Power from the people

Summary: Plugging gadgets into a socket in the wall, or loading them with batteries - or maybe even unfurling a solar panel - is how most of us think of getting electricity. But what about plugging them into your body?

By David CohenTechnology Reporter It may sound far fetched, but under the shadow of the Alps, Dr Serge Cosnier and his team at the Joseph Fourier University of Grenoble have built a device to do just that. Their gadget, called a biofuel cell, uses glucose and oxygen at concentrations found in the body to generate electricity. They are the first group in the world to demonstrate their device working while implanted in a living animal. If all goes to plan, within a decade or two, biofuel cells may be used to power a range of medical implants, from sensors and drug delivery devices to entire artificial organs. All you'll need to do to power them up is eat a candy bar, or drink a coke. Biofuel cells could kick-start a revolution in artificial organs and prosthetics that would transform tens of thousands of lives every year. A new range of artificial, electrically-powered organs are now under development, including hearts, kidneys, and bladder sphincter, and work has begun on fully-functioning artificial limbs such as hands, fingers, and even eyes. But they all have one Achilles heel: they need electricity to run. Batteries are good enough for implants that don't need much power, but they run out fast, and when it comes to implants, that is more than just an inconvenience, it is a fundamental limitation. Even devices that do not use much power, such as pacemakers, have a fixed lifespan because they rely on batteries. They usually need their power packs replaced 5 years after implantation. One study in the US found that one in five 70 year-olds implanted with a pacemaker, survived for another 20 years - meaning this group needed around 3 additional operations after the initial implant, just to replace the battery. Each operation is accompanied by the risk of the complications of surgery, not something anybody should have to face if it is avoidable. Other devices such as artificial kidneys, limbs or eyes, would have such high energy demands that users would have to change their power source every few weeks to keep them working. It is simply impractical to use batteries in these devices. That is where biofuel cells come in. Dr Cosnier and his team are one of a growing number of researchers around the world developing the technology in an attempt to side-step this inherent limitation. Bodily fluids At heart, biofuel cells are incredibly simple. They are made of two special electrodes - one is endowed with the ability to remove electrons from glucose, the other with the ability to donate electrons to molecules of oxygen and hydrogen, producing water. Pop these electrodes into a solution containing glucose and oxygen, and one will start to rip electrons off the glucose and the other will start dumping electrons onto oxygen. Connect the electrodes to a circuit and they produce a net flow of electrons from one electrode to the other via the circuit - resulting in an electrical current. Glucose and oxygen are both freely available in the human body, so hypothetically, a biofuel cell could keep working indefinitely. "A battery consumes the energy stored in it, and when it's finished, it's finished. A biofuel cell in theory can work without limits because it consumes substances that come from physiological fluids, and are constantly being replenished," said Dr Cosnier. The idea of powering fuel cells using glucose and oxygen found in physiological fluids was first suggested in the 1970s, but fell by the wayside because the amount of energy early prototypes produced was too little to be of practical use. However, in the 2002, advances in biotechnology spurred Itamar Willner, a researcher at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, to dust down the idea and give it a fresh look. In a paper published in the prestigious journal Science, he speculated that thanks to advances in biotechnology, the day would come when devices such as artificial limbs and organs would soon be powered by biofuel cells that create electricity from bodily fluids. "Since then biofuel cells have received a huge amount of attention," said Dr Eileen Yu, a researcher at Newcastle University, who is part of UK-wide multi-university project to develop biofuel cells. Nano technology The key to the recent breakthroughs has been our understanding of rather special biological molecules called enzymes. Enzymes are naturally occurring molecules that speed up chemical reactions. Researchers studying bio fuel cells have discovered that one particular enzyme, called glucose oxidase, is extremely good at removing electrons from glucose. "It is very efficient at generating electrons," said Prof Willner. Spurred by new developments in enzyme manipulation, and the growth in availability of carbon nanotubes - which are highly efficient electrical conductors - many groups around the world have developed bio fuel cells capable of producing electricity. Dr Cosnier and his team decided to take things one step further. "In the last 10 years there has been an exponential increase in research, and some important breakthroughs in enzyme research," he said. He decided it was time to make the first attempt to take the cumulative knowledge of the last decade of research and engineer it into a device the size of a grain of rice that could generate electricity while implanted inside a rat. In 2010, they tested their fuel cell in a rat for 40 days and reported that it worked flawlessly, producing a steady electrical current throughout, with no noticeable side effects on the rat's behaviour or physiology. Their system is surprisingly straightforward. The electrodes are made by compressing a paste of carbon nanotubes mixed with glucose oxidase for one electrode, and glucose and polyphenol oxidase for the other. The electrodes have a platinum wire inserted in them to carry the current to the circuit. Then the electrodes are wrapped in a special material that prevents any nanotubes or enzymes from escaping into the body. Finally, the whole package is wrapped in a mesh that protects the electrodes from the body's immune system, while still allowing the free flow of glucose and oxygen to the electrodes. The whole package is then implanted in the rat. "It is an important step towards demonstrating the translation of basic research into a practical device," said Willner. "It shows the feasibility of making an implantable package." Implantation in a rat was a good proof of concept, said Dr Cosnier, but it had drawbacks. "Rats are so small that the production of energy is insufficient to power a conventional device." Next he plans to scale up his fuel cell and implant it in a cow. "There is more space, so a larger fuel cell can be implanted, meaning a greater current will be generated." Dr Cosnier hopes it will be enough to power a transmitter that will be able to beam out of the cow information about the device and control sensors inside the animal. More power There is still a long way to go. Prof Willner explains that, while the enzyme glucose oxidase has performed optimally, the efficiency of the electron-donating enzymes could still be dramatically improved. He is optimistic that breakthroughs will be made. "Based on the current rate of progress, I am confident we will see exciting developments in the next decade," said Prof Willner. Dr Cosnier agrees that there is a lot of room for improvement. "Today we can generate enough power to supply an artificial urinary sphincter, or pacemaker. We are already working on a system that can produce 50 times that amount of power, then we will have enough to supply much more demanding devices," he said. Implants aren't the only place you may find bio fuel cells in the future. The electronics giant Sony recently announced that it had created a biofuel cell fuelled with glucose and water that was capable of powering an MP3 player. "In 10 years time you may see bio fuel cells in laptops and mobile phones," said Prof Willner. Dr Cosnier points out that bio fuel cells would be especially useful in places where there is no electricity supply to recharge your batteries. "If you were in a country without electricity, and needed to re-charge a bio fuel cell, all you would have to do is add sugar and water."

हम में से ज्यादातर लोग बिजली प्राप्त करने के बारे में कैसे सोचते हैं, दीवार में एक साकेट में उपकरणों को प्लग करना, या उन्हें बैटरियों से लोड करना-या शायद एक सौर पैनल को फहराना-लेकिन उन्हें अपने शरीर में प्लग करने के बारे में क्या?


Guide: 2018 political party conferences

Summary: The autumn party conference season is over for another year.

Here are the highlights from the past six weeks, as Britain's political parties gathered together to debate issues, decide policy and to socialise. The Conservative Party - 1-3 October in Birmingham Theresa May promised the end of austerity was in sight as she urged her party to put their Brexit divisions behind them and take the fight to Labour. In her closing leader's speech, the prime minister said the Conservatives must not be the party for the few nor the many, but for everyone who worked hard. She announced plans to free up councils to borrow against their assets to fund house building, action to save lives through earlier cancer diagnoses and investment in scanning plus another year's freeze in fuel duty. In a generally well-received performance, which began with her sashaying her way on to the stage to the strains of Abba's Dancing Queen, the PM signalled more money for public services after next year's Spending Review. On Brexit, which dominated the conference, she did not mention her much-criticised Chequers plan by name but warned critics that by holding out for the perfect deal they risked ending up not leaving at all. This was, in large part, a riposte to former foreign secretary Boris Johnson, who a day earlier told a large fringe crowd that Mrs May's strategy was undemocratic and would "cheat" those who voted for Brexit in 2016. Mr Johnson, who quit the cabinet in July, prompted renewed talk of a leadership bid by attacking Mrs May's reform of stop and search powers when she was home secretary and calling for a tax-cutting agenda. While talk of a May-Johnson face-off garnered most of the week's headlines and many ministers found themselves greeted by sparse crowds on the conference floor, there were a string of announcements made. These included an emergency £240m social car package to enable more elderly people to be cared for at home, a pilot scheme to cut down on food waste and a ban on combustible cladding in all new residential buildings, as well as schools and hospitals, over 60ft in height. Labour - 23-26 September in Liverpool Jeremy Corbyn ended the week in Liverpool by telling supporters Labour was ready to return to government, with a "radical plan to rebuild and transform our country". The Labour leader vowed to end the "greed-is-good" culture he said had dominated politics for decades, saying his party's promise of greater state intervention in the markets was the "new common sense of our time". He also offered to back Theresa May if she presented a "sensible" Brexit deal to MPs for approval. He used his keynote speech to announce some new policies - such as on childcare and green jobs - but it was mainly a chance to rally the troops for another general election, which Labour wants above all. The most significant event of the week, in policy terms, was members' decision to back a new Brexit policy stating that all options should remain on the table, including the possibility of another referendum. The party's Brexit spokesman, Sir Keir Starmer, caused a stir when he told activists that nobody should rule out the option of remaining in the EU being on the ballot paper in a future referendum - a view that is not shared by some in the party. On the economic front, Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell announced the water industry in England would be the first to be re-nationalised under Labour while all large firms would be forced to give workers shares worth up to £500 a year each - a plan for "inclusive ownership funds" immediately attacked by business. There were no major rows - and there were plenty of "Oh Jeremy Corbyn" chants - although the party was criticised for dropping plans to create a second deputy leader position, to be filled by a woman, following opposition from left-wing campaign groups. The SNP - 7-9 October in Glasgow Nicola Sturgeon called for "pragmatism and patience" from independence supporters in her leader's speech to the SNP conference. The Scottish first minister said she was "more confident than ever" that Scotland would become independent one day. She added that members must "wait for the fog of Brexit to clear" and work to win over people who voted No in the 2014 independence referendum. She also announced new policies on nursing, infrastructure, fair work and support for the homeless. As they met in Glasgow, the party confirmed its 35 MPs at Westminster would vote in favour of a new referendum on Brexit, were such a question to be tabled in the UK Parliament. Paraphrasing Winston Churchill while decrying Brexiteer "ideologues", Ms Sturgeon said that "never has so much been lost by so many to satisfy so few". Liberal Democrats - 15-18 September in Brighton In his second keynote speech to conference as their leader, Sir Vince Cable said the UK's exit from the European Union was "not inevitable" and must be stopped. He claimed there was a growing realisation that Brexit would be "costly and painful", particularly in a no-deal scenario, and urged Jeremy Corbyn to get behind the cross-party campaign for another referendum. Much of the coverage following the speech surrounded the phrase "erotic spasm". The headline-grabbing attack on Brexiteers was included in the trail of the speech released the night before but Sir Vince somewhat mangled it during its delivery and the words came out as "exotic spresm". Elsewhere, anti-Brexit campaigner Gina Miller - touted as a possible successor to Sir Vince - told the party she was their friend but not a leader-in-waiting as she was not even a party member. UKIP - 21-22 September in Birmingham UKIP should become a "radical, populist party" standing up for free speech against the "politically-correct thought police", its leader Gerard Batten told party activists. As the party met in Birmingham, it published an "interim manifesto" urging a "clean exit" from the EU, the abolition of stamp duty and inheritance tax, new grammar schools, scrapping the overseas aid budget and BBC licence fee and an end to guidelines on "subjective" hate crimes. Mr Batten, the party's sixth leader since the Brexit referendum, said these policies were aimed at low and middle-income families and small businesses which "form the backbone of Britain". The Green Party of England and Wales - 5-7 October in Bristol The Green Party unveiled a series of policies which they said could help them overtake the Lib Dems as the third largest party in England and Wales while offering a "real alternative" to Labour. Among them were a "Free Time Index" to measure the UK's "well-being", as an alternative to traditional economic indicators and paid training leave for all workers to boost skills and reduce staff turnover. Co-leader Sian Berry said this was "radical common sense for the common good". On Brexit, she said momentum behind calls for a new referendum "feels absolutely unstoppable". Her co-leader Jonathan Bartley called for a total "system overhaul" to deal with the threat from climate change saying his party would no longer "debate with climate-change deniers because there isn't time". Plaid Cymru - 5-6 October in Cardigan Welsh independence must be "on the table" after Brexit, Adam Price told activists in his first major speech since being elected leader. Comparing Brexit to the Titanic disaster, he warned that Wales could find itself "at the mercy of Westminster" if the UK left the EU's single market and customs union. Domestically, he promised a "new vision" for health and social care, with reviews to examine the creation of a National Care Service and whether GPs should continue to act as private operators. If it won power, he said Plaid would build a "National Western Rail Line" from Swansea to Bangor, and introduce a "comprehensive child package" so parents could return to work when they choose.

शरद ऋतु पार्टी सम्मेलन का मौसम एक और वर्ष के लिए समाप्त हो गया है।


Man arrested in Leeds on suspicion of terrorist acts

Summary: Counter-terrorism police in Leeds have arrested a man on suspicion of the commission, preparation and instigation of terrorist acts.

The 33-year-old was arrested on Saturday and is being held as part of a pre-planned operation into suspected extreme right-wing activity, West Yorkshire Police said. The force added that a property in Leeds was being searched by officers. Supt Chris Bowen said public safety was their "top priority". He added: "If you see or hear something that could be terrorist related, act on your instincts by reporting your concerns." Latest news and stories from Yorkshire

लीड्स में आतंकवाद-रोधी पुलिस ने आतंकवादी कृत्यों को करने, तैयार करने और उकसाने के संदेह में एक व्यक्ति को गिरफ्तार किया है।


Rishi Sunak wants firms to pay more, but also survive

Summary: The Chancellor is attempting a delicate balancing act.

Simon JackBusiness editor@BBCSimonJackon Twitter Slowly withdrawing very expensive government support programmes without crashing the economy. The government is currently paying 80% of the wages of nearly 8.5 million employees and 80% of 2.3 million self employed worker's take home pay till the end of July at cost in the many tens of billions of pounds. As the economy emerges from lockdown that will change. From 1 July, employers will be able to bring in workers part-time and pay them for the time worked. That is a month early, has been widely called for and will be welcomed. Then the hard part starts. From August, employers will have to pay National Insurance and pension costs for furloughed workers. From September, those contributions plus 10% of their wages and from 1 October, employers must pay 20% until the scheme ends at the end of the month. Crucially, If employers don't contribute - neither will the government. Cash-strapped employers must decide if they can take on an increasing burden to keep workers for whom there may be little or no work. The chancellor said the government couldn't go on meeting the full cost of the scheme. The hospitality industry has been particularly hard hit by the lockdown, and it will face further difficulties because of the need to maintain social distancing and potential future customer reticence to return when pubs and restaurants reopen. No special treatment The chancellor resisted calls for special treatment of this or other hard-hit sectors. David Moore is a restaurateur who owns the Michelin-starred Pied a Terre, in London. He's worried the additional costs announced by the chancellor could mean jobs would be lost. "It would be a real shame if the retention scheme turned out to be a very, very glorified waiting room for the unemployed. And I feel that if we come back with any level of uncertainty - a lot of businesses will cut harder and further than maybe they thought of doing first" There was also an important announcement for self employed - who got a cash grant for March - June capped at £7,500. They will now get a maximum and final payment of £6,570 in August. The withdrawal is more gradual than many had feared and the government hopes that the support withdrawal will be mirrored by business demand recovering. But we may be about to find out how many real jobs are left in the post-coronavirus economy.

कुलाधिपति एक नाजुक संतुलन कार्य का प्रयास कर रहे हैं।


The village that just got its first fridge

Summary: Three-quarters of the world's homes have a fridge - an appliance that can revolutionise a family's life. A tailor in one Indian village has just become the first person in his community to own one - something he has dreamed of for 10 years.

By Sanjoy MajumderBBC News, Calcutta Santosh Chowdhury is pacing up and down speaking into his mobile phone. "How much longer? It's left past the auto-rickshaw stand, yes that's right," he shouts, and then continues his nervous pacing. It's a big day for him and indeed for the village of Rameshwarpur, just outside Calcutta in north-east India. Santosh has bought a new fridge - not just his first but also the first in the entire community of 200 people. "Owning a fridge is quite rare in a village like ours," he says. The lack of fridges in Rameshwarpur reflects the situation across the whole of India. Only one in four of the country's homes has one. That compares to an average of 99% of households in developed countries. But change can be rapid when linked to an emerging middle class. In 2004, 24% of households in China owned a fridge. Ten years later this had shot up to 88%. "Ours is the first generation to own a fridge in my family," says Santosh. "No one in my father's and grandfather's time had ever seen one." Rameshwarpur has a distinctly rural feel. People bathe in a pond in the middle of the village, children fly kites in the dusty lanes. The homes are little more than simple huts, made of mud and brick. But the village has electricity and many houses have televisions. Santosh works as a tailor. He lives in a modest, two-room hut which doubles as his home and workplace. "I don't have a regular job as such," he says. "Sometimes I also work part-time in a factory. I make about three to four dollars a day." Life is quite hard, especially for his wife Sushoma. She cooks lunch, stirring a pot of rice on a wood fire outside their hut. It's something she does every day because they have no way of storing leftovers. So Santosh has to go the market early each morning to shop for groceries. He's always wanted to make life easier for his wife and has been dreaming of buying a fridge for 10 years. "Owning one will be so convenient," he says. "You don't have to buy vegetables every day, you can store food - especially in the summer." So he's been saving hard, putting away a bit of money every month for a purchase that costs more than a month's salary. "I don't make that much money, that's why it's taken me so long. But now I have enough," he says, smiling. At one of Calcutta's high street stores, about 15km from his home, Santosh had several models to choose from. Peering inside, he ran his fingers along the side of a bright red model. "It was quite confusing. It was my first time you know. I couldn't figure out which one to get," he says shyly. "My wife wanted a red one. I wanted one that will consume the least power. We need to keep our bills down." Finally, the deal was struck. Santosh got a discount because it was the final week of the winter sales. The price was 11,000 rupees (£120) - but more importantly, he was able to pay in instalments, having paid just under half the money up front. "No one pays cash any more like they used to," says store manager Pintoo Mazumdar. "Everyone can get a loan from the bank or the store - all you need is a bank statement and ID. That's why so many lower income people can afford to buy a fridge these days." FRIDGEONOMICS Fridge ownership around the world 76% Global average 65% Asia Pacific 99% Europe and North America 87% Latin America 63% Middle East and Africa Santosh's fridge finally arrives on the back of a cycle rickshaw. He walks along next to it with a broad smile. Many of the villagers come out on to the lane as well, craning their necks to get a better look. "Careful, careful," he cries out as a couple of them help carry the fridge into his house. Then it's time for a religious ceremony. His wife applies a dab of vermillion to the fridge, to keep away evil spirits, and then blows on a conch shell to seek divine blessings and welcome the fridge into their home. The fridge has pride of place - next to Santosh's sewing machine and their tiny television set. They simply cannot stop smiling. "We've dreamt of this moment for so long," says his wife Sushoma. "Some of our neighbours have already asked us if they, too, can store some food in our fridge. "And I can't wait to drink cold water in the summer." As Santosh shows off his fridge everyone crowds around, excited. "Imagine, they won't have to shop for fresh vegetables every day," says one woman. "I'm thinking of getting one too," another man says. It's a special moment for the Chowdhurys. This acquisition could potentially transform their lives. "I can focus on finding more work and not worry about buying food for the family," Santosh says. "My wife will get more free time and perhaps she can give me a hand as well." With those words, he opens his fridge and places the first contents inside - tomatoes, an aubergine, eggs and some milk. For more on the BBC's A Richer World, go to www.bbc.com/richerworld - or join the discussion on Twitter using the hashtag #BBCRicherWorld. Subscribe to the BBC News Magazine's email newsletter to get articles sent to your inbox.

दुनिया के तीन-चौथाई घरों में एक फ्रिज है-एक ऐसा उपकरण जो एक परिवार के जीवन में क्रांति ला सकता है। एक भारतीय गाँव में एक दर्जी अपने समुदाय का पहला व्यक्ति बन गया है जिसके पास एक है-कुछ ऐसा जिसका उसने 10 वर्षों से सपना देखा है।


Gardenstown landslip repair work to begin next week

Summary: Work to repair a landslip which has caused access problems for residents in an Aberdeenshire coastal village will begin next week.

A temporary retaining wall built at Harbour Road in Gardenstown - the only road access to the lower part of the village - partially collapsed last month. The road has been largely closed since November. A contractor has now been appointed to carry out the work above Harbour Road. Aberdeenshire Council said the work, which will start on Monday, is expected to take about seven weeks.

एबरडीनशायर तटीय गाँव में निवासियों के लिए पहुँच की समस्या पैदा करने वाले भूस्खलन की मरम्मत का काम अगले सप्ताह शुरू होगा।


Will Trump's new travel ban be halted again in court?

Summary: After its first travel ban was indefinitely bogged down by court challenges, the Trump administration has returned with a more detailed, narrowly focused order. That doesn't mean it won't meet the same fate, however.

Anthony ZurcherNorth America reporter@awzurcheron Twitter The action, which suspends new visas to nationals from six majority Muslim nations for 90 days and halts the processing of new refugees for 120 days, is still a marked change of US policy. It will also, undoubtedly, be challenged quickly in US courts. The pressing question is whether those challenges will result in the order being suspended during legal proceedings, or if it will be allowed to take effect while lawyers file their briefs and slog it out in oral arguments. Unlike the first order, the new effort was clearly written with the input of government lawyers and not just policy operatives like White House advisers Steve Bannon and Stephen Miller. The order addresses many of the previous ban's legal vulnerabilities and takes into account the court rulings that scuttled the previous incarnation. Multiple agencies were consulted in its drafting, and the rollout has been much more deliberate. The announcement was delayed twice, for instance, after Mr Trump first indicated that it was coming within days of his 16 February press conference. The Seattle-based federal judge who granted an initial suspension of the original 27 January travel ban said he acted with urgency because the presidential memorandum violated the rights to due process of US citizens and legal immigrants by casting doubt on the validity of green cards issued to permanent US residents and existing travel visas. This was also the reason the Ninth Circuit US Court of Appeals upheld that injunction. Those concerns have largely been remedied in this latest order, as the language makes clear that all existing immigration documents will be honoured. Unlike the original action, the new directive also delays implementation of the travel restrictions for 10 days, which will give border and customs agents, US diplomats and other government officials time to fully educate the public on the nature of the changes. Both the Seattle court and the Ninth Circuit had cited the confusion surrounding the original action as a reason for putting it on hold. The new order will still have an adverse impact on foreign students and workers from the six nations in question (Iraq has been removed from the list), as they may not be able to re-enter the US if they were to go home to visit family or friends. The situation for them, however, isn't nearly as dire as under the earlier order. There is also explicit permission given to government officials to grant visas to prohibited nationals on a "case-by-case" basis. That leaves a First Amendment freedom of religion challenge as the most likely avenue for legal efforts to derail implementation of the new immigration order. On 14 February a federal judge suspended the original effort in Virginia because she said it was probably motivated by "religious prejudice" and not "rational national security concerns". She cited Candidate Trump's December 2015 call for a blanket prohibition on the entry of all Muslims into the US, as well as comments by Trump advisers before and after the election, as evidence supporting this conclusion. "The 'Muslim Ban' was a centrepiece of the president's campaign for months, and the press release calling for it was still available on his website as of the day this Memorandum Opinion is being entered," she wrote. While the Ninth Circuit did not base its decision upholding the nationwide injunction on religious freedom grounds, the judges were clear that Mr Trump's past statements about Muslims could be taken into account in future legal proceedings. "The States' claims raise serious allegations and present significant constitutional questions," the judges held, referring to the portion of the challenge to the order on religious grounds brought by the states of Washington and Minnesota. Critics of the new order are already honing in on what they see as the religious aspect of the order - targeting six nations that are all majority Muslim - as its primary legal shortcoming. The Trump administration, writes Omar Jadwat of the ACLU's Immigration Rights Project, has replaced the original "Muslim ban" with "a scaled-back version that shares the same fatal flaws". "The only way to actually fix the Muslim ban is to not have a Muslim ban," he continues. "Instead, President Trump has recommitted himself to religious discrimination, and he can expect continued disapproval from both the courts and the people." The Trump administration also has made some efforts to defend the new order against this challenge. Gone is the provision that would have given Christian minorities priority over Muslims when the 120-day suspension of the refugee program was lifted. Syria is no longer singled out for an indefinite refuge ban, as well. When lawsuits are eventually filed, expect the parties to introduce plenty of evidence of Mr Trump's past support for anti-Muslim action, including his vociferous defence of the original immigration order. (This could explain why the president has taken a much lower profile in unveiling this new effort, signing the memorandum in a private ceremony and relying on Cabinet officials to explain the details). Although the White House is showing restraint with this latest move, and the text of the new order says the previous attempt has been fully rescinded, the Trump team continues to defend the appropriateness and legality of the original action - a move that could complicate their legal defence going forward. "Fundamentally, you're still going to have the same basic policy outcome for the country," White House's Miller said recently in a preview of the new order. It would be "responsive to a lot of very technical issues that were brought up by the court", he continued, while asserting that the original order was not "flawed". That particular comment prompted a quick reply from the ACLU, which had challenged the original order. "So then we will have the same basic response," it tweeted. That's not quite Donald Trump's "we'll see you in court" bravado following the adverse decision by the Ninth Circuit in February - but the end result is the same. Judges are going to have the final say.

अदालती चुनौतियों से अनिश्चित काल के लिए अपने पहले यात्रा प्रतिबंध के बाद, ट्रम्प प्रशासन एक अधिक विस्तृत, संकीर्ण रूप से केंद्रित आदेश के साथ लौट आया है। इसका मतलब यह नहीं है कि यह उसी भाग्य का सामना नहीं करेगा।


Skripal suspects: Key excerpts from their first interview

Summary: The two men named as suspects in the poisoning of Russian ex-spy Sergei Skripal in the UK - Alexander Petrov and Ruslan Boshirov - gave a surprise interview to RT, Russia's state-run international broadcaster. They claimed they were merely tourists visiting the English town of Salisbury at the time the poisoning happened. Here are some key excerpts from their interview.

On what they were doing in Salisbury "Our friends had been suggesting for a long time that we visit this wonderful town [Salisbury]," Mr Petrov said. "It's a tourist town - there's a famous cathedral there. Salisbury cathedral," Mr Boshirov said. "It's famous for its 123-metre spire, it's famous for its clock - the first clock to be invented in the world, and it's still going." Asked if they had gone to Salisbury to look at the clock Mr Petrov said: "No, no - our plan from the outset was to arrive in London and chill out, basically. It wasn't a business trip. We planned to spend some time in London and travel to Salisbury - of course that was only intended to be a day-trip." "We arrived in England on 2 March, then went to the railway station to see the timetable, to see where we could go," Mr Petrov said. The pair planned to spend just a day in Salisbury, he said, because "that's enough - there's no more to do there after one day". "We arrived in Salisbury on 3 March and tried to walk through the town, but as it was blocked up with snow we could only spend half an hour there," Mr Petrov said. "Of course, we went there to see Stonehenge, Old Sarum, but we couldn't do it because there was muddy slush everywhere. The town was covered with this slush. We got soaked, went back to the station and took the next train back [to London]." "We drank hot coffee because we were just soaked. The longest we spent there on the 3rd was one hour," Mr Boshirov added. Mr Petrov said "we had the aim of visiting Old Sarum [an Iron Age settlement] and the cathedral and decided to finish all that on the 4th". When asked if they saw those sights he said, "on the 4th, yes. We saw them, but again at lunchtime it started snowing heavily, so we left earlier than planned". On whether they went to Sergei Skripal's house "Maybe we did [approach] Skripal's house, but we don't know where is it located," Mr Boshirov said. When the interviewer asked them whether they had Novichok or any poison with them, the men emphatically said no. She then asked whether they had the Nina Ricci perfume bottle which UK investigators say contained the substance. "For normal blokes, to be carrying women's perfume with us, isn't that silly? The customs are checking everything, they would have questions as to why men have women's perfume in their luggage. We didn't have it," Mr Boshirov said. On why they shared a hotel room The interviewer asked them why they went everywhere together and shared a hotel room. "It's normal to arrive somewhere and share a twin-bed room. You save money. It's more fun to be together, simpler," Mr Boshirov said. Both men sounded distressed as they spoke about how their lives had changed since they were named in the UK as Russian intelligence agents who attempted to poison the Skripals. "When your life [is] turned upside down, you don't know what to do and where to go. We're afraid to go out, we fear for ourselves, for our lives and the lives of our loved ones," Mr Boshirov said. "We just want to be left alone, we're tired," he said. Asked whether they had recently been to any European state, the two said they had. "Sure… In Switzerland, we were there a couple of times… We spent New Year in Switzerland." On their alleged work activities The pair said they had been in Europe to do business related to sports nutrition. "We examine the market, see if there is something new - some biologically active additives, amino acids, vitamins, microelements. We pick up the most necessary things, come here and decide how to bring the new products from that market here."

ब्रिटेन में रूसी पूर्व जासूस सर्गेई स्क्रिपल को जहर देने के मामले में संदिग्धों के रूप में नामित दो लोगों-अलेक्जेंडर पेट्रोव और रुस्लान बोशिरोव ने रूस के सरकारी अंतरराष्ट्रीय प्रसारक आरटी को एक आश्चर्यजनक साक्षात्कार दिया। उन्होंने दावा किया कि जब जहर दिया गया था तब वे केवल अंग्रेजी शहर सैलिसबरी का दौरा करने वाले पर्यटक थे। यहाँ उनके साक्षात्कार के कुछ प्रमुख अंश दिए गए हैं।


What's the best way to stay awake in meetings?

Summary: US Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross is reportedly prone to dozing off in meetings. He's not the only one. So is there a trick to stopping those eyelids from suddenly feeling so, so heavy?

Meeting-induced sleepiness - it happens to the best of us. Former vice-presidents Joe Biden and Dick Cheney; former Speaker of the House of Representatives Newt Gingrich; Supreme Court Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Clarence Thomas - all famous faces who have made headlines for being caught napping during speeches and meetings. Mr Ross is the latest politician to be criticised for being reportedly unable to "stop falling asleep in meetings" at his department, according to Politico. But his staff denied his focus was so erratic that long meetings were avoided. So how can you avoid the tempting pull of sleep during your next meeting - and how might you keep everyone awake the next time you have to lead one? 1. The right time... Elise Keith, founder of Lucid Meetings, a US-based meeting coaching company, says that while time preferences may vary among individuals, research indicates that some periods may be better for achieving certain goals. "Things like status updates and logical thinking - you want to do those earlier in the morning," she says. When impressing people is important - like status updates, sales demos, interviews - the morning, "when sharpness and enthusiasm are at their height", is best. "Closer to the end of the day is a really good time for brainstorming... because the energy that you had in the morning has started to wear off," she says. "People loosen up, which is also what you want when you're trying to elicit cool ideas." And of course, never do meetings in the "dead zone" period - right after lunch. UK-based author and workplace culture expert Judi James, however, says the exact time "matters less than we think" and ensuring a meeting has a clearly stated end time is more important. "We often fall asleep in meetings out of boredom, not tiredness." 2. ... and right place While some sessions must take place wherever the work can get done, meeting in unconventional locations can help boost creativity. Standing meetings - where, as the name suggests, participants talk without sitting down - have also been praised by many efficiency experts for keeping things efficient. Ms Keith suggests walking meetings or spaces outside for more creative sessions. 3. Be prepared "The kind of meeting that leaves people to fall asleep is one where they probably shouldn't be there in the first place... or where other people are talking at them," Ms Keith says. "Have clarity of what the meeting is about and a plan for reaching the outcomes of that meeting, which then allows you to only invite relevant people." One recent study found American workers on average felt just 33% of leaders were well-prepared for meetings. And most managers, Ms Keith notes, may spend 80% of their time in meetings without ever having been trained how to lead one. Ensuring a clear agenda is a common piece of advice from productivity gurus. Annette Catino, a healthcare executive and entrepreneur, told the New York Times an agenda was essential, "because if I don't know why we're in the meeting, and you don't know why we're there, then there's no reason for a meeting". "One of the ways that people stay awake is that they're in a meeting that's interesting to them and relevant to their work." And if you're not certain who should be there? Make the meetings optional and see who shows, Ms Keith suggests. *If you're still with us, now might be a good time for a stand-up-and-stretch break. 4. Stay alert throughout the day Ms James recommends standing up from your desk every half-hour or to stretch and "invigorate" yourself throughout the day. And though some companies like Google, Ben & Jerry's ice cream, and online retailer Zappos, have offered employees spaces to get some shut eye during the work day, Ms James cautions that "power naps aren't always effective as they help you see the workplace as a sleep place". 5. To snack or not to snack? While Ms James suggests turning down hot drinks or carb-heavy snacks before a meeting if you are prone to drowsiness, Ms Keith says the right kind of snacks can help improve meeting culture. Snacks can keep people alert, for one thing, but are also a "symbol of caring" in many cultures. "Why not bring that into your meetings? Why not show the people there that they are cared for, they belong, their wellbeing is something that matters to you?" Of course, avoiding loud or smelly snacks is important, as is being mindful of participants' dietary restrictions. 6. Engage Putting it simply - you can't fall asleep if you're participating. "Speak up during the first three minutes," Ms James recommends. "It gets your voice into the room and allows you to feel like a contributor not a listener." Ms James also suggests making active body language contributions - "nod , use eye contact, and non-verbal responses to what you hear". Taking notes can also be helpful in keeping your brain alert. "If the meeting is dragging on, make yourself the note taker, search for key points, decisions that seem to be getting made but nobody is articulating clearly," Ms Keith says. "Raise your hand, interject, make sure they get called out. You can help other people be heard and ask questions." For leaders, Ms James says make sure to adhere to the agenda and only the agenda - tacking on "other business", she warns, is "when the bores kick off". 7. Fidget away When all else fails, keeping your hands busy can help. Ms Keith's fidgeting tool of choice is a pipe cleaner - simple, and quiet, if a little odd. Doodling is another longstanding go-to for bored meeting goers, but Ms James says it can make you even more drowsy. Sometimes, it may just take a pinch on your own arm instead, she adds. And if you do happen to nod off? Both Ms James and Ms Keith agree, if you succumb to sleep, it may be best to leave. "Make a swift excuse that doesn't sound attacking, and if possible, get up quietly, apologise and leave," Ms James recommends. And if you notice a colleague drifting off, only nudge them awake if you are friends. And after any such meeting, Ms Keith emphasises the importance of providing honest feedback. "If you're in there and you're sleeping because the meeting is so poorly planned, so disengaging, and such a big waste of your time, then that's a massive bit of wasted investment for your company and the leading cause of employee disengagement," she says. "That's the kind of thing that makes people quit." Reporting by Ritu Prasad Here is a selection of your comments: Whenever I feel I am beginning to doze in meetings, I immediately imagine my worst fear, which, for me, is being trapped in rubble after an earthquake. The adrenaline rush wakes me immediately. Paul Ketley, New Jersey, US Old lawyer trick - lift one foot off the ground and you cannot fall asleep. Works when driving as well. Dan Todd, Tennessee, US Eat Chinese salty plums. Really make you sit up and take notice. Judith Clark, Massachusetts, US Drinking sips of water, I find, helps. Also chewing gum. I find it impossible to sleep whilst chewing! Andrew Halley, Cambridge, UK My motto on meeting is: time limited and short. Staff have just two minutes or less to talk and I ask for bullet points...They only need to report on an exceptional issue, not what they are doing as part of their job... Lastly, keeping to a small group is the most productive way to go. Subrat Das, Bamako, Mali If this happens to me I always say 'amen' upon waking, so that I can say I was praying and not sleeping. Grant H, Idaho, US

अमेरिकी वाणिज्य सचिव विल्बर रॉस को कथित तौर पर बैठकों में नींद आने की संभावना है। वह अकेले नहीं हैं। तो क्या उन पलकों को अचानक इतना भारी महसूस करने से रोकने की कोई चाल है?


Woman 'humiliated' by Walgreens over drugs to end pregnancy

Summary: An Arizona woman has said she was left "in tears and humiliated" after a staff member at US pharmacy chain Walgreens refused to give her prescription medication to end her pregnancy - even though her doctor had said she would ultimately have a miscarriage.

By Rebecca SealesBBC News Nicole Mone had discovered at a doctor's appointment on Tuesday that her baby was not developing normally. Knowing her two-month pregnancy would not run to term, she was given a choice to end it through a surgical procedure or prescription medication, and chose the latter. When she went to a Walgreens in the city of Peoria to get her prescription, she says a pharmacist refused to serve her on moral grounds - a stance which is within the company's rules. She told the BBC the staff member was "very short, not compassionate at all". Ms Mone, 35, shared a picture of a business card identifying the pharmacist on social media. The BBC contacted the store to seek a response from him, but was told he was not available. "I stood at the mercy of this pharmacist explaining my situation in front of my 7-year-old and five customers standing behind, only to be denied because of his ethical beliefs," Ms Mone wrote on Facebook and Instagram. "I get it, we all have our beliefs. But what he failed to understand is, this isn't the situation I had hoped for - this isn't something I wanted. This is something I have zero control over. He has no idea what it's like to want nothing more than to carry a child to full term and be unable to do so." Ms Mone wrote that she had suffered a previous miscarriage. She said her young son was left "trying to figure out what's going on, watching me get upset and trying to figure out why". "I left Walgreens in tears, ashamed and feeling humiliated by a man who knows nothing of my struggles but feels it is his right to deny medication prescribed to me by my doctor," she wrote. Ms Mone said she was sharing her story as she didn't want other women to endure similar experiences when they were "vulnerable and already suffering". In a statement to the BBC, Walgreens said it was looking into the matter, and had "reached out to the patient and apologised for how the situation was handled". It said company policy allowed its pharmacists to "step away from filling a prescription for which they have a moral objection". In that situation, staff are required to refer the prescription to another pharmacist or manager "to meet the patient's needs in a timely manner". Ms Mone said that did not reflect her experience, however, as the pharmacist "could have just passed me on to the lady that was standing next to him" - which she says did not happen. Instead, the prescription was transferred to another Walgreens store. Ms Mone picked it up there after seeking her doctor's help to ensure the second pharmacy would give it to her. She said that Walgreens had not reached out to her to apologise, but that a store manager said she was sorry when Ms Mone telephoned to flag up the incident a day later. In an update to her original Facebook post, which had drawn 33,000 reactions at time of writing, Ms Mone said she had contacted Walgreens corporate office, and filed a complaint with the state Board of Pharmacy. "Thank you to those who have shown love and support," she added.

एरिजोना की एक महिला ने कहा है कि अमेरिकी फार्मेसी श्रृंखला वाल्ग्रीन्स के एक कर्मचारी सदस्य द्वारा उसकी गर्भावस्था को समाप्त करने के लिए उसे प्रिस्क्रिप्शन दवा देने से इनकार करने के बाद वह "आँसू और अपमानित" हो गई थी-भले ही उसके डॉक्टर ने कहा था कि उसका अंततः गर्भपात हो जाएगा।


Profile: Khaled al-Asaad, Syria's 'Mr Palmyra'

Summary: Khaled al-Asaad, the archaeologist who has reportedly been killed by Islamic State militants, had a lifelong connection to the town, having been born into a prominent family in the area in 1934.

Although curating the ruins at the Unesco World Heritage site would become his life's work and he had a degree in history from Damascus University, he had no formal training in archaeology - all his knowledge in this field was self-taught. Archaeologist and former Syrian antiquities official Amr al-Azm, who knew Mr Asaad, told the BBC that he was an "icon of Palmyrene archaeology". "If you needed to do anything in Palmyra with regards to the archaeology or the monuments, you had to go through Khaled al-Asaad. He was essentially 'Mr Palmyra'," Mr Azm said. Mr Asaad was involved in the early excavation and restoration work at the site, and carried on this work for four decades. "When you look at Palmyra today as an archaeological site, really that's the legacy of Khaled al-Asaad," Mr Azm says. "We lost this great... resource of knowledge on Palmyra and its history, much acquired through personal, direct contact... the sort of information you could never get from a book or a lecture," he added. One of the "crimes" IS apparently accused Mr Asaad of was working with the regime of President Bashar al-Assad. He was a member of the ruling Baath Party but there is no clear evidence that he was an active supporter of the regime - anyone in any position of authority in Syria during this time had to be a party member. When he retired in 2003, his son Walid took on the mantle of his work at the site - both were reportedly detained by IS last month. Syrian antiquities chief Maamoun Abdulkarim told AFP that Mr Asaad's other son Mohammed and his son-in-law Khalil actively participated in the rescue of 400 antiquities as the town was being taken over by the jihadists in May. Mr Abdul Karim said IS militants had tried to extract information from Mr Assad about where some treasures were hidden. Some reports say that he was executed after refusing these requests. Historian and writer Tom Holland said if the reports were true, Mr Asaad was "not just a martyr, but a hero. "Islamic State is very keen on the idea of martyrdom, but if this is true, it shows that it is not only religiously inspired interpretations of the past that people feel are worth dying for."

कथित तौर पर इस्लामिक स्टेट के आतंकवादियों द्वारा मारे गए पुरातत्वविद् खालिद अल-असद का शहर से आजीवन संबंध था, जिनका जन्म 1934 में क्षेत्र के एक प्रमुख परिवार में हुआ था।


GMB leader Tim Roache on the EU vote, Labour and unions

Summary: It's rare these days - especially as the referendum debate rages with both sides to varying degrees struggling to tell the public the truth, the whole truth, and absolutely nothing but the truth - that political figures are willing to say exactly what they think in public.

Laura KuenssbergPolitical editor@bbclaurakon Twitter But the union movement, in the recently elected boss of the GMB, Tim Roache, might just have found themselves someone who might. He's worked for the union for decades, starting as a teenager in the post room. But after years of working his way up, now he's in charge, Roache is clearly determined to change things. And in an interview with me for Radio 4's World at One programme, he didn't hold back. A few days before his first union congress as leader, to use his phrase, he thinks unions must "freshen up" - he wants to make his union, and perhaps the whole movement, more relevant to his members and politics in a wider sense. 'Half-hearted Remain' First things first, like many others in the Labour movement, he is worried the referendum could be lost because Labour voters simply stay at home - he describes himself as an "angry Remain", and the debate so far, as a "Tory bunfight", when it actually, he says matters hugely to workers and workers rights. And although he supported Jeremy Corbyn for the leadership, he believes he is only a "half-hearted Remain", and urges him to take a more prominent position in the campaign. What's more striking perhaps is Roache's obvious wider concern about the Labour Party. I ask if Labour is in the kind of shape it needs to be to win the next general election - "absolutely not", comes the answer, it has "failed to get its message across", he says. Clearly, Roache believes the party's performance is not yet good enough and it has to improve. After May's local elections, the GMB leader had warned that the party ought to have won many more seats. But as a Corbyn backer, and with anxieties across the Labour party about the leadership's approach to the referendum, this message can't be dismissed as the party's usual suspects going after him. And Roache has an equally tough message for MPs who have groused about Mr Corbyn's leadership, warning that the party has been "tearing itself apart" and they have a responsibility to get behind the leader with his huge mandate from the membership. Union voices matter - they don't just provide the Labour Party with much of its cash, but much of its power on the ground. And on Trident, on how he wants unions to look different, whether Jeremy Corbyn should shave off his beard, he has plenty more to say. You can listen to my full interview with him on the World at One from 13:00 BST.

यह इन दिनों दुर्लभ है-विशेष रूप से जब जनमत संग्रह की बहस दोनों पक्षों के साथ जनता को सच, पूरी सच्चाई, और सच के अलावा कुछ भी नहीं बताने के लिए संघर्ष कर रही है-कि राजनीतिक हस्तियां सार्वजनिक रूप से वही कहने को तैयार हैं जो वे सोचते हैं।


Korea's hidden problem: Suicidal defectors

Summary: All over the world, people flee in their millions from tyrannous regimes, but how often do they find the better life they were hoping for? In South Korea, statistics indicate that a startling number of defectors from the North end up taking their own lives.

By Stephen EvansBBC News, Seoul You always hear of the celebrity defectors. They write best-selling books and appear on television. They can earn tens of thousands of dollars for an evening at a speaking engagement. They are eloquent as they tell their harrowing stories of dangerous flights from extreme oppression. But there is sometimes a darker side to the stories of those who flee their homeland. In South Korea, the statistics reveal a truth. The country's unification ministry says that over the past 10 years, 6% to 7% of defectors who have died killed themselves. But in recent months there has been a big rise - according to the ministry, 14% of deaths among defectors this year have been suicides. That is much higher than among the population in general, and South Korea consistently has the highest suicide rate of all the 34 industrialized countries in the OECD. There are a number of factors involved. One is that the home they've left is close but unreachable. Another is that their new economic reality can be very different from the glamorised life portrayed in the South Korean soap operas smuggled into the North. Kim Song-il is now in his seventh line of business since he defected 14 years ago. He's been a bus driver, a building labourer and has run a restaurant. Now he's started his own business selling chicken pieces. He buys whole chickens and has hired a handful of employees to cut them up and bag them for freezing to be sold - the price of the parts combined is greater than the cost of the whole. It's a struggle. "When my earlier businesses failed, I tried to kill myself three times," he says. "I had to keep reminding myself how I risked my life just to get here." Part of his difficulty, he says, is that he was a military officer in the North and was used to giving orders. Taking orders as an employee in capitalism has not been easy. Last year, there were 1,400 defectors. The flow is all one way - North to South. Or nearly all one way. Forty-five-year-old Kim Ryen-hi gave a tearful press conference recently and announced that she wants to go home. Four years ago, she arrived in South Korea via China and Thailand but now misses the North dreadfully. "Freedom and material and other lures of any kind, they are not as important to me as my family and home," she said. "I want to return to my precious family, even if I die of hunger." She is very much an exception - and there are those who succeed in the South. Lee Yung-hee has enterprise written right through her. She defected 14 years ago and now runs a busy restaurant - Max Tortilla - two hours outside Seoul. In the North, she'd never heard of this classic Mexican dish but when she reached the South she initially got a job selling kebabs - meat in a roll - and thought that adding rice would suit Korean taste even more. The result, she discovered, was akin to a burrito, so she went into the burrito business - very successfully. Initiative and hard work paid off. "When I first arrived here the South seemed so different," she says. "In order to succeed, I had to learn everything from scratch." Defectors get three months' training when they arrive but critics of the system say that's not enough to learn new skills. The government replies that the defectors themselves don't want prolonged periods of schooling. Some Christian groups provide vocational training and say that what works best is training in simple but useful skills like making coffee to serve in a cafe. But the lack of opportunities, beyond humble jobs like this, is one source of discontent. According to one survey 50% described their status in the North as "upper" or "middle" class, but only 26% said they fell into this category in the South. The vast majority - 73% - described their new status as lower class. Andrei Lankov, a historian at Kookmin University in Seoul who has also studied in Pyongyang, says the problem is that skills acquired in the North are insufficient for the modern South Korean economy. Doctors who defect, for example, often fail to get jobs in South Korean medicine. In his opinion, this has implications for unification whenever (and if ever) it happens. "Can a graduate of a North Korean medical school hope to get a license in post-unification Korea if all his (or, more likely, her) medical knowledge is taken from poorly translated Soviet textbooks that are a few decades old?" he asks in a story for the NK News website. And would a South Korean company hire a technician "whose job for decades has principally consisted of dogged - and often ingenious - efforts to keep Soviet-era vintage equipment working?" That is a dilemma for the future. In the present, the hidden problem consists of desperate North Koreans who are lonely and adrift in South Korea, teetering on the edge of taking their own lives, and sometimes tipping over the edge. Watch Stephen Evans's video, filmed for the Victoria Derbyshire programme. More from the Magazine Fifteen years ago, Kim Cheol-woong was a successful pianist living in North Korea - but his life suddenly changed when someone heard him playing a Western love song. Interrogated for playing the wrong tune (July 2015) Subscribe to the BBC News Magazine's email newsletter to get articles sent to your inbox.

दुनिया भर में, लोग अपने लाखों में अत्याचारी शासनों से भाग जाते हैं, लेकिन उन्हें कितनी बार बेहतर जीवन मिलता है जिसकी वे उम्मीद कर रहे थे? दक्षिण कोरिया में, आंकड़े बताते हैं कि उत्तर से दलबदल करने वालों की एक चौंका देने वाली संख्या अंततः अपनी जान ले लेती है।


Census: 1911 v 2011

Summary: Next month, the UK will do its most thorough census yet. A century ago, a new expanded form was evidence of a government's thirst for knowledge in their efforts to help a population stricken by poverty, bad nutrition and high infant mortality.

By Finlo RohrerBBC News Magazine There are many differences between the 1911 and 2011 census. That of a hundred years ago was able to fit on a single sheet. Today's is likely to be about 30 pages long. That of 1911 might be regarded as sexist, implying that if there was a husband in the household he would be head of it. And its language on infirmity, asking householders if they were "lunatic, imbecile or feeble-minded", would be unlikely to pass muster with today's disability campaigners. In 1911, as far as work went, the government just wanted to know occupation, industry, and status. In 2011, the census has 15 nuanced questions on work and employment. And yet there is a great similarity between the 1911 and 2011 censuses - they both represent expansion in what the authorities want to know about the population. Censuses have been taken since ancient times, often to calculate taxes, or as an assessment of military strength. In Britain the census started in 1801 and was extended to Ireland 20 years later. The first censuses in the British Isles were not detailed. Every decade more questions were added, but 1911 represented a sea change. The government wanted to know more detail about people's work, immigration status, their health and most importantly, their fertility. And it seems for the most part, that people duly obliged. For the 2011 census, there has already been criticism over the cost and intrusiveness of the questioning. People seem to have overcome these qualms in 1911. "People were certainly more amenable to these questions in 1911 than in 1841," says historian and broadcaster Nick Barratt. "There was a lot of government investigation into everyday lives. There wasn't the great hooha you get today about cost and intrusiveness." That's not to say some people weren't unhappy. The King family of Cheshire seemed to be irked, scrawling in pencil: "Would you like to know what our income is, what each had for breakfast, how long we expect to live and anything else?" They still filled in the form, including the fact that of 67-year-old Mrs King's 10 children, all had survived. This was crucial information for the government. "Child mortality had been a hot potato for about 40 years," says Dr Julie-Marie Strange, senior lecturer in Victorian Studies at Manchester University. "From the 1860s there is a real anxiety that people don't value infant life very much and that it is too easy to let infants die." In the Victorian mindset, immorality was the main suspect. The practice of taking out life insurance on babies was banned, notes Dr Strange, over fears that babies were deliberately being allowed to die. But by the early 20th Century, infant mortality rates were still stubbornly high. "General mortality rates went into decline from 1870 - the one exception is infant mortality," says Dr Strange. "The 1911 census allows a thorough statistical understanding. It is allowing mapping of that demographic and death rate. "You start to get massive resources ploughed into infant and child welfare. The infant mortality rates start to decline. A lot of it is health visitors improving nutrition - milk depots where mothers can go and get free milk." Of course, some people would have been wary about people coming into their homes asking about child deaths and marital status. "That's quite a sensitive issue. Even asking people how long they had been married was a bit contentious," says Debra Chatfield, of findmypast.co.uk, which has the 1911 census online. "They may have had children conceived before they married. There was a bit of a trend for people to live as if they were Mr and Mrs but they hadn't taken the formal step." Working-class men were the group most wary of snooping intruders, says Dr Strange. "There would have been a degree of suspicion. You have very well-spoken people coming to your house and trying to found out things about you." But the strength of the 1911 census was that it was the first to be filled in by householders rather than by enumerators. This is what makes it such a goldmine for genealogy buffs. Being able to see an ancestor's actual handwriting is often as pleasing as the information garnered, and there are new nuances for the sharp-eyed to spot. "You have always had phenomena like postcode inflation. If they write their own address you get a sense of that," says Dan Jones, of ancestry.co.uk, who plan to have the 1911 census online soon. "Even in how people describe themselves you can get a sense of what they are." The 1911 census also offers an insight into one of the great political movements of 20th Century Britain, the efforts by suffragettes to get the vote for women. The activists tried to get women to refuse to fill out the census, organising a mass avoidance session near London's Trafalgar Square, prompting a heartfelt plea from the registrar in the Times. "It furnishes statistics and materials on which are based most of the measures by which the health and happiness of the community are promoted. In the struggle with disease and poverty and the work for the benefit of the children and the helpless the Census statistics are invaluable," he wrote. Those "helpless" were counted with the help of a Salvation Army free-meal-and-census evening featuring a menu of bread and mutton soup. And afterwards, the Times was delighted to report that the suffragettes had failed to avoid being counted. It puts the recent international Jedi census stunt - where people listed their religion as Jedi in tribute to Star Wars - into perspective. Looking at the 2011 census, the irked members of the King family might have been surprised to see questions on type of heating, ethnicity and religion. Or the baffling question 17: "This question is intentionally left blank go to 18." The observer from 1911 might also wonder at our obsession over the minutiae of working life. Take question 28: "If a job had been available last week, could you have started it within two weeks?" If the government of 1911 was curious, the government of 2011 is ravenous for knowledge.

अगले महीने, ब्रिटेन अपनी अब तक की सबसे गहन जनगणना करेगा। एक सदी पहले, एक नया विस्तारित रूप गरीबी, खराब पोषण और उच्च शिशु मृत्यु दर से पीड़ित आबादी की मदद करने के उनके प्रयासों में ज्ञान के लिए सरकार की प्यास का प्रमाण था।


A fascination with gangsters

Summary: The film Legend, telling the story of the Kray twins, has broken box office records since its release earlier this month. Johnny Depp has played notorious Boston gangster Whitey Bulger. But what is it about gangsters' life stories that continues to fascinate audiences?

By Justin ParkinsonBBC News Magazine Warning: This piece contains spoilers "I am not going to waste words on you," said Justice Melford Stevenson as he sentenced Ronnie and Reggie Kray to life imprisonment. "In my view society has earned a rest from your activities." The judge's disdain at the end of their murder trial in 1969 reflects an official view of gangsters. They hurt and kill for money. They torture rivals. They steal. They sell drugs. They traffic people for sex. They terrorise neighbourhoods. But, contrary to the judge's wishes, leaders of organised crime need not fear obscurity. Hundreds of films and books have been made and written about their exploits. The hunger for information shows no sign of letting up with Legend, a Krays biopic starring Tom Hardy as both brothers, taking more than £5m in its opening weekend. This is the biggest figure for a September opening and the biggest for a British production with an 18 certificate. Black Mass, starring Johnny Depp as the Boston gangster James "Whitey" Bulger, has opened in the US and is out soon in the UK. Classics like the Godfather trilogy, Goodfellas, Angels With Dirty Faces, Scarface (two versions) and the Untouchables continue to fascinate, despite showing violence, intimidation and abuse. What is it that makes gangsters at once so appalling and appealing? "There's something immensely aspirational about it - this sense that they can do anything," says David Wilson, professor of criminology at Birmingham City University. "They take risks that we would never take in real life. Often there's a good-looking actor playing the lead. They look cool. They wear clothes that are fashionable." There's also nostalgia - the Krays' trial and imprisonment came at the end of the 1960s, London's "swinging" decade. They mixed with celebrities, politicians and society figures before their downfall. Most of those involved or affected by the Krays' reign are no longer active or alive, so a sheen of legend attaches itself more easily. The Krays Films about criminals have been popular for more than a century. DW Griffith's The Musketeers of Pig Alley, released in 1912, is regarded by many critics as the world's first gangster movie. Without revealing the plot, it's fair to say its main villain doesn't really get his comeuppance. US academics Robert Bieber and Robert Kelly have written of gangsterism in popular culture in this era as a parallel of the American Dream - the poor managing to establish an exalted position in society and great wealth by illegal means. For those denied opportunities, they become criminal class warriors. Wilson is sceptical of this idea, though, arguing that an interest in gangsters is less about their origins than their destination in life. "You could get a film about [Metropolitan Police Commissioner] Bernard Hogan-Howe, who came from quite a poor background, but no-one would want to make that. There's something about good guys that doesn't resonate with a cinema-going audience. They won't take the same level of risk or behave outside any moral compass." The films of the 1910s and 1920s were seen by many to glamorise crime. So the Hays Code, setting out moral guidelines for Hollywood in 1930, stipulated that the "sympathy of the audience should never be thrown to the side of crime, wrongdoing, evil or sin". Directors used their ingenuity to include some ambiguity while ostensibly following the code. The 1932 film Scarface, at the time seen as highly violent, had the subtitle The Shame of the Nation. With its whiff of excitement, it's debatable whether this discouraged or encouraged people to watch. In 1938's Angels With Dirty Faces, James Cagney goes to the electric chair, although there is no sense of remorse. Simple morality and gangster films had an uneasy relationship even before the code's demise in the mid-1960s. "Although movie viewers expect criminals to fail which means prison or death," say Bieber and Kelly, "the bad guys are seen somewhat sympathetically as victims of circumstances as much as they are perceived as psychopaths or social misfits." This theme continues in Michael Corleone, the main character in the Godfather Trilogy, released from 1972 to 1990, pulled into running his Mafia family's operations and becoming gradually more brutal. "I didn't see him as a gangster," Al Pacino, who played Corleone, has said. "I felt his power was his enigmatic quality." Legend's director, Brian Helgeland, has spoken of the need to humanise Reggie Kray, in contrast to his brother, who was diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic in 1979. The film, narrated from the point of view of Reggie's wife Frances, shows his decline after her suicide. But films struggle against time constraints when showing people's lives, often restricted to their most exciting events. "You see these people at a distance," says writer and broadcaster Antony Earnshaw. "A lot of audiences don't want to see the truth of what these people did. If you put that on screen, they are repulsed by it. They want to believe in the legend and not the truth. Unless you grew up in 1960s Bethnal Green, how can you ever know what the Krays were like?" "Extreme acts" of good and evil are what attract people, Earnshaw argues. The Krays were known for generosity towards their friends, while their enemies experienced violence. There are broadly two types of gangster films - the fictional and those based on real stories. The Krays and Black Mass are both among the latter. These involve a "fine balance" between entertaining audiences and showing the reality, says Earnshaw. This is particularly so as many people who knew Bulger's victims, and to a lesser extent those of the Krays, will still be around. The Krays were themselves fans of classic US gangster movies and were said to base some of their mannerisms on those of actors like Cagney, Spencer Tracey and Humphrey Bogart. They seem to inhabit a more glamorous world than most. Money, fast cars, sex: films continue to show a lot of the upside. "There's still a romanticisation of the gangster," says Earnshaw. Gangsters are often shown as colourful characters, from Robert De Niro's portrayal of Chicago bootlegger Al Capone in The Untouchables to the assortment of East End villains to be found in Guy Ritchie's Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels. There is a sense of honour among many screen gangsters, particularly "omerta" - the mafia's understanding that all members of an organisation maintain silence about its activities, especially when the police are involved. Whitey Bulger, a prominent figure in Boston's organised crime scene from the 1970s to the mid-1990s, was found guilty in 2013 of 11 murders. He was sentenced two two life terms, plus five years. Ronnie Kray died in 1995 and Reggie Kray in 2000. Where the ugly reality of gangsters' violence intrudes it can still be shocking, even in the context of a film about them. In Goodfellas, released almost exactly 25 years ago, Joe Pesci's Tommy glasses a restaurateur who asks him to pay the bill. Tommy kills another man, after he mocks his previous career as a shoe-shine boy while standing in the same bar. He punches him repeatedly, while an associate kicks him. Tommy blames the death on "disrespect". "It's that mentality that frightens me, the way they can act so suddenly in this way," says Earnshaw. "You must never believe that these people are your friends." More from the Magazine The Manson case involved drugs, orgies and cults, three concerns shared by parents of children growing up in the "free love" atmosphere of the 1960s. It also came at a time of intense divisions in the US over civil rights, race and the Vietnam War. What explains the continuing fascination with Charles Manson? (November 2014) Subscribe to the BBC News Magazine's email newsletter to get articles sent to your inbox.

क्रे जुड़वा बच्चों की कहानी बताने वाली फिल्म लीजेंड ने इस महीने की शुरुआत में रिलीज होने के बाद से बॉक्स ऑफिस पर रिकॉर्ड तोड़ दिए हैं। जॉनी डेप ने बोस्टन के कुख्यात गैंगस्टर व्हाइटी बल्गर की भूमिका निभाई है। लेकिन गैंगस्टरों की जीवन कहानियों के बारे में क्या है जो दर्शकों को आकर्षित करना जारी रखती है?


Coronavirus: Holt rallies after devastating supermarket fire

Summary: When a devastating fire destroyed a town's only supermarket, many feared a lifeline had been destroyed. But from the ashes is emerging a renewed community spirit and the determination to come back stronger.

By Laura Devlin and Mariam IssimdarBBC News The images spread across social media as quickly as the flames engulfed the building. Budgens, which had served the north Norfolk town of Holt for more than 30 years, was being destroyed by fire. Late into the night on 20 June, crowds gathered to take a closer look as it went up in smoke. The disbelief and sense of loss were palpable. The fire left Holt with no supermarket. Its nearest is seven miles (11km) away in Sheringham and not all of the town's 3,926 residents - just under half of whom are 65+ - will be able to get there. Budgens was also Holt's only post office, the community hub, the workplace of neighbours and friends - it seemed everyone knew someone who worked there. At dawn, while firefighters picked over the charred skeleton of an old friend, the community's own emergency response was already under way. Within hours, an online appeal for staff "who worked so hard to provide a lifeline to our town during coronavirus" had raised hundreds of pounds and now the total stands at more than £7,000. "Thank you for being there," one of the comments reads, praising Budgens for its deliveries during lockdown. "The staff were absolutely incredible," says another. "We are thinking of you." Duncan Baker, who grew up in the town and is now Conservative MP for North Norfolk, said: "There's been a huge outpouring of people being very upset. How many towns would see that over a supermarket? "Budgens wasn't just a supermarket: it was independent, it did an amazing amount of activities, raising thousands of pounds for local charities. "They would stock huge amounts of local produce that you just wouldn't get in normal supermarkets: daffodils from local growers at Easter, crabs from Cromer fishermen, strawberries from fields just down the road. "All the people I have spoken to are very supportive - they're very, very sad to see the fire because of how much Budgens meant to them, but I believe Holt will come out of this even stronger." You may also like: Budgens has more than 260 stores, all locally owned by independent retailers, and Holt's is owned by CT Baker - which for years had Mr Baker's late stepfather, Michael, as its managing director. Customers were as likely to buy a raffle ticket or stumble across a charity bake sale as they were to pick up groceries. For Bridget Jarvis, who worked at Budgens for 10 years before her retirement, the store's loss was "horrendous". "I shopped in there every day; it was really handy," she said. "We've got nowhere now - it's really bad on the elderly and those that can't drive. "They rely on Budgens. They're lost, really." Throughout lockdown, Budgens delivered to vulnerable customers but had to raise its game when the store went up in smoke. Over the next four days, more than a fifth of calls to North Norfolk District Council's coronavirus helpline were from customers anxious about food supplies. The council and volunteers ensured the most vulnerable had enough supplies, and this week Budgens restarted deliveries from its store in Aylsham, 11 miles (18km) away. A shuttle-bus service to a supermarket was mooted, but coronavirus fears around shared transport meant it was not taken up. Jane Gurney-Read, managing director of CT Baker, said: "We have some very vulnerable customers in Holt, some who cannot get out or are shielding. "We were able to do our usual deliveries within a week, and people have had the same delivery driver, Mike, who they are used to seeing." Within five days, the town's only post office reappeared as a "pop-up" within Bakers and Larners, a department store on the High Street owned by the company. "The last thing we wanted to do was leave the customers stranded and that has been very well received," said Ms Gurney-Read. She said Budgens' 83 staff members would be paid throughout the summer, with hopes that a new supermarket will be up and running as soon as possible. "They worked very hard during Covid-19 to keep the community looked after. "When we spoke to them, a lot of them, their first thought was not for themselves, it was for the customers - that just tells you the kind of team we have." "None of us want Holt to be without a supermarket. Once we have plans in place, they will be shared." The essential shops on Holt's High Street and among its higgledy-piggledy streets and courtyards, including butchers and greengrocers, have pulled together to try to bridge the gap left behind by Budgens. Joanne Boulter, of B&J Seafoods, which has offered deliveries throughout lockdown, said: "The trade has picked up - we've tried to stock a bit of fruit and veg, bread and rolls, to help customers. "We're just helping where we can. Everyone misses it. We didn't see it as a competition - everyone went in there for something." It's easy to view Holt, with its handsome Georgian buildings, as a well-heeled town. It is awash with galleries, posh delis and gift shops and is popular with second-homers and holidaymakers. Bakers and Larners has been compared to Fortnum and Mason, and boarding school Gresham's will soon have a new science block, thanks to £18.75m from alumnus Sir James Dyson. But behind the boutiques and antiques, and just yards from Gresham's playing field, is a different town - the one supported by Julie Alford, who runs Holt Youth Project. It hosts a food bank and supports young people, including carers, many of whom are still at primary school. "The need has been overwhelming this week - so many people needed us," she said, from its centre within an area of social housing. Up to 30 food parcels have been delivered to families and young carers who are struggling to get to a supermarket, or are unable to find a delivery slot. Mental health problems, low aspirations and domestic abuse are among the issues she deals with. "For some, it's like Budgens has burned down and their life has fallen apart," she said. Lucy Worrell was making a special trip from a neighbouring village to support the local shops in Holt. "We've just had this extraordinary period of lockdown and then for this to happen, it couldn't get any worse," she said. "I really hope it will come back." Find BBC News: East of England on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. If you have a story suggestion email eastofenglandnews@bbc.co.uk

जब एक विनाशकारी आग ने एक शहर के एकमात्र सुपरमार्केट को नष्ट कर दिया, तो कई लोगों को डर था कि एक जीवन रेखा नष्ट हो गई है। लेकिन राख से एक नई सामुदायिक भावना और मजबूत होकर वापस आने का दृढ़ संकल्प उभर रहा है।


Why do we pay National Insurance?

Summary: If you have a job, then you pay National Insurance.

It is taken out of your salary depending on how much you earn, similar to income tax. But because it isn't called a tax, governments can say they haven't increased income tax even though they've put up National Insurance. Labour is planning to increase how much both employers and employees pay. The Conservatives claim that will damage business and say they will scrap the rise. So what is National Insurance and how does it work? History National Insurance payments were introduced in 1911. The idea was to provide a government safety-net for workers who fell on hard times. Employees paid money into the scheme out of their wages. Anyone needing cash for medical treatment, or because they had lost their job, could claim from the fund. What it is used for? The system has changed over the years. National Insurance is now used to pay for: NI is supposed to be "ring fenced" - meaning the money raised is only used for these areas and won't be spent on things like building schools or employing police officers. However, the government can borrow from the National Insurance fund to help pay for other projects. How much do I pay? If you work for a company: On any money you earn between £110 and £844 per week - you pay 11% If you earn more than £844 per week, there's an extra 1% added on top. If you are self-employed: A flat rate of £2.40 per week, plus 8% of your profits between £5,715 and £43,875 per year. If you are an employer: You also pay into the scheme - 12.8% of an employee's salary. Why are politicians arguing about NI? Labour plans to increase National Insurance contributions by 1% for employees and employers. They claim that is needed to pay for public services during the recession. The Conservatives say that will damage the economy and have the support of several high profile business leaders. Instead they want to find extra cash from cutting "wasteful" spending. The Liberal Democrats are also sceptical about the Conservative plan to freeze NI.

अगर आपके पास नौकरी है तो आप राष्ट्रीय बीमा का भुगतान करते हैं।


Should drug lord Guzman have been extradited to the US?

Summary: The escape on Saturday of Joaquin Guzman, one of the world's most wanted drug lords, from a maximum-security jail in Mexico, has reignited the discussion about whether he should have been extradited to the United States.

By Vanessa BuschschluterBBC News US prosecutors had been expressing their wish to put him on trial in a US court since his arrest in February 2014. Guzman, who was named Public Enemy Number One by the Chicago Crime Commission in 2013, has been indicted by at least seven federal district courts. As the head of the Sinaloa cartel, he is accused of overseeing the smuggling of huge amounts of drugs from South and Central America to the United States. He is also facing charges of money laundering, racketeering and arms trafficking in courts as far apart as Arizona and Texas. 'No intention' But since his 2014 arrest in his home state of Sinaloa, Mexico, there has been little movement on the extradition front. While US courts were arguing about who had the best case against Guzman and should therefore get priority putting him on trial, Mexican officials were making it clear they were in no rush to send him across the border. Mexico's attorney general at the time, Jesus Murillo Karam, said as early as April last year that he had "no intention" of handing Guzman over to the US authorities. In an interview with Mexican daily El Universal, Mr Murillo Karam said he was annoyed at a plea bargain an extradited Mexican drug dealer had struck with the US authorities. Jesus Vicente Zambada Niebla, also known as Vicentillo, pleaded guilty in a court in Chicago to smuggling tonnes of cocaine and heroin to the United States. In exchange for promising the US authorities "full and truthful co-operation", his sentence was reduced from a potential life sentence to 10 years. Valuable asset The US authorities believed Vicentillo could prove a key witness if Joaquin Guzman was ever extradited to the United States. The son of Guzman's number two, Ismael "El Mayo" Zambada, and a key player in the drugs trade himself, Vicentillo was seen as a valuable asset. But Mr Murillo Karam said he felt "uncomfortable" with the deals the US reached with "criminals" such as Vicentillo. The then-attorney general pointed out that there were plenty of charges Guzman faced in Mexico as well as in the US and that he wanted to see him tried in his homeland. He reiterated his position in January of this year, when he again stated that he wanted to see Guzman serve his sentence in Mexico first. 'El Chapo [Guzman] has to stay here to serve his sentence and then I'll extradite him. That could be in about 300 to 400 years, there's still a long time to go." At the time, he said that he thought a formal extradition request by the US was imminent, but it seems that following Mr Murillo Karam's strong words, the request was not filed. He argued that keeping Guzman in Mexico was also a question of sovereignty. But Mr Murillo Karam is more likely to regret another statement he made back in January. He said that extradition should be considered in instances where there was a flight risk, something he said did "not exist" in the case of Guzman. Given the fact the Guzman had escaped from another top security jail in 2001 and was on the run for the next 13 years, this was a surprising assurance. Colombian experience Comparisons have been drawn between Joaquin Guzman and the late infamous Colombian drug lord, Pablo Escobar. Both made immense fortunes in the illicit drug trafficking trade, and through bribery and intimidation managed to sway huge power and infiltrate parts of the security forces. Both have also mounted successful and spectacular escapes from jail. It was Pablo Escobar's jail break that played a major part in changing the Colombian approach to extradition. In a 1991 deal with the Colombian authorities, Escobar agreed to hand himself in to the Colombian police and to serve five years in a jail built to his own specifications in his hometown of Medellin. La Catedral (the cathedral), as the luxury jail was known, boasted a football pitch, a jacuzzi and a bar among its many amenities. After little more than a year, Escobar escaped from the jail and went on the run, much like Guzman did on Saturday. He was eventually killed a year later while still on the run. But before he was jailed, Escobar had threatened and cajoled members of a constitutional assembly to enshrine a ban on extraditions in the Colombian constitution. It remained in force until December 1997, when a constitutional amendment reversed the ban. Since then, Colombia has extradited many drug dealers to the United States saying that it is both a cheaper and safer option for the Colombian justice system. Colombian officials argue that in the US, Colombian drug dealers will find it harder to intimidate guards and their families or to access their riches to bribe prison staff. With 30 prison staff and the warden under questioning over the escape of Chapo Guzman at Mexico's Altiplano jail, this argument may well be met with more open ears in Mexico, too, now.

दुनिया के सबसे वांछित मादक पदार्थ तस्करों में से एक जोकिन गुज़मैन के मेक्सिको की अधिकतम सुरक्षा वाली जेल से शनिवार को भागने ने इस चर्चा को फिर से शुरू कर दिया है कि क्या उसे संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में प्रत्यर्पित किया जाना चाहिए था।


Alex Wheatle: Why the 'amazingly exciting' Chester Himes should be better known

Summary: In 1981 Alex Wheatle served time in prison in London following the Brixton riots. His teenage life was turned around by another prisoner who suggested he should start reading the work of black writers - it was the creative spark for his own career as a novelist.

By Vincent DowdArts correspondent, BBC News The reading-list included Chester Himes - the "amazingly exciting" American crime writer Wheatle says should be better known. The moment Wheatle fell in love with black writing is dramatised in a film from Steve McQueen's Small Axe season on BBC One, which airs on Sunday. Cellmate Simeon tells Wheatle he needs to know more about black culture - British and otherwise. We see Wheatle (played by Sheyi Cole) pick up the history book The Black Jacobins. But Wheatle, now an author with 15 books to his credit, says the fiction novels which gripped him most in jail were those of Chester Himes. Himes was born into a middle-class family in Missouri in 1909. He died in 1984 - not long after Wheatle discovered his dynamic, hard-driven crime stories such as A Rage in Harlem and The Real Cool Killers. Wheatle says he enjoyed non-fiction by the likes of CLR James "but when I asked my cellmate for novels to relate to my life as a young black guy in early '80s London he said there wasn't much and I should read Chester Himes". "I found his books amazingly exciting - the stories set in Harlem featuring the New York detectives Coffin Ed Johnson and Grave Digger Jones. "But what really piqued my interest was when I realised Himes had been in prison too - in his case for years. It's where his writing career began and now I see a parallel." Pim Higginson, who wrote The Noir Atlantic, about Himes and his influence on other writers, says Himes has always been read by small group in the US "But he became a literary star in Europe because in his 40s he moved to France and later to Spain. Even now I think the majority of his readers are in France," says Higginson. "He was a hugely irascible man and a chronic alcoholic. He could be very difficult with publishers. But it's all part of what makes him interesting." Higginson says even as a teenager Himes' life had clearly been going wrong. "The people he hung around with were prostitutes and pool-sharks and gamblers and various underworld types. Then in 1928 he was sentenced to a minimum of 20 years for violent armed robbery." It was from the Ohio State Penitentiary that Himes began to submit stories to magazines. He built a reputation writing in grim surroundings and was paroled in 1936. The first published novel, If He Hollers Let Him Go, came nine years later. It's an unstinting account of the racism the central character faces in wartime Los Angeles. Higginson says it's the non-crime novel by Himes which today's readers are most likely to encounter. "Post-war it won Chester an audience in America, even if the follow-ups did less well. But in 1953 everything changed totally because he left America for good." Higginson says the author's reasons for going to live in Europe were involved. "Himes had a complex relationship with his own racial identity. "His father had been very dark-skinned and his mother very light-skinned. He wasn't one of the African American authors who expected that going to live in Paris would mean a total escape from racist attitudes at home. "But Chester wanted to reinvent himself as a writer and he did exactly that." The New York setting used in Himes' crime stories - which delighted Wheatle with its vigour and wit - emerged in books published in France and later in Spain. Starting in 1945 the Série noire paperbacks brought out hard-boiled American crime fiction in French translation. The publisher told Himes he could profitably turn his hand to stories which contained violent murder, an American locale and strongly drawn characters. Himes wrote in English but the pages were translated almost as they left his typewriter. French readers loved the stories. Wheatle says as a young man he too gobbled up the stories of detectives Coffin Ed Johnson and Grave Digger Jones. The next car chase or shoot-out or grisly death is seldom far away. "I think what I found most distinctive was the picture of Harlem life. It was so vivid I could almost smell the streets and the characters on the streets. I'd never read anyone who wrote in that raw way. "It was the closest thing I'd ever read to what was going on in those days in Brixton. He was writing about New York but I could see parallels with the relationships between people on the street and with the police. "Sometimes the police in South London would treat people brutally and you get that in Chester Himes too. I had to flinch at the rawness and violence in his books and what people did to each other." He says reading Himes made him more confident about presenting narratives he knew. "I saw he'd done something like it already in a US context and he made me see that those stories of black life were valid. "The characters I was writing about deserved their place in fiction and without Chester Himes I'm not sure I would ever have done it. "He started writing his crime novels more than 60 years ago. But the issues he addresses are alive today. Chester Himes writes about unemployment and what people might do to get out of the poverty trap. "Crime and desperation are still with us and that's what's underneath in his stories even if they're fun to read." Himes wrote eight Harlem novels plus one left unfinished. Coffin Ed and Grave Digger and the other characters are so memorable it's surprising there have been no recent screen versions. The films Cotton Comes to Harlem and Come Back Charleston Blue are now almost 50 years old. A Rage in Harlem, starring Forest Whitaker and Danny Glover, came out in 1991. Maybe it's time TV and movie producers looked again at the works of Chester Himes. A BBC World Service Witness History programme to accompany this piece is available to listen now.

1981 में एलेक्स व्हीटल ने ब्रिक्स्टन दंगों के बाद लंदन में जेल में कुछ समय बिताया। उनके किशोर जीवन को एक अन्य कैदी ने बदल दिया जिसने सुझाव दिया कि उन्हें अश्वेत लेखकों की रचनाओं को पढ़ना शुरू कर देना चाहिए-यह एक उपन्यासकार के रूप में उनके अपने करियर के लिए रचनात्मक चिंगारी थी।


Take a 360 virtual tour and experience life on an oil rig

Summary: Have you ever wondered what life is like on an oil rig in the North Sea?

In his immersive video, one worker takes you around the Shearwater platform. You control the camera - look up, down, and around, and experience life aboard an oil rig. Shell is celebrating its 50th anniversary of operating in the North Sea.

क्या आपने कभी सोचा है कि उत्तरी सागर में तेल रिग पर जीवन कैसा होता है?


Wavertree death: Man charged with woman's murder

Summary: A 19-year-old man has been charged with murder after a woman's body was discovered at a house in Liverpool.

Police found the body of N'Taya Elliott-Cleverley, 20, at the home in Prince Alfred Road, Wavertree on Friday. A post-mortem is to be carried out to establish her cause of death. Mohammed Diakite, from Wavertree, has been held in custody and is due to appear at Liverpool Magistrates' Court on Monday. Why not follow BBC North West on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram? You can also send story ideas to northwest.newsonline@bbc.co.uk Related Internet Links Merseyside Police

लिवरपूल में एक घर में एक महिला का शव मिलने के बाद एक 19 वर्षीय व्यक्ति पर हत्या का आरोप लगाया गया है।


Google 'testing' domain name service

Summary: Google has unveiled plans for its own domain name registration service.

The firm is "testing" a service that will allow consumers "to search, find, purchase and transfer" domain names for their business. An increasing number of businesses are looking to set up their online presence, boosting demand for domain names. Google's move comes just as GoDaddy filed papers to raise $100m (£59m) via a share sale. GoDaddy is one of the world's biggest domain name registration firms. "This puts them in direct competition with GoDaddy," said Keith Timimi, chairman of VML Qais, a digital marketing service agency. According to its filing with the US authorities, GoDaddy had 57 million domains under management at the end of last year and generated revenues of $1.1bn. Up sell? Google is also one of world's most popular online search engines. Mr Timimi said there have "always been rumours within the industry that Google was a domain name registrar". However, he said that Google had mostly used that service internally "to fight web spam and to help provide cleaner search results". "Now it is leveraging that ability to offer this as a commercial service." Google said it has tied up with four firms that specialise in building websites - Squarespace, Wix, Weebly, and Shopify - to help businesses create one of their own. The firm said it was also working at providing "hosting services from a range of providers, as well as domain management support" to customers. Mr Timimi explained that Google's latest venture could also help it better market its other services such as AdWords to businesses keen on boosting their online presence. "The logic is pretty obvious - they can up sell their existing services," said Mr Timimi. But he cautioned: "With their dominance in search, this may get some to worry if Google would use that data to help promote their services more than others".

गूगल ने अपनी खुद की डोमेन नाम पंजीकरण सेवा के लिए योजनाओं का अनावरण किया है।