social worker at the time so we had to rely on each other. "Being moved from a little village to a big city. I was a three-hour drive away from Vicky. I shut off from everything. Social services set up weekends. It wasn't the same. "Having your sister there and then the next minute she's gone, is difficult." Pip says that although it is difficult for foster parents, children should be kept together. "The damage and cost of sibling separation is way greater than the pressure on a foster parent to raise a sibling group," she says. Watch the BBC's Victoria Derbyshire programme on weekdays between 09:00 and 11:00 on BBC Two and the BBC News channel.

इंग्लैंड और वेल्स में परिषदों को सूचना की स्वतंत्रता के अनुरोध में पाया गया है कि वर्तमान में देखभाल में कम से कम 5,000 बच्चों को उनके भाई-बहनों से अलग कर दिया गया है। दो बहनें बीबीसी के विक्टोरिया डर्बीशायर कार्यक्रम को बताती हैं कि नौ साल की उम्र से अलग होना कैसा था।


Summary: Is fighting a pandemic like fighting a war? Two Vietnam veterans - Thomas Hall, in Kansas, and Marsha Four, in Philadelphia - talk about their wartime experience, the coronavirus, and the parallels they see between the two.

Marsha spent three years in Vietnam as a US army nurse, stationed on the front lines in a critical care unit. It was, she recalls, "in many ways a very dark time" in her life. War "embraces you - good or bad it becomes the only world that you live in. Nothing else exists but that war and your safety and the work you have to do inside of it", she says. Tom was 20 years old when he stepped off a plane in Saigon. "As Marsha said we were all very young. And I just looked at it kind of 'Oh, what's this.' I went through a myriad emotions I wasn't even aware of." He served as a military police sentry and dog handler in 1969 and 1970, working mostly at night, alone, patrolling landing zones or large bases. The emotion he felt on those first deployments "was abject fear", he recalls. "You kind of have to get over that and say what's going to happen will happen, and you just do it." He is now national chair of the post traumatic stress and substance abuse committee for Vietnam Veterans of America. Numbing emotions, he says, "that's a good thing in a war zone. Not so good when you come back to your country and be in a civilian world". Using war metaphors when referring to efforts to fight the pandemic is fair, he believes. "It's an invisible enemy," he says. "It's killing people at random and if we don't marshal all our resources and get focused on that, then it will overrun us." He adds: "Front-line workers, they're dying. Nurses and doctors have died fighting this, just like in a war. And they're putting their lives on the line, just like in a war. I think the parallels are innumerable. I don't think it's a stretch at all." Find out more The interview with Marsha and Tom was part of BBC OS Conversations on the BBC World Service Marsha agrees, saying she sees a parallel between the work of healthcare workers in the pandemic and what nurses and doctors had to do during Vietnam. "When you look at what the individuals had to endure during this time - everyday was total chaos, everyday they had to live under the stress and anxiety not only of the work that was demanded of them," she says, adding "there was the loss of the humanity that was laid at their hands. "They had no control over the pain of seeing these individuals who were losing their lives, who were slipping away, and their families were not with them." She said patients in Vietnam died alone, without the comfort of their loved ones. "They looked at us as their mothers, their wives. We were the ones that helped them across to the other side. We gave them the strength and we gave them the courage to let go, and that all would be well," she says. She adds: "When you look at what the staff in the hospitals are going through today there is an overwhelming comparison with some of the things that we had to experience." In the US, over half a million lives have been lost in just over one year, more than the American death tolls from World War 1, World War 2 and the Vietnam War combined. And like with war, Tom expects the pandemic will have a lasting impact on those who worked on the front lines. Normal emotions need to be turned down while in the midst of it all, he says. Later, that act of self-preservation can create a feeling of distance, an isolation from others. "Nobody understands exactly what you've been through," he says. "There were several million people who went to Vietnam and everybody had a different war," he adds. "The idea of everybody being in the same situation that experienced battling Covid on the front-line health professions - each of them will be dealing with different issues that will colour the arc of their life. They will not be the same, after this."

क्या महामारी से लड़ना युद्ध लड़ने जैसा है? वियतनाम के दो दिग्गज-थॉमस हॉल, कान्सास में, और मार्शा फोर, फिलाडेल्फिया में-अपने युद्ध के अनुभव, कोरोनावायरस, और दोनों के बीच समानताओं के बारे में बात करते हैं।


G20 summit: Koalas and 'shirtfronting'

Summary: It reportedly cost more than A$500m ($437m; £279m) for Australia to put on, but in just two days, the G20 summit has come and gone. The world's powerbrokers are making their way home.

Jon DonnisonSydney correspondent But aside from a few healthy air-mile accounts and an unhealthy dose of jetlag, what have they got to show for it? This summit was primarily meant to be about economics. As predicted, and indeed recommended many months ago, the headline in the G20 final statement issued on Sunday was a pledge to increase global growth by just over 2% over the next four years. This will apparently pump around $2 trillion into the global economy. But for many people watching and listening around the world those figures are pretty hard to relate to. It is easy for summits like G20 to be perceived as little more than expensive talking shops. "They come here, sit in our air-conditioned hotels, drink our chardonnay and talk bullshit," Mal, a plain-speaking Queenslander, said to me on the sidelines of the G20 this weekend. But the less cynical would point to fact that it is not often that 20 of the world's most powerful people actually get to meet to face to face. There must be some benefit in that. Fighting talk And indeed at this year's summit there were plenty of woes to talk about - the threat from Islamic State and the turmoil in the Middle East, the Ebola crisis as well as the tensions between Russia and Ukraine. In the end, it was the last of these issues that dominated the headlines coming out of Brisbane this weekend. Vladimir Putin cut something of an isolated figure, as world leader after world leader set about verbally assailing the Russian president. The Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott had set the tone early when, last month, he offered the prospect of an actual physical confrontation with the black belt wearing Mr Putin who he promised to "shirtfront". This is an expression originating from Australian football, which means charging an opponent forcefully in the chest. In the end, Mr Abbott proved a little milder when confronted with Mr Putin face to face, opting instead for a firm handshake and a somewhat forced smile. The "Putin-versus-the-world" story was the one that dominated this year's G20. Reporters wrote far more words on this than any other angle. Reading and watching the news in Australia or Britain it is easy to see Mr Putin portrayed as the villain, bullying little Ukraine But it is easy to forget that at home the image of the Russian leader standing up to an alliance of world powers probably plays rather well. And certainly President Putin gave no sign that he is ready to make the change of direction that many of the G20 leaders are demanding of him. Furry friends The one surprise of this year's G20 was a pledge to do more to address climate change which ended up on the final communique, somewhat embarrassingly for the hosts Australia, a country often criticised for its environmental policies, which had resisted calls to put the issue on the official summit agenda. But the move came after President Obama's surprise announcement at last week's Apec meeting that the US and China had reached an agreement to reduce their respective emissions. There was more pressure when Mr Obama then made climate change a key theme of his speech to a receptive audience of students at the University of Queensland on Saturday. So in the end the G20 had plenty of talking points, at least for the journalists here. But summits are not really events that capture the public imagination. And it's probably fair to say that if you asked most people the one image they remember from this weekend in Brisbane it would be that of various suited and booted global bigwigs cuddling koalas. If nothing else G20 2014 will go down as the summit where "koala diplomacy" was born.

ऑस्ट्रेलिया के लिए इसे पहनने में कथित तौर पर 500 मिलियन ऑस्ट्रेलियाई डॉलर (437 मिलियन ऑस्ट्रेलियाई डॉलर; 279 मिलियन ऑस्ट्रेलियाई डॉलर) से अधिक की लागत आई, लेकिन केवल दो दिनों में, जी-20 शिखर सम्मेलन आया और चला गया। दुनिया के शक्ति दलाल घर जा रहे हैं।


Princess Charlotte: How to photograph children, like the Duchess of Cambridge

Summary: Taking photos of your child on their birthday might not get you recognition from the Royal Photographic Society , like the Duchess of Cambridge, but most parents understand the work that goes into capturing the moments that will be treasured for many years.

By Hanna YusufBBC News So what makes a good photograph of a child? Art critics say it's all about the emotion, and that parents often make the best photographers for their children, as the best photos are "full of love". For Jemella Binns, who specialises in photographing children, the key thing is to try to let the child's character shine through. "I focus on getting the child really comfortable so they can be themselves. I'm always prepared to make myself look really silly with props and toys to keep the child engaged and entertained. "The more comfortable the child is, the less forced and unnatural the photos will look," she says. In addition to ensuring the basics are in place - natural lighting, good colours, stylish framing - it's important to keep the process as organic as possible. This involves avoiding a situation where the child is doing something they don't want to do. You may also like: "I tell parents not to pressure their children into smiling because some babies are not smiley, so it can seem really fake. And when the child has a missing tooth, making them smile might not be the best thing," says Miss Binns. Echoing this is Jazz von Loeben, an agent at the Pixie Child Model Agency. She says that the sort of pictures that make it into the portfolios of the child models she represents are the most organic-looking. "Happy pictures are the best pictures. The ones in which the child looks like they are genuinely enjoying themselves," says Ms von Loeben. "Princess Charlotte's photos include a lot of movement, which I love," says Miss Binns, "Having her run around and climb a fence really shows her fun spirit. "For children of Charlotte's age, it's always great to take the photos outside, instead of in a studio, so the child can run around." Five tips By Emma Lynch, BBC News website picture editor The ultimate trick in getting the young child co-operate is to let them see themselves, adds Miss Binns. "Always show the child their photos, children love to see themselves!" Tell us your stories of photographing your young child by emailing haveyoursay@bbc.co.uk. Please include a contact number if you are willing to speak to a BBC journalist. You can also contact us in the following ways:

अपने बच्चे के जन्मदिन पर उनकी तस्वीरें लेने से आपको रॉयल फोटोग्राफिक सोसाइटी से मान्यता नहीं मिल सकती है, जैसे कि डचेस ऑफ कैम्ब्रिज, लेकिन अधिकांश माता-पिता उन क्षणों को पकड़ने के काम को समझते हैं जो कई वर्षों तक बहुमूल्य रहेंगे।


Report of child's death in US raid in Yemen sparks anger

Summary: While Donald Trump's decision to restrict entry into the US for 90 days for citizens of seven predominantly Muslim countries has been the dominant topic of conversation online in Yemen - one of the affected nations - another event involving Americans has also sparked widespread anger.

By Mai NomanBBC Trending On Saturday, US special forces carried out an operation in central Yemen targeting the house of a suspected leader of the jihadist group al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP). It was the first such raid authorised by the Trump administration. US officials initially said an estimated 14 al-Qaeda militants were killed, as well as one Navy Seal commando. But on Wednesday, they acknowledged that an investigation team had "concluded regrettably that civilian non-combatants were likely killed" too, adding that children might have been among the casualties. Yemeni medics and officials had earlier said that at least 10 women and children were killed. But it was the locally-reported death of one particular individual - eight-year-old Nawar al-Awlaki - that provoked particular fury among Yemenis. Her grandfather, Nasser al-Awlaki, told several news outlets that Nawar was shot in the neck during the raid. In an interview with the Guardian, he added that he did not believe the US special forces members had meant to kill his granddaughter. Nawar's uncle, Ammar al-Awlaki, also wrote about upsetting details of how he said she had died in a Facebook post that was widely shared in Yemen. The al-Qaeda connection Nawar's father, Anwar al-Awlaki, was a Yemeni-American cleric and suspected senior al-Qaeda leader who was touted as a potential successor to Osama bin Laden before being killed in a US drone strike in 2011. The strike was said to have been personally ordered by President Obama. Two weeks after the strike, his 16-year-old son Abdulrahman - also an American citizen - was killed by another US drone. Some Yemenis on social media denounced the US, accusing it of targeting the Awlaki children because of their father's activities. "Trump killed Nawar six years after Obama killed her brother... who was killed while eating dinner at an outdoor restaurant," read one Facebook post. "Way to go America, keep making America great again." More from BBC Trending Visit the Trending Facebook page The killing of Abdulrahman al-Awlaki drew international criticism, with some journalists claiming that he was not a member of the militant group and had no part of his father's activities - although this has never been verified. Human rights groups, like the American Civil Liberties Union, raised questions as to why Abdulrahman al-Awlaki was killed. A US administration official speaking on condition of anonymity to the Washington Post described Abdulrahman al-Awlaki as a bystander who was "in the wrong place at the wrong time". President Obama was asked by Mother Jones magazine journalist Nick Baumann during a Reddit AMA in 2012 what he had thought about the teen's death. The question received hundreds of votes from Redditors, yet remained unanswered. Now, there similar criticism over the reported killing of eight-year-old Nawar. Photos said to be of her lifeless body have been shared widely online. "Why kill children? This is the new [US] administration - it's very sad, a big crime," her grandfather told local media. War, famine and visa bans Nawar's death comes as a war in Yemen between the government, backed by a Saudi-led coalition, and the Houthi rebel movement enters its third year. The UN says more than 10,000 people have been killed and that 21 million are in need of some kind of humanitarian assistance. While Nawar's death was a leading topic of conversation among Yemenis on social media, the travel ban did not escape notice. "I would rather have a 100 bans then to have this happen again," wrote one Facebook user. Propaganda boost The think tank International Crisis Group (ICG) said in a report on Thursday that the US raid may have given AQAP a propaganda boost, playing into the militant group's "narrative of defending Muslims against the West" and potentially increasing "anti-US sentiment". Pentagon spokesman Capt Jeff Davis told reporters that the operation "was specifically to enable us to gather the information we needed to be able to map out this group better, and to prevent future foreign terrorist attacks." Western intelligence agencies consider AQAP the most dangerous branch of al-Qaeda because of its technical expertise and global reach. Next story: No... it's not Trump's brother So then who is this a picture of? READ MORE You can follow BBC Trending on Twitter @BBCtrending, and find us on Facebook. All our stories are at bbc.com/trending.

जबकि डोनाल्ड ट्रम्प का सात मुख्य रूप से मुस्लिम देशों के नागरिकों के लिए 90 दिनों के लिए अमेरिका में प्रवेश प्रतिबंधित करने का निर्णय यमन में ऑनलाइन बातचीत का प्रमुख विषय रहा है-प्रभावित देशों में से एक-अमेरिकियों से जुड़ी एक अन्य घटना ने भी व्यापक आक्रोश पैदा कर दिया है।


Boris Johnson: Beyond Brexit, what's in the new PM's in-tray?

Summary: Brexit is THE priority of Boris Johnson's government.

The new prime minister has just 99 days until the UK leaves the EU, and he faces an uphill task to secure a new deal. But it's not the only demand on Mr Johnson's time. One criticism of Theresa May's time in Number 10 is that other important decisions that affected the future of the UK were put on hold because Brexit became all-consuming. But these nagging priorities have not gone away. So what are they? After years of the government rejecting complaints about funding shortages for England's schools, Boris Johnson is now promising to spend more. Like a constant stone in the shoe, worries about school budgets have hobbled the May government's efforts in education - and the incoming prime minister will be told this needs to be tackled as a priority. But how much will he offer? And will it be enough to satisfy head teachers who have been radicalised into unlikely activists over cash shortages? Mr Johnson's promise to increase per-pupil funding to at least £5,000 per year would mean an extra £50m - and in terms of the overall budget would be, to use one of his own phrases, only "chickenfeed". Other campaign comments suggested reversing the decline in budgets - which would mean closer to £5bn. So schools will be waiting to see how much bristle is on the new broom. Investing in education is a key part of Mr Johnson's post-Brexit pitch - and universities will be seen as important to research, boosting infrastructure and creating an economy of bright ideas. They will also be seen as an important international export opportunity and source of soft power - and all the signs are that a Johnson administration will see overseas students as a financial asset rather than an immigration problem. The other big thorny question in the education in-tray will be whether to cut tuition fees to £7,500, as announced by a review requested by Theresa May. Universities will campaign against it, but with the prospect of an election never far away, could he really announce a U-turn on lowering fees, taking thousands off student debt? The challenge facing Mr Johnson in terms of both health and care in England - responsibility for both is devolved - can be summed up in one word: money. The NHS has been promised (relatively-speaking) lots of it - an extra £20bn a year by 2023. But it is how it is spent that matters. Social care - the system administered by councils to support the elderly and disabled - is in desperate need of more. But it is unclear where it will come from. Unlike Jeremy Hunt, who drew on his experience as health secretary, Boris Johnson had relatively little to say about the NHS during the leadership campaign. Perhaps his most revealing remarks came at a private garden party for Conservative party members. He talked about the NHS being the "crowning glory" of the country, but that in return for the cash injection, reform and greater productivity were needed. Many in the health service will scoff at this - a 2012 restructure is still fresh in the memory, and the NHS is already considered one of the most efficient health systems in the world. Finding a solution to the social care crisis is, after Brexit, perhaps the most difficult conundrum. Tales of frail and vulnerable people going without support are appearing more regularly. But the Tories - and Labour before them - have talked endlessly about what to do without actually doing it. Mr Johnson is, it is understood, sympathetic to the idea of over 40s paying what is effectively an extra tax to fund care for their old age. For the past 20 years, the Home Office has struggled to come up with a modern migration system that satisfies everyone. A failure to reach a national consensus over migration was a driving factor behind many votes to leave the EU. Yet Boris Johnson could not be more different to Theresa May on immigration. As mayor of London, he witnessed first-hand the role migration played in boosting the capital's growth. He is so liberal on the issue that he has repeatedly floated an amnesty for migrants who arrived in the UK illegally. His instincts therefore chime with those of Sajid Javid who, as home secretary, disowned the phrase "hostile environment" and effectively abandoned his party's never-achieved net migration target. But the challenge remains massive. The Home Office is still dealing with the disaster of Windrush generation deportations - while seeking to win the trust of EU citizens worried about their future in a country they have made home. On top of that, it needs to devise a post-Brexit immigration system that many experts warn it is neither ready nor able to deliver. Draft plans published last year propose both scrapping a cap on skilled workers and no restriction on unskilled workers coming for up to a year. But what happens if the UK crashes out of the EU with no deal? Many experts predict Brussels will demand preferential access to the UK for its citizens in return for a trade deal. As Mr Johnson steps into Number 10, the cloud of uncertainty hovering over High Speed 2 (HS2) gets a little thicker. During the leadership campaign he said he wouldn't scrap plans for the new rail line linking London, Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds. But he did express "anxieties about the business case". Then, last weekend, came reports the project's £56bn budget could balloon to as much as £85bn. Boris Johnson has already asked a former Chairman of HS2, to look at the scheme. Significant alterations would not be straightforward. However, it feels like the new prime minister will want to make his mark. Another project known as Northern Powerhouse Rail, which would see new and better rail lines linking cities in the north of England, got a clearer backing from Mr Johnson. And then there is Heathrow. Boris Johnson once promised to lie-down in front of the bulldozers to stop a third runway being built at the airport. However his opposition has become muted. Mr Johnson, I'm told, will not try to scupper the scheme. Perhaps more immediate than big infrastructure projects is the transport everyday: how to sort the UK's charging infrastructure so more people buy electric cars; what reforms are needed to improve the railways. A government-commissioned review will report this autumn. Not surprisingly, the answer to many of these pressing demands is more money... Mr Johnson has his hands on three big policy levers almost immediately that could, in combination, reshape the economy. Firstly, our trading stance should change materially as a result of his Brexit approach. It detaches our total integration with the European economy, and appears to involve a closer relationship economically with the United States. If by 31 October he carries through his promise to leave, even without a deal, that change could be rather abrupt. Second, the approach on the public finances is about to change too. Tax, spending and borrowing plans - known as fiscal policy - will change. One former cabinet minister wooed by the Johnson team said the strategy was "spend, spend, spend". The tax cuts and spending pledges sprayed around the Conservative leadership campaign amounted to more than £30bn a year. In essence this dispenses with the idea of running a surplus. As spending will be higher, and taxes cut, planned deficits will rise. There is room for this, and interest rates paid on our national debts are still at historic lows. The risk of course is that a no-deal Brexit in combination with higher borrowing could cause problems. The Treasury will prepare a stimulus plan to help rescue impacted manufacturers and farmers, and perhaps consumers too. But this brings us on to the third lever - the Bank of England. Although traditionally independent on setting interest rates, or monetary policy, it is Mr Johnson's good fortune that his government will advise the Queen on the appointment of the bank's next governor, to replace Mark Carney. Some economists rather close to the new PM are in the mix. Inflation is on target. Rates could be cut further, and money created to flood the economy in the event of no deal. The bank could, as it has done repeatedly since the crisis, buy up the increased flow of government borrowing. There are other risks here. Mr Johnson's party has long decried the Opposition for its belief in a "magic money tree" - with the hurdles ahead he may well need to find his own smaller version - a magic money shrub.

ब्रेक्सिट बोरिस जॉनसन की सरकार की प्राथमिकता है।


Loan of Chinese ceramics to Surrey 'a privilege'

Summary: A collection of ceramics from a museum in China has gone on show in the UK for the first time.

More than 300 pieces from the Zibo Ceramics Museum have been loaned to The Lightbox in Woking, Surrey. The display includes replica pieces of ancient ceramics including two terracotta warriors and vases from the Qin dynasty. David Hodge, the leader of Surrey County Council, said it was a privilege for Surrey to host the exhibition.

चीन के एक संग्रहालय से चीनी मिट्टी के बर्तनों का संग्रह पहली बार ब्रिटेन में प्रदर्शित किया गया है।


Has centre ground moved Jeremy Corbyn's way?

Summary: What do Jeremy Corbyn and George Osborne have in common? Yes, read that sentence again. They are not exactly fellow travellers. But, believe it or not, on conference platforms they made almost identical claims.

Laura KuenssbergPolitical editor@bbclaurakon Twitter The former chancellor, in 2015, claimed the Tories had created a "new centre ground", believing that after the crash, the case for reducing the country's debt, and shrinking the state, had been won. The Labour leader, who has been arguing all week for a much more statist society, today said that after the crash, the fabled centre ground has moved to the left, "certainly not where it was twenty or thirty years ago". His claim was "we are now the political mainstream". For many months this has been Team Corbyn's analysis. But it is their advance in June's election that has given them the confidence now to express it. For a leader who, for years, was on the fringes of his own party, it is quite something to behold. In this hall, in this city this week, he has proved beyond doubt that the vast majority of Labour members, the new influx, think he is right. But there are some nerves. Divisions in the party are much diminished, but have not completely disappeared. Jeremy Corbyn has changed - grown in stature. Labour has transformed under his leadership, energised by the hopes of his legions of supporters. Yet even inside this confident bubble there is an awareness that the leadership can't count on that vigour forever, nor rely on the excitement you can see and feel here being enough to send him to No 10. Just as George Osborne had hopes that his new centre ground would get him there, there are no guarantees.

जेरेमी कॉर्बिन और जॉर्ज ओसबोर्न में क्या समानता है? हाँ, उस वाक्य को फिर से पढ़ें। वे वास्तव में साथी यात्री नहीं हैं। लेकिन, इस पर विश्वास करें या न करें, सम्मेलन के मंचों पर उन्होंने लगभग समान दावे किए।


Single Chinese women want to freeze their eggs and enjoy life

Summary: In China, there is a growing rank of unmarried women who are choosing to freeze their eggs overseas. These women are educated, middle class and often opt for a single life. They are the hallmarks of fast-changing Chinese society. But Chinese laws have not caught up, as the BBC's Grace Tsoi reports.

The rise of "singledom" is a worldwide trend and China is no exception. China replaced its one-child policy with a universal two-child policy in 2015, but it is also witnessing the rise of a female workforce that wants to focus on their careers and postpone starting a family. An increasing number of Chinese women see egg freezing as a solution that could allow them to have it all. But the Chinese government forbids unmarried women from freezing their eggs, and there are still significant restrictions on fertility treatments. "I am not sure whether I want to have children. But I can afford the time and expense of egg freezing, so I want to give myself a choice in the future," said a 40-year-old woman living in Beijing , who only wanted to be known as ZZ. She froze her eggs in Los Angeles in January. The explosive growth of the Chinese economy has allowed urban Chinese women an entirely different life and income bracket from their mothers and grandmothers. They can craft a career of their choice, accumulate wealth and enjoy pleasures like international travel. This is the first generation to have such benefits and they are acutely aware of it and want to maximise it. "I can control everything in my life and I am happy with my independence." A marketing manager in a foreign company, ZZ is also a fine art aficionado with a passion for painting and movies. She keenly feels her right to enjoy such luxuries. For these women, egg freezing is a form of insurance. They may not necessarily use the stored eggs, but it gives them a shot at family life later down the line. Career advancement For the career-minded, egg freezing buys them time to pursue their professional goals. Jia, 26, doesn't have a boyfriend at the moment but she is planning to freeze her eggs in two or three years if she hasn't met Mr Right by then. "Even if I have a boyfriend, I won't get married until I am 30 or older." "Career is an important part of life," said Jia, who will be pursuing a PhD degree in the United States. "I need to make sure my income reaches a certain level…I hope that I will be teaching at universities [after obtaining my PhD]." Some Chinese women have their eggs frozen overseas to extend their fertility window, nursing the hope that they will meet and marry the right person in the future. Describing herself as traditional, Ms Zhang, 40, has longed for years to find a husband and start a family of her own. "It is difficult to find a suitable partner… Men are looking for younger women because they want to have children." She first froze her eggs in Taiwan two years ago, and she has undergone the procedure multiple times. Ms Zhang believes women now encounter more difficulties looking for a suitable husband. "China has undergone tremendous changes. After the Chinese economic reform [in 1978], it has led to great income disparity." "In the past, everyone had similar income and social status. My parents' generation did not need to buy houses because they would be allocated housing by the work units," Zhang said. "[So] they would not take factors like education level into consideration [when choosing a spouse]… Their social circles were smaller… and they were more parochial." She feels the ability to freeze her eggs has bought her some crucial time, but she could not have done this in China. Chinese women also face additional pressure from Chinese culture, where extending the bloodline is sometimes considered a moral responsibility. "By freezing my eggs, I can show my parents that I will eventually have children, just that I am focusing on other priorities now," Manman, a 31-year-old photography studio owner based in Beijing. Her eggs are now stored in Los Angeles. Choosing egg freezing over adoption says a lot about the rootedness of the concept of bloodline, even among Chinese women, according to Tiantian Chen, who studies egg freezing practices among Chinese women. It is difficult to estimate the number of Chinese women freezing their eggs overseas, but it is an active topic on social media. There is a WeChat group advising unmarried women how to have children through unconventional means including egg freezing. Fertility agencies and clinics have already sensed the market potential. "This is a growing business area," said Sammi Kwok, chief operations officer of Fertility & Surgical Associates of California. In recent years, about 25 Chinese women freeze their eggs at Fertility & Surgical Associates of California every year. Kwok added that the number rises annually. But egg freezing will remain a niche treatment because of its price tag. Although it is available in places like Taiwan and Cambodia, the US remains the destination of choice. Freezing one's eggs in the US costs about $15,000 (£11,400) to 20,000 (£16,000), excluding flights and accommodation. A storage fee is also needed. Single women excluded The availability of egg freezing technology remained unknown to the majority of the Chinese population until 2015, when A-list actress Xu Jinglei told the press that she had frozen her eggs in the US. Later, state broadcaster CCTV reported that single women were not allowed to freeze their eggs, causing uproar on social media. Under the regulation by China's National Health and Family Planning Commission, all assisted reproductive technology, including egg-freezing, cannot be used by single women. Even married women face a lot of restrictions if they want to freeze their eggs in China. According to Xinhua, hospitals will only store the eggs of married women under two circumstances: they are suffering from infertility and undergoing IVF treatment, or they are cancer patients before chemotherapy. Similar restrictions are not applied to men if they want to freeze their sperm. The regulation states that men are allowed to freeze their sperm as a form of "fertility insurance". It does not look at their marital status, or general health. Family planning policy "[Banning single women from freezing their eggs] has a lot to do with the family planning policy," said Chen Yaya, vice secretary of gender and development centre of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences. Marriage is a prerequisite to giving birth under China's family planning policy. In most provinces, one of the unmarried parents is obliged to pay a fine called social support fee - but in most cases the burden falls upon the mother; children born out of wedlock also face trouble obtaining "hukou", the household registration document. Women's rights activist Xiao Meili believes that part of the reason for the egg freezing ban on single women is to stop them from having children of their own. "There must be a man [in a family]. The policy is a clear indicator of patriarchy in China." Take back control Chinese women's bodies have been subjected to stringent strict control by the state ever since the birth control policy came in place in the 1970s. Even though such laws represent another form of state control over women's bodies, many of those who opted for egg freezing have a pragmatic attitude. "Not allowing single women freeze their eggs is [motivated by] archaic ideas, but I am not radical enough to stand up and oppose the regulation," ZZ said. "I managed [to freeze my eggs] using other ways. But I think the situation will change in the future."

चीन में अविवाहित महिलाओं की संख्या बढ़ रही है जो विदेशों में अपने अंडों को फ्रीज करने का विकल्प चुन रही हैं। ये महिलाएं शिक्षित, मध्यम वर्ग की हैं और अक्सर एकल जीवन का विकल्प चुनती हैं। वे तेजी से बदलते चीनी समाज की पहचान हैं। लेकिन चीनी कानून पकड़ में नहीं आए हैं, जैसा कि बीबीसी की ग्रेस त्सोई रिपोर्ट करती है।


Africans reject Jamie's Jollof rice recipe

Summary: If there's one thing West Africans don't want you messing with, it's their Jollof rice. Or at least that's how it seems from the online reaction to Jamie Oliver's recipe for the dish.

By BBC Trending What's popular and why Here's how to think about Jollof rice: it means to West African nations what paella means to the Spanish, what fish and chips means to Brits or what burritos mean to Mexicans. The traditional dish is made with tomatoes and spices and it's widely considered part of the heart and soul of the region. So when British celebrity chef Jamie Oliver published his own "interpretation" of the dish on his website, there was always the potential for controversy. His recipe was posted in June and went largely unnoticed for months - until this week. The reaction from Africans began with dozens of comments posted on the chef's website in the past week. The conversation then moved on to social media where it escalated. The Oliver recipe has attracted 4,500 comments, a large number of them seemingly from Africans - and many outraged at what they say are changes Oliver has made to the traditional recipe. In the past 24 hours Twitter joined the debate using hashtags like #jollofgate and #jollof. Oliver is known for his quick, simple dishes, but it seems that with his Jollof rice recipe his sin was trying too hard. He uses coriander, parsley and a lemon wedge, ingredients that users online say are not usually associated with the recipe. But what really offended them was the 600 grams of cherry tomatoes "on the vine". Jollof rice is popularly made from using a mix of blended, tomatoes, onions, bell peppers and scotch bonnet. "This is the base," says Lohi, a Nigerian food blogger. "Jamie's recipe called for whole vegetables!" "People were surprised that this recipe was so much different from the original," says the author of the Motley Musings blog, which writes about how Africa is represented in popular culture. She warns that people in Africa take their traditional food very seriously, although Oliver does stress in his recipe that he's aware of and has considered the many traditional variations of the dish and has "come up with his own kind of rice". By creating this recipe Oliver has increased the exposure of the dish. Vera Kwakofi, from BBC Africa, says that's part of the problem: "The danger is that in five years his version will become the official one." The blogger behind Motley Musing agrees: "We have to ask ourselves who actually benefits from Jamie Oliver's 'appreciation' of Jollof rice. This doesn't necessarily translate into value for Africans. For so long, different African cultures have been appropriated without any direct benefit to Africans themselves, and people are particularly sensitive to this." This is not the first time social media users have targeted a Jollof recipe. Last June the supermarket chain Tesco removed its Jollof rice recipe from its website after complaints on Twitter said it had nothing to do with the real thing. A spokesperson for Jamie Oliver told BBC Trending: "Obviously there was no intention to offend anyone which is why the recipe printed on the Jamie Magazine website is described as 'Jamie's twist' on jollof rice." Reporting by Gabriela Torres You can follow BBC Trending on Twitter @BBCtrending. All our stories are at bbc.com/trending

अगर कोई ऐसी चीज है जिससे पश्चिम अफ्रीकी नहीं चाहते कि आप खिलवाड़ करें, तो वह है उनका जोलोफ चावल। या कम से कम जेमी ओलिवर की व्यंजन विधि पर ऑनलाइन प्रतिक्रिया से तो ऐसा ही लगता है।


Storm Desmond-destroyed historic Bell Bridge replaced

Summary: A new bridge to replace a 245-year-old one destroyed by Storm Desmond has opened, restoring the link between two rural communities.

Bell Bridge at Sebergham collapsed into the River Caldew six weeks after being hit by the December 2015 storm. The £1.1m structure has been designed to withstand future floods and incorporates stone from the old bridge. It was opened by Councillor John Bell, Leader of Cumbria County Council. The Bell Bridge, named after a family from a nearby farm, was built in 1772 and was a Grade II-listed structure.

तूफान डेसमंड द्वारा नष्ट किए गए 245 साल पुराने पुल को बदलने के लिए एक नया पुल खोला गया है, जिससे दो ग्रामीण समुदायों के बीच संपर्क बहाल हुआ है।


Turner Contemporary: Did art transform 'no-go zone' Margate?

Summary: Margate's £17.5m art gallery Turner Contemporary opened in 2011 with hopes it would spearhead the regeneration of one of the most deprived parts of the UK. Since then the gallery has had several hit shows and is hosting this year's Turner Prize. But how much has it changed the surrounding town?

By Tanya GuptaBBC News Tracey Emin grew up in Margate in the 1970s, when the north Kent resort was still attracting crowds of holidaymakers to its "golden mile" of sand, jellied eels, buckets and spades and Kiss Me Quick hats. But by the 1980s the town had become a "no-go zone", she recalls. As visitors found other destinations abroad, Margate - like other seaside resorts - had fallen into sharp decline. At its lowest ebb, it was an unloved town of boarded-up shops, deserted trains, empty streets and derelict arcades. Its theme park had closed and it was home to some of the poorest communities in the country. Emin has never wavered in her passionate support for her hometown, believing in its beauty, its sunsets and skies. These famously also inspired the Romantic artist JMW Turner, after whom both the Turner Prize and the Turner Contemporary are named. The brand new glass-clad Turner Contemporary opened its doors eight years ago on the seafront site of a cottage where JMW Turner had stayed. Emin predicted visitors would discover a "different, edgy, sexy" town. Since those first visitors arrived, the town has undergone a transformation. The theme park Dreamland has reopened, the quaint streets of the Old Town have filled up with quirky cafes, stylish restaurants and vintage shops, and across the town, galleries, studios and cottage industries have opened. Rambling old houses have become desirable again and even the gardens have been smartened up. Now Margate makes the news for its hipsters, its London cool and celebrity residents, such as The Libertines frontman Pete Doherty. Figures show thousands of people visit the town each day. "Now there are new restaurants, there's a vintage theme park, there are thousands of people on the streets, people on the beaches, people on the harbour arm, people dancing, people swimming, the caves have reopened, the shell grotto has never had so many visitors, the trains are so busy you can't get a seat," says Emin. But despite the success questions remain whether Margate's regeneration is skin deep. Dan Thompson, an artist, lives in the 1960s tower block Arlington House that overlooks the railway station and sees the crowds of visitors arriving in the town each day. He welcomes the "fancy galleries" but says Margate still has social problems that the gallery has not improved. "We've still got to make that real, deep lasting change," he says. Economic data bears this out. Latest figures issued last week by the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government show the area around Turner Contemporary is still one of the 1% most deprived in the country. You may also be interested in: While this represents an improvement on the picture in 2010, when the area was among the UK's 0.3% most deprived it follows a five-year period after the gallery's opening in which there was no significant change. Others claim the gallery does not do enough to help struggling artists. Dr Jonathan Ward, who has researched the gallery's impact on the town, cites the story of a local artist as evidence. "She was putting on a show but she wasn't allowed to put her flyers for the show in Turner Contemporary because it would spoil their attractive and very thought-out, cool interior to have a row of flyers, so she went in the toilets and hid them there," he says. "There are clearly people in Margate doing work out of Turner Contemporary. One of the greatest things they're doing is the cafe is buying all fresh produce from a place up the road, so keeping some money in the local economy. "But I'm quite critical of Turner Contemporary because it's not done enough to support the local creative community." But Emin, who is now the Royal Academy's professor of drawing, strongly disagrees. She says the gallery's impact on Margate is proven by the footfall in the town and at the gallery. She also claims the gallery has led to more students studying GCSE and A-level art in the town. "That's the improvement people need," she says. "Many wanted more from the money that was spent without realising the real effects. I don't agree with that." In its first eight years, the gallery, under Victoria Pomery's directorship, has hosted big-name shows including Rodin's The Kiss and Emin's My Bed. Its latest coup came on Saturday when it unveiled the Turner Prize shortlist to the public. Nearly 10,000 people came through its doors over the weekend, making it the gallery's busiest autumn yet. In total it has received more than 3.3m visits since it opened in 2011 and in that time visitor numbers to Thanet - the council area Margate sits within - have risen by one million. The local authority says tourists cite the gallery and Dreamland as their main reasons for visiting. The area's economy has also grown by £89m since 2011 and the number of jobs has increased from 5,477 to 7,950. Some say the town's high-speed rail service, which since 2009 has made the town more attractive to London commuters, is responsible for much of this boom. But it seems indisputable that the gallery itself has had a positive impact on the town too. How much change has there been? Official deprivation figures released in September show the area of Margate around Turner Contemporary was among the most deprived 1% of neighbourhoods in England. As of 2019, it is the 139th most deprived out of more than 32,800 neighbourhoods, Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG) figures show. In 2010, it was 81st most deprived but it slipped further down the rankings in 2015 to 21st before its score changed again in the latest data. The adjoining neighbourhood, Cliftonville West, was the 117th most deprived in England, an improvement on being ranked fourth most deprived in 2015, but still well within the 1% most deprived. In 2010 it was England's 33rd most deprived neighbourhood. Rankings for deprivation are based on a combination of factors including income, employment, education, skills and training, health and disability, crime, housing and living environment. Source: MHCLG Dr Andrew Jackson, an expert in advertising, marketing and arts management, says research has shown half the people who visit Margate would not do so if the gallery was not there. Local businesses even see a downturn when the gallery is between exhibitions, he adds. Dr Jackson, who acts as a consultant to the gallery, says: "That's a really clear indication their success depends on the gallery and its funding." Kate Kneale, a designer who left London and moved to Marine Studios in Margate in 2009, has seen it all happen. She remembers how the gallery opened in a "broken, challenged" town but said the gallery had "played its part in spades" in the town's success. The town has also seen a passion for art sweep through its schools, according to Katie Green, at Ramsgate's Harbour Academy. She said students were more openly talking about art, were more engaged in lessons and wanted to do art in their spare time. Year 7 and Year 9 pupils are also currently engaged in projects based at the gallery. Meanwhile, the Margate Art School is launching its master of fine arts degree in October and attributes its uptake to the gallery's reputation and profile. Director Uwe Derksen said: "Turner helps the atmosphere. It helps to have the Turner Prize, it's an uplift. People think 'this is a place where I want to study'." Emin herself is now based in a studio in her hometown following a career that has taken her across the globe. She insists: "Margate hasn't had a boom like this for 40 years and I do attribute it to the gallery, 100%. "This is because of art. This is only a good thing." 'Highest honour' The Turner Prize is an annual award given to a visual artist born in or based in Britain. It is considered the British art world's highest honour. It was established in 1984 to promote new developments in contemporary art and often brings fierce debate about artists and the definition of art. The exhibition used to be held in London but now alternates yearly between Tate Britain and a gallery outside the capital. In the 1990s, artists including Damien Hirst and Emin sparked controversy for the provocative, often conceptually-driven works they showcased. The winner of the Turner Prize receives £25,000, with the three other short-listed candidates receiving £5,000 each.

मार्गेट की £ 17.5m आर्ट गैलरी टर्नर कंटेम्पररी 2011 में इस उम्मीद के साथ खोली गई कि यह यूके के सबसे वंचित हिस्सों में से एक के पुनरुत्थान का नेतृत्व करेगी। तब से गैलरी में कई हिट शो हुए हैं और इस साल के टर्नर पुरस्कार की मेजबानी कर रही है। लेकिन इसने आसपास के शहर को कितना बदल दिया है?


Portugal's seasonal jobs paradox

Summary: Bar terraces are filling up with red-skinned holidaymakers ready for a drink after a day on a beach. Daylight is giving way to neon signs. Laughter mingles with summer hits. Cocktail bars in Portugal's tourist hotspot, the Algarve, are just warming up for a busy night. But their managers are struggling to find staff - in a country where unemployment has just hit a record high of 18%.

By Mira GalanovaThe Algarve "Almost everybody is looking for people to work," a young manager of the Piccadilly bar, Joao Carvalho says. On a window, a notice in Portuguese and English indicates he is looking for waiters and bartenders. In the Algarve, where unemployment is higher than elsewhere in Portugal, bars, together with restaurants and hotels, provide one out of every six jobs. But long working hours, often from six in the evening to four in the morning, six days a week, put job-seekers off bar jobs. "They want to work in hotels, have two days off, good salaries," says a tired-looking Rui Carvalho, the manager of the Second bar. For weeks, he has been trying to make up for missing staff. What about those who fail to get hotel jobs? "Some people prefer to live on benefits rather than working," says Jorge Sa of the JC bar. Still substantial After all the austerity measures in crisis-hit Portugal, unemployment benefits are still quite generous. At 65% of the pre-unemployment wage, jobseekers get between 419 and 1,048 euros (approx £355-£888; $549; $1,374) a month for the first half-year and 10% less afterwards. People in their 20s and 30s - the age typical of bar staff - can receive the benefits for some 12 months, if they have worked for just a couple of years. They form a significant part of the Algarve's unemployed. One in four of the 25- to 34-year olds was without a job in March, according to Portugal's statistics institute. Not all of them are on benefits. "Young people live too long in their parents' homes and have no need to get a job," says Lourenco Vicente of the Meet bar. Similar claims come from others, not only bar managers. So are the Portuguese in the Algarve really happier jobless than working? Experts say it is not that simple. "The situation in Portugal is too tough to believe that people have free choice between work and unemployment," says Portuguese economist Jose Reis. Seasonal On a hot June morning, the door at one of the Algarve's job centres is very much open for business. Many of those coming in "are willing to accept jobs they wouldn't have a few years ago", says Carlos Baia, the regional director of Portugal's employment agency. However, jobseekers who have a choice are cautious about the job they take. "They don't want work for just six months," says Rui Carvalho. Tourist season in the Algarve ends in October. Few bars stay open and keep their staff all year round. Many are left to survive the winter without a job and with no right to any financial help from the state. Only the jobless who have worked for at least 12 months during the last two years qualify for unemployment benefits, leaving out all those who worked their first season. The prospect of long months without a job greatly reduces the appeal of otherwise good salaries that bars offer. This has shrunk even more after a recent rise in income tax. "I'm earning 100 euros less than last year," says Daniel Napier, a daytime waiter. He is planning to get a job in the UK during the winter. "Then I'll come back and work another season here," he says. "In Portugal it is like this." Eyes east To encourage employers to keep their employees on over the winter, the government has offered to pay half of the wages. "During the low season we give training to the workers so that they improve their skills and do their job better the next summer," says Mr Baia of the employment agency. The programme under which this is happening was launched too late to make any significant impact last year. Whether it will interest small bar owners is uncertain. "Bosses don't want to keep the staff," says Mr Vicente. "Nobody wants to promise anything, because you don't know what will happen next year." Managers are impatiently waiting for the end of the school year, when students from other parts of Portugal and abroad come to work during the summer. "Last year I had staff from Denmark, Holland, two years ago from Norway," says Mr Vicente. Bar jobs, shunned by Portuguese, are attracting jobseekers from neighbouring Spain, where unemployment is at 27%. But managers' new darlings are immigrants from eastern Europe. Ukrainians, Romanians and Moldovans form a big chunk of the Algarve's foreign community. They do not shy away from any kind of employment. "Maybe they don't like it, but they can do the job," Mr Vicente says. "They have come here to work, not to have fun."

बार की छतें समुद्र तट पर एक दिन के बाद शराब पीने के लिए तैयार लाल चमड़ी वाले छुट्टियों से भर रही हैं। दिन की रोशनी नियॉन संकेतों को रास्ता दे रही है। गर्मियों के हिट के साथ हँसी मिल जाती है। पुर्तगाल के पर्यटक हॉटस्पॉट, अल्गार्वे में कॉकटेल बार बस एक व्यस्त रात के लिए गर्म हो रहे हैं। लेकिन उनके प्रबंधक कर्मचारियों को खोजने के लिए संघर्ष कर रहे हैं-एक ऐसे देश में जहां बेरोजगारी 18 प्रतिशत के रिकॉर्ड उच्च स्तर पर पहुंच गई है।