What could drive a mother to infanticide?

Summary: With the grim discovery this week by French police of eight newborn babies allegedly smothered to death by their mother, the BBC's Zoe Murphy asks what could lead a woman to kill her child in the first few minutes of life.

Police unearthed the remains of the eight tiny bodies at two properties in the village of Villers-au-Tertre, in northern France. Dominique Cottrez, a 45-year-old care assistant, is said to have kept her dark secret from her husband for more than 20 years. Mrs Cottrez will now undergo a series of psychological tests. Prosecutors have said she was "perfectly aware" of her actions. But the results could show she was suffering from a little-known condition called pregnancy denial. Pregnancy denial is usually associated with neonaticide - the killing of children within the first 24 hours of life. According to Professor Laura Miller, a leading expert on women's mental health at Harvard University, the condition has different levels of severity. The mildest form is an emotional denial where the woman is aware she is pregnant but has no "emotional response" - she makes no preparations nor shows any outward acknowledgement that she is having a baby. The middle ground is a suppression or denial of the pregnancy, even when it is obvious to others - attributing weight gain to other causes and the temporary halt of menstruation to stress or other factors. In the most severe cases - psychotic denial - the woman is delusional. For example, she will still not recognise the pregnancy even when faced with indisputable proof such as an ultrasound scan. Prof Miller, who co-wrote Infanticide: When Mothers Kill, said there are several triggers: substance abuse, the loss of a child, and the most common risk factor, "that there would be horrible, horrible consequences, such as being kicked out of the family". In cases of psychotic denial the woman "never forms the feeling that the baby is a separate person", she explains. A woman may only be minimally aware of what she is doing. For some the killing is a "passive act", for example giving birth in a toilet and letting the baby drown, says Prof Miller. 'Perfectly aware' According to French prosecutors, Mrs Cottrez, who has two adult daughters aged 21 and 22, said she decided "she did not want any more children". They quote her as saying that after a difficult first birth because of her weight, she did not want to see any more doctors. She was "perfectly aware" of her condition and was alone in her pregnancies and while giving birth, prosecutor Eric Vaillant told reporters. But a lawyer for Mrs Cottrez has warned that this assumption may be "a bit hasty". Child and adolescent forensic psychiatrist Sue Bailey says the Cottrez case is unusual as pregnancy denial is most common among young girls who are not in a relationship and who fear disapproving adults. She says the alleged killings throw up many questions, including why were the first two children allowed to survive. A change in circumstances during the period 1989 to 2006 - when the deaths allegedly took place - such as the loss of an important family member like her mother could be significant, says Prof Bailey of the University of Central Lancashire. Dominique Cottrez has been described as a "doting grandmother" by her daughters, who each have a son. Prof Bailey says a change of life position from mother to grandmother could have a bearing on a woman's state of mind. Questions will be asked about the nature of Mrs Cottrez's relationship with her husband, and the circumstances surrounding her pregnancies, she says. Mr Cottrez has been cleared of any wrongdoing. Police say he was "dumbstruck" by the revelations. 'Killing myself' This is the latest high-profile case of multiple infanticide in France in recent years. Veronique Courjault, 42, was found guilty in 2009 of killing three of her newborns - two of whom she hid in a freezer, and were later discovered by her husband. During her trial, Courjault said that she and her husband had agreed not to have any more children and that in her subsequent pregnancies she had felt no connection to the foetus growing inside her. "I could not feel them move inside me," she told psychiatrists. "As far as I was concerned they were never children. It was a part of myself, an extension of myself that I was killing." In Courjault's case and those before her where pregnancy denial has been cited, French jurors seem to have handed down more lenient sentences. Courjault was released in May this year, after having served half of her eight-year sentence, including detention while awaiting trial. There is "tremendous variability" in the legal weight given to the condition, says Prof Miller "There is really no consensus across judiciaries. Medically it is not as widely recognised as it should be." She says the number of such cases is "an unknown" - a sort of denial of the denial.

फ्रांसीसी पुलिस द्वारा इस सप्ताह आठ नवजात शिशुओं की कथित रूप से उनकी माँ द्वारा गला घोंटकर हत्या करने की गंभीर खोज के साथ, बीबीसी के ज़ो मर्फी पूछते हैं कि जीवन के पहले कुछ मिनटों में एक महिला अपने बच्चे को मारने के लिए क्या प्रेरित कर सकती है।


Eastoke Point Coastal Defence Scheme begins

Summary: A £5m scheme to replace a stretch of eroding coastline and protect about 1,800 homes in Hampshire is set to begin.

The Eastern Solent Coastal Partnership and Havant Borough Council want to minimise flooding risks by carrying out work on Eastoke Point, Hayling Island. They announced that preparations in the area are starting, with construction following in May and ending in October. Project manager Marc Bryan said there would be minimal disruption. More than 35,000 tonnes of imported beach material will be used to raise the level of the beach. Upon completion a 650m (2,132ft) sloping rock revetment will stretch from Nutbourne Road and Bosemere Road, and around Sandy Point nature reserve, to Eastoke Point.

क्षरणशील तटरेखा के एक हिस्से को बदलने और हैम्पशायर में लगभग 1,800 घरों की रक्षा के लिए 5 मिलियन पाउंड की योजना शुरू होने वाली है।


BBC Two's 50th anniversary: Disastrous launch remembered

Summary: Fifty years ago this weekend, BBC Two went on the air for the first time. Or rather, it was supposed to go on the air. In fact, a massive power cut wiped out the entire launch schedule and led to one of the most disastrous nights in broadcasting history.

By Ian YoungsEntertainment reporter, BBC News It was supposed to be a spectacular opening night for BBC Two. In the end, it was a spectacular shambles. The channel was due to appear at 19:20 on 20 April 1964. It was to begin with a brief preview and news bulletin, followed by a special programme featuring comedy duo The Alberts ("direct from the Alberts' Television Centre") featuring, according to the Radio Times, Ivor Cutler, David Jacobs, Adolf Hitler and Birma the elephant. There was to have been a performance of Kiss Me, Kate, starring Howard Keel and Patricia Morison, then Arkady Raikin, "the Soviet Union's leading comedian", with the night finished off by fireworks from Southend Pier. BBC executives gathered with journalists and politicians at BBC Television Centre in west London in expectation. "Half of Fleet Street, the House of Commons and the officer corps of the BBC itself were to christen the new network in gin and champagne," presenter Gerald Priestland later wrote in his autobiography. Kangaroo 'went berserk' For weeks, the corporation had been running a publicity campaign featuring a young kangaroo emerging from its mother's pouch, and so had transported a live kangaroo to BBC Television Centre for the event. But just after 18:30, disaster struck. A fire broke out at Battersea Power Station and, at the same time, a fault arose in a 60,000-volt cable carrying electricity south from the Midlands at Iver in Buckinghamshire. West London and parts of the city centre were cut off. "Producers cursed, public relations men wept, Fleet Street cheered and jeered and the kangaroo - stuck in a lift - went berserk," Priestland wrote. The presenter was himself not at Television Centre but at Alexandra Palace in north London, however. Here, the BBC's original TV studios still had power and Priestland was preparing to deliver the opening news bulletin before handing over to Television Centre. Sitting behind a desk with typewriter and telephone, he duly appeared. A lean man in a shirt, tie and pullover, he could have been mistaken for John Cleese in a Monty Python sketch. But a sound fault meant it was two minutes before his voice could be heard. Unaware of the audio problem, he read his news summary regardless until the sound was fixed. So the first words heard on BBC Two were from a story about a bus conductress who had been sacked for insulting Pakistani passengers, including the very phrase she had used. Priestland continued with stories about a pay rise for chemists, a decline in the collection of trading stamps, football match-fixing and a court hearing for Nelson Mandela. Unlike modern newsreaders, he had no earpiece with which to receive messages from producers and directors. Sitting behind him were five besuited men monitoring news wires and writing scripts on cards. Towards the end of his round-up, one of them handed him a card with an update on the power situation. Then the phone on his desk rang. No-one was on the other end. It rang again. Priestland put it down and announced that he would be repeating his news summary again in one minute. Until then, accompanied by gentle music, a caption appeared reading: "BBC2 will start shortly." After a minute, Priestland reappeared, repeating the bulletin, but this time adding his own occasional droll comments after stories. Eleven minutes into his broadcast, he looked to the men behind him in desperation. "Anything else?" he asked. There was nothing else. "After what seemed like an eternity of ad-libbing... I was taken off the air," he later wrote. The caption and music returned. Back at Television Centre, hopes were fading that the power would be restored in time to salvage the rest of the opening night. After 21:30, the schedule was abandoned. 'Wonderful publicity' Afterwards, BBC director of television Kenneth Adam said: "When I got to reception, after negotiating the stairs with a flickering candle to guide me, I was surrounded by sympathisers, including large numbers of actors released from their vigil - and actresses, two of whom I lifted home in my car. "It was like the Blitz all over again." BBC executives decided the stories on the following day's front pages were a good thing. BBC engineer Robert Longman later recalled: "Although BBC Two was known, it wasn't terribly well-known, and all the following day's papers had headlines, 'BBC Two Fails - Corporation to try again tonight'. "It was wonderful publicity and made sure people tuned in." Power was restored in time for the channel to launch properly the following day. Play School was the first proper programme to go on air. That evening, presenter Denis Tuohy introduced the postponed opening night programmes from Television Centre. He did not mention the previous evening's disaster, but referred to it simply by blowing out a single flickering candle.

पचास साल पहले इसी सप्ताहांत में, बी. बी. सी. टू पहली बार प्रसारित हुआ था। या, इसे प्रसारित किया जाना था। वास्तव में, एक बड़े पैमाने पर बिजली कटौती ने पूरे प्रक्षेपण कार्यक्रम को मिटा दिया और प्रसारण इतिहास की सबसे विनाशकारी रातों में से एक का कारण बना।


Man charged with online Neil Lennon 'threats'

Summary: A man has appeared in court charged with making online threats aimed at Celtic manager Neil Lennon.

Christopher Hay is accused of posting threatening material on a social networking site. He appeared at Glasgow Sheriff Court on Tuesday under the new Offensive Behaviour at Football and Threatening Communications Act. Mr Hay, 21, made no plea or declaration and was released on bail ahead of a further court appearance. Under section six of the act he is charged with communicating threatening material to another to carry out a violent or reckless act to cause fear or alarm.

सेल्टिक प्रबंधक नील लेनन को ऑनलाइन धमकी देने के आरोप में एक व्यक्ति अदालत में पेश हुआ है।


The identical twins with autism forging a career in farming

Summary: Identical twins Laura and Anna Callwood were eight years old when they decided to follow their father into dairy farming. Now aged 20, they've overcome several hurdles connected to their autism to land their dream jobs.

By Rebecca WoodsBBC News Anna Callwood will never forget the withering reply from a teacher she had excitedly told about the career she had dreamed of since being a child. "She said 'there's more to life than farming'," recalls Anna, who was a teenager and tirelessly training a heifer for a much-anticipated show. She went home and told her mum. "She said to me: 'You can do whatever you want'. "It made me more determined than ever to try and go into farming." Determination is what drives the Callwood twins. Diagnosed with autism at 10 years old, they have faced a string of educational challenges. Their persistence, however, is unwavering - between them they took a total of 20 driving theory tests before passing, for example. "Everything always takes a bit longer but they always get there in the end," says their father Andy. He has watched their obsession with farming intensify since they were little girls growing up in Cleobury Mortimer in Shropshire. While most children would be fixated by the latest toy, Laura and Anna preferred to help Andy in his job as a dairy farmer at a farm in Staffordshire. "It was always the bribe - 'if you want to go and help your dad, you've got to do this'," he says. "I can see them now in their little overalls and little wellies waiting for dad so they could line up the buckets. "I think they loved the routine, a lot of kids would get bored but they absolutely loved it." Laura remembers clearly when they decided to follow in their father's footsteps. "When we were in primary school we showed our first calf at a show and we just got the bug from there," she recalls. The girls were born six weeks early in 1999 at Alexandra Hospital in Redditch. The pregnancy had not been an easy one for their mother, Sarah, who was prescribed the epilepsy drug Epilim Chrono. Years later, studies found tens of thousands of children born to women taking the medication had disabilities including autism. As youngsters, the girls developed strong characters. Neither coped well with sudden changes to their routines. They refused to wear each other's clothes, and were resolute to their chosen favourite colours, Anna always in blue, Laura preferring pink. Their behaviour could be challenging at times. After a day of sitting in hours of lessons they neither enjoyed nor coped well with, they would be "fizzing like a bottle of pop" at home time, Mr Callwood recalls. After school they would be taken to their dad's work to see the cows they had begun to see almost like family. "As soon as they were with the cows you'd see all their troubles dissolve," he says. It was a conversation with a social worker when they were 10 that made everything begin to fall into place. "She said, 'I think they're on the autistic spectrum'. It was like a light bulb moment," says their father. "We'd put so much in place for them, coping mechanisms and such... it all suddenly made sense." With the help of teaching assistants, they got the educational support they needed. Out of school, their passion continued to flourish as they helped their father at work during the week, and taking part in shows at weekends. Ignoring the teacher's barbed comment, they both won places at Hartpury College in Gloucester where they studied for an NVQ in agriculture. "At college we found the practical side of it was more our cup of tea than the theory bit," recalls Laura. "We don't like the paperwork, we know we have to do it but we'd just rather go out and spend some time with the calves." They passed - but their driving test stood in their way of work. The first instructor had little faith and suggested learning in an automatic. "I said no chance - you can't drive an automatic and work on a farm," says Mr Callwood. Their second instructor was more positive and said "It might take them a little longer but they'll pass". In the end, it took two years, with Laura passing the theory test first, and Anna passing the practical test before her sister. The girls, who are both active members of Worcestershire Young Farmers, have worked at dairy farms in the Midlands, and their father is grateful to their employers. "In their jobs - the girls need empathy... just understanding them and their need for routine. Don't change it - or let them know in advance," he says. They can expect to work 50-60 hours a week, diligently feeding the calves throughout the day. "I love it - it's my get up and go in the morning," says Anna, who is currently working at a farm in Worcestershire. "If a calf or a cow is ill, I get really upset because they have feelings and it breaks your heart." The girls' memories are such that they can remember not only which calf was born to which cow but also who their grandparents are. "We have a better connection with cows rather than people... they don't talk back to us, they're just great to work with," says Laura. "They know how you feel - they've got feelings." Anna agrees. "They're our passion and they always will be." Follow BBC West Midlands on Facebook, on Twitter, and sign up for local news updates direct to your phone.

समान जुड़वां लौरा और एना कॉलवुड आठ साल के थे जब उन्होंने अपने पिता के साथ डेयरी फार्मिंग में आने का फैसला किया। अब 20 साल की उम्र में, उन्होंने अपने सपनों की नौकरी पाने के लिए अपने ऑटिज्म से जुड़ी कई बाधाओं को पार किया है।


Pembrokeshire council agrees site for Welsh-medium school

Summary: Plans for a new Welsh-medium school for three to 16-year-olds in Pembrokeshire have moved a step closer.

Pembrokeshire councillors agreed for the new school to be sited at Withybush Road, Haverfordwest, on Thursday. As part of the process, councillors voted in favour of closing the town's Welsh-medium primary school, Ysgol Gymraeg Glan Cleddau. A statutory notice will be published next week and residents will have an opportunity to object. Post-16 Welsh education would be provided at Ysgol y Preseli in Crymych under the plans.

पेम्ब्रोकेशायर में तीन से 16 साल के बच्चों के लिए एक नए वेल्श-माध्यम स्कूल की योजना एक कदम और आगे बढ़ गई है।


Greece struggles to steer a path through the crisis

Summary: Greece is now heading along a path which President Karolos Papoulias, the socialist Pasok party and the conservative New Democracy party - and a significant proportion of the population - had all hoped to avoid.

By Richard GalpinBBC News, Athens After days of uncertainty following the inconclusive elections on 6 May, the country now faces weeks of instability as the different political parties campaign once again in what is likely to be a bitterly contested election. The vitriolic atmosphere in which the final round of all-party talks for a technocrat government broke down on Tuesday does not bode well for the coming campaign. Shortly after walking out of the talks, the main political leaders appeared on national television accusing each other of sabotaging the attempts to form a government. The leader of New Democracy, Antonis Samaras, described the left-wing parties as "irresponsible and arrogant". Then Alexis Tsipras, of the radical left-wing Syriza party, was on television accusing Mr Samaras and the leader of Pasok, Evangelos Venizelos, of trying to coerce his party into joining a coalition or holding an election "in a climate of blackmail and insecurity". Opinion polls had suggested that a majority of the population wanted the politicians to compromise so a second election would be avoided. Prolonged instability And, on the streets of Athens on Tuesday, there was disappointment that the talks had collapsed. Some believe the second election may also be inconclusive with no outright winner, leaving the country once again without a government. Others fear the prolonged instability will further damage the markets. But the attempt by Pasok and New Democracy to create a coalition government and so avoid another election was not motivated solely by a belief this would be better for the country and by a determination to ensure it remain in the eurozone. Both parties have been on a downward slide and have little desire to face the electorate so soon after being humiliated in the 6 May vote. In contrast, Syriza and other radical, anti-austerity parties have enjoyed a spectacular rise in popularity and could even take power after the second election. Recent opinion polls have all shown Syriza ahead of both Pasok and New Democracy, but probably unable to form a government on its own. There are, however, several anti-austerity parties it could approach to form a coalition. Ditching the drachma? So it is possible that next month Greece will have a government which is determined to completely rewrite the terms of the bailout agreement the country signed with the EU and IMF earlier this year. And that, in turn, could lead to Greece leaving the eurozone. But much could change between now and the next election. The pressure on Greece from Brussels and eurozone countries is already intensifying with statements that the vote next month will, in effect, be a referendum on whether to remain part of the single currency. The vast majority of Greeks do not want a return of the drachma. And in the midst of this double crisis - both political and economic - Greece has to fulfil its commitments to implement further spending cuts as part of the bailout agreement. This must be done next month, which is already set to be a key moment in the country's history.

ग्रीस अब एक ऐसे रास्ते पर चल रहा है जिससे राष्ट्रपति करोलोस पापौलियास, समाजवादी पासोक पार्टी और रूढ़िवादी न्यू डेमोक्रेसी पार्टी-और आबादी का एक महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सा-सभी को बचने की उम्मीद थी।


Hawick Common Riding: 'On the back of a horse we're all equal'

Summary: Lisa Mackay had a more emotional summer than most.

In the Hawick Common Riding - where hundreds of people on horseback ride the town's historic boundaries - she took part in one of its traditionally men-only events. It was more than 20 years ago that women won the right to join the ride-outs which are part of the build-up to the main celebration. However, they had not joined the key ceremonial events - until this summer. Along with Pauline Tottman, Ms Mackay's story is part of a new documentary on the common riding - one of many held across the Scottish Borders. It looks at the history and traditions of the event - but also at how the increased role for women was received. Ms Mackay admitted there had been both highs and lows from taking part. "It was a bit up and down for a good few months - I don't know if I was being over-sensitive or naive," she told the BBC Scotland news website. "I have got no regrets about doing it - it was something that needed to be done. "The common riding has got a long history of being traditionally male-only but it is the 21st Century." She said it was "just not acceptable" to have women discriminated against. However, she admitted that she thought "long and hard" about taking part but wanted to support Ms Tottman, who was fulfilling a lifelong dream to take part in the common riding. "It means the world to be able to do the chase and know I've got official permission, but it's difficult to know there's a great deal of the town not happy with it," said Ms Tottman in the documentary. "There's a suggestion that if I wasn't to do it, I'd be respecting tradition. "The insinuation is I'm disrespecting them by doing it. I don't see it that way." Her actions were backed completely by Ms Mackay. "It was time that it was accepted that women have got every right to participate in these events," she said. "I thought long and hard about riding. "I am glad it was me - I am mature, I am professional, I don't have any gripes with anybody in the community. "I only did it to support another woman. She has been very, very brave." In the documentary she added: "I think most people realise we need to move forward. "I'm just pleased the time has come for lady riders to be involved because on the back of a horse we're all equal." There are, however, others who would have preferred to stick with tradition. Among their number is Malcolm Grant, who formerly held the ceremonial position of "acting father" and believes the customs should remain as they are. "In 2018 there's been a couple of girls who wanted to ride and that's something that needs to be looked at very carefully because we're trying to maintain our customs and traditions," he said when interviewed for the documentary. "I have no desire to see those changed. "It's not about exclusion - it's about complete inclusion and everybody plays their part." 'Not broken' Master of ceremonies Ian Nichol echoed that view. He told the programme he believed in keeping the ceremonial days as they are. "We don't have lady riders at the moment - what is wrong with being a wee bit special and a wee bit unique?" he asked. "For me it is brilliant and it wouldn't be bettered. "I am a great believer if something is not broken, don't try and fix it." However, the issue is not one which is likely to go away any time soon. Ms Mackay has said she would be happy to take part once more. "There will be one woman from the family next year - I would love to do it again," she said. Hawick - Common Riding is on BBC Two Scotland at 21:00 on Tuesday 20 November.

लिसा मैके का ग्रीष्मकाल सबसे अधिक भावनात्मक रहा।


Could Moonlight cause an Oscars upset?

Summary: Moonlight is doing rather well at the moment.

By Steven McIntoshEntertainment reporter The film has been been a box office success, a darling of the critics and a total awards magnet. On Sunday, it won one of the top prizes at the Writers Guild of America (WGA) Awards, leaving writer and director Barry Jenkins wondering whether it's time to order a bigger trophy cabinet. "This means the world to me," Jenkins said as he took to the stage to accept the award for best original screenplay. "I can't say writing will get you on this stage but it will bring you close to the world." Moonlight has become such a favourite among critics and award judges that some have quietly wondered whether it could cause a huge upset at the Oscars. You're probably sick to the back teeth of everybody banging on about La La Land and how much of a dead-cert it is for best picture. It may well still sweep the board, but Moonlight - a film about a black gay man growing up in poverty in Miami - is second favourite among most pundits and bookies. According to Box Office Mojo, the film has so far taken more than $21m (£16.9m) in the US alone. It was released to British audiences this weekend and has so far taken £620,636 in the UK. Its success is even more notable for the fact that the movie has no major stars in its leading roles. Mahershala Ali has become something of a breakout star - and could potentially be the first Muslim to win an acting Oscar. Could Moonlight win best picture? The case for: The case against: Perhaps more important than Moonlight's box office performance is the huge amount of critical praise which has been heaped on it. The film was released in the UK over the weekend and just about every critic was falling over themselves to declare it a masterpiece. Well, nearly all critics. It's fair to say Camilla Long of The Sunday Times didn't take to it in quite the same way. But, broadly speaking, reviewers liked it. And even Long gave it three stars, which could be a lot worse. The film has a 98% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 99% score on Metacritic - sites which tot up critical reviews. Even if the film doesn't win best picture at the Oscars, it's still got a decent chance at going home with a couple of prizes. Naomie Harris and Mahershala Ali are nominated in the supporting actor and actress categories. The film is also up for best adapted screenplay - it was based on Tarell Alvin McCraney's autobiographical play In Moonlight Black Boys Look Blue. Then there are its nominations for best director, best cinematography, best original score and best film editing. The Academy Awards take place this Sunday, 26 February. Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.

मूनलाइट इस समय काफी अच्छा कर रही है।


How fire shaped humans, and forged the modern economy

Summary: "The canyons seemed to act as chimneys, through which the wind and fires swept with the roar of 1,000 freight trains. The smoke and heat became so intense that it was difficult to breathe. The whole world seemed to us men back in those mountains to be aflame. Many thought that it really was the end of the world."

By Tim HarfordPresenter, 50 Things That Made the Modern Economy US forest ranger Ed Pulaski was caught right in the middle of what would become known as the "Big Blowup" - also known as The Great Fire of 1910. Pulaski realised that his task was no longer to save the forests of northern Idaho, but to protect the firefighters. "Trees were falling all about us," he said. "And it was almost impossible to see through the smoky darkness. Had it not been for my familiarity with the mountain trails, we would never have come out alive, for we were completely surrounded by raging, whipping fire. "My one hope was to reach an old mine tunnel which I knew to be not far from us. We reached the mine just in time." Pulaski passed out. Earlier, with the fire approaching, he had told his wife Emma where to take shelter with their 10-year-old daughter Elsie - and warned her he might not return. The next morning, he could not see, and his hands were burned. But he was alive, and so were all but five of his men. The Big Blowup had killed 86 people, and consumed enough wood to build 800,000 houses. It also seared the national consciousness and the US Forest Service promised to douse all wildfires as quickly as it could. In fact that promise would turn out to be unwise, but you can understand the need to make it. Fire is terrifying, but it is also fundamental to the modern economy. 50 Things That Made the Modern Economy highlights the inventions, ideas and innovations that helped create the economic world. It is broadcast on the BBC World Service. You can find more information about the programme's sources and listen to all the episodes online or subscribe to the programme podcast. For the first 90% of Earth's history, there was no fire at all. There were volcanic eruptions - but molten rock is not on fire, because fire is a chemical reaction: the process of combustion. It is life that creates both the oxygen and the fuel that fires need to burn. Fossil evidence suggests that flammable plant life evolved around 400 million years ago, and periodically went up in smoke, partly because of those volcanoes, but mostly due to lightning. In recent years, satellite observations have shown us how surprisingly common lightning is - there are around eight million strikes a day. It is still responsible for more wildfires than ill-advised barbecues or carelessly discarded cigarette butts. Fire shaped landscapes - and, with it, evolution. It enabled the spread of grasslands, somewhere around 30 million years ago. Without fire, they would have reverted to scrub or forest. And grasslands are thought to have played a role in the emergence of the hominids who evolved into us. Try to imagine the economy before our ancestors tamed fire. You can start by discarding any products made with metal, or using metal tools - metal starts life in a furnace. The same goes for glass. Now forget anything that involves burning fossil fuels, for transport or electricity; or that uses materials made in the heat of a fire - think plastics - or plants grown with artificial fertilisers, made with the Haber-Bosch process. No bricks or pottery: they are fired in a kiln. There is not much left. Raw, organic food, cut up with a sharp stone? We can hardly call it an "economy" at all. More Things That Made the Modern Economy: Exactly when and how our ancestors learned to control fire is a matter of some debate. Chimps appear to understand how wildfire will spread pretty well. And other species are reportedly alert to the hunting opportunities it offers. Some birds of prey have even been seen picking up burning sticks, dropping them to start a new fire, and pouncing on the creatures who then make a run for it. It seems likely that our ancestors similarly harnessed wildfires for hundreds of thousands of years before they figured out how to make sparks from flint. Perhaps they kept the fires alive by adding slow-burning animal dung. Primatologist Richard Wrangham argues that as cooked food provides more energy, it enabled humans to evolve bigger brains. Meanwhile, archaeologist John Gowlett links fire to the "social brain" hypothesis - the idea that we evolved bigger brains to navigate growing social pressures. Evenings around the fire will have given our ancestors more time to socialise. However much truth is in those speculations, economic development has seen us confine fire to various special chambers - from industrial plants to internal combustion engines to the gas oven in your kitchen. The historian Stephen Pyne calls this the "pyric transition". And where that has not yet happened, it is a problem: in developing countries, millions of deaths are linked to air pollution caused by cooking on indoor fires. But Pyne argues that this transition increased our fear of wildfires. And with climate change we can expect to see more of those fires. While satellite observations are helping us to understand them, changing patterns of weather and vegetation are making them harder to predict. It took half a century after Pulaski's heroics for consensus to form that quickly extinguishing wildfires is not such a great idea. The problem is that eventually there will be a fire you cannot control - and that fire will be more devastating, because it will burn through all the deadwood that would have been cleared by the small fires if you had not rushed to put them out. And in the meantime, complacency sets in: we are increasingly building in or close to wilderness areas where fires will break out sooner or later. When experts advise it might be wise to let those fires burn, you can bet that the people who live nearby are not going to be too keen. As Andrew Scott argues in his book Burning Planet: "Our increasing scientific understanding of fire in recent years has not translated into greater public awareness." Some economists think that there is a parallel between handling wildfires and dealing with some entirely man-made crises. The theory is that getting better at handling small problems creates a growing sense of safety, which paradoxically creates the risk of much larger problems. Take the financial crisis of 2007-2008, the biggest economic "wildfire" of our times. In his book Foolproof, the Wall Street Journal's chief financial commentator Greg Ip argues that financial policy-makers had got so good at extinguishing minor crises that people became over-confident, and took silly risks - such as betting the ranch on sub-prime mortgages. It was precisely the success at mitigating previous risk which led to the subsequent misfortune. "Our efforts to make life safer come into conflict with an equally irrepressible desire to make things bigger and more complicated," he writes. "As our cities, transport systems, and financial markets become more interconnected and complex, so have the opportunities for disaster. "Successfully preventing one type of risk may simply funnel it elsewhere, to re-emerge, like a mutated bacteria, in more virulent fashion." And when a financial crisis came along that could not be stamped out, those bad bets fuelled a global conflagration which itself spread like wildfire. The author writes the Financial Times's Undercover Economist column. 50 Things That Made the Modern Economy is broadcast on the BBC World Service. You can find more information about the programme's sources and listen to all the episodes online or subscribe to the programme podcast.

"घाटी चिमनी के रूप में काम करती प्रतीत होती थी, जिससे हवा और आग 1,000 मालगाड़ियों की गर्जना के साथ बह गई। धुआं और गर्मी इतनी तीव्र हो गई कि सांस लेना मुश्किल हो गया। उन पहाड़ों में हम लोगों को पूरी दुनिया जलती हुई लग रही थी। कई लोगों ने सोचा कि यह वास्तव में दुनिया का अंत था।"


Business Stream wins £70m Ministry of Justice contract

Summary: Scottish Water subsidiary Business Stream has won a £70m-plus contract to manage water and wastewater services for the Ministry of Justice.

The three-year deal covers 900 sites, including the Home Office and the HM Prison Service in England. It is thought to be one of the largest public sector contracts awarded since the English retail water market opened up in 2017. Business Stream is headquartered in Edinburgh. It also runs offices in Glasgow, Worthing and Bradford and employs more than 400 members of staff. The water company, which provides services to more than 340,000 customers across the UK, said it had generated about £280m in new contract wins since 2017.

स्कॉटिश वाटर की सहायक कंपनी बिजनेस स्ट्रीम ने न्याय मंत्रालय के लिए पानी और अपशिष्ट जल सेवाओं के प्रबंधन के लिए 70 मिलियन पाउंड से अधिक का अनुबंध जीता है।


Student carers: Bangor University offers £1,000 bursary

Summary: Bangor University is awarding £1,000 bursaries to student carers.

It launched its Student Carer Policy on Thursday to coincide with Carers' Rights Day. It said over four years it had also created a student carers' booklet, launched an Instagram page for student carers to share experiences and introduced an annual residential school to give carers a taste of student life. The award is not available to students bringing up children. Third year psychology student and carer Jan Lloyd-Nicholson from Criccieth, Gwynedd, said the money was a huge help. "It is extremely hard juggling university life and studies with caring duties," she said. "The bursary has helped my family and myself immensely." The university also offers a red wristband to student carers: "It's the individual's choice to wear the band, and the intention is to avoid the students' having to explain any need to leave a lecture room at short notice," the university said. Third year PhD student Kaydee Owen said: "Going to university can be a daunting experience for anybody, but as a carer who moved away from home to study, I definitely faced some additional challenges. "It is just really reassuring to know that other people are feeling the same anxieties." Delyth Murphy, head of the university's widening access centre, said: "Young carers are four times more likely to withdraw from their higher education course than other students. "We realise that juggling the competing demands of studying and caring can be challenging." Kate Cubbage from Carer's Trust said: "Bangor University is providing the most extensive support to students who are carers in any university that I've come across and are to be congratulated."

बांगोर विश्वविद्यालय छात्र देखभाल करने वालों को £1,000 अनुदान प्रदान कर रहा है।


Growing up in the shadow of the mafia

Summary: Luigi Di Cicco was the son of a mafia boss, and most people expected him to follow in his father's footsteps. He could easily have fallen into a life of money, crime, violence, jail - but he broke free.

By Alan JohnstonBBC News, Italy When Luigi Di Cicco was coming home from school one day in a small town near Naples he heard what he thought were fireworks. "Who's celebrating?" he wondered, as he approached his house. "And why?" Then came the appalling explanation. Two of his uncles were lying dead in pools of blood in the road. They were both mafia men. The explosions he heard had been gunshots - an ambush by a rival clan. At the time Luigi was 11 years old, and growing up in a world consumed by organised crime. "It was the mid-80s. The years of wars and the spilling of blood in the streets," he writes in a new book about his extraordinary childhood. "That night I was so traumatised that I hoped I'd be involved in some kind of accident - that I'd be in a coma for a long time and wake up only when everything was over. "Of my childhood I only have ugly memories." His father, Giuseppe, was in jail on the day Luigi was born. He only got the news that he had a son when a relative in a prison courtyard shouted up at his cell. "It's a boy!" he heard through the bars. Luigi's father and uncles were steeped in the Camorra, as the mafia underworld is known in the Naples area. The network of clans has been described as Italy's most murderous crime syndicate, preying on the communities around it by means of extortion and protection rackets. Rival factions wage feuds as they battle to control the drugs trade. For a time, Giuseppe Di Cicco had lived the warped mafia dream. He was the classic Boss. He controlled territory around the small town of Lusciano. He would go about in big cars, and he had a tailor who made sure he was always impressively dressed. But by the time his son was born, Giuseppe was already paying for his very serious crimes. He had been given an 18-year prison sentence, later extended to life. The only contact between father and son came every few weeks at visiting time in high-security prisons. "I grew up going around the maximum security jails," writes Luigi. "It sounds like a joke, but that's how I learnt the geography of Italy." Throughout his childhood he felt the absence of his father acutely. There was a constant longing to be closer to him. On the night before a visit Luigi would not be able to sleep. "I'd just be thinking of meeting him. I was so excited. I wanted the guards to be faster letting us in. Then my father would appear, and I felt like I had everything that I had been missing." Luigi's parents had not been married when Giuseppe began his long jail sentence. But despite their circumstances, they eventually decided they wanted a wedding, and it was held in prison. Six-year-old Luigi was there. "These were people fulfilling their dream of getting married, but then they were forced to separate the same night. My father going back to his cell. My mum alone at home," he says. "I remember having a lot of fun with my cousins. But when I look at the pictures I realise that it was a very sad occasion." Meanwhile, Luigi was growing up in a house run by his father's mafia brothers, and there were often police raids. "Our house was like a fortress, with CCTV... fences," he says. "So when the security forces came, it would be by surprise in the middle of the night. It was chaotic. They would come with dogs, helicopters... I was very scared. I just wanted to disappear." During one raid Luigi saw the police leading one of his uncles out of a bathroom. He was astonished. He had been sure his uncle had been out of the house when the police burst in. But going into the now-deserted bathroom he saw that concealed under the tub there was an iron ladder leading to an underground chamber. His uncle had been down there. Luigi had had no idea that the hiding place existed. This was all going on in a town very much in the Camorra heartland. Young men were being drawn into the criminal network, and among some of Lusciano's population there was constant interest in the affairs of the mafiosi - much talk in bars and cafes about who had just been arrested, who might be coming out of prison, and so on. And in this atmosphere, young Luigi had a certain status. "When I would go out into the streets, I was seen as the son of a Boss - as the family's future 'Capo'. I was already respected when I was 15 or 16," he says. "These people would shake your hand and look into your eyes with respect." And then there was one remarkable day when Luigi's father was allowed to make a visit to Lusciano. One of his brothers had recently been killed in a road accident, and Giuseppe was being permitted to pay his respects at the grave. Amid a massive police security operation, this local Boss was brought to the cemetery. And as word spread a crowd gathered. People wanted a chance to see and greet the revered mafioso - so much so that Luigi claims the police told them to form an orderly queue. As the father and son walked between the graves it was the only time in the boy's childhood that the pair would be together in their home town. Luigi was well into his 20s before Giuseppe was freed. The son seems to have refused to engage mentally with the crimes of his father, to think what his father's victims might have endured. "I only knew he was the Boss of this family who governed most of our zone," Luigi says. "As for the rest I've never wanted to go into it. I've never wanted to go into the details, sincerely, to understand... if he'd been accused of murdering two, or three. I was always in the dark." As we talk, Luigi starts to break down. As he weeps he reaches into a briefcase and pulls out a newspaper from just a few months ago. Giuseppe Di Cicco stares out of its front page - it's a police mugshot. Luigi's father, now in his mid-60s, has been arrested again. He and 12 others are accused of involvement in mafia activity, including carrying weapons, extortion and threatening violence. Luigi seems to have loved his father unconditionally. Some people would find that hard to understand, I say - knowing the life that Guiseppe Di Cicco had led. "I wasn't stupid," he replies. "I knew my father was in jail because he hadn't done good things. My dad made a choice. A wrong one. But he never made me make the same choice. He could have - but he didn't." However deeply immersed in crime Luigi's father may have been, he always wanted a different life for his son - continually urging him to build a future away from the world of the mafiosi. He admits that there were "tempting occasions" when he could easily have gone into the family "business", but he was strong enough to make his own way. He dropped out of school, and then began door-to-door selling. Later he did his military service, and then found work in a kitchen in a town further north in Italy - away from his roots. As time went by he got married and had a child, and today he runs a restaurant in the seaside town of Civitavecchia. "I'm not a hero," he says. "But I can't help feeling that it wasn't easy to avoid falling into the trap that life had extended before me. "My life shows that evil can be rejected. That you can choose a different path - full of sacrifices, and suffering, and mistakes. But one that allows you to enjoy freedom, the people you love and the beautiful things in life." Luigi hopes his story may be an example to other young people back where he came from in southern Italy who might be tempted to take the wrong path. Luigi Di Cicco is co-author, with journalist Michele Cucuzza, of Gramigna: Vita di un Ragazzo in Fuga dalla Camorra (The Weed: Life of a boy in flight from the Camorra) published in Italian by Piemme Follow @BBCNewsMagazine on Twitter and on Facebook

लुइगी डी सिक्को एक माफिया बॉस का बेटा था, और ज्यादातर लोग उससे अपने पिता के नक्शेकदम पर चलने की उम्मीद करते थे। वह आसानी से पैसे, अपराध, हिंसा, जेल के जीवन में गिर सकता था-लेकिन वह मुक्त हो गया।


Motorcyclist charged over hit-and-run in Edinburgh

Summary: A man has appeared in court charged with driving offences after an off-road motorcycle hit two women in Edinburgh.

The women, aged 18 and 26, were taken to hospital with serious injuries following the incident on Hay Avenue at about 14.45 on Sunday 22 March. Ryan McGovern, 28, was charged with causing serious injury by dangerous driving and other driving offences. He did not enter a plea when he appeared at Edinburgh Sheriff Court on Thursday. He was committed for further examination and remanded in custody

एडिनबर्ग में एक ऑफ-रोड मोटरसाइकिल द्वारा दो महिलाओं को टक्कर मारने के बाद एक व्यक्ति ड्राइविंग अपराधों के आरोप में अदालत में पेश हुआ है।


Dhaka factory collapse: No compensation without DNA identification

Summary: Earlier this year a Bangladesh clothes factory collapsed, killing more than 1,000 people. Five months later, many of the dead have yet to be identified - prolonging the anguish for relatives, and denying them the right to compensation.

By Jane DeithBBC News, Dhaka A summer has passed since the Rana Plaza complex crashed to the earth. Plants are creeping over the tangled debris. Steel cables have rusted. Rolls of blue and cream fabric have gone mouldy. A fading pair of jeans hangs from a jagged piece of wire. A stone memorial remembers the 1,133 garment workers who died. But hundreds of families who lost a mother or a daughter never have never been able to prove it to the authorities' satisfaction. The US offered relatives DNA testing kits, and samples have been collected - but Bangladesh doesn't have the computer software to match those samples with the dead. Every day Babul Soiaal walks to the Rana Plaza site, with a roll of papers and documents in his hand - and a small passport photo of a woman in a blue headscarf. It is his wife Shahida. She's still missing, and she's probably among the nearly 300 people buried without being identified. Only when, or if, she is identified will the authorities provide financial help. Soiaal has Shahida's payslip to prove she worked in the Rana Plaza - but that's not been enough to persuade officials to pay up. "I have made a copy of these papers and given them to the government and other concerned bodies and I said if you have any doubt you can send an inspection team to our home town and they will find that she is still missing," he says. "I have five children. I have lost my partner. If the government would help us then we will find some way, but I don't know what will happen to me." Friends have been lending Soiaal money to pay the rent, which his small income from odd jobs will not cover. But what he really needs is for his wife's body to be identified by a DNA test. Then he might receive from the government the equivalent of £13,000 ($20,000). Because of the software problem, few DNA identifications have been made. Among the high street brands which once bought garments from factories inside the Rana Plaza are Primark, Matalan and Bonmarche. Primark has pioneered its own emergency payments scheme, giving each of the victims' families 15,000 or 16,000 Taka - about £130 ($200) - and announced last week it will pay a second tranche. In Samsun Nahar's case, the first instalment ran out months ago. Like Babul Soiaal, she comes to the Rana Plaza ruins every day, hoping someone will tell her what happened to her daughter, Eeni Begum. All she has left of the beautiful, earnest 18-year-old is a passport photograph. "Every day I feel I'll find my daughter, but it doesn't happen," she says. "We are very poor - it was difficult to keep her at school and we put her in the garment factory. She loved fashion. She was my beloved one. Without her I feel lonely. Everything seems empty." Even some of those in hospital - whose missing or broken limbs provide physical evidence that they were in the collapsed factories - complain they've been forgotten by the authorities and the Western brands. Fourteen-year-old Yanoor who, under the terms of an industry agreement, should not have been working at the factory at all, has needed several operations after her legs were crushed by falling beams. She too has had no compensation. She is eager to get well so she can earn for her six brothers and sisters, and her father. Her mother died in the rubble. Among those children working illegally in garment factories today are some who have been forced to seek work because their parents were hurt or killed in the Rana Plaza tragedy. One 13-year-old, who we will call Ruma, says she gave up school and got a job in a factory as a seamstress, because her mother was hurt in the building collapse, and is now unable to walk. There are about 20 teenagers working in the same factory, she says, all of whom have been instructed to tell any visitors they are 18. "My mother is very sick so I had no option," she says. The family relies on the 4,400 Taka (£36, $57) she earns each month. The Bangladeshi government says it is giving Rana Plaza victims and their families compensation and donations from an emergency relief fund, but the country can't afford to provide a long-term safety net. Commerce Minister Ghulam Muhammed Quader admits that for some life is getting worse, not better, since the tragedy struck. "I don't blame them for their worries. The problems are overwhelming for the government and society," he says. "We are a resource-constrained country. Even if the government gives full compensation it is just a stopgap. What we're trying to do is rehabilitate someone in the family so they stand on their own feet." The government is giving limited money to hospitals where injured people are learning new skills, such as IT. The garment industry, meanwhile, says it's offering people alternatives to factory work, but many of the injured aren't well enough to leave hospital yet. Mohammad Shahidullah Azim, vice-President of the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association, says they carefully monitor factories and fine any owners caught employing children. The Rana Plaza collapse was the worst industrial disaster in Bangladesh's history. But for hundreds in Dhaka, the tragedy is only just beginning.

इस साल की शुरुआत में बांग्लादेश का एक कपड़े का कारखाना ढह गया था, जिसमें 1,000 से अधिक लोग मारे गए थे। पांच महीने बाद, मृतकों में से कई की पहचान की जानी बाकी है-रिश्तेदारों के लिए पीड़ा को बढ़ाना, और उन्हें मुआवजे के अधिकार से वंचित करना।


Columbine survivors mark twentieth anniversary of massacre

Summary: Survivors of the Columbine High School shooting have been speaking at a remembrance ceremony in Denver to mark the twentieth anniversary of the massacre.

Twelve students and a teacher were murdered by two teenagers. A former student, Patrick Ireland, who was injured by bullets, said no one from the school or surrounding community had emerged unscathed. The event was the culmination of three days of commemorations. Earlier, members of the public left flowers and cards at a memorial to the victims. Columbine students and staff also marked the day by taking part in community service projects.

कोलम्बाइन हाई स्कूल की गोलीबारी से बचे लोग नरसंहार की बीसवीं वर्षगांठ को चिह्नित करने के लिए डेनवर में एक स्मरण समारोह में बोल रहे हैं।


Buckinghamshire man died after fall on dog walk in the US

Summary: A retired man who was visiting his son in the United States died after he fell while walking a dog, an inquest heard.

Robert Quin, 71, of Penn, in Buckinghamshire, was visiting his son in New Jersey when he went on a dog walk in Woodbury Heights. Beaconsfield Coroner's Court heard Mr Quin was walking on the "sidewalk" when he fell and struck his head on 3 August 2017. He suffered fractured ribs, head and spinal injuries in the fall. Mr Quin was taken to Cooper University Hospital in Camden, New Jersey, where he died two days later. His body was repatriated back to the UK. At the inquest, senior coroner Crispin Butler recorded a conclusion of accidental death.

अमेरिका में अपने बेटे से मिलने गए एक सेवानिवृत्त व्यक्ति की कुत्ते को टहलाते हुए गिरने से मौत हो गई।


UK government taken to court over Aberthaw Power Station emissions

Summary: The UK government is being taken to court over claims pollution levels emitted by a power station in the Vale of Glamorgan are above legal limits.

The European Commission says coal-fired Aberthaw, near Barry, has been pumping out more than double the legal amount of nitrogen oxides for seven years. Nitrogen oxides can cause problems for people with respiratory illness. A UK government spokesman said: "Air quality has improved significantly - we have invested £2bn since 2011." He added: "Aberthaw Power Station is also investing to meet future emission limits set by the EU. "It would be inappropriate to comment on this case further while infraction proceedings are under way." The Aberthaw plant is operated by RWE npower and regulated by the UK government.

वेल ऑफ ग्लैमॉर्गन में एक पावर स्टेशन द्वारा उत्सर्जित प्रदूषण का स्तर कानूनी सीमाओं से ऊपर होने के दावों पर यूके सरकार को अदालत में ले जाया जा रहा है।


'Ndrangheta: Exploring the mafia's underground world

Summary: The biggest cocaine smugglers in Europe are the 'Ndrangheta, a mafia from the "toe of Italy", Calabria. They may not be as well known as their Sicilian counterparts but their drugs and extortion business is worth billions of euros. When cornered their bosses hole up in secret bunkers.

By John DickieAuthor of Mafia Republic I don't think I've ever been so relieved to see sunlight. Since dead of night I had been crawling through tunnels strewn with rat excrement, personal effects and the paraphernalia of the cocaine business. The dust and damp were choking. How long had I been underground? Four hours? Five? Eight? Then at last, filthy, tired, and disorientated, I surfaced into a gorgeous mountain landscape, and a breeze bearing the perfume of wild oregano. I felt as if I had just escaped a brush with insanity, with evil. The tunnels were in the town of Plati, on Aspromonte, the "harsh mountain" that dominates the landscape at the very toe-tip of Italy's boot. Plati has been notorious for a century as a stronghold of the 'Ndrangheta, the Calabrian mafia. Its bosses are among the world's leading cocaine traffickers, and they have particularly strong links to the 'Ndrangheta's outposts in Australia. But recently they have not been having things their own way. Pursued by a newly determined police, the 'Ndranghetisti constructed an astonishing network of secret hiding places under the streets and houses. It is virtually a parallel city, an underworld Plati where bunkers located behind sliding staircases, hidden trapdoors and even inside a pizza oven are linked by endless tunnels. There is a kind of madness to the bunkers of Plati. Even the deepest and best-concealed bolt-holes have secret escape routes within them. The tunnels merge and separate, feed into the sewer system, and branch out again for hundreds of metres, emerging right outside town, amid the bushes of a dry river bed. Now the tunnels have been discovered, and left to the curiosity of rats and mafia historians like me. Plati is not the only place in southern Italy that has seen an epidemic of bunker-building in recent years. One of the carabinieri (paramilitary policemen) we interviewed told us he had personally found a dozen bunkers just in one large orange grove near the notorious town of Rosarno. The Rosarno variety tends to have a different design. Because the local 'Ndrangheta long controlled the container port at nearby Gioia Tauro, they make their bunkers from shipping containers. The preferred method is to weld a couple together, furnish the inside with all mod cons, and then bury them. Mafiosi in other regions have their own ingenious building techniques: there are even specialist bunker builders. Mafia bunkers tell us a great deal about the current state of Italy's fight against its mafias. If Italy is going to defeat the scourge that has plagued it since the 19th Century, then guilty verdicts that judges pass against mafiosi have to be translated into years actually served in prison. For decades, that was not the case. Trials were held, but all too often the dock was empty because the defendants had vanished. Hundreds of convicted mobsters were at large, murdering, extorting and dealing in narcotics. And the longer they stayed free, the greater their criminal prestige grew, and the more damage they did to the state's credibility. Now the hunt for mafia fugitives is a top priority for the Italian authorities. But then fugitives is not the right word. Because a wanted mafia boss rarely goes on the run or leaves his territory. To do so would be to abandon his throne, and invite a usurper to take his place. The best solution is to build an underground bunker: home, hideout, fortress, and command centre. So the bosses go to ground for weeks, and even months at a time, watching the world through their security cameras, issuing orders down secret telephone lines, their whereabouts known to only a small circle of supporters. So on one level the whole mafia bunker craze (there are thought to be hundreds across the mafia-infested regions of the South) is a sign that organised crime is on the defensive. But bunkers also tell us just how powerful the mafias' territorial control is. The blanket of silence - known as omerta - in this part of the world can be astonishing. In Plati, our armed escorts from the formidable Italian special forces unit known as The Cacciatori (Hunters) told us that to build one underground network the mob bosses had dug up the town's main street. As nonchalantly as if they were the town council. And nobody said a word. But the overriding impression I got from spending so long in so many mafia bunkers was of the miserable absurdity of the lives the bosses lead. All that money, all that power, all the fear and loyalty they inspire. Yet none of the sacred images or gaudy furnishings they put in their bunkers can disguise the fact that, in the end, they are forced to live like rats - an existence barely better than the prison cells that await them. John Dickie presents This World: The Mafia's Secret Bunkers on Wednesday 1 May on BBC2 at 21:00 BST and later on the BBC iPlayer. He is also a professor of Italian studies at University College London Follow the Magazine on Facebook or Twitter.

यूरोप में सबसे बड़े कोकीन तस्कर 'नद्रंगेटा' हैं, जो 'इटली के पैर', कैलाब्रिया का एक माफिया है। वे अपने सिसिलियन समकक्षों के रूप में उतने प्रसिद्ध नहीं हो सकते हैं, लेकिन उनका ड्रग्स और जबरन वसूली का व्यवसाय अरबों यूरो का है। जब उनके मालिकों को घेर लिया जाता है तो वे गुप्त बंकरों में घुस जाते हैं।


100 Women: 'Why I invented the glass ceiling phrase'

Summary: The term "glass ceiling" refers to the sometimes-invisible barrier to success that many women come up against in their careers. Management consultant Marilyn Loden coined the phrase almost 40 years ago but says it is still as relevant as ever.

I first used the phrase "glass ceiling" in 1978 during a panel discussion about women's aspirations. As I listened, I noted how the (female) panellists focused on the deficiencies in women's socialisation, the self-deprecating ways in which women behaved, and the poor self-image that many women allegedly carried. It was a struggle to sit quietly and listen to the criticisms. True, women did seem unable to climb the career ladder beyond the lowest rung of middle management, but I argued that the "invisible glass ceiling" - the barriers to advancement that were cultural not personal - was doing the bulk of the damage to women's career aspirations and opportunities. I was an experienced HR professional in the telecoms industry, and yet was often told by my male boss to "smile more". He made a point of commenting on my appearance at literally every meeting. On the occasions when there was more than one woman manager at a meeting, there were usually comments made if the two sat together. On several occasions, I was told that the advancement of women within middle management was "degrading the importance" of these positions. Once I was told that despite my better performance record, a promotion I was hoping for was going to a male peer. The reason given was that he was a "family man" - that he was the main breadwinner and so needed the money more. During the 1970s and into the 1980s, there were no laws in place in the US to protect women from workplace harassment or assault. There was also no awareness in organisations about the severity of the problem and zero interest in hearing about or resolving it. On 24 May 2018, the "glass ceiling" will be 40 years old. What has changed for working women in that time? The sheer number of female managers has increased dramatically across most industries and yet the metaphor continues to symbolise an enduring barrier to gender equality - one that has been normalised in many organisations where there is now a sense of complacency about the lack of women at the top. I advise clients like the US military and Fortune 500 corporations to encourage employees - both men and women - to step up when they observe things happening in the workplace that are unfair, disrespectful or exclusionary. It means saying to employees: "You have a part to play in creating a culture of respect for everyone. You can't be a bystander in this effort. Instead, you have to take action." What is 100 Women? BBC 100 Women names 100 influential and inspirational women around the world every year. For our 2017 season we challenged them to tackle four of the biggest problems facing women today - the glass ceiling, female illiteracy, harassment in public spaces and sexism in sport. Find us on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter and use #100Women Rather than accept the glass ceiling as inevitable, it is time for institutions to acknowledge that the embedded biases in their cultures predisposing many men for career success while diminishing the strengths, styles and capabilities of the majority of talented women must be eradicated. I am referring to the biases that assume men are "born leaders", that working mothers are not committed to their careers, that women are too emotional, that sexual harassment is not a problem, and that there is no room on the executive floor for people who speak softly, have a high degree of emotional intelligence and favour participative leadership over autocratic management. Back in 1978, a common lament in organisations was that women "lacked the credentials and experience" required to lead effectively. Today, that criticism can no longer be used to justify their slow climb to the top. Over the past four decades women have closed the education gap, moved into non-traditional jobs at remarkably high rates, simultaneously managed families and challenging careers, and demonstrated their ability to innovate, inspire and manage effectively in every sector of the global workplace. We need only remove the blinkers to appreciate and leverage all that they have to offer. You can watch Marilyn Loden taking part in the 100 Women Challenge: Breaking the Glass Ceiling on BBC iPlayer until 17 November

"ग्लास सीलिंग" शब्द सफलता के लिए कभी-कभी अदृश्य बाधा को संदर्भित करता है जिसके खिलाफ कई महिलाएं अपने करियर में आती हैं। प्रबंधन सलाहकार मर्लिन लोडेन ने लगभग 40 साल पहले यह वाक्यांश गढ़ा था लेकिन उनका कहना है कि यह अभी भी हमेशा की तरह प्रासंगिक है।


Fenham hit-and-run: Woman suffers life-threatening injuries

Summary: A woman is in hospital with life-threatening injuries after a hit-and-run crash in Newcastle.

Northumbria Police said the victim was struck as she crossed Wingrove Road North, Fenham, by what is believed to be a Peugeot, just after 16:30 GMT. Parts of Wingrove Road, in Newcastle's West End, are closed off as investigators examine the scene. A spokesman for the Northumbria force appealed for witnesses to the crash to come forward.

न्यूकैसल में एक हिट-एंड-रन दुर्घटना के बाद एक महिला जानलेवा चोटों के साथ अस्पताल में है।


The most powerful person you've never heard of

Summary: Recently, I have been rooting about for information about the work of the most powerful civil servant you've never heard of. Unfortunately, it turns out that she is also perhaps the most secretive you could ever hope to meet.

Chris CookPolicy editor, Newsnight Sue Gray works in the Cabinet Office, where she has the asking-for-trouble job title of "Director-General, Propriety and Ethics Team". Her job is to adjudicate on whether rules have been broken by officials, ministers and special advisers. In practice, she is also a fixer for Sir Jeremy Heywood, head of the civil service. She performed much the same role for Lord O'Donnell, his predecessor. Ms Gray's influence is astounding. She ranges widely: part of her job is signing off memoirs (including by elected politicians) to check they have not revealed anything unhelpful. Officials from right across government have stories of her intervening on everything from their pay and conditions through to what documents they may or may not publish. Despite being one of the top handful of civil servants, her role is often overlooked and her actions are attributed to Sir Jeremy himself. That happened, notably, during the official investigations that led to the resignations of Andrew Mitchell, then chief whip, and Liam Fox, then defence secretary. She is his right hand. Officials see her as a force of conservatism within the civil service. She is an internal critic of attempts to open up the old Whitehall machine to competition or scrutiny. But she is, when the circumstances merit it, flexible. Sir Jeremy has described Ms Gray as "user-friendly"; she likes to give advice which ministers like to hear. Whitehall has powerful officials - that is the way of the world. But I am troubled by the unique secrecy - even by the standards of our unaccountable civil service - of the leadership of the Cabinet Office, a department whose decisions ripple through officialdom and, from there, out into the real world. Leaving no trail First, Ms Gray is notorious (like Sir Jeremy) for her determination not to leave a document trail. When Labour wants to propose someone for a peerage, they ring her on the phone. She then gives them an oral "yes" or "no" as to whether they are likely to get through vetting. The party accepts her verdicts, but there are no records and she never explains herself. There is simply no check on what basis she performs the first sift on House of Lords membership. I have written before about my attempts to get advice to special advisers about what work they may do for parties while they are public employees. There are, after all, strict rules designed to reassure the public that special advisers work for the taxpayer, not their parties. But some special advisers have broken these rules by campaigning and canvassing - seemingly with official consent. So Stephen Parkinson, a special adviser at the Home Office, wrote to her for confirmation of the rules. This put Ms Gray in a bind: replying would reveal that either she had wrongly failed to enforce the code against other advisers or she had - in secret - abolished the code. Neither would be helpful to ministers. So she did not answer. On seven occasions. As a consequence, Mr Parkinson (and Nick Timothy, then his colleague) refused to campaign and they stuck by the rules. They are now barred from being Tory parliamentary candidates for having failed to do their part for the party. They are paying a price for Ms Gray's apparent refusal to make a ruling on a core "ethics and propriety" issue. Even when a document trail exists, Ms Gray is enthusiastic about keeping it a secret. We know that she advised special advisers on how to destroy email (by "double-deletion") to thwart FOIA requesters. She did not advise them on the requirements of the code on public record-keeping. We also know, via the Freedom of Information Act, that she kept no log of why, how or when she destroys documents (contrary to that guidance). Letting no sunshine in It goes on: I know of half-a-dozen occasions where Ms Gray has intervened to tell departments to fight disclosures under the Freedom of Information Act. Civil servants at the Department of Health (DH) state that she was behind that department's doomed attempts to keep the diary of Andrew Lansley a secret - a case that, because there was no plausible case for secrecy, collapsed into farce. In that case, someone wanted (quite reasonably) to see what range of people had met and lobbied Mr Lansley during the preparation of the Health and Social Care Act of 2012. The DH officials, struggling for an argument, claimed that if diaries were allowed to be published, ministers would schedule pointless meetings so that members of the public would not think they were lazy. The judge ruled that the evidence and argument fell "way below the standards that the public and the [court] are entitled to expect of government departments and senior civil servants in advancing public interest arguments". Sometimes, however, Ms Gray gets caught out. The Cabinet Office has, in fact, just been forced to release some of her advice. A chink of light? In September 2011, Ms Gray advised Michael Gove, then education secretary, that email sent in private email accounts on government business was exempt from transparency laws. He had been using his wife's email account for departmental business. Ms Gray did so over the telephone (of course), but also followed up with an explanatory email. If data is not stored on servers accessible to officials, she wrote, it "seems obvious that they cannot 'hold' it for the purpose of the Act", she wrote. But government business is government business. Mr Gove's use of his wife's email account (the so-called "Mrs Blurt" account) when he emailed officials created no exemptions. This duff advice ended up costing tens of thousands of pounds in legal fees. When I first requested a copy of this email back in 2011, the Cabinet Office insisted that it did not exist. The advice had only been given over the telephone, I was told. It was only in the course of a legal case (involving me, when I was a reporter at the Financial Times) in 2012 that the Department for Education revealed that it existed and it had kept a copy. The DfE revealed that the Cabinet Office had told an untruth. Why and how did this happen? I do not know. I've asked the Cabinet Office about this - and the rest - but they are loath to comment on it. Recently, chasing a lead, I asked for emails sent by and received by Ms Gray in a specific 12-hour window which relates to government work. This request was deemed "vexatious": I am being a pest, you see. What possible benefit could arise from seeing what she did in that half-a-day? Given the range and scale of her quiet influence, I suspect any 12-hour period would reveal a lot. If, indeed, we found any records at all.

हाल ही में, मैं सबसे शक्तिशाली सिविल सेवक के काम के बारे में जानकारी प्राप्त कर रहा हूं जिसके बारे में आपने कभी नहीं सुना है। दुर्भाग्य से, यह पता चला है कि वह शायद सबसे गुप्त भी है जिससे आप कभी मिलने की उम्मीद कर सकते हैं।


How board games are getting a new roll of the dice

Summary: Julia Smith met her husband through online gaming. They played across time zones, with her in Vancouver and him in Scotland. Now that they both live in the same city they have transferred their interests to board games and host a weekly club in Glasgow for enthusiasts.

By Gillian SharpeBBC Scotland "I quite like the idea of being able to pick things up and move things and see the person's face that you're playing," she explains. And that is something you do not get when you are playing online. The games are not really like the familiar ones we all know but centre more around strategy and themes. Ms Smith says: "It is back to the days where people had no television, just sat around a fire and maybe just listened to the radio, and that's more or less what we do here. "We put a record on and sit in front of our board game, have a chat with people and catch up and also get to trounce them at a game if you possibly can." From fighting global disease, to space exploration, to going through a breakup - modern board games cover a huge range of human experience. Enthusiasts meet in houses and cafes all over the country and they have a festival in Glasgow this weekend, now in its second year. They are hoping to spread word about their hobby which now sees about 3,000 games released each year. Social aspect Glasgow Games Festival organiser Nick Pitman says he is "not sure if he should confess" to owning an extensive collection of more than 300 games. He has been an enthusiastic board gamer for a decade. For him it's the social aspect of games which is the biggest appeal. He would like people to understand how games have changed and design has evolved. Nick says: "Gone are the days of three-hour games where someone's knocked out after an hour and a half and has to sit around and watch everyone else play on." Scotland has a real reputation for computer and video games and the sector is being touted as one of great opportunity. Some of the people who hope to be part of that are studying at Glasgow Caledonian University. It is a surprise to some of them though to find that when learning about online games, the very simple components of board games can be a really useful tool. "We have a board game kit, essentially a bunch of dice, little cubes, cards and other elements that can be used to make board games," explains Brian McDonald, who as well as being a keen board gamer himself is also a senior lecturer at the university in games software development. Designing games using these simple physical elements allows students to make prototypes quickly and test out what works and what does not. If they were using computer code it would take much longer. Steady growth Mr McDonald explains that there is sometimes a bit of resistance from students. He says: "When you mention board games they think of those horrible times at Christmas when they're forced to play these games." "It is about exposing the students to the breadth of what board games can offer. "Eventually they can start seeing that a lot of these systems that are in board games and card games have been replicated into the digital realm, so they can start to understand that in order to be a good games designer, a good games developer, you have to understand how all games work." There has been steady growth in sales of board games over the past decade and Scotland has a thriving scene, including in cafes such as Geek Retreat in Glasgow's city centre. "Things that used to be considered a bit geeky and a bit out there are suddenly really popular," says board gaming journalist, Owen Duffy. He also runs a board games club in Glasgow. "In Glasgow and across Scotland there are so many groups starting up, there's different venues hosting gaming nights and gaming events," Owen says. "Even if you compare it to a big city like London where I used to work, there's far more going on in terms of a community that's grown up around these games in Scotland. I'm not sure why that is but I'm very glad of it."

जूलिया स्मिथ ऑनलाइन गेमिंग के माध्यम से अपने पति से मिली। वे समय क्षेत्रों में खेले, वैंकूवर में उसके साथ और स्कॉटलैंड में उसके साथ। अब जब वे दोनों एक ही शहर में रहते हैं तो उन्होंने अपनी रुचि को बोर्ड गेम में स्थानांतरित कर दिया है और उत्साही लोगों के लिए ग्लासगो में एक साप्ताहिक क्लब की मेजबानी की है।


Bristol George Floyd protest: Colston statue toppled

Summary: The name Edward Colston looms large over Bristol, with streets and buildings named after the 17th Century merchant and slave trader. On Sunday, protesters at an anti-racism demonstration in the city toppled a statue of Colston and dumped it in Bristol Harbour. The BBC's Jack Grey witnessed the statue's fall.

By Jack GreyBBC News Thousands of people attended the demonstration in Bristol, one of many in the UK sparked by the death of George Floyd while he was under arrest in Minneapolis in the United States last month. A group of protesters surrounded the statue on Colston Avenue, erected in honour of a man whose ships sent about 80,000 men, women and children from Africa to the Americas between 1672 and 1689. Colston's memory has divided the city for years, with some thinking history can't be changed and others campaigning successfully for his name to be erased from streets, schools and venues. There was clear frustration in Sunday's crowd, partly because the statue still stood in 2020, but also because it had simply been covered for the protest. The canvas covering, which had already been targeted by egg-throwers, was torn off with some people saying they wanted to look the man in the eyes. Soon ropes had been tied round the bronze monument and the process of removing it began. Once the covering was removed, three protestors climbed atop the statue to fasten two ropes around the head. Thirty seconds later Colston was on the floor. Many jumped on the fallen statue, others holding a Black Lives Matter banner climbed the plinth where it had stood. There was not so much joy when the statue hit the ground as anger, but the crowd had not finished with the monument. It was dragged the short distance to Bristol Harbour and dumped over the quayside. Who was Edward Colston? (1636-1721) Source: BBC History/Nigel Pocock

एडवर्ड कोलस्टन नाम ब्रिस्टल के ऊपर फैला हुआ है, सड़कों और इमारतों का नाम 17वीं शताब्दी के व्यापारी और गुलाम व्यापारी के नाम पर रखा गया है। रविवार को शहर में नस्लवाद विरोधी प्रदर्शन में प्रदर्शनकारियों ने कोलस्टन की एक मूर्ति को गिरा दिया और उसे ब्रिस्टल हार्बर में फेंक दिया। बीबीसी के जैक ग्रे ने मूर्ति के गिरने को देखा।


Shaun the Sheep sculptures unveiled in London

Summary: Giant sculptures of Shaun the Sheep, decorated by celebrities and artists, have been unveiled in London before going on public display.

Fifty of the models will be placed at locations around the capital from Saturday. A further 70 will form a similar trail in Bristol from July. Aardman Animations' Nick Park attended the Shaun in the City launch. When both trails are finished the sculptures will be auctioned to raise money for children's hospitals. The 5ft (1.5m) high sculptures have been decorated by artists and celebrities, including fashion designer Zandra Rhodes and model David Gandy. A similar trail of Gromits in Bristol in 2013, which were then auctioned, raised £4.5m for sick children.

सार्वजनिक प्रदर्शन पर जाने से पहले लंदन में मशहूर हस्तियों और कलाकारों द्वारा सजाए गए शॉन द शीप की विशाल मूर्तियों का अनावरण किया गया है।


Talks to end long dispute at Essex Fire Service stall

Summary: Talks have stalled between the Fire Brigades Union (FBU) and the Essex Fire and Rescue Service to end a long-running industrial dispute.

The row over job cuts and changes to working practices began in August. Union members have at times refused to do overtime and voluntary duties. The FBU has accused managers of planning to cut 49 firefighter posts. The Fire and Rescue Service said it cannot guarantee to protect all jobs because of 10% cuts, equal to £7.5m. A deal was struck on 22 June and both parties were about to finalise it when the agreement broke down.

लंबे समय से चल रहे औद्योगिक विवाद को समाप्त करने के लिए फायर ब्रिगेड यूनियन (एफबीयू) और एसेक्स फायर एंड रेस्क्यू सर्विस के बीच बातचीत रुक गई है।


Minister agrees to Dolgellau bypass changes

Summary: Road safety campaigners are celebrating after Transport Minister Edwina Hart agreed to layout changes on a Gwynedd bypass after a series of crashes.

Mayor Delwyn Evans said he was glad the minister had listened to people's concerns regarding the A470 Dolgellau bypass. In a letter, Ms Hart confirmed two new roundabouts will be created on the Tywyn and Bala junctions near the town. Residents have held protests and raised petitions calling for layout changes. At the moment there are temporary traffic lights in place near the two junctions. The work is due to be completed by spring 2017.

परिवहन मंत्री एडविना हार्ट द्वारा दुर्घटनाओं की एक श्रृंखला के बाद ग्वेनेड बाईपास पर लेआउट परिवर्तन के लिए सहमत होने के बाद सड़क सुरक्षा प्रचारक जश्न मना रहे हैं।


Portland seal pup dies from suspected boat propeller injuries

Summary: A seal pup thought to have been hit by a boat propeller off the Dorset coast has been put down because its injuries were so severe.

The pup was rescued by RSPCA officers and The Portland Bill coastguard rescue team from Portland Bill on Sunday. The charity said it had to be put to sleep as it "would not have recovered" from its deep infected wounds. This was the fourth injured pup found in the area to be put down recently according to the wildlife charity. Related Internet Links RSPCA Maritime & Coastguard Agency

डोरसेट तट पर एक नाव प्रणोदक द्वारा मारा गया एक सील पिल्ला को नीचे गिरा दिया गया है क्योंकि उसकी चोटें इतनी गंभीर थीं।


Luxury car found stripped in Birmingham street

Summary: A luxury car almost completely stripped of its parts has been found by police in a Solihull street.

Officers were responding to a 999 call about a possible stolen car in the Kingshurst area and found the vehicle missing its engine, doors and interior. Chelmsley Wood Police tweeted: "It was a Range Rover Sport four days ago when it was stolen in Newtown and stripped for parts." One person has been arrested for theft of motor vehicle, they added. Follow BBC West Midlands on Facebook, on Twitter, and sign up for local news updates direct to your phone.

पुलिस को सोलिहुल सड़क पर एक लग्जरी कार मिली है जिसके पुर्जे लगभग पूरी तरह से कटे हुए हैं।


Thornton Heath: Boy arrested after girls stabbed on way to school

Summary: A boy has been arrested after two 15-year-old girls were stabbed as they made their way to their schools in south London.

One girl was knifed in the leg by a stranger as she walked along Moffat Road in Thornton Heath on Wednesday. On Friday morning, another girl was approached by a stranger in St Paul's Road who stabbed her in the arm. The Met said a 15-year-old boy had been held on suspicion of two counts of GBH and was in custody. The two attacks happened about 10 minutes walk from one another but the force said the girls attended different schools and are not thought to have known each other. They were both taken to hospital following the attacks where their injuries were not found to be life-threatening.

दक्षिण लंदन में अपने स्कूल जाते समय दो 15 वर्षीय लड़कियों पर चाकू से हमला करने के बाद एक लड़के को गिरफ्तार किया गया है।


Homeless group in World Book Night giveaway

Summary: A million books are being given away in book shops, libraries and cafes across the UK on Saturday as part of World Book Night, a campaign by publishers to promote reading. In Manchester, the organisers of a reading group for homeless people will be handing out books. They explain why they think reading can change lives.

By Ian YoungsArts reporter, BBC News The reading group ran last year at Manchester Central Library and took in books from Yann Martel's Life Of Pi to Dickens' A Tale Of Two Cities. "I was speaking to a homeless guy one morning and he started telling me about how much he read, and out of that came the idea," explains David Dennehy, who set up the group. "Well, if lots of homeless people are reading, why don't they get together and read?" It was, he says, "a distraction from the harsh realities of everyday life". But it was more than just a chance to get together and forget their problems. For some, the intellectual interaction was the springboard to further positive steps, while others took advantage of the practical information and support in the library, such as information about courses. "It was being part of normal society," Mr Dennehy says. "A lot of homeless people have to go to some effort to keep away from drink and drugs, or people who are involved in drink and drugs, so it was also setting a social norm, if you like - there is more to life." Libby Tempest, cultural services and events manager for the Manchester Library Service, ran the group and says members were initially surprised to find they were welcome in the library, and were not treated as uneducated just because they were homeless. "People would come along because it was great to sit in a nice warm room and have a cup of tea and a biscuit and talk about books, but the thing about a reading group is it's a waste of time being in one if you haven't actually read the book," she says. "Inevitably the people who came along were people who enjoyed reading and were readers. "There's an assumption that just because someone's homeless, they might be illiterate or unintelligent or they won't be a reader. Just to break down that assumption was a very powerful thing to do." The biggest hit with the reading group was The Life Of Pi, which won the Booker Prize in 2002 and tells the fantastical story of a man stranded on a boat with a Bengal tiger. Asked why it was so popular, Mr Dennehy explains: "It's the story of surviving impossible odds. But not a misery story of a miserable life." The Life Of Pi is one of the books that will be given away to homeless and other people from marginalised communities on Saturday at The Mustard Tree support centre in Manchester. 'Empowering' The venue is also hosting an open-mic session for writers, actors, poets and singers, and Ms Tempest is hoping it will also help spread the word about libraries. "It isn't just that homeless people have the right to come here, it's that they are positively welcome here," she says. "That's the message I need to get across." The benefits of a reading group, with its camaraderie, stimulation and practical support, are easy to see. But what can be gained from handing out books for people to read on their own? Ms Tempest believes reading can be "empowering" because it can make a person more articulate and improve their vocabulary and reading skills. Those things, in turn, can enhance the chances of getting a job. But as well as that, reading helps you see the world from other people's points of view and to realise that others have been through similar things, and come through the other side. "Sometimes, just that feeling that it's not just you is enough," she says. Mr Dennehy agrees. "For some people, it allows them to read narratives of life stories that they can relate to," he says. "For others, it makes explicit how other lives are possible to be lived. "If that character can achieve that, then maybe I can."

वर्ल्ड बुक नाइट के हिस्से के रूप में शनिवार को पूरे ब्रिटेन में किताबों की दुकानों, पुस्तकालयों और कैफे में दस लाख किताबें दी जा रही हैं, जो प्रकाशकों द्वारा पढ़ने को बढ़ावा देने के लिए एक अभियान है। मैनचेस्टर में, बेघर लोगों के लिए एक पठन समूह के आयोजक किताबें सौंपेंगे। वे बताते हैं कि उन्हें क्यों लगता है कि पढ़ना जीवन को बदल सकता है।


M23: Pedestrian killed in motorway two-vehicle crash

Summary: The M23 was closed near Gatwick Airport for about 10 hours after a pedestrian died in a crash involving a van and a lorry on the motorway.

It happened at about 01:00 GMT, between junctions 8 (M25) and 9 (Gatwick). Sgt Dan Pascoe, from Surrey Police, said: "The circumstances behind this collision are unclear at the moment." The force is asking anybody on the road around that time to get in touch if they witnessed anything, or have any useful dashcam footage. The section of the M23 reopened at about 11:00 GMT, Highways England later confirmed.

मोटरवे पर एक वैन और एक लॉरी की टक्कर में एक पैदल यात्री की मौत के बाद गैटविक हवाई अड्डे के पास एम23 को लगभग 10 घंटे के लिए बंद कर दिया गया था।


China tycoon pledges fortune to charity

Summary: US billionaires Bill Gates and Warren Buffett are hosting a dinner in Beijing for some of China's richest individuals. They are hoping to learn about philanthropy in China - and perhaps persuade some of their guests to give more to charity. The BBC's Michael Bristow spoke to one of those invited to dine.

Businessman Chen Guangbiao has been inspired by the two US billionaires. The 42-year-old is a well-known philanthropist, but decided to go one step further when he got a call from Bill Gates and Warren Buffett. Mr Chen sat down and wrote them a letter declaring that all his money will go to charity after he dies. Perhaps surprisingly, the news was not greeted with universal approval in China, where giving to charity is not as established as in other countries. There was particular criticism when people found out that Mr Chen does not even give money to his own siblings. His sister earns 1,800 yuan ($270, £170) a month washing dishes in a hotel; his brother earns only slightly more working as a security guard. On that issue, Mr Chen is unrepentant. He said he had helped them in the past, but they had squandered his money. He said his brother gambled and his sister began a loan business that eventually failed. "I'm determined never to help them again," he told the BBC in an interview at his plush Beijing apartment. Entrepreneurial spirit Chen Guangbiao's story is a classic tale of rags to riches. He was born into a poor family in Anhui Province, where it was a constant battle to survive. He said two of his siblings died of starvation. But from an early age Mr Chen began to understand two things that have guided him throughout his adult life: business and charity. As a schoolboy he soon amassed what was to him a small fortune by selling anything he could - water, ice-cream - and doing odd jobs. He has worked hard ever since, claiming never to have had a day off since he founded his company, Huangpu Renewable Resources, in 1998. His firm recycles waste material from the construction industry, and has allowed Mr Chen to amass a fortune estimated at $440m. Charity was the second idea that the businessman learned about early, mainly from the example set by his mother. "When other people's kids had no milk, my mother would breastfeed them herself," said the businessman. She also invited beggars into their home to share their meagre meals. Mr Chen's first experience of helping others came as a youngster when he handed over his hard-earned money to pay for a neighbour's school fees. The father of two said giving was a habit he has maintained over the years. Inspired A report on philanthropy in China published by the Shanghai-based Huran Research Institute earlier this year listed Mr Chen as the country's fourth-most-generous giver. It said he had donated $130m over the last five years to projects involved in health-care, disaster relief and education. But the Giving Pledge campaign started by Mr Gates and Mr Buffett has pushed Mr Chen to donate even more money. This campaign urges US billionaires to give away more than half their wealth to charitable causes. Mr Chen said this inspired him to announce he would give all his money away when he died. His philosophy can be summed up in a passage from the letter he wrote to the American philanthropists telling them of his intention. "If you have only a glass of water then one person can drink. If you have a bucket a whole family can benefit." He added: "If you have a river, then you should share it with everyone." Mr Chen is not shy about telling people about his charity work. "Society needs hundreds of hundreds of thousands of Chen Guangbiaos," he wrote in another letter published on his company's website. He admits that he is brash - but he believes that is the only way to encourage more people to give to charity.

अमेरिकी अरबपति बिल गेट्स और वारेन बफेट बीजिंग में चीन के कुछ सबसे अमीर लोगों के लिए रात्रिभोज की मेजबानी कर रहे हैं। वे चीन में परोपकार के बारे में जानने की उम्मीद कर रहे हैं-और शायद अपने कुछ मेहमानों को दान के लिए और अधिक देने के लिए राजी कर रहे हैं। बीबीसी के माइकल ब्रिस्टो ने भोजन करने के लिए आमंत्रित लोगों में से एक से बात की।