Cameron channels Blair in extremism fight

Summary: David Cameron's major policy speech on the challenges posed by Islamist extremism has been hailed in some quarters as a nuanced intervention in a complex and sensitive area, as well as attracting criticism from some others, including parts of the British Muslim community.

Jawad IqbalAnalysis and insight editor@JIAnalysisBBCon Twitter The prime minister's speech is interesting in a number of ways, including the light it inadvertently sheds on the ongoing political challenge posed by the growth in extremism in the last decade or more. His speech contained some echoes of one made almost 10 years to the day by one of his predecessors. In August 2005, Tony Blair, in the wake of the 7/7 bombings in London, declared that "the rules of the game have changed". His policy response was a raft of new anti-terror legislation as well as new laws to combat extremists. The plans included measures to deport extremist foreign Muslim clerics without appeal, shut down mosques preaching hate, and proscribe extremist Muslim groups. Mr Blair also proposed a commission to look at multiculturalism but said that it would not threaten anyone's culture or religion. But he went on: "There are people who are isolated in their own communities.... That worries me because there is separateness that may be unhealthy." These very themes were touched on by Mr Cameron on Monday. Community engagement In another key part of his speech, Mr Cameron said he would actively encourage reforming and moderate Muslim voices to speak up. The prime minister said he would set up a new community engagement forum to hear directly from Muslim groups challenging extremism. Looking back to November 2005, a number of working groups set up in the wake of the London attacks put forward proposals of their own to tackle extremism and the radicalisation of young Muslims. Their proposals, which found favour with then Home Office Minister Hazel Blears, included a rapid rebuttal unit to combat Islamophobia, a better reflection of Islam in the national curriculum, and better training of imams. The renewed emphasis on shared values as a way of combating extremism touches on ideas that came up back in 2009, as part of the Prevent initiative, ostensibly aimed at tackling the threat of radicalisation among young Muslims in particular. The new measures, put forward in the Queen's Speech in May, reinforce the growing tendency towards more legislation in the sphere of anti-terrorism. Indeed the UK has a long - if controversial - history of terrorism legislation. The last Labour government introduced five major pieces of terrorism legislation: The political in-fighting, particularly over the issue of detention periods for suspects, was fierce. David Cameron returned to another of his major themes in linking the extremist threat to values and identity. Mr Cameron explored some of these ideas in a major speech in Munich in 2011, dubbed by some at the time as an example of a new "muscular liberalism". It was in Munich that he stated that "the passive tolerance of recent years" had to be replaced by a much more assertive defence of British values against "Islamist extremism". He talked about the notion that the problems stemmed in some instances from a failure to fully belong in British society. Muslim help Asking that Muslims, particularly moderate ones, play a greater role in finding the solution to the Islamist threat has again been highlighted as a major plank of government policy. It has been a common theme over the last decade or more. In January of this year, Communities Secretary Eric Pickles wrote to more than 1,000 imams and Muslim leaders, urging them to publicly condemn the attacks on Charlie Hebdo and a kosher supermarket in France. Mr Pickles pointed out in his letter that Muslim leaders had a responsibility to prevent young people from being radicalised. Mr Pickles was criticised by some Muslim leaders for his approach - they believe their efforts go unrecognised and that such statements stigmatise the Muslim community unfairly. But the prime minister backed Mr Pickles, claiming that some Muslims had " a problem" if they objected to being asked to do more to tackle Islamist extremism. Mr Cameron, in his latest speech, put his weight behind setting up a number of new de-radicalisation initiatives. The government already has a de-radicalisation programme - Channel - which is part of the Prevent strategy to help stop people becoming involved in violent extremism. The government's overall strategy for countering terrorism - Contest - is based on four areas: The government is committed to publishing regular updates on the Contest strategy. The most recent covers the year 2014. Mr Cameron speaks of the fight ahead as a generational struggle against Islamist-inspired terrorism. And his speech on Monday, agree supporters and critics alike, is his attempt to show the way forward.

इस्लामी चरमपंथ द्वारा उत्पन्न चुनौतियों पर डेविड कैमरन के प्रमुख नीतिगत भाषण को कुछ हलकों में एक जटिल और संवेदनशील क्षेत्र में एक सूक्ष्म हस्तक्षेप के रूप में सराहा गया है, साथ ही ब्रिटिश मुस्लिम समुदाय के कुछ हिस्सों सहित कुछ अन्य लोगों ने इसकी आलोचना की है।


Stansted Airport: German man admits sharing IS videos

Summary: A German man arrested as he was about to board a flight at Stansted Airport has admitted sharing propaganda videos by the Islamic State (IS) group.

Florian Flegel, 23, was set to fly to Germany on 12 October when he was arrested at the airport in Essex. At Woolwich Crown Court, Flegel, from Dusseldorf, pleaded guilty to six counts of disseminating terrorist publications including IS videos. He is due to be sentenced at the same court on 26 April. Judge Andrew Lees ordered a pre-sentence report to be prepared. Find BBC News: East of England on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. If you have a story suggestion email eastofenglandnews@bbc.co.uk Related Internet Links HM Courts & Tribunals Service

स्टैनस्टेड हवाई अड्डे पर एक उड़ान में सवार होने के दौरान गिरफ्तार किए गए एक जर्मन व्यक्ति ने इस्लामिक स्टेट (आईएस) समूह द्वारा प्रचार वीडियो साझा करने की बात स्वीकार की है।


The colourful propaganda of Xinjiang

Summary: China is in the midst of a crackdown on what it describes as "terrorism driven by religious extremism". The campaign is focused on the western province of Xinjiang, home to China's Uighur ethnic minority who are predominantly Muslim.

By China blog staffBBC News The government believes religion breeds terror and has been trying to control religious expression in the region by imposing rules on the Uighur community. Critics say it is exacerbating the terror problem. The murals below were painted on the walls next to a mosque in the old Silk Road district of Kashgar where 90% of the population are Uighur. They show what the Chinese government deems as acceptable and unacceptable behaviour. They are a striking example of Chinese propaganda and highlight the government's crude portrayal of ethnic relations in Xinjiang. Inspirational posters are a fairly common sight in Chinese cities, advocating things like hard work and team spirit. It is not clear who painted these posters, but their presence implies they have some kind of official approval. The government says some Uighurs are being radicalised by jihadist videos made in Pakistan and Afghanistan and accessed via the internet. Here, veiled Uighur women are downloading and sharing banned material with Uighur men. Banned material can also be picked up by private satellite receivers, which are cheap in China but illegal without a permit. In some places, the government has banned women from wearing veils. The veiled Uighur woman on the left appears in stark contrast to the Uighur couple on the right who are wearing traditional clothes deemed acceptable by the government. Throughout these murals, "bad" Uighurs are painted in black and grey while "good" law-abiding Uighurs are painted in bright colours and flanked by doves, a symbol of peace. The government has doubled the policing budget in the province and jailed hundreds of Uighurs, but violent attacks have still continued. Here, a Chinese cement roller crushes knife-wielding Uighurs, again painted in black. "A mountain of knives and a sea of fire" is a Chinese proverb that describes a difficult and dangerous situation. Many of the recent violent attacks in Xinjiang and beyond have involved knives. Uighurs are now banned from buying knives in some parts of Xinjiang. Beijing says terrorists must be chased down like rats in the street. A similar image shows an axe with the National Emblem of the People's Republic of China crushing terrorists, again appearing in sinister black. Armed security forces are a common sight on the streets of Xinjiang. There are security check points on many roads and at the entrance of markets and shopping malls where Uighurs, especially young men, are stopped and checked. The armed guards in this picture are flanked by peaceful doves. In front of a Chinese flag, Uighurs read a Chinese book. The government believes Uighurs should be Chinese first and Muslim second. The government has banned anyone under the age of 18 from entering a mosque. The ban also applies to government officials and Communist Party members. Praying is strictly regulated in Xinjiang. The government says Uighur children should attend school and not go to mosque. This will keep them away from evil jihad as represented by the sinister Uighur in the left of this mural. The picture on the left shows an imam marrying a Uighur couple in secret. This is against Chinese law. Couples have to apply to the government for a marriage certificate. The Uighur man on the right is holding up a book on Chinese marriage law. This is one more law imposed on the Uighur community by the government to control how they practice their religion. The government has started a campaign called "Project Beauty". Only older Uighur men are allowed to have beards while Uighur women are banned from wearing full veils. Here, Uighur women are encouraged to show their face - to give their beauty to the world. The Chinese government says it wants a harmonious society represented here by a woman in traditional Han - the ethnic majority in China - dress dancing happily with a Uighur woman. Over the past 30 years there has been massive migration of Han Chinese to Xinjiang. This has created resentment among some Uighurs who feel their culture is being diluted.

चीन उस पर कार्रवाई कर रहा है जिसे वह "धार्मिक चरमपंथ द्वारा संचालित आतंकवाद" के रूप में वर्णित करता है। यह अभियान पश्चिमी प्रांत शिनजियांग पर केंद्रित है, जो चीन के उइगर जातीय अल्पसंख्यकों का घर है जो मुख्य रूप से मुस्लिम हैं।


Mentally ill increasing strain on US prison system

Summary: Treating mental illness is always a challenge, but in the US, after decades of declining funding for mental health care, the burden is increasingly falling on the prison system. The BBC was granted access to a local jail in the state of Virginia to see first-hand how staff and inmates are coping.

By Katie ConnollyBBC News, Washington In Virginia Beach, a city on America's east coast, 260 of the roughly 1,400 inmates in the county jail are being treated for mental illnesses. The local sheriff, Ken Stolle, told the BBC that most weeks, he has more inmates in his jail suffering from mental illnesses than the state's system has beds. That leaves Mr Stolle feeling as though he's in charge of the default mental institution for the area. "Most sheriffs that I know feel like this is a problem that needs to be addressed by the state and that we shouldn't be the provider of last resort. That's what we feel like we are right now, " he says. "If the system fails to catch these people in a safety net, they end up in the jails." The jail has its fair share of rowdy, unruly criminals. But it's the mentally ill inmates who Mr Stolle loses sleep over. "Ninety percent of my assaults on deputies last year were committed by mentally ill inmates," Mr Stolle told the BBC. "I've got a problem there in the security and the safety for my deputies." Some inmates have thrown excrement and urine at staff, others rush the doors when they are opened, injuring staff in the process. But Mr Stolle also worries about the harm these inmates do to themselves. The jail's small medical centre sees a shocking array of conditions. One of the nurses, Nancy Brulet, told the BBC she's treated people who have tried to hang themselves and who have cut or otherwise harmed themselves. Recently, Ms Brulet saw one man who had bitten a chunk of flesh out of his arm. "He was very sad and very depressed," she said. "He went to the mental hospital for a while. He got medicated and he's back and he's doing much better." Being sent to a mental hospital is a relatively rare occurrence, not just because of the lack of beds. Isolation and restraints Under US law, it's very difficult for the mentally ill to be sent to hospitals without their consent. When sick people needing medical help commit crimes, judges can really only sentence them to jail time rather than hospitals. The jails are mostly overcrowded, under-funded and unprepared to provide the sort of care those perpetrators need to get well, and to prevent them from re-offending. Amid budget constraints, the Virginia Beach jail has a psychiatrist visit for just 12 hours each week. In the absence of medical professionals, the jail's methods of coping are far from ideal. If the mentally ill inmates become suicidal or agitated, it is mostly up to the guards - who have received basic crisis training - to talk them down. If offenders are violently aggressive, they can be strapped to crude restraining chairs, sometimes for days or weeks at a time. The longest staff can recall an inmate being put in a restraining chair is 17 days. If they are deemed a danger to themselves or others, the inmates are placed in tiny medical isolation cells. These concrete cells are dank and hot, with blacked out windows and thin mattresses on the floor. Inmates are stripped of their clothes and given paper gowns so they have no materials they can use to hang themselves. Some troubled inmates spend their entire stay in medical isolation. One inmate in the Virginia Beach jail has been walking in circles in his cell for weeks, leaving a noticeable trail of dead skin cells on the rough concrete floor. "In my opinion, it's not a good area for somebody with mental health issues," Mr Stolle says of the isolation cells. "I think we make the problems worse, but under the resources that we have, this is the only option." Mr Stolle allowed us to speak with one mentally ill inmate who had been put in an isolation cell after assaulting a guard. To protect his identity, we will call him William. William, whose hands and feet were shackled during the interview, has been suffering with mental illness over 10 years. He was bed-ridden for a period and has been in and out of jail for crimes stemming from his delusions. He told the BBC that if he had been in isolation for any longer he "wouldn't have made it". "There's no therapeutic benefit at all, in any way shape or form to those units," he said. 'Not a hospital' It's no surprise William feels that way. The isolation cells are being used to house sick people now, but they were never intended for therapeutic purposes. They were built to handle criminals. Carol Hepburn, a social worker at the jail, thinks they're coping as well as they can. "We are limited. This is not a treatment facility, this is a correctional facility, so there is no parallel between us and a hospital," Ms Hepburn says. The problems at the Virginia Beach jail aren't unique. Sheriff Stolle says his counterparts across the country are all struggling with the same problems. The Commanding Officer of Corrections, Victoria Thomson, likened the jail to a revolving door, saying that in her 19 years there she has seen the same mentally ill offenders over and over. Many don't understand what they've done or why they are there. At least while they're inside his jail the sheriff can ensure they're being fed, clothed, and are taking the right medications. But he has no control over their care when they leave. They just walk out of the front door, some without homes, families or doctors to go to. Many offend again because they've stopped taking their medications. Both Ms Thomson and Mr Stolle say improved access to mental health services in the community and follow up care to help ex-prisoners stay on their meds and out of jail would help with repeat offenders. But until appropriate care is available on the outside, the sheriff and his staff will have to keep catching those who fall through the cracks.

मानसिक बीमारी का इलाज करना हमेशा एक चुनौती होती है, लेकिन अमेरिका में, मानसिक स्वास्थ्य देखभाल के लिए धन में गिरावट के दशकों के बाद, जेल प्रणाली पर बोझ तेजी से गिर रहा है। बीबीसी को वर्जीनिया राज्य की एक स्थानीय जेल में जाने की अनुमति दी गई थी ताकि यह देखा जा सके कि कर्मचारी और कैदी कैसे सामना कर रहे हैं।


Beto O'Rourke: Democrats dazzled by rising star in Texas

Summary: A rising star in the Democratic Party could pull off an unlikely victory in the upcoming US mid-term elections by unseating a big-name Republican in the traditionally conservative state of Texas.

By James CookBBC News, Texas Robert Francis "Beto" O'Rourke is bouncing on a small stage in Edinburg, waving his arms wildly, all 6ft 4ins (193cm) of his gangly frame crackling with energy. His toes are well over the edge of the boards and his suede shoes are soaking up dark splashes of sweat from his brow. Mr O'Rourke, who has represented El Paso and its surrounds in the US House of Representatives since 2013, is running for the Senate - and you can't fault him for effort. "Everyone is welcome," he smiles to the packed audience, insisting that the invitation even extends to "the dude in the Make America Great Again cap". For today at least, the offer is rhetorical. There are no red-and-white Donald Trump hats in sight and, one suspects, precious few anywhere in Hidalgo County, where Edinburg bakes in the Rio Grande Valley, just north of the Mexican border. This is deeply Hispanic, deeply Democratic territory. You can spend a long time here before you hear a word of English. While Texas voted for Mr Trump as president in 2016 by 52% to Hillary Clinton's 43%, Hidalgo County went for the Democrat by 68% to 28%. Mr O'Rourke may not have Latin roots but he is fluent in Spanish and he leans heavily on his "Beto" nickname - a common contraction of Roberto - which he picked up as a child in El Paso. But the congressman is not only campaigning on favourable ground. He has spent much of the past year criss-crossing Texas, boasting that he has visited all 254 of its counties. It appears that he is following a twin-track strategy, enthusing his left wing base by calling for reform of criminal justice and immigration laws while also trying to attract disillusioned Trump supporters by promising improved education and universal healthcare - and appealing to both groups by accusing the White House of lavishing a giant tax cut on billionaires at the expense of ordinary Americans. The biggest cheers come when he vows to end the nexus between politics and big business, to drain the swamp if you will. He is almost drowned out as he looks out at the audience and declares "I see people instead of corporations! I see people instead of special interests!" Mr O'Rourke's passionate delivery along with his good looks and background as a skateboarder and a punk rocker have endeared him to liberals across the country, earning flattering comparisons with another Irish-American, that hero of modern American liberalism Bobby Kennedy. Mr O'Rourke has said he is "open to" replacing the controversial Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency (ICE), he favours tightening restrictions on guns and has said he would vote to impeach President Trump. On Saturday, he took to the stage in the left-leaning state capital Austin with the country music legend Willie Nelson, briefly joining in on the chorus of On the Road Again. Tens of thousands of Texans flocked to watch. Mr O'Rourke's speech was described by the Dallas Morning News as "impassioned" and "brimming with his trademark optimism." "We will be defined not by our fears - when we allow that to happen we build walls, we ban people based on their religion, we describe the press as the enemy of the people," he said, rebuking President Trump. "We should be defined by our ambitions, our aspirations." Mr O'Rourke has benefited from a flurry of small donations from all over the United States, raising millions of dollars more than his rival in a race which may help determine who controls Congress for the next two years of the Trump presidency. The Democrats are favoured to win control of the House of Representatives but are in a much tougher battle for the Senate, where they need a net gain of two seats but are defending 10 seats in states which Mr Trump won in 2016. The man trying to fight off this challenge is Ted Cruz, a former (and perhaps future) presidential candidate who ran Mr Trump close for the Republican nomination in 2016. Mr Cruz is in many ways the opposite of his rival, an astute lawyer with a studied, precise delivery and a bête noire of the left who is also infamous for attracting the enmity of some Republican colleagues in Washington. Yet with his campaign slogan "Tough as Texas", he epitomises the strong streak of conservative self-reliance which runs through the heart of this vast rural state, as much a part of its identity as cowboy boots and barbecue sauce. He should be strolling towards re-election. Polling has varied widely with some surveys suggesting that Mr Cruz has a decent lead and more recent data indicating a tight race. Either way, in Buddy Holly's home town of Lubbock, in the north west of the state, Mr Cruz isn't taking any chances. He spends most of his stump speech lambasting Mr O'Rourke whom he accuses of taking "radical" positions on drugs, policing, immigration and the right to bear arms. Mr Cruz punctuates his criticism with the crowd-pleasing phrase "and that ain't Texas!" "This is a debate between two approaches," he tells his overwhelmingly white audience, "between socialism and the American free enterprise system. Between tyranny and liberty... between the crazy left wing and the great people of the state of Texas." That draws a big cheer. Here they love the style of the man in the ostrich skin boots. When asked what he likes about the senator, one member of the crowd, Monti Bandiber replies with just three words - "his conservative values". "I just really like his morals," says another supporter, Lyn Vandiver. "I think he's a very Christian man. And that's the most important thing to me." By contrast she regards Mr O'Rourke as "a liar" both for his account of the events around a youthful conviction for drink driving and in the way he has spoken about his support for black athletes who kneel at sporting events during the national anthem to protest against police violence and racial inequality. This stress on morality is interesting given the identity of the current president, a man who was heard bragging that he can force himself on women because of his fame. Ms Vandiver is not fond of Mr Trump personally, well aware that Mr Cruz exchanged insults with the New York property tycoon during the presidential campaign, calling him a "pathological liar," "utterly amoral," and "a serial philanderer" among other things. Now the Texan senator is caught between the devil and the deep blue sea. Mr Trump's dominance of his party is such that a Republican candidate cannot be rude about him and expect grassroots support. And so Mr Cruz finds himself praising the president and his policies, swallowing a dollop of hypocrisy mixed with a measure of humiliation. It is another reason why he is spending as much time as possible attacking Mr O'Rourke as "a socialist", a dirty word in much of the US and particularly in Texas, which prides itself on a disdain for government. When I point out to Mr Cruz that his opponent hasn't actually advocated state ownership of the means of production - a widely accepted definition of socialism - the senator shoots back "he supports socialised medicine". The senator adds that "as Margaret Thatcher said, the problem with socialism is eventually you run out of other people's money". Intriguingly when I ask Mr O'Rourke the same question - do you support common ownership of the means of production, he is coy. It is hard to think of another mainstream US politician who would answer with anything other than the word "no". But even given several chances, Mr O'Rourke does not disavow socialism as a creed, instead insisting "the party labels just do not matter anymore. I'm convinced of it. It's not Republican or Democrat. It's Texan and American and that's what we're standing for in this campaign". "Investing in the ability for everyone to be well enough to live to their full potential," does not need a label, he says, adding "it's also the most fiscally conservative thing possible". Matthew Wilson, associate professor of political science at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, says Mr O'Rourke is "well to the left" of other Texan Democrats and yet is managing to sound more moderate. Prof Wilson says it will be interesting to see whether voters are "more interested in someone who has a conciliatory style" or "in evaluating the ideological substance of the positions". In the Dallas suburb of Deep Ellum, there are plenty of young people who are interested in both. In The Three Links, which offers drinkers the chance to try their hand at punk karaoke (we are treated to a decent rendition of Kids in America), supporters of Beto O'Rourke gathered to watch the two candidates go head to head in a televised debate. "You can't go a mile in Dallas without seeing Beto signs," said Chris Cude, 29, a lawyer. "They're attracting people who want to be a part of it. He associates with a younger, more adaptable, accepting, millennial crowd." Sunny Gruber, 30, a technology worker said she too had noticed a profusion of black and white Beto signs in the city and "a lot of folks campaigning for Beto" whose campaign she describes as "really invigorating and exciting for America". Success in the big cities of Dallas, Austin, Houston and San Antonio is one thing but Mr O'Rourke faces a formidable challenge if he wants to win over rural voters too. Whereas Ted Cruz plays on fears about the impact of a Democratic senate victory in Texas, comparing his challenger unfavourably to the democratic socialist presidential candidate Bernie Sanders, Beto O'Rourke is projecting a message of hope, trying to tap into the same disenchantment which propelled Mr Trump into the White House. Mr O'Rourke's task remains very tough. For years, Democrats have been waking up disappointed from dreams of victory in Texas, where they haven't won a US senate seat in 30 years. Still, Texas is changing, becoming more urban and less white, and assuming Mr O'Rourke can generate a high turnout among his base, a liberal victory in the Lone Star State no longer looks impossible, which in itself is pretty remarkable.

डेमोक्रेटिक पार्टी में एक उभरता हुआ सितारा पारंपरिक रूप से रूढ़िवादी राज्य टेक्सास में एक बड़े नाम वाले रिपब्लिकन को हराकर आगामी अमेरिकी मध्यावधि चुनावों में एक अप्रत्याशित जीत हासिल कर सकता है।


Making and wielding power

Summary: Energy companies generate power, and also wield it.

Douglas FraserBusiness and economy editor, Scotland That's particularly in the Scottish economy, where hydrocarbons and renewable power are at the heart of the existing economy and, it is hoped, the future one. So here are three stories of power being made and wielded in the complex relationship between producers and politics. Hydro power chord One of Scotland's largest companies, SSE, is tonight celebrating a marketing coup. It's successfully attached its brand, the Hydro, to a rather splendid new music venue in Glasgow, which looks set to be something of a national institution. From my desk at the BBC, I can see the stragglers arriving for Rod Stewart's opening concert at the venue, and a vast fleet of trucks that the venerable rocker-cum-crooner takes on the road when he tours. Earlier in the day, SSE had something very interesting to say. It's made a loss, in the six months to September, on its retail business - the bit that sells gas and electricity to homes and businesses. It's still profitable in generating power and in distributing it across northern Scotland. But it's blaming disappointing figures on gas wholesale prices, and also on the fixed costs of supplying energy, even in the summer months when demand drops. And when it mentions wholesale gas prices being ahead of expectations, you can probably guess what might be coming next. Price freeze Centrica has already hinted heavily that a price rise is on the way. Can SSE be far behind? Those who watch the Big Six most carefully reckon we can expect all of them to have some unwelcome announcements on prices in the next few weeks. This is partly because they didn't want to fuel political rhetoric during the party conference season. But few of them reckoned on Ed Miliband's surprise at the Labour gathering, when he said a government led by him would implement a temporary freeze on household bills. Having been Secretary of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change, they reckoned the Labour leader would understand the link between profitability and the source of the £200bn investment bill to upgrade and re-orient Britain's energy infrastructure. They got that wrong. So cue last week's apoplexy about Mr Miliband's initiative. SSE went on to say more, amid the guidance that precedes its six-month numbers. Despite the political pressure, it intends to deliver a dividend increase ahead of inflation this year. That's not a message for Mr Miliband, but to reassure investors after the share price fell 8% last week. They were duly relieved, and despite the news of a loss on retail sales, the share price rose on Monday. Over an oil barrel? The oil and gas industry looks to government for tax breaks more than regulation. And it's so big that it tends to get a lot of what it wants. Ineos, the huge, international and private company which owns the petro-chemical works at Grangemouth, says it'll shut up shop by the end of 2017 if it doesn't get costs down (industrial relations are already poor) plus £150m in grants and loan guarantees. To step back, for some explanation, Grangemouth is Scotland's biggest industrial site by far. Part of it is a refinery, jointly owned by Ineos and the vast PetroChina corporation. It takes oil piped from the North Sea and produces petrol, diesel, aviation fuel, etc. The gaseous by-products from that cracking process are piped next door to the petro-chemical plant, where they're converted by clever people into plastics and lots more besides. There are 1,400 direct employees across the whole site, and 2,000 contractors, with turnover of £4bn and big export numbers. Ineos claims this supports 7,000 indirect jobs in Scotland. It goes on to claim it's making losses of more than £10m per month, or around £600m over the past four years. The petro-chemical bit of Grangemouth is at 50 to 60% of capacity. It's not that less oil is coming into Grangemouth, but the black stuff that's now being pumped has different properties to the old days, including fewer by-products when it's cracked. The contract to use the refinery's by-product runs out in 2017. Hence the deadline. And the plan is to spend more than £300m to equip Grangemouth to import ethane from the USA's cheap shale gas boom. While it's not threatening the refinery yet, the big downside of closing the petro-chemical plant would be that the financial case for refining looks a lot less attractive if you can't sell your gas by-product to your neighbour. And with refining capacity something of a bottleneck for energy supplies, that's not an outcome any government - Scottish, British or, indeed, European, is going to want to explain to its electorate. So cue the pressure on government to come up with a deal to keep Grangemouth going. Waving or drowning That complex relationship between energy companies and government goes into the renewable field too. While subsidies are required, particularly for commercially unproven technology in wave and tidal power, big companies such as SSE, Scottish Power, RWE and E.ON are key to supporting the smaller developers of new devices. That's seen as a big prospect for the Scottish economy, with the powerful currents and waves of the Pentland Firth the world's busiest site for testing. But some of the big players are pulling back, and it's reported that SSE may join them in reducing its exposure to the development risk. That, in turn, could lose Britain the lead it's built up in several aspects of the new energy technology. Of course, a bit more government support would surely make the financial case a bit more attractive to the finance directors. And that support does not include a freeze on fuel bills. *On the utilities' response to Ed Miliband's bill freezing proposal, there's more from Scottish Power. Tuesday brings a thinly-veiled threat to pull back on investment and a reminder that its Spanish parent company, Iberdrola, can take its funds elsewhere if Britain doesn't retain its political consensus around bills having to rise to pay for new equipment.

ऊर्जा कंपनियाँ बिजली पैदा करती हैं, और इसका उपयोग भी करती हैं।


Poland's overlooked Enigma codebreakers

Summary: The first breakthrough in the battle to crack Nazi Germany's Enigma code was made not in Bletchley Park but in Warsaw. The debt owed by British wartime codebreakers to their Polish colleagues was acknowledged this week at a quiet gathering of spy chiefs.

By Gordon CoreraBBC News, Warsaw On the outskirts of Warsaw, some of the most senior spy bosses from Poland, France and Britain gathered this week in a nondescript but well-guarded building used by the Polish secret services. Their coming together was a way of marking the anniversary of a moment three-quarters of a century earlier when their predecessors held a meeting in Warsaw that played a crucial role in the victory over Hitler in World War Two. Seventy-five years ago, two British intelligence officers - Alastair Denniston and Dilly Knox - had got off a train at Warsaw's central station. The two Britons were veterans of the Government Code and Cypher School, which would move to Bletchley Park as the war began. Europe was on the eve of war. Denniston had decided he wanted to see Germany for one last time before the conflict began and so they had made their way via Berlin. If the Germans had known who he was, and the reasons for his trip, they may not have been so forthcoming with their visa. He was travelling to Poland to try to discover the secret of how to break the Enigma machine that Germany used to encode military communications. The Enigma machine After leaving the station, the two Britons headed out to a secret facility at Pyry in a forest outside the city. British, French and Polish codebreakers had already met once, earlier in the year, but that meeting had ended in stalemate. The French had acted as intermediaries but neither British nor Polish had then been willing to show their hand. By July 1939, with war looming, that had changed. British codebreakers had enjoyed a few successes against early Enigma machines in the mid-1930s but as war approached they had hit a cul-de-sac. The Poles were far ahead thanks to some remarkable breakthroughs (successes that so infuriated Knox he threw a tantrum). Whereas Britain still used linguists to break codes, the Poles had understood that it was necessary to use mathematics to look for patterns. They had then taken a further step by building electro-mechanical machines to search for solutions (known as "bombas", perhaps because of the ticking noise they made). These devices simulated the workings of an Enigma machine, and enabled operators to search for the settings of the Enigma that had encoded the message, by cycling through one possible setting after another. This worked until the Germans increased the sophistication of the machine. It was the sharing of this understanding that the Britons would take back home. In turn this allowed Bletchley's own mathematical genius Alan Turing, who would meet with the Poles himself later, to develop his own "bombe" capable of breaking the more complex wartime Enigma codes. One new technique that made the bombe more powerful was the use of "cribs" - assumed or known parts of the message - as a starting point. This work at Bletchley is reckoned by some estimates to have shortened the war by as much as two years and saved countless lives. Representing Britain at the modern-day ceremony was the head of GCHQ, the intelligence agency that grew out of Bletchley Park. "What happened here in 1939 changed the course of history and we are here to honour those who are responsible," its director Sir Iain Lobban told the audience. He described the breaking of Enigma as like a relay race in which the baton has been passed "but it is the team as a whole which wins the medal". At the ceremony, with an Enigma machine on display, relatives of the three Polish mathematicians who pioneered the solutions - Jerzy Rozycki, Henryk Zygalski and Marian Rejewski - were visibly emotional as tributes were paid. Polish codebreakers BBC History; Codebreaking Cracking the Enigma code: The Spanish link The French secret service had become involved because it had an agent inside Germany providing details of the workings of the Enigma machine, which in turn were fed to the Poles. "The first lesson is of course that working together we succeed much more," Patrick Pailoux, the technical director of the French secret service, the DGSE, told the BBC. "But another issue is mixing the best scientists with classical intelligence work - what we call the human intelligence. So putting all the capacities together you succeed much more. That's what we have done in the Second World War and that's still the case." Poles have often felt their crucial role in breaking Enigma has been overlooked and the event was partly about acknowledging their contribution. But it also has contemporary relevance for a country that saw Nazi invasion and then Soviet domination in the wake of the July 1939 meeting. "We are still a very young democratic intelligence service. So we try to introduce tradition to the work of our intelligence agents," Gen Maciej Hunia, who runs Poland's external intelligence service, told the BBC. "The traditions of Polish intelligence agencies before the Second World War are very important to our newcomers - to see real successes. So for that reason the Enigma story is so very important." After their short stay in Poland 75 years ago, the two British codebreakers took their train home through a Europe that would descend into war just a few weeks later. But the course of the war would be changed by the knowledge they carried with them. Subscribe to the BBC News Magazine's email newsletter to get articles sent to your inbox.

नाजी जर्मनी के एनिग्मा कोड को तोड़ने की लड़ाई में पहली सफलता ब्लेचली पार्क में नहीं बल्कि वारसॉ में हुई थी। ब्रिटिश युद्धकाल के कोडब्रेकर्स द्वारा अपने पोलिश सहयोगियों के प्रति ऋण को इस सप्ताह जासूसी प्रमुखों की एक शांत सभा में स्वीकार किया गया था।


Councillors reject proposed Caithness wind farm

Summary: A group of Highland councillors have turned down Scottish and Southern Energy's (SSE) plans to build a new wind farm in Caithness.

The company could appeal against the decision rejecting the 13 turbines on land at Mains of Durran. The turbines proposed would reach 90m (295ft) in height. A hearing was held by Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross planning applications committee before councillors voted on the application.

हाईलैंड पार्षदों के एक समूह ने कैथनेस में एक नया पवन फार्म बनाने की स्कॉटिश और दक्षिणी ऊर्जा (एस. एस. ई.) की योजनाओं को ठुकरा दिया है।


Dymchurch: Digger used in failed bid to steal cash machine

Summary: A shop front was left with "significant damage" in a failed attempt to rip out a cash machine with a digger, police say.

The Tesco Express in Dymchurch, Kent, remained close on Sunday after the attempted robbery at about 02:15 GMT. Officers are trying to trace a silver 4x4 and a flatbed Ford Transit van that were also at the scene. The digger was believed to have been stolen from Dymchurch Beach about 30 minutes earlier, Kent Police said. Follow BBC South East on Facebook, on Twitter, and on Instagram. Send your story ideas to southeasttoday@bbc.co.uk. Related Internet Links Kent Police

पुलिस का कहना है कि एक खुदाई करने वाले के साथ एक नकदी मशीन को चीरने के असफल प्रयास में एक दुकान के सामने "महत्वपूर्ण क्षति" हुई थी।


Hit-and-run attack treated as attempted murder

Summary: A man is in hospital with serious injuries after being deliberately struck by a car in Glasgow.

The 29-year-old was knocked down at the junction of Hollybank Street and Kintyre Street in the Royston area at about 18:25 on Monday. Police said they were treating the incident as attempted murder. Det Sgt Stephen Palmer appealed for witnesses and said he was keen to speak to anyone with dashcam footage or private CCTV from the area.

ग्लासगो में एक कार द्वारा जानबूझकर टक्कर मारने के बाद गंभीर रूप से घायल एक व्यक्ति को अस्पताल में भर्ती कराया गया है।


Middlesbrough woman Donna Keogh missing for 15 years

Summary: Detectives searching for a Teesside woman who has been missing for 15 years said they were determined to find out what happened to her.

Donna Keogh was 17 when she was last seen in Middlesbrough on 19 April 1998. Det Supt Peter McPhillips from Cleveland Police said he hoped the 15th anniversary might prompt someone to come forward with information. "The case has always remained open and we have continued to investigate Donna's disappearance," he said. "I cannot begin to understand the pain and misery Donna's disappearance must have caused her parents, family and friends." Anyone with information is urged to call Cleveland Police or if they wish to remain anonymous they can contact Crimestoppers.

15 साल से लापता एक टीसाइड महिला की तलाश कर रहे जासूसों ने कहा कि वे यह पता लगाने के लिए दृढ़ हैं कि उसके साथ क्या हुआ था।


Why your inbox fills with bacn instead of spam

Summary: It might be heresy for some to say this, but not all bacon is welcome. Especially when we are talking bacn rather than bacon. One is all the not-quite-junk mail messages that land in your inbox and the other is the tasty stuff that sits happily alongside sausages, fried bread and the other cast members of the full English breakfast.

By Mark WardTechnology correspondent, BBC News Bacn is becoming what spam once was - the nuisance that fills up your inbox and makes it hard to pick out the important messages you have to read and which require a reply. Bacn is all those reminders, newsletters, notifications, limited offers, alerts and other ephemera sent by websites, e-tailers and other services you have used ever since you made your first mouse clicks on the web. It is called bacn because those messages sit in the middle of a short continuum between what tech folks call spam (fake meat/junk mail) and ham (real meat/real mail). Those messages are bacn because they are not quite real messages but are not quite junk either. "It's a problem in as much as it can get in the way of doing your real work," said Graham Cluley, senior technology consultant at security firm Sophos. "Some people have signed up for so many newsletters and mailing lists it gets hard to find the essential messages. "Bacn can be a productivity problem." he said, adding that it was stuff you probably wanted to read, just not right now. Glance at your email inbox and the bacn is easy to spot - and chances are that there will be quite a lot of it. Many webmail providers, notably Gmail and Hotmail, have introduced tools that help people sweep it into a folder that they can look through later. In addition, said Mr Cluley, it was possible to use filters and rules in most desktop email programs to spot it and corral it into a folder. Services are starting to spring up to help people manage that deluge of messages people do not need to read right now but feel they should save - just in case they do suddenly require a case of cheap wine. John Marbach is the founder of Glider, a start-up that aims to weed out the bacn in your inbox so you can get back to work. "Every day when I wake up, on my iPhone I see about 20-30 emails that are sent to me automatically and I never open any of them," he said."The problem is these machines sending me messages just to grab my attention." The tools used to stop spam get in the way of stopping these messages precisely because they occupy that hard-to-define space between real junk and real messages. On the one hand, they are legitimate because people have signed up to receive them, they come from reputable web domains and have the same syntax as real messages. However, they are also slightly spammy because they arrive so regularly and some of their language resembles the hyperbole employed by most junk mail. What makes them harder to filter out, said Mr Marbach, was that the firms sending them would have tested them against anti-spam tools before they were sent out. Most bulk mail programs used to manage mailing lists, promotions and other forms of electronic marketing have a test tool that will work out what chance the messages have of getting through industry-standard spam filters. "This means that other people have access to your attention whenever they want it and I don't think that's right," he told the BBC. By some estimates, he said, only about 10% of the messages people received in their inboxes were real. The rest are bacn. Glider, as well as other tech firms such as Sanebox, are developing tools that will be able to pick out bacn mail before it reaches the inbox. Others have gone about it in a different way. The Mailbox app for the iPhone tries to enforce good inbox discipline by making people choose what to do with every message they get. For Mr Marbach, the rise of these tools reveals the struggle many people endure each day just to connect to friends and family. Not surprising when more and more people have to manage not just one inbox but Twitter feeds, timelines, discussion threads, texts and emails. Tech was supposed to make this easier, more nuanced, not turn it into a chore. "We're all just trying to bring email back to basics and use our inboxes for conversations," he said.

कुछ लोगों के लिए यह कहना पाखंड हो सकता है, लेकिन सभी बेकन का स्वागत नहीं है। विशेष रूप से जब हम बेकन के बजाय बेकन की बात कर रहे हैं। एक है सभी बहुत ही बेकार मेल संदेश जो आपके इनबॉक्स में आते हैं और दूसरा है स्वादिष्ट सामान जो सॉसेज, तला हुआ ब्रेड और पूर्ण अंग्रेजी नाश्ते के अन्य कलाकारों के साथ खुशी से बैठता है।


Coventry City Council agrees extra £4.5m cuts

Summary: Savings of £4.5m have been agreed at an extraordinary meeting held by Coventry City Council.

The cuts, affecting mainly youth and education services, are on top of savings of £70m to be found over the next three years. The extra savings include £800,000 from the youth enterprise growth fund and £1.4m from children and learning schemes. The meeting was streamed by the council live over the internet.

कोवेंट्री सिटी काउंसिल द्वारा आयोजित एक असाधारण बैठक में 4.5 करोड़ पाउंड की बचत पर सहमति बनी है।


Punks of '77: Still angry after all these years?

Summary: Back in the early summer of 1977, British punks snarled their protest against the establishment as the nation prepared for the Queen's Silver Jubilee celebrations. So how do those same punks feel about the Royal Family now?

By Mario CacciottoloBBC News "I was against the Silver Jubilee, against the symbolism and the money being spent on the festivities. My friends and I thought the royals could afford to pay for the party themselves." Louise Bolotin is a 50-year-old writer living in Manchester, who in 1977 was a 15-year-old living in Edinburgh. She marked that year's celebrations by wearing her "Stuff the Jubilee" badge all day. Her attitude typifies those following the punk movement at that time. Although the nation had been encouraged to have a party in honour of the Queen, not everyone wanted to come. The rising popularity of the punks provided a snarling, spitting, sometimes swearing outlet for some of the angry youths disillusioned with 1970s Britain - a time of strikes, economic hard times and high unemployment. So as the Queen prepares to celebrate her 60th year on the throne, what do these now middle-aged punks from 1977 think of the Diamond Jubilee, and of the Royal Family? The 35 years that have passed since she proudly wore her badge have not altered Louise's attitude to the Jubilee concept, which remains "stuff it". "I know the government say we need something to cheer us up, but I'd rather they saved the money for the celebrations and didn't carry out swingeing public sector cuts." Louise says her fellow punks later worked in publishing, became professional musicians, photographers and one became "professional muscle" by doing venue security work. "There are definitely parallels between the national mood in 1977 and now. Both had rising unemployment, a hardline government, a screwed economy, and there was general restlessness and anger." Author Jon Savage has documented the history of the punk movement and says punks in 1977 were "super-heated" about the Jubilee being "vaguely fascist, and a return to a past that had never really existed". "This was enthusiastically backed by the media, in which almost no dissent against the Jubilee was allowed." Testament to that, he says, was that the song God Save The Queen by the Sex Pistols, released at the time of the Silver Jubilee, was widely banned, including by the BBC. The song certainly gave punks an anthem. Jon says that "if you were against the Jubilee, you could go out and buy that record as a form of protest and its popularity showed there were lots of people who didn't believe the hype". Famously, the Sex Pistols performed God Save The Queen and other songs on 7 June 1977 while sailing down the River Thames and Jon was one of those on board. The event, intended to mock the Queen's river procession planned for two days later, ended chaotically. God Save The Queen has now been re-released for the Diamond Jubilee, but the band's frontman John Lydon has distanced himself from it, saying its re-release totally "undermines what The Sex Pistols stood for". Among those who had the single first time around was Nigel Godfrey, a 16-year-old at the time of the Silver Jubilee, and known to fellow punks as Smartie Boy because of his dress sense. He now lives in Birmingham but was in Stapleford, Nottingham, in 1977 - and unimpressed with the efforts made by the mothers on his council estate, who mobilised themselves and arranged a Jubilee street party "right outside our windows". Nigel and his sister Cheryl, known as Smartie Girl, made their feelings known by blaring out punk music all day, including the Sex Pistols and the Damned - and God Save The Queen in particular. The Pistols' version, of course. "I was very anti the celebrations and so was my sister, so we refused to attend the party until about 2pm when the food was served. Then we went down, sat on the long tables with the other kids and played a game of how much food could we stuff into our pockets." Nigel, now 50 and a business adviser for a local authority, says he hated the monarchy in 1977. "No-one had much money but they were seen to be wealthy and I didn't agree with people having that much wealth. "They weren't going to jumble sales and buying clothes like the rest of us." As for this year's Diamond Jubilee, Nigel says he is "not interested" and will spend the weekend of the Diamond Jubilee "playing my punk records and not switching on the television all day". This attitude, says Jon Savage, mirrors the general attitudes of punks towards the Silver Jubilee, for whom those celebrations induced feelings of "boredom, of irritation bordering on hostility". "The Jubilee in 1977, as now, seemed to have nothing to do with what was actually going on in society, which had rising unemployment and decaying inner cities," he said. "My attitude to the Jubilee now hasn't changed at all. It's disinterest, moving towards irritation. The recent fawning in the media over Prince Harry makes me feel sick." Sharing in this anti-monarchist sentiment is John Robb, 50, from Manchester, who was a 16-year-old punk in Blackpool at the time of the Silver Jubilee. Now a music writer, broadcaster and vocalist for punk band Goldblade, he says he was involved with the craze for "nicking Union Jacks from flagpoles" which was going round his school back then. "In 1977 the Royal Family didn't have as good PR as they do now. They were seen as dusty old relics and I had the feeling that they wouldn't be around much longer. "There weren't many street parties and it all seemed to be forced jollity." John says the current Royal Family "unfortunately" do not seem like "dusty old relics" because they have "some of the best PR working for them and a younger generation who seem like normal people". He says he is going to ignore the Diamond Jubilee but stresses that he does not hate the royals. "I just think the people who like them should be the ones to pay for them." Another punk who hasn't altered her opinions over the years is 50-year-old Penny Pepper. She was a 16-year-old punk in 1977, in a long-term rehabilitation hospital in Berkshire. She has been a wheelchair user since the age of 12. "I was a bedroom punk, as I couldn't get out much and relied on my brother to feed me punk records. I listened to John Peel, who was God to many of us, on my transistor radio. "We had a Jubilee party in the hospital ward, which I was not remotely interested in attending. We did used to play God Save The Queen and scream out the line 'fascist regime' whenever the most hated nurse walked past." She is now a writer and spoken word performer living in Islington, and confides a secret about herself: "My second name is Anne, as I was named after Princess Anne." Despite this, she's still not a fan of the royals. "The whole monarchy idea sickens me. I don't hate individuals but I hated the institution, and still do to this day." As for Louise Bolotin, she too has mostly kept her anti-monarchist opinions. "I still think the royals are a large waste of public money but at least they are paying some taxes now and the civil list has been heavily pruned - both of which are right. "My views about them being a draw for tourists and thus good for the economy have softened - only very slightly, mind - with age. I would never have admitted that in 1977. "But I still say 'off with their heads' and still think they're over-indulged parasites. I'm a republican till I die."

1977 की गर्मियों की शुरुआत में, ब्रिटिश पंक्स ने इस प्रतिष्ठान के खिलाफ अपना विरोध दर्ज कराया क्योंकि राष्ट्र रानी की रजत जयंती समारोह के लिए तैयार था। तो वही पंक्स अब शाही परिवार के बारे में कैसा महसूस करते हैं?


When a slump hits a vast iron ore mine in Australia

Summary: Australia's iron ore industry has hit a slump after decades of boom fuelled by rampant demand from China. This is threatening the livelihoods of thousands of miners and entire communities dependent on these vast opencast mines.

By Ali MooreCloudbreak mine, Western Australia At Perth Airport, just after 05:00 local time, the boarding gate is a sea of fluorescent yellow and blue. This is a regular shuttle service to Fortescue Metals' Cloudbreak mine - the passengers are fly-in-fly-out workers and they come dressed for the job. In just under two hours they'll land at one of the giant iron ore mines in the Pilbara, where the red dirt hides untold riches. But times have changed. The price of ore has plummeted, down around 70% from its 2013 peak. Every mine worker boarding Flight 1970 knows what that means: cost cuts. They've seen hundreds of millions of dollars worth of cuts across the industry already and more are likely to come. 'Head above water' China's economic slowdown means the country doesn't need as much iron ore. It's the key ingredient for steel, and if you're not building as many apartments and bridges and roads as before, you don't need as much of it. But the big miners are still increasing production to build market share. It's an easy equation: demand down and supply up, price plummets. In the past few weeks the impact has been writ large on share market screens. Rio Tinto, BHP Billiton and Fortescue Metals, Australia's top three iron ore producers, have all seen their share price hammered and their profits crushed. The dozens of workers thumping down the aircraft stairs in their heavy work boots at Cloudbreak mine's airport are not thinking about price this morning. They're focussed on getting to work. Most of them will do a 12 hour shift every day for the next two weeks before they fly out for a week-long break. The shift is called "two and one". It used to be "eight and six", eight days on and six days off. The change means the company needs fewer people, just one of the measures helping Fortescue Metals keep its head above water. "It's a totally different environment," says the mine's general manager Maryanne Kelly. "It's fair to say we have to think differently, we have to behave differently," she says, as she overlooks the mine's giant ore piles, waiting to be loaded onto trains for the nearest port to be shipped to China. "There's no doubt about it - the damage done from this price fall is significant to Australia and it's significant to the Pilbara and it's significant to Western Australia. There's businesses in a lot of pain and it's our role to make sure our business keeps going." 'A knife through the heart' You don't have to go too far to see that pain. Five-and-a-half hours' drive from Cloudbreak is Karratha, a small city on the coast, with just a handful of multi-storey buildings and sprawling residential streets. This is a town built on a mining boom. It used to be one of the fastest growing places in the country. But after years of good times, many are finding it difficult to adjust, especially those who have lost their jobs. "Everyone was so happy looking forward to making lots of money, paying off mortgages", says Peter Lynch as he practices his bowls on a weekday afternoon at the Karratha Bowling Club. Australia and iron ore $74.8bn Export value in Australian dollars 30,000 people employed in the iron ore industry $20bn estimated hole in 2015 budget after price fall Mr Lynch worked in the iron ore industry on and off for some 27 years before being made redundant. He's just a few years off retirement and has been unable to find another job. He feels the pain of the recent changes deeply. "All of a sudden someone decided to turn the lights out - wow it was like a knife through the heart," he says. "We've seen a lot of marriage breakups, we've seen mental health issues, uncertainty. Where's the next job going to come from? What's the future for the next generation of Australian people? I'm in exactly that same boat." Property value tumbling Karratha is also feeling the impact of the end of the construction phase of Australia's mining boom: as jobs go, people leave town, devastating property values. Real estate agent Ryan Crawford takes me round a local housing estate, past neat rows of houses and front lawns battling the red dirt of the Pilbara to stay green. He shows me through a relatively new, two-storey brick home, with four bedrooms and two bathrooms. He calls it a "standard executive residence", but the owners are not enjoying the fruits of their investment. "An investor around two years ago would have paid around $1.2m [Australian] for something like this and right now today would sell it in the marketplace for around $A750,000," Mr Crawford tells me, adding that he thinks prices are down around 40 to 50% across the market. It's not surprising that the impact of that price plunge is being felt in the community. Nanette Williams runs the Pilbara Community Legal Service, which provides free advice to locals whose financial problems have become overwhelming. She says she's seen a number of people lose their homes, some just handing over the keys to the bank and walking away. "When you've got young children and you've got a million dollar mortgage and you suddenly can't pay it even after a three months moratorium the bank will foreclose and take that property. "And (if) you still can't find employment, it really can be quite serious and devastating for some people who've been working in the resource industry for some thirty years and have not known before what it's like to be struggling." Less money, people, confidence And there's a flow through from family finances to local businesses. Deborah Napier, who has run businesses in the Pilbara for 20 years, has never seen the market as bad as it is now. "Revenue has halved and we're having to cut staff to cover the costs. Less people, less money and people's confidence is not there so they're not spending." Fifteen minutes down the road in Dampier is the Mermaid Hotel. It's in a stunning location, on the water's edge with swaying palms and a perfect view of the setting sun from the terrace. Inside there's a small crowd of workers having a beer and playing pool. Owner Keith Bond says it's a very different scene to the boom times, when there would have been up to 400 people in the bar. He's philosophical about the downturn, but worries about the next generation. "I think one week we lost a thousand people here," he says. "I've had my day in the sun but for young people it's tough." There is still money to be made in Karratha, but for those who rode the highs of Australia's mining boom, it's a hard landing.

चीन से भारी मांग के कारण दशकों की तेजी के बाद ऑस्ट्रेलिया के लौह अयस्क उद्योग में गिरावट आई है। इससे हजारों खनिकों और इन विशाल खुली खदानों पर निर्भर पूरे समुदायों की आजीविका को खतरा है।


Is 2015 to be Birmingham's year?

Summary: Life in Birmingham over the past decade has sometimes felt like a tale of woe: the further collapse of manufacturing, public spending cuts, horrific tales of child abuse, businesses closing and relocating - even the indignity of Greater Manchester convincing people that it is the nation's "second city".

By Phil MackieNews Correspondent For the past 10 years Birmingham (and the Black Country) has come top of all of the bad league tables and bottom of all the good ones. That, at last, is changing and sooner or later the rest of the country will know about it. A series of reports since the beginning of the year all highlight something that Brummies probably already know: the city's experiencing a resurgence. 'Real recovery' The first of these reports, from the Office for National Statistics, said more people were relocating to Birmingham from London than any other city, then the Rough Guide named Birmingham among its top 10 World cities for 2015, and last weekend the Sunday Times said Moseley was the best urban area in which to live anywhere in the UK. It is easy to dismiss these claims as nothing more than news filler, but taken together they are indicative of a real recovery. Take a look at what's happening this year. The new New Street station is due to open along with the Grand Central shopping area. The Mailbox shopping centre is relaunching soon. The Grand Hotel is undergoing a major revamp. The NEC has a new owner and will soon be home to the country's biggest casino as well as a new outlet shopping centre. The redevelopment of Birmingham's Eastside and Paradise Circus are well under way, and now we're learning of ambitious ones for the area around the wholesale markets, Birmingham Smithfield as it will be known. Although along its route there are passionate objections, if HS2 is finally approved by Parliament later this year, the floodgates of investment will be fully opened for Birmingham. There's a manufacturing revival led by the marquee names like Jaguar Land Rover, but driven by hundreds of small and medium sized businesses. The "Birmingham Made Me" Expo in 2014 highlighted just a few of those successes. 'Selling Birmingham' It is no surprise that in another recently published survey Birmingham was found to have had the highest number of start-up businesses for any city outside London. The city's arts and crafts sector is booming - just take a look around the Jewellery Quarter and the Custard Factory. Villages in the area are also seeing revival, not just the aforementioned Moseley, but Kings Heath, Selly Park, Hall Green and Harborne. Birmingham has always tried hard to "sell" itself to the rest of the country. Films, brochures and speeches were made highlighting the miles of canals, the parks, the heritage, the ICC, NIA, Symphony Hall and so on. But it always gave the impression that it was trying too hard, implying an underlying insecurity over its identity. It is as if Birmingham has finally accepted that it is unloved by those further north and south, thought "to hell with it". This new air of self-confidence seems to be working. High unemployment Of course there are still major problems, as you would expect in a city of more than a million people. Unemployment is still too high, poverty and deprivation indicators likewise. Birmingham still doesn't punch its weight in areas like broadcasting, although the imminent arrival of the BBC Academy and more than 80 new jobs shows the trend is reversing. Despite swingeing cuts, the council remains a significant player, and seems to be carefully redefining its role as a kind of "facilitator" for the city's revival. Big players like KPMG and John Lewis are also helping to rebrand Birmingham. This year will see the Ashes, the Rugby World Cup and international athletics - but what would really help put the city on the international map is as successful a football team as London and Manchester.

पिछले एक दशक में बर्मिंघम में जीवन कभी-कभी दुःख की कहानी की तरह महसूस किया गया हैः विनिर्माण का और पतन, सार्वजनिक खर्च में कटौती, बाल शोषण की भयानक कहानियां, व्यवसाय बंद होने और स्थानांतरित होने-यहां तक कि ग्रेटर मैनचेस्टर का अपमान लोगों को आश्वस्त करता है कि यह देश का "दूसरा शहर" है।


'I have sensation in my breasts again'

Summary: When Sarafina Nance found out she had a very strong chance of getting breast cancer, she decided to have a preventative double mastectomy followed by reconstruction. The surgery would dramatically reduce the risk, but she would likely lose feeling in her chest. The 26-year-old was "fully prepared" to be numb, until pioneering surgery changed her life.

By Amelia Butterly100 Women The first time Sarafina was screened for breast cancer, doctors found something worrying. She already knew she had inherited the BRCA2 gene from her father, after he was diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer and she had genetic testing. The gene increases the risk of developing a number of cancers - including breast cancer; Sarafina, who lives in California, was told she'd need twice-yearly screening. But after her first MRI scan, doctors ordered a biopsy. "Waiting for the results, I was completely debilitated," Sarafina says. "I remember calling my dad, asking him what happens if we both have cancer. What if I die?" The mass was benign, but Sarafina realised she didn't want to go through repeated scans. Still in her mid-20s, she decided to have a preventative double mastectomy with reconstruction. She would have all her breast tissue removed and implants would create new breasts. Typically, mastectomy with reconstruction is offered to two groups: those with a cancer diagnosis, and those who have a high genetic tendency to developing breast cancer who choose to undergo preventative operations. Dr Emma Pennery, clinical director at UK charity Breast Cancer Now, says that there is a distinction between the procedures that may be offered to women like Sarafina, and those who have already developed breast cancer. It's of the utmost importance that the cancer is properly treated. "Breast cancer cells can exist in the area behind the nipple or behind the areola, so you have to be safe to get all the cancer out," Dr Pennery says, adding that ongoing cancer treatment plans may affect the method of reconstruction. 'You don't feel hugs' Sarafina is an astronomy PhD student at the University of California, Berkeley, and when she started researching her surgical options, her science background kicked in. "It was very difficult to know what I should be doing," she says. "Women who have mastectomies and reconstruction can lose feeling in their breasts and that can mean you don't feel hugs, or you don't feel waves crashing into you if you're in the ocean." Dr Pennery says the surgeons she's worked with will try to minimise any side effects for women having preventative mastectomies. "The ease of removing breasts and reconstructing the breasts does vary an awful lot on things like the size of the breast, the size of the nipple and areola and also how central it is, which can be affected, putting it bluntly, by how droopy one is," she says. With implant reconstruction, it's "quite likely" a woman will lose sensation afterwards, she says. "In order to do the mastectomy and reconstruction, the surgeon cuts through some of the nerves that supply the area and that's what leads to the numbness." A study from the Royal Marsden in London, published in 2016, found that "breast sensibility is significantly impaired following mastectomy and reconstruction" but noted the majority of women go on to recover some light touch sensation. "Sensory changes post-reconstruction have largely been overlooked in the past, but can be crucially important in a woman's quality of life and affect how she accepts her reconstruction," says Ms Ayesha Khan, a consultant oncoplastic breast surgeon and one of the study's authors. "Novel techniques to better preserve sensation post-reconstruction are in evolution and likely to be something women could benefit from in the future." After weeks of research, Sarafina found Dr Anne Peled, who is based in California and trained in both breast cancer and reconstructive/plastic surgery. Dr Peled is also a breast cancer survivor. "When I had my own diagnosis," Dr Peled says, "I had a really, really difficult time making a choice, because I felt like it was so daunting to consider at age 37, having no sensation in my chest for the rest of my life." She opted for an alternative surgery and is now working with her husband, a nerve specialist, on finding new approaches to preserve sensation. Dr Peled performed a mastectomy and then a reconstruction with implants on Sarafina at the end of 2019. Sarafina's first emotion when she woke up from the anaesthetic was relief, and her recovery has been going well. "I now have sensation in my whole right side and three-quarters of my left side and it's coming back more and more every day," she says. Sarafina is now using social media to raise awareness of preventative mastectomies and reconstruction, studying for her PhD and applying to train as an astronaut. It's been a challenging time for her family, especially her father, who is still having treatment for his own cancer. "He was very sad that I have the [genetic] mutation, I have to undergo this and face things that I think he wishes I'd never have to face," Sarafina says. "But I think he's really proud and very relieved that everything went so well and that I feel 100% like myself." What is 100 Women? BBC 100 Women names 100 influential and inspirational women around the world every year. We create documentaries, features and interviews about their lives, giving more space for stories that put women at the centre. Follow BBC 100 Women on Instagram and Facebook and join the conversation.

जब सराफिना नैन्स को पता चला कि उसे स्तन कैंसर होने की बहुत अधिक संभावना है, तो उसने एक निवारक डबल मास्टेक्टॉमी करने का फैसला किया जिसके बाद पुनर्निर्माण किया गया। सर्जरी से जोखिम नाटकीय रूप से कम हो जाएगा, लेकिन वह संभवतः अपनी छाती में भावना खो देगी। 26 वर्षीय सुन्न होने के लिए "पूरी तरह से तैयार" थी, जब तक कि अग्रणी सर्जरी ने उसका जीवन नहीं बदल दिया।


Asbestos disease 'not a thing of the past', lung experts warn

Summary: Asbestos-related diseases kill more people than road accidents in the UK each year, and the number is still growing - deaths are set to peak around 2016. But in this week's Scrubbing Up column, Dame Helena Shovelton, chief executive of the British Lung Foundation, warns there could be further problems unless people become aware there may still be a risk in their home.

By Dame Helena Shovelton,Chief executive, British Lung Foundation The story of asbestos-related disease is one of the great tragedies in public health in recent times. Asbestos, a naturally occurring, affordable material with great heat resistant properties was widely used in industry and construction for much of the twentieth century. It was such an effective material for insulation and fire-resistance it was used everywhere: in cement, to insulate pipes, ceilings and wall cavities. It was only after decades of use in a wide variety ways that people noted the link between exposure to asbestos fibres and a number of different lung diseases - particularly the aggressive, cruel chest cancer mesothelioma. Asbestos fibres can lie dormant in people's lungs for anywhere between 15 and 50 years after initial exposure. Because symptoms are similar to a number of other conditions, mesothelioma is often spotted too late in the day, and is almost always fatal. Diagnoses are currently most common amongst those who worked in fields such as heavy industry and shipbuilding during the 1960s and 1970s, before there was a serious appreciation of the danger asbestos posed. Nevertheless, it took until 1999 for all forms of asbestos to finally be banned in the UK. Awareness 'fading' Workplace regulations about asbestos are now much more stringent than they once were, leaving the home as the last setting in which people could be exposed. A particular concern is the lack of awareness and understanding there is about the potential health hazard asbestos poses among those doing DIY. A recent BLF survey of 2,000 adults showed that only 22% knew that all forms of asbestos were finally banned in the 1990s, while 67% said they could not confidently identify asbestos around the house. Both figures suggest that, as the initial furore over asbestos and health has subsided, so people 's awareness of the danger it presents is fading. If 2016 is to be the only peak in asbestos-related deaths, rather than the first of many, people need to know about what asbestos is, and where it might find be found, especially in a domestic setting. We have to avoid the dangerous assumption that asbestos is a health issue of the past that only affected people who worked in certain professions. Millions of homes across the UK were built in the era when asbestos was a widely used material, and as long as people are still living and working in these buildings asbestos, could, if disturbed, be a major health hazard. At the same time, it is important not to scare people; if asbestos is in good condition, and doesn't have to be removed, then it is best left alone. Once asbestos fibres are inhaled, it is impossible to tell who may ultimately suffer ill health, and when this might occur. This means that raising awareness among the general public about asbestos as a potential hazard in the home is absolutely crucial, if we are to avoid further fatalities as a result of people undertaking DIY without knowing all the facts about asbestos.

ब्रिटेन में हर साल सड़क दुर्घटनाओं की तुलना में एस्बेस्टस से संबंधित बीमारियों से अधिक लोग मरते हैं, और यह संख्या अभी भी बढ़ रही है-2016 के आसपास मौतें चरम पर हैं। लेकिन इस सप्ताह के स्क्रबिंग अप कॉलम में, ब्रिटिश लंग फाउंडेशन की मुख्य कार्यकारी डेम हेलेना शोवेल्टन ने चेतावनी दी है कि जब तक लोगों को पता नहीं चलता कि उनके घर में अभी भी कोई खतरा हो सकता है, तब तक और समस्याएं हो सकती हैं।


Northern Ireland's first Homeless World Cup

Summary: Northern Ireland has beaten England and Germany in the World Cup.

But before Northern Ireland fans get too excited, this was the Homeless World Cup. Members of football street leagues from Belfast and Londonderry are in Poznan, Poland along with teams from 50 other countries. Both the street leagues and the world cup are run to help homeless people regain confidence, self-esteem and some control over their lives. Stephen Weldon, Northern Ireland's team captain, said he hopes to use the motivation gained from the competition to help him get a job. "Back at home, I'm currently in a bedsit at the moment. I was in a hostel for nine months," he said. "The football has got my confidence and my self-belief back up again. It's given me the motivation to get my life back on track." Michael Boyd, the IFA's community relations head and a coach mentor for the street leagues, said the atmosphere in Poznan was "incredible". "There'll be 350 matches, five continents, it's for men and women," he said. "The Homeless World Cup is an incredible experience and I'd encourage people to get on to Homelessworldcup.org to tune in to some of the games. "It's been a great experience for everybody, the football's almost secondary. It's more about developing the players, the education side of it." 'Brilliant experience' Justin McMinn, the team manager, was pleased with the Northern Ireland team's most recent fixture and its 7-1 victory over Germany. "Germany were in our group and they were the hardest team in the group so to beat them it's great," he said. "To think we beat them 7-1, we thought they might even take us, they looked pretty good." Team captain Stephen said he was proud to represent Northern Ireland. "The experience has been brilliant, to meet all the different teams from all these different cultures, it's been brilliant," he said. "Through the street league they asked me to go the trials to see if I could actually represent Northern Ireland. The street league is beneficial for your fitness and for your mental health." The Belfast Street League, which has been running since January 2010, is a five-a-side football league set up for disadvantaged groups such as those with drug and alcohol dependencies, homeless people, asylum seekers, refugees and the long-term unemployed. Justin said the street league can see up to 12 teams turning up. "So many people's lives are benefiting from this," he said. "We set up the Derry Street League about a year and a half ago, so they're getting a few teams on board as well. "It's not just the football, obviously football's the hook. We want to change people's lives for the better. We also provide coaching." 'Back on track' Many of the participants are helped to move into employment. "We put players through their level one coaching badges and also do referee courses so that the guys can actually get employment themselves. We can pay them to help out with the league or being a referee, that's the goal," Justin said. "Sometimes the players give a wee bit of testimony and say that from coming to the league every week, the discipline, the motivation and helping their self-esteem, it's helping them get into work." The Northern Ireland team is the cream of the Belfast and Derry street leagues. "We narrowed it down to our final eight and we had a couple of reserves as well. They're good, some of them are very good. If they had the right training they could make it into the Irish League," Justin said. Both team captain Stephen and results so far back up Justin's estimation. Motivation "I lead by example from the back. But there's a couple of our players who are top quality, the motivation they have is unbelievable," said Stephen. "We've played a couple of matches already. We've beaten Switzerland, we beat England 8-0. "For the lads and myself it means the world to us to be here and play the football. But to represent your country, it means even more." The Homeless World Cup was founded by Mel Young from Scotland and Harald Schmied from Austria, who came up with the idea at a conference on homelessness in Cape Town in 2001. Aiming to "change the lives of homeless people through football", they launched the first Homeless World Cup tournament in Austria in 2003. Sunday 18 August will be the final day of the 2013 Homeless World Cup, but the team still have a lot to do before then. "We play Finland, then Canada and then we've got a friendly against Ghana," Justin said. "Hopefully we can go on and win this group and beat some guys in the quarter-finals and the semis and get some sort of trophy. "We've learned so much in our first year, we'll be more prepared for next year in the way we do things and in training."

उत्तरी आयरलैंड ने विश्व कप में इंग्लैंड और जर्मनी को हराया है।


Cheery carmakers flock to Detroit

Summary: Car sales are soaring, carmakers are hiring thousands of workers, and memories of the recent bankruptcies of two of Detroit's "big three" companies already seem like distant memories - even though fewer than four years have passed since the crisis.

By Jorn MadslienBusiness reporter, BBC News So it is a buoyant industry that is gathering at the Detroit motor show, which is scheduled to feature the unveiling of more than 50 new cars. "I think in Detroit you see things of an international nature that you don't necessarily see at other shows," Mark Reuss, president of General Motors North America, tells BBC News. But with light trucks - both pick-ups and sports utility vehicles (SUVs) - remaining central to GM's success, there will also be models on show that will be sold mainly in the US market, such as the upgraded Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra models, according to Mr Reuss. Ford's F-150, the best-selling vehicle in the US for decades, is set to be the chief rival. Other familiar names with new faces include the seventh generation Chevrolet Corvette muscle car and a refreshed, more upmarket Jeep Grand Cherokee, alongside imported models such as Bentley's ultra-fast Continental GT Speed Convertible, Maserati's all-new Quattroporte, the Mercedes CLA and BMW's 4-Series coupe. "In the US, we had an extremely strong month in November, and December was even stronger," BMW Group's board member in charge of sales and marketing, Ian Robertson, tells BBC News, predicting further strong growth ahead. Weak economy Some 14.5 million cars and light trucks were sold in the US last year, a whopping 13.4% rise on 2011, and as such 2012 was the best year in terms of sales since 2007. GM predicts that sales will top 15 million in 2013 and perhaps even reach 15.5 million. But as 2013 gets under way, it is clear that the industry's revival is not reflected by the economic health of the city that hosts the show. Detroit has long been struggling to tackle a £327m budget deficit and it appears to be constantly on the verge of running out of cash. The situation is so serious that the State of Michigan government is considering intervening by appointing an emergency manager to take charge of the city's finances. Measures such as job cuts, pay cuts and changes to benefits for city employees are currently being pushed through to prevent this, as it is seen as a step only just short of bankruptcy. Detroit is far from the only troubled city in Michigan. Five other cities are already run by emergency managers, along with three public school districts. The state itself had already suffered years of single-state recessions when the US recession took hold in 2007, Economic growth in Michigan this year is expected to be weak at between 0.4% and 0.7%, and the unemployment rate is expected to fall only slightly from 8.9% in 2012 to 8.6% this year, according to the House of Representatives' and the Senate's fiscal agencies. As such, Detroit's and Michigan's economies have more in common with the European car market, where sales fell more than 7% last year and are predicted to continue tumbling in 2013. And the carmakers' responses to both Michigan and Europe are similar as well. None of the companies is expecting to rely too heavily on sales growth in either region.

कार की बिक्री बढ़ रही है, कार निर्माता हजारों श्रमिकों को काम पर रख रहे हैं, और डेट्रॉइट की दो "बड़ी तीन" कंपनियों के हाल के दिवालियापन की यादें पहले से ही दूर की यादों की तरह लगती हैं-भले ही संकट के चार साल से भी कम समय बीत चुके हों।


Snapchat founders join the tech billionaires club

Summary: The ultra exclusive club of tech billionaires has got two new members.

The founders of Snapchat, Evan Spiegel and Bobby Murphy, have both become multi-billionaires overnight. It's after their company, Snap, which owns Snapchat, sold some shares as part of an Initial Public Offering, or IPO. Each share was sold for $17 (£13.90) and, if you add them all up and work out how much it would cost to buy the entire company at that price, it means Snapchat's worth $24bn (£19.6bn). So how much exactly are the pair worth and who are they now rubbing shoulders with in the tech billionaires' club? Snapchat Evan Spiegel, 26, and Bobby Murphy, 28, both own nearly one-fifth of Snap. With the company valued at $24bn that makes their shares worth around $5bn (£4bn) each. Facebook The granddaddy of them all, Mark Zuckerberg, famously founded Facebook in 2004 when he was a student at Harvard. His share of the company is worth around $45bn (£36bn). Not bad for a 32-year-old. Instagram Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger founded the picture sharing social network in 2010 and sold it to Facebook just two years later for around $1bn (£814m). Seven years on and it's now got more than 600 million users - so did they sell too early? WhatsApp Another hugely successful start-up that got bought out by Facebook. Jan Koum and Brian Acton co-founded the messaging service in 2009 but held off from selling it for longer than Instagram. The gamble paid off. Facebook bought it in 2014 for $19bn (£15.5bn). Although they're pretty old compared to others in this list at 41 and 45. Still not doing too badly though! Bebo Remember this one? One of the earliest social networks, Michael and Xochi Birch built Bebo up in the early 2000s and sold it to media company AOL for $850m (£692m) in 2008. Users numbers fell through the floor though and AOL sold it on in 2010 for just $10m (£8.1m). The founders eventually bought it back at auction for just $1m (£810,000). MySpace Another oldie but a goldie. Or at least it was when founders Chris DeWolfe and Tom Anderson sold it in 2005 just two years after launching it. They did a deal with Rupert Murdoch's media giant News Corp for $580m (£472m). Perfect timing as it turned out, because the social network suffered a sharp drop in numbers and was sold six years later for a rumoured $35m (£28.5m). The next tech billionaires? AirBnB co-founders Nathan Blecharczyk, Joe Gebbia and Brian Chesky could be the next people to join the tech billionaires' club. With more than three million listings, the accommodation website appears to be going from strength to strength. Uber might find it a bit harder to capitalise on the hype surrounding its possible share sell off. Founder Travis Kalanick has recently apologised after being criticised for getting into a row with one of his own company's drivers. Find us on Instagram at BBCNewsbeat and follow us on Snapchat, search for bbc_newsbeat

तकनीकी अरबपतियों के अति विशिष्ट क्लब को दो नए सदस्य मिले हैं।


Fake profiles boosted Brazilian ex-president Dilma

Summary: A BBC investigation has found that fake social media accounts and blogs were used to back the candidacy of Dilma Rousseff in Brazil during the 2010 election campaign. Rouseff won the election and was later re-elected before being impeached on corruption charges. She and her party deny any knowledge of the fakes.

By Juliana GragnaniBBC Brasil He looked like an ordinary guy. Armando Santiago Jr was - apparently - 56 years old, married, and lived in Pocos de Caldas, a small city in south-east Brazil. He was also a staunch supporter of presidential Dilma Rousseff and the Brazilian Workers' Party (known by its Portuguese initials, PT). On the social network Orkut - the most popular in Brazil at the time - Armando described himself as "a Brazilian citizen outraged by the criminal actions of the opposition in the election campaign." It was one of many broadsides against the main rivals of the PT, the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB). His influential blog was called "Seja Dita Verdade" ("Let the truth be said") and its stated mission was to transmit "transparent news". "False e-mails against Dilma Rousseff are being spread," Armando wrote in one post. "I have, whenever possible, debunked them one by one in this blog." But "Comrade Armando", as he was dubbed by other bloggers, was not a real person. His blog and his profiles on Orkut and Twitter were administered by four people who were paid about 4,000 Brazilian reals ($1,400, £1,000) each a month to write and spread the Armando posts. And Armando was not the only fake. During the 2010 election campaign, one company ran a network of false social media accounts in an attempt to boost the PT and Rousseff, according to whistleblowers inside the operation. Meet the fakers BBC Brazil interviewed three of the four people running the Armando blog. They say they were recruited by a political marketing firm based in Sao Paulo to carry out the work. They say their job was to feed the blog with posts denouncing alleged rumours about Rousseff, as well as posts attacking her main opponent, Jose Serra, the PSDB candidate. You may also like: The blog also created false news stories which were spread by the team using other fake or "sock puppet" social media profiles - at least 131 of them on Twitter. Although now, eight years later, the Twitter profiles are inactive, BBC Brasil has found that more than 80 of them still exist (in other words, they haven't been suspended or banned). They include users like "Juliana Miranda", who wrote everyday tweets about her psychology course ("Freud is one of my passions") and others in support of the PT ("we want Dilma!"), in addition to retweeting Armando's tweets. Profile pictures were copied or stolen - in the case of "Juliana", from a Finnish blogger. The tactics were replicated in later elections. Last year, BBC Brasil revealed that fake profiles and misinformation were used in Brazil during the 2014 election, when a Rio-based company paid about 40 employees spread across Brazil to create and feed thousands of fake profiles, which were sold as a service to politicians. It's extremely difficult to gauge what impact, if any, the fake accounts had on the 2010 election, which was won by Rousseff. She won re-election four years later before being impeached on corruption charges in 2016. Brazil's current president is Michel Temer, who was once her vice-president. And in October 2018, the country will face another election. False rumours destroyed - and created Back in 2010, the Armando blog swatted down false rumours - for instance, that Dilma's running mate was a Satanist and that the candidate herself had a secret lesbian lover. But those interviewed by BBC Brasil admit they also produced false news themselves. One post, for instance, reported that Serra supported abortion and that Vatican officials were considering excommunicating him. "Jose Serra will be expelled from the Church," read the headline on one blog post. The person who wrote the blog tells BBC Brasil that writers took steps to ensure that their fake stories were unfalsifiable, in this instance quoting "secret" Vatican sources. "Who can verify that?" the writer says. On presidential debate nights, the team would draw lots to determine who would be responsible for the "Armando" profile, because it involved so much work. "The debate was like a World Cup final," one writer says. "It was a very stressful job." 'Ectos' The writers referred to their social media fake accounts as "ectos" - short for "ectoplasms". They included normal-looking "people" such as "Maria de Lourdes Coelho", a grandmother in northern Brazil who called herself "the voice of women in favour of Dilma." Another was "Mariza Villela", an entrepreneur who credited her success to "improvements of the country" under Dilma's predecessor and ally, Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva. The company bosses instructed the writers to create fake profiles with varying demographic profiles, backgrounds, professions, and writing styles, in order to reach different communities. In the final stretch of the campaign, each employee maintained about 20 developed "ectos", in addition to the "Armando" profile. They say there was no automation or use of bots - all of the posting was done manually. Profile photos were taken from various corners of the internet: from pages and blogs outside Brazil, and from dating sites. Most "ectos" were women with attractive profile pictures, deliberately chosen to hook in men. For instance one fake account, "Cristina Morais", described herself as a "literature teacher, 25 years old, journalism student against traditional media outlets". But her face belongs to 36-year-old Rio engineer Liana Soares, who lives in Switzerland. When contacted by the BBC, Soares said she was upset at her picture being copied and pasted from her travel blog. "If it's to manipulate public opinion, it's even worse," she says. Allegations denied The company who hired the employees the BBC spoke to is called Ahead Marketing. In an email, its owners denied having participated in the "production of fake news", but did not respond to a question about whether the company was engaged in creating fake profiles. Ahead Marketing, owned by Gabriel Arantes Cecilio and, at the time, by Arnaldo Lincoln de Azevedo, said it could not comment on whether it was hired to work on Rousseff's 2010 campaign, citing internal confidentiality rules. The company's website notes that it has participated "inside and outside Brazil" in "victorious campaigns for the Presidency of the Republic, State Governments and large capitals", without specifying particular candidates or elections. There are no records of payments by the Rousseff campaign or the Workers Party to Ahead Marketing for work carried out during the 2010 campaign, although the agency was paid 234,000 Brazilian reals ($70,000; £50,000) by the campaign of Rousseff's ally Fernando Pimentel. Pimentel ran for Senate in 2010 and was one of the coordinators of Rousseff's campaign. Dilma Rousseff denies she or her campaign ever hired someone to create fake profiles online. Her press office told BBC Brasil they "neither contracted or authorized any services related to fake profiles and fake news in any of her campaigns in 2010 and 2014" and that she is "not aware of any of the companies or persons that act in this area, any action, initiative or action in this sense as part of their campaigns." The Workers' Party, responding on behalf of Pimentel, told us they had "no knowledge about hiring any company for the creation and maintenance of fake profiles on Twitter in any election campaign." There was a third person who co-ordinated the work, according to the former employees: advertising executive Ruy Nogueira Netto, who was also a link to the Workers' Party. The sources interviewed by BBC Brasil say they worked in his apartment in Sao Paulo. Contacted via email, Nogueira Netto denied that he oversaw the false account team. He said he had met officials from Rousseff's campaign "to assess the internet" at his home, but had no knowledge of what they did. Fakers' regret Creating fake profiles to gain advantage or harm other people is illegal in Brazil, and legislation passed last year prohibits "the transmission of electoral content" through fake accounts on the internet. This rule did not exist in 2010. Some of the false news writers now regret the work they did at the time. "At the time, I thought that what we were doing was very important, that the blog also had the job of monitoring bad journalism," says one, "Today I think differently." "I can hardly explain what I did in 2010," says another. "It wasn't journalism, it was something else, and it's something that can be very dangerous." Do you have a story for us? Email BBC Trending. More from Trending: YouTube's neo-Nazi music problem A BBC Trending investigation has found inconsistencies in how YouTube deals with neo-Nazi music tracks which advocate murder and violence. The company admits that it has "more to do" when it comes to hate music videos.READ NOW You can follow BBC Trending on Twitter @BBCtrending, and find us on Facebook. All our stories are at bbc.com/trending.

बी. बी. सी. की एक जांच में पाया गया है कि 2010 के चुनाव अभियान के दौरान ब्राजील में डिल्मा रौसेफ की उम्मीदवारी का समर्थन करने के लिए नकली सोशल मीडिया खातों और ब्लॉगों का उपयोग किया गया था। रौसेफ ने चुनाव जीता और बाद में भ्रष्टाचार के आरोपों में महाभियोग से पहले फिर से चुने गए। वह और उनकी पार्टी नकली के बारे में किसी भी जानकारी से इनकार करती है।