Welsh place names hold key to the past, say experts

Summary: Ask anyone from outside Wales to name something for which we're famous, and the odds are that the name of Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch on Anglesey would rank in their top five.

By Neil PriorBBC News, Wales But what's really in a place name? Should Beddau in Rhondda Cynon Taf be pronounced "Bather", as many of the locals do, or "Beth-eye" according to its roots in Welsh? A group of geographical and historical experts from around Wales say Welsh place names are particularly important, as they tend to be descriptive of the conditions at the time of naming, whereas English place-names are subject to obscure influences from Latin, German, French and Scandinavian languages. Despite the rich source of information which they could hold, Wales does not have a national place-name body monitoring trends and derivations, as does Scotland, England and Northern Ireland. Yet a conference this weekend, organised by The Snowdonia National Park, Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd and the Welsh Assembly Government is aiming to change that, by drawing together historians, geographers and linguists to form Wales' own place name society. Twm Elias of Snowdonia's Plas Tan y Bwlch study centre, has helped organise the Llên Natur conference, and explained: "It's not so much how people pronounce place-names today, it's about recording how locations have been named, written and pronounced over time." "People who live in Beddau are welcome to call it 'Bather' or 'Beth-eye' as they choose; it's their town after all! But if we forget that the town's name comes from Beddau, the Welsh for graves, then we'd be losing an understanding of its possible roots as an ancient, pre-Christian burial site." But whilst the true meaning of Beddau's name is not fully understood, many other historical, socio-economic, and environmental riddles have been solved through the study of how our ancestors named their lands. Through the name of Dôl-y-Pennau in Snowdonia ( which translates into "Meadow of Heads"), members of the Llên Natur project were able to point archaeologists to the previously-undiscovered site of a massacre between feuding Welsh princes, which resulted in dozens of people being beheaded before their heads were discarded in a field in the area named in their memory. A study of a concentration in eastern Wales, of places bearing the suffix 'Wern' or 'Gwern' has similarly lent fresh understanding to the trade links between medieval Wales and the Norman Marcher states. Gwern derives from the Welsh for alder tree, the willow-like wood from which was used to manufacture clogs for agricultural workers. While the trees are native throughout Wales, the frequency of Wern and Gwern in the east of the country pointed historians towards studying potential sites where they may have been grown on a commercial basis, for sale to agricultural areas over the border in Herefordshire and Shropshire. But not all the discoveries are of a purely historical nature. The pine marten, a small mammal once native to Wales, is now facing extinction. However, the number of places which include 'bela' - Welsh for pine marten - in their name is testament to the frequency with which they were once found here. Conservationists are using these places as a starting point to study satellite imagery for potential sites where pine martens may one day be re-introduced into the wild. This weekend's conference is the culmination of years of work by Duncan Brown, a Welsh-speaker whose work for the Countryside Council for Wales led to his fascination with the links between language and environment. But he warned: "It's sometimes dangerous to read too much into place names, or to take them too literally." "For example, places with 'eos' suffixes derive from the Welsh for nightingale. They're no longer native to Wales, and there's some debate whether they ever were. "Yet there are two clusters of 'eos' names in Wales, one around Carmarthenshire and Glamorganshire, and another in the north, centred around Denbighshire and northern Powys." "The south Wales group are prefixed with terms like 'llwyn', a copse, or 'y-pant' , a hollow, which correspond with the natural habitat of nightingales." "However, the group in the north have prefixes like 'llety'r', from the Welsh for a tavern or inn. "So the reference to nightingale is far more likely to have originated from someone who sung there, with the voice of a nightingale." Message of importance The Llên Natur conference is being opened with an address by Culture Minister Alun Ffred Jones. Mr Brown is hoping this will prove indicative of more concrete support for the project. "It's fantastic to have Alun Ffred along to speak anyway, as it's a real recognition of the hard work everyone has put in," he said. "Everyone knows that there's not much money to go around at the moment, but inexpensive things could make a big difference." "We've already made a huge start on a database of place-names and their origins on the Llên Natur website, and with access to support from the assembly (government) we could go even further." "Also, some within the group would like to see legislation brought before the assembly to prevent historic Welsh place names becoming anglicised or changed altogether to ones with no local significance." "Even if the resources weren't available to police it rigorously, the simple presence of legislation would send out a message of the importance that Welsh place names continue to have to this day."

वेल्स के बाहर के किसी भी व्यक्ति से कुछ ऐसा नाम पूछें जिसके लिए हम प्रसिद्ध हैं, और संभावना है कि एंग्लेसी पर लानफेयरप्विलग्विनगिल्गोगेरिच्विरन्ड्रोब्विलेंटिसिलियोगोगोक का नाम उनके शीर्ष पांच में होगा।


The Killers for first 'live' DVD

Summary: The Killers have announced details of a new live DVD.

By Greg CochraneNewsbeat music reporter The Killers: Live From The Albert Hall features footage of the Las Vegas band filmed during two shows at the legendary London venue in July 2009. A live CD recording of the concerts and a behind the scenes documentary is also included in the package released on 9 November. Bonus material also includes filmed tracks from the band's summer festival appearances including Oxegen, Hyde Park and V Festival.

हत्यारों ने एक नई लाइव डीवीडी के विवरण की घोषणा की है।


Guernsey milk prices to rise after review

Summary: The price of a litre of Guernsey milk will rise by 4p, the Commerce and Employment Department has announced.

It said the increase to £1.05 reflected cost increases across the industry and recommendations made by the Milk Price Review Panel. A half litre carton will rise by 2p to 59p, but the cost of organic milk, which is only available in half litres will be unchanged at 78p. The price rises are due to come in on 2 October.

वाणिज्य और रोजगार विभाग ने घोषणा की है कि एक लीटर ग्वेर्नसे दूध की कीमत में 4 पैसे की वृद्धि होगी।


Crushed car falls off lorry near M1 in Nottinghamshire

Summary: A crushed car has fallen off a lorry near the M1 on the Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire border.

It happened on the Stapleford and Sandiacre roundabout near J25 of the motorway at about 06:25 BST. Highways England told the BBC the driver of the transporter may not have been aware it had fallen off. It said one lane on the roundabout was closed, causing delays during morning rush hour on the approaches and between J26 and J25 on the M1. Normal traffic conditions had resumed by about 09:00 BST, it added. Follow BBC East Midlands on Facebook, on Twitter, or on Instagram. Send your story ideas to eastmidsnews@bbc.co.uk.

नॉटिंघमशायर और डर्बीशायर सीमा पर एम1 के पास एक दुर्घटनाग्रस्त कार एक लॉरी से गिर गई है।


South Africa Lonmin killings: 'We are so angry'

Summary: South African President Jacob Zuma has declared a week of national mourning for striking miners killed in violence at a platinum mine on Thursday. Kitumetse (not her real name) is a resident of Wonderkop village near the Lonmin mine. Here she describes the anger in the local community after last week's incident.

"Our village is right next to the mine, it takes me five minutes to walk there. We all witnessed the shocking events of last week. My two sisters work at the mine. They were at work when the killing started. They called me to tell me how bad the situation was. Things are getting worse by the day. I was watching one of my friends yesterday who just found out that their 22-year-old son was dead. They had been looking all over for him for three days. Until now the police haven't issued a register for the dead or for those who have been arrested. Relatives have to go to the morgue to find out for themselves. Women here are going crazy for not knowing what has happened to their loved ones - and I feel their pain. I don't blame the policemen for shooting. If they didn't shoot, the miners would have killed them. What the miners did was a despicable barbaric act. Workers at the mine had been asking for higher wages for so long, the crowd must have [reached] boiling point after no-one listened to them. 'Neglected community' Lonmin should have intervened a long time ago. They knew about the miners' grievances, they knew about the strike, they knew workers wanted management to come forward, but they didn't intervene and were nowhere to be seen. They dismissed their workers and let this happen. So many people died - fathers, husbands, bread-winners. Now they are threatening workers that if they don't go back to work, they will be considered strikers and they will lose their jobs. Because of that, my sisters are going back to work. I worry about them. There is still a lot of tension. There are police there, masses and masses of them. They are there not to protect the lives of people, but the property of the mine. We are so angry. They (Lonmin) don't treat us like people. Lonmin has done nothing for the local community. They take our platinum and enrich themselves but where is our royalty money going? We don't have tar roads and our youth are unemployed. They cut off our water supply every day during the day. The water comes back only late at night. Then we have to fill the tanks and the buckets to have enough water for the next day. The water stinks and we have to buy purified water. Lonmin needs to start taking responsibility for their actions and start doing what is right."

दक्षिण अफ्रीका के राष्ट्रपति जैकब जुमा ने गुरुवार को एक प्लैटिनम खदान में हिंसा में मारे गए हड़ताली खनिकों के लिए एक सप्ताह के राष्ट्रीय शोक की घोषणा की है। किटुमेत्से (उसका असली नाम नहीं) लोनमिन खदान के पास वंडरकोप गांव की निवासी है। यहाँ वह पिछले सप्ताह की घटना के बाद स्थानीय समुदाय में गुस्से का वर्णन करती है।


Sushil Kumar: What the real Slumdog Millionaire did next

Summary: He was dubbed the real Slumdog millionaire after he became the first person to win the Indian version of Who Wants to be a Millionaire? Like the hero of the Oscar-winning film, Sushil Kumar used his wits to win a fortune - but one year on, his life has changed only a little.

By Rajini VaidyanathanBBC News, Motihari, Bihar There are many ways you can spend a cool million dollars, but as he leads me into the corner of a dusty shed, Sushil Kumar shows me the first thing he splashed out on. "This is my generator," he says, beaming at his $500 (£310) purchase. "We get power cuts here for as long as four hours every day. Before I couldn't watch the news and my favourite TV programmes, but now I have this there's no problem." It was in fact his favourite television programme, which ushered Sushil Kumar into India's millionaire's club. A year ago, the world watched as the government office clerk from Bihar, one of India's poorest states, became the first contestant to scoop the top prize of 50 million Rupees ($1m, £550,000) on Kaun Banega Crorepathi? (Who wants to be a millionaire?) Before his appearance on the show, Sushil, a psychology graduate, was earning little more than $100 (£62) a month. By answering 13 questions correctly, he pocketed more than he would have earned in 800 years. The story made headlines around the world, because it was almost identical to the plot of the film Slumdog Millionaire, where a man from a humble background hits the jackpot on the quiz show. In the film you don't find out how it changed the hero's life - but you get the sense there is going to be a transformation. At Sushil's house in the town of Motihari, a fading, slightly dog-eared picture of the show's host, Bollywood megastar Amitabh Bachchan is taped to the wall - one of the few visible reminders of events a year ago. The family home is very basic. Each of the four main rooms has a double bed, in the corner of one is a small television. It's here he lives with his wife, his mother and father, four brothers, two sisters-in-law and one child - 11 in all. "Because we live in a very small town, my economic problems have been solved 100%," he says. "I feel it's a miracle nothing less. It's God's blessing." Sitting cross-legged on his bed, Sushil shows me another one of his purchases, his first ever computer, a small tablet. Last week he bought a scooter, the only vehicle he owns, even though he has enough money for several high-end sports cars. Ask him why he's not spent extravagantly since his win, and his reply is: "Slowly, slowly, I'm spending my money carefully." Even the clothes he wears the day we meet are not new, and were part of his wardrobe before the show. So far, he's spent $200,000 (£124,000) of his winnings. The biggest slice of this has gone on a plot of land next door, where work is currently under way to build a nine-room house for the entire extended family. "Each bedroom will have an attached bathroom," he says proudly as he walks me around the site. Sushil says the money has changed him in simple and small ways. He's paid off a brother's debts, bought some jewellery for his wife and put the rest in the bank. India is a nation known for its savings culture, and it seems Sushil is living up to the stereotype. He's has taken some financial advice on how to invest the money but has also had plenty of offers from people wanting to spend it for him. "Since I won, a lot of people started writing letters to me asking for money, to buy land, to solve their problems, to pay for operations, their house, their children's wedding." But Sushil takes a firm line with begging letters. "In our society if you help one, thousands of people start coming and saying they are needy too," he says. "A million is a lot of money but not enough if you start helping people, you'll lose it all in a day." The money has allowed Sushil to quit his job, though. At the time of his win Sushil said he gleaned much of his general knowledge from the BBC Hindi service. As a voracious consumer of news, he now spends his time watching documentaries and reading newly-bought books. "I'd like to become a psychology lecturer one day," he says. "I'd also like to build my own personal library." Sushil's dad explains they now have a cleaner to help with the household chores - as most lower middle class Indians do - and can now also afford to buy better food. "Before we could only buy half a litre of milk, but now we get two or three litres. Earlier we couldn't buy expensive vegetables, but now we can afford it, all this has changed," he says. As Sushil's win was watched by 27 million Indians, he definitely has celebrity status. "Now I go to any part of the country and people recognise me and… want to get pictures taken with me and get my autograph. It's a very good feeling," he says. He's had offers to appear in films and television shows, and turned them all down, apart from India's version of Strictly Come Dancing, Jhalak Dhikalaja, where he lasted a few weeks. "I was the kind of person who would stand at the side at a party if people danced, so it was 100% a challenge for me." His biggest challenge is yet to come, however - the imminent prospect of fatherhood. Sushil had married his wife Seema months before the show, and the couple are now expecting their first child. "Now our kids will be brought up very well, their studies will go very well," says Seema. Does a person change when they become rich overnight? Psychologist Sanjay Chugh says some people who get rich overnight "go on a complete high" which can make them "elated, euphoric and a bit grandiose". It's in circumstances like this that people sometimes "become rash and splurge all the money" he says. But Sushil says nothing has changed about him, and he has no plans even to leave his home town for the bright lights of the cities. "I'm the same Sushil Kumar, before I won," he says. "And I want to remain the same Sushil Kumar in future."

हू वांट्स टू बी ए मिलियनेयर के भारतीय संस्करण को जीतने वाले पहले व्यक्ति बनने के बाद उन्हें असली स्लमडॉग मिलियनेयर करार दिया गया था? ऑस्कर विजेता फिल्म के नायक की तरह, सुशील कुमार ने भाग्य जीतने के लिए अपनी बुद्धि का इस्तेमाल किया-लेकिन एक साल बाद, उनका जीवन थोड़ा ही बदल गया है।


Tenerife beheading: Court date for Jennifer Mills-Westley suspect

Summary: Nearly two years after a woman from Norfolk was stabbed and beheaded while in Spain, a date has been set for the case to come to court.

Jennifer Mills-Westley, 60, a retired road safety officer from Norwich, was killed in the resort of Los Cristianos, on the island of Tenerife, in May 2011. Deyan Deyanov, a Bulgarian man with a history of mental health problems, was arrested on suspicion of murder. The hearing against him is due to start on 18 February. Only when the legal proceedings have been completed can a full inquest into Ms Mills-Westley's death finally be held.

स्पेन में रहते हुए नॉरफ़ॉक की एक महिला को चाकू मारकर उसका सिर कलम किए जाने के लगभग दो साल बाद, मामले को अदालत में आने के लिए एक तारीख निर्धारित की गई है।


How risky is the contraceptive pill?

Summary: A recent study linked the contraceptive pill with depression. It's the latest supposed side-effect to attract headlines. But poorly interpreted statistics might pose a bigger risk for women, says Elizabeth Cassin.

According to the World Health Organization, more than 100 million women around the world use the combined oral contraceptive - better known as the pill. Many of its potential side-effects have been well documented since its release in the 1960s. But recently, a study claimed to have established a link between depression and the pill. Danish researchers looked at the medical records of more than one million women with no prior history of depression aged 15 to 34. They found that, compared to non-users, those who took the pill were more likely to receive a prescription for anti-depressants at a later stage, or to be diagnosed with depression in a hospital. The study made headlines around the world. "Are YOU on the Pill? You're more likely to be depressed: Women who use contraception are up to 70 per cent more likely to be on antidepressants," said one newspaper. "The Pill has been linked to depression. Why isn't this more of a scandal?" said another. However, according to Phil Hannaford, professor of primary care at the University of Aberdeen, it only showed "very small effects, if they are there". For every 100 women not using the pill, 1.7 each year were given anti-depressants. Whereas for every 100 women using the pill, the figure was only slightly higher at 2.2. It's not a huge difference, in Hannaford's view. "The difference between those two groups is 0.5, so one per every 200 women-years," he says. Although this showed a statistical association, it didn't necessarily show a causal link, because there could be other factors at play, he says. "For instance, the women who are using the pill may have had a breakdown in their relationship with their partner. That could have led to depression and being given an anti-depressant." This kind of study is good for generating a hypothesis, but not for testing a causal link, Hannaford says. To do that, he says, you would need a large randomised trial - which is where you take one group and give them the treatment that you suspect might be causing the problem and another group a placebo. This would be impossible - not to mention unethical - as the women taking the placebo could believe they were covered by birth control and not take other precautions. Find out more Depression isn't the only side-effect discussed in relation to the pill. The rare side-effect which has received the most attention is the risk of blood clots, which are potentially fatal. But when these risks are poorly understood, there are consequences. Prof Gerd Gigerenzer, director of the Harding Center for Risk Literacy in Berlin, says "the UK has many traditions, one of them being the contraceptive pill scare. Since the early 1960s, women are alarmed every couple of years that when taking the pill, this can lead to thrombosis - potentially life-threatening blood clots." In 1995, The UK Committee on the Safety of Medicines issued a warning and held an emergency press conference, to report on a study which showed that the third generation of contraceptive pills increased risk of thrombosis "two-fold". "Alarm bells rang across the country," says Gigerenzer. The scare led to some women coming off their contraceptive. And it's been estimated that, in 1996, there were 12,400 additional births and 13,600 additional abortions. "Here's an instance where lack of statistical literacy - that is to understand the difference between a relative and an absolute risk - leads to emotional reactions, which then in turn do harm to the women themselves," Gigerenzer says. What, then, are the absolute risks? And how should women try to understand them? A short film recently published on the Guardian website draws attention to the deaths of young women who died of blood clots while using combined hormonal contraceptives - which include the pill, patch and ring. The video claims that if women understood the death rate, they would not take hormonal contraceptives - and that if you had 10,000 women who were using the ring, a few of them would die. "It's not accurate to say that a few women in 10,000 will die," says Dr Sarah Hardman, Deputy Director at the Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare. "It is accurate to say that a few women in 10,000, probably between five and 12 in 10,000 will have clotting events - a vein thrombosis event. But not all of those women die. In fact, only about 1% of the women who have a clotting event die." "So we're looking at maybe about three to 10 per million women dying as a result of having a clot that is attributable to use of their combined hormonal contraception." If you're not on a hormonal contraception, and you're a woman of reproductive age, your risk is only about two in 10,000 women per year. But of course, coming off the pill to avoid blood clots increases your likelihood of getting pregnant. And pregnancy itself increases the risk of blood clots. "If you're looking at women who are pregnant, it's about 29 per 10,000," says Hardman. "And women who are in the post-partum period - in the weeks just after they have given birth - their risk is about 300-400 in 10,000." In other words, having a baby is far more likely to produce blood clots than taking the pill. And the pill can be very effective in preventing pregnancy. For women, the only methods more effective are IUDs, implants and sterilisation. Join the conversation - find us on Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat and Twitter.

हाल के एक अध्ययन ने गर्भनिरोधक गोली को अवसाद से जोड़ा है। यह सुर्खियों को आकर्षित करने के लिए नवीनतम माना जाने वाला दुष्प्रभाव है। लेकिन खराब व्याख्या किए गए आंकड़े महिलाओं के लिए एक बड़ा जोखिम पैदा कर सकते हैं, एलिजाबेथ कैसिन कहते हैं।


Coronavirus: Are states reopening ahead of White House guidelines?

Summary: After more than 40 state-wide lockdowns were put in place across the US throughout March and April, many states are now easing restrictions - but some are going against White House guidelines, worrying public health experts.

By Jake HortonBBC Reality Check Dr Anthony Fauci, the White House's top infectious disease adviser, has said he's concerned some states are opening up too soon and risk triggering "an outbreak that you may not be able to control". Dr Fauci said: "I've been very clear in my message to try, to the best extent possible, to go by the guidelines that have been very well thought out and very well delineated." What are the guidelines? The reopening guidelines laid out by the Trump administration in April propose that states should have a "downward trajectory" of reported cases, or a falling share of positive tests, over a 14-day period before beginning a gradual reopening. They also say states should have a robust testing programme in place and hospitals shouldn't be overwhelmed. These are only guidelines and the decision is ultimately down to state governors. President Trump has also repeatedly encouraged states to open up, seemingly going against his administration's guidance. Since the guidelines were announced on 16 April, more than 30 states have partially reopened. Have states seen a downward trend in daily cases? Daily coronavirus cases are increasing in a handful of states, but most are seeing a plateau, with neither a significant rise nor fall in reported daily cases. Far fewer states are seeing a sustained decline - or a "downward trajectory of documented cases within a 14-day period" as recommended by the White House reopening guidelines. But as testing expands, the government guidelines allow for an increase in daily cases if there's a decrease in the proportion of positive tests - as more testing is likely to produce more cases overall. But some states didn't meet these criteria before reopening either. For example, in Missouri, gyms, restaurants, bars, retail stores, hairdressers and theatres reopened with limited capacity on 4 May. This was despite the state's daily coronavirus cases and share of positive tests rising over the previous two weeks. Kansas also reopened restaurants and retail stores on 4 May without seeing a two-week fall in either daily cases or in the proportion of positive tests. Many other states saw a rise in daily cases in the two weeks prior to reopening, but are testing more widely so the proportion of positive tests dropped. For example, in the US's second most populous state, Texas, retail stores, restaurants and theatres reopened with limited capacity on 1 May. This was despite daily coronavirus cases rising over the previous two weeks. Since then Texas has registered more than 1,000 new daily cases nine times in the first two weeks of May, compared with just once in the last two weeks of April. Dr Tom Tsai, a public health expert at Harvard University, says that "for lots of states we are in the period where there's a lot of noise - there's no true trajectory because we haven't had a substantial 14-day decrease in cases". Is there enough testing to reopen? The White House guidelines call on states to be prepared with a "robust" testing programme, as well as contact tracing capabilities, before reopening. "Robust" is open to interpretation - the guidelines prioritise healthcare workers, but also recommend having the ability to test all people showing symptoms. Experts at Harvard University have said 900,000 tests a day are needed in the US to reopen the economy. That's about 275 tests per 100,000 people per day - only nine states are around this level of testing currently. Many other states which have already begun to reopen fall below that benchmark, such as Georgia, Florida and Colorado. Dr Fauci says he is concerned that if some areas "jump over those various checkpoints and prematurely open up without having the capability to be able to respond effectively and efficiently" the US could "start to see little spikes that might turn into outbreaks". President Trump has promised to work with state governors to expand testing, and says he's "confident that we have enough testing to begin reopening and the reopening process". But medical experts are not so sure, and worry that sufficient testing and tracing capabilities were not in place before many states reopened. Dr Tsai says: "As you move on to the next stage you need the infrastructure in place - you need the contact tracing programme up and running as well as testing. My worry is that we aren't getting the infrastructure right now while we have a little breathing room." Read more from Reality Check Send us your questions Follow us on Twitter

मार्च और अप्रैल के दौरान पूरे अमेरिका में 40 से अधिक राज्यव्यापी लॉकडाउन लगाए जाने के बाद, कई राज्य अब प्रतिबंधों में ढील दे रहे हैं-लेकिन कुछ व्हाइट हाउस के दिशानिर्देशों के खिलाफ जा रहे हैं, जिससे सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य विशेषज्ञ चिंतित हैं।


CES 2012: 3D printer makers' rival visions of future

Summary: With a whir and a click the job is done. In the space of 20 minutes a plastic bottle opener has been constructed by the Replicator - a 3D printing machine capable of making objects up to the size of a loaf of bread.

By Leo KelionTechnology reporter, BBC News, Las Vegas The device is made by the New York start-up Makerbot Industries and was launched this week at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. The newly-created bottle opener feels warm to the touch and has to be prised away from its base. It has been created by using extrusion technology - a process in which a spindle of plastic thread is unravelled, melted and fed through a print head which draws the object layer by layer - in this case at a rate of 40mm per second. 3D printing is nothing new - engineers and designers have been using it for more than two decades to create prototypes. What has changed is that the printers are now being pitched at consumers. Discount designs The Replicator is being sold for $1,749 (£1,130) for the basic version that makes objects in one colour. An additional $250 buys a two-colour version. Each spool of plastic sells for about $50 - enough to build a toy castle playset which would cost up to three times the price in a store. "It's a machine that makes you anything you need," Makerbot's chief executive, Bre Pettis, tells the BBC. "Handy in an apocalypse or just handy for making shower curtain rings and bathtub plugs. "We want to get this into the hands of the next generation because kids these days are going to have to learn digital design so they can solve the problems of tomorrow." Objects can be created on a computer using free online software such as TinkerCAD or Google Sketchup, before being transferred to the Replicator on a SD memory card. Alternatively other people's designs can be downloaded from Makerbot's community website Thingiverse. The site follows open source principles - any design uploaded to it must be shared for free. "We get asked a lot: 'When will I be able to buy objects?' and I think that is a relic of consumerist lifestyles," says Mr Pettis. "I would like to live in the future where somebody creates a digital design - maybe a great faucet handle - and after that nobody needs to recreate a faucet handle because it's been done. Or maybe if they want to make it a little bit different it or add their initials they can do that. "But I don't think we need a marketplace. It's a sharing world. We are at the dawn of the age of sharing where even if you try to sell things the world is going to share it anyway." It is a chilling thought for defenders of intellectual property rights who have already seen piracy take its toll on the music and movie industries. Printing pioneer Take a walk to the other side of the convention centre and you will find another plastic printer maker with another new product, but a very different way of thinking. 3D Systems is a North Carolina-based veteran of the business. "We invented 3D printers," its Israeli-born chief executive Abe Reichental says. "For 25 years we have taken the classic journey of taking expensive, complex technology and bringing it down in price. "We have about 1,000 workers worldwide. We are a publicly traded company on the New York Stock Exchange. We have almost as many patents as employees." App store The firm is at CES to publicise the launch of Cube, its first consumer-focused product. The $1,299 device is smaller than Makerbot's but looks more user-friendly, utilising cartridges rather than spools of plastic thread. It also boasts its own app store. The launch library includes software to customise belt buckles, a program to turn your voice into a bracelet design, and perhaps most excitingly software from developer Geomagic for Microsoft's Kinect sensor that allows the peripheral to replicate the user's face. Work is also ongoing on an app to allow owners to use Kinect to sculpt objects by shaping their hands in the air. Like Makerbot, the firm also offers other people's designs for download. But unlike its New York competitor it offers creators the chance to sell their goods in an online store. Designers keep 60% of the proceeds. "Our philosophy is that we want to give an economic incentive to anybody to create and make in 3D, and we want to do it in a way that developers can monetise their creative sweat equity in it," Mr Reichental says. "The bottom line here is that we think democratisation goes hand in hand with monetisation. "The monetisation here is primarily for the benefit of accelerating adoption. "We can't come up with all the possibilities and we don't think that the average person will stretch themselves as deep as they can if there wasn't a monetary advantage." Tie-ups 3D System's booth resembles that of Makerbot in that it is covered with self-made playthings including dinosaurs, planes and chess pieces. However, unlike Makerbot, 3D System's embrace of capitalism means that it is already in talks with established toy makers and other companies about the potential of selling access to their designs. For the time being it stresses that the Cube's main purpose is to drive creativity. "There are so many different ways that people are looking to harness the power of this new communication and expression tool," says Mr Reichental. "Because that's what this is. It's really not so much about printing as it is about realising and making something real from an idea." Eco-unfriendly? 3D Systems says it aims to bring the cost of its machine to below $500 over the coming years to drive take-up. However, the mass adoption of such devices could have consequences for the environment. While both firms offer corn-based PLA plastic consumables which biodegrade, they also sell ABS plastics - the type used to make Lego - which does not break down unless treated. A generation of new designers testing and refining their designs conjures up images of mountains of 3D printed waste. Yet neither boss appears unduly worried by the prospect. "The amount of plastic we are talking here is not a lot and it is recyclable," says Mr Pettis. "I would suggest that people focus on innovation and the ability to make whatever they need, and by all means if there are things you can make with the biodegradable ones then do it." Mr Reichental offers a similar sentiment: "When we look at all the opportunity to improve the quality of life for the betterment of mankind then so long as we apply some discipline then I think it is a good thing." Moon bases 3D System's more advanced printers can print plastics in determined "a pixel at a time" as well as in metals, nylons, powders and liquids - offering the prospect of a future in which home made devices can replicate any object Star Trek-style. For the moment Makerbot notes that its Replicator is advanced enough to build most of the components necessary to reproduce itself. Both firms describe their efforts as having "democratising" effects with the potential to change the world. "We can put this power of creativity in the hands of kids - imagine how much more powerful when they reach adulthood," says Mr Reichental. "This may be the last toy that they have to purchase because they can begin to create their own toys and become creative and innovative in their own right." Mr Pettis' vision is even more radical. "We're delivering on that dream of the future where you can have anything you want - you can download it on the internet and just have it manufactured in your house," he says. "It's my goal to put Makerbots on the moon building the moon base for us. "It's my hope that if an apocalypse happens people will be ready with Makerbots, building the things they can't buy in stores. So we're not just selling a product, we are changing the future."

एक चक्कर और एक क्लिक के साथ काम पूरा हो जाता है। 20 मिनट के अंतराल में रेप्लिकेटर द्वारा एक प्लास्टिक की बोतल खोलने वाले का निर्माण किया गया है-एक 3 डी प्रिंटिंग मशीन जो रोटी के आकार तक की वस्तुओं को बनाने में सक्षम है।


Does a death sentence always mean death?

Summary: Boston bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev has been sentenced to death by a federal jury in the US for his part in the attacks on the 2013 marathon. But only a small proportion of those on Death Row are actually executed.

By Charlotte McDonaldBBC News Between 1973 and the end of 2013, 8,466 people were sentenced to death in the United States, and 1,359 - about one in six - were executed. "It's a death penalty in name only," says Frank R Baumgartner, a political science professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He has studied the fate of people on death row and discovered that as of 31 December 2013 Of those who have had their sentences overturned, the Death Penalty Information Center, estimates that 152 have been exonerated. One conclusion that can be drawn from these figures is that, as Bryan Stevenson, executive director of the Equal Justice Initiative, put it on BBC Radio 4 earlier this year: "For every nine people that we have executed in America, we have identified one innocent person on death row." Some people, of course, have died on death row of natural causes or suicide. The proportion of people executed varies from state to state. Eighteen out of the 50 states have banned the death penalty, and just this week the state of Nebraska legislature voted in favour of abolishing it. Of the 32 states where the death penalty remains in force, Baumgartner points out that Virginia executes a higher proportion of those sentenced to death than any other - about 72%. "They are very strict about limiting appeals to 12 months. If your appeals aren't filed within 12 months, your case will be considered to be final. "That's the only state to have such rules, and the only state that has more than 50% of cases carried out to execution. "There are many states where it is extremely rare." California has executed about 1%. "They simply don't carry out their executions," Baumgartner says. But as well as individual states, the federal government can try people, and sentence them, for federal crimes. This is what has happened in the case of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. Although he committed the crimes in Massachusetts - a state without the death penalty - he was convicted and sentenced by a federal court. But between 1973 and 2013, the federal government has only executed three people out of 71 sentenced to death. There are 56 people awaiting execution. So the chance of being executed by the federal government is low, says Baumgartner. Across the world, the number of countries using the death penalty has been in decline, says Prof Carolyn Hoyle, director of the Centre for Criminology at the University of Oxford. More than half of all countries have officially banned the death penalty, and less than a quarter have used it in the last decade. "If you look back to 1988 only 35 countries had abolished the death penalty. Today, 107 have abolished the death penalty," she says. "Another 52 countries haven't executed anyone in the last 10 years, so they retain it on the books, but they are not actively using it." The UK stopped using the death penalty in 1965, but retained it as a punishment for arson in the Royal Dockyards until 1971, and for treason and piracy with violence until 1998. Only 39 countries have executed someone in the past decade, most of them in Africa, the Middle East and Asia. The US has by far the most developed appeals system according to Hoyle. In contrast, some countries have "speedy courts" and limited options for appeal. Some do not allow the accused to take part in the trial and may coerce suspects into making a false confession. There are no available figures for the number of people in these countries who have been sentenced to death and subsequently had their sentences revoked. But there is anecdotal evidence of miscarriages of justice, says Hoyle. "In China, a very high-profile case a few years ago was of a man who was convicted of killing his neighbour. The neighbour wandered back to the village 10 years later alive and well. "That was a case where not only was he not guilty, there had not actually been a crime." Listen to More or Less on BBC Radio 4 and the World Service, or download the free podcast. Subscribe to the BBC News Magazine's email newsletter to get articles sent to your inbox.

बोस्टन बमवर्षक झोखर सारनेव को 2013 की मैराथन पर हमलों में उनकी भूमिका के लिए अमेरिका में एक संघीय जूरी द्वारा मौत की सजा सुनाई गई है। लेकिन मौत की पंक्ति में शामिल लोगों के केवल एक छोटे से अनुपात को वास्तव में फांसी दी जाती है।


Caledonian MacBrayne to further reduce its plastic waste

Summary: A ferry operator is to stop using plastic cups, individual milk portions and sauce sachets to reduce the waste in produces.

Caledonian MacBrayne (CalMac) announced earlier this year it was replacing plastic straws with paper ones on all its sailings. Replacing the other items with reusable cups, jugs of milk and sauce dispensers is a further step in waste reduction. CalMac operates Clyde and Hebrides ferry services. The company's decision on plastic straws followed it signing up to the #NaeStrawAtAw campaign launched by Glasgow's Sunnyside Primary School.

एक फेरी संचालक को उत्पाद में अपशिष्ट को कम करने के लिए प्लास्टिक के कप, अलग-अलग दूध के भागों और चटनी के पाउच का उपयोग करना बंद करना होता है।


Reaction to 'health tourism' plans

Summary: Non-EU nationals who come to the UK for more than six months could be charged at least £200 a year to access NHS treatment . The government says it wants to crack down on so-called health tourism - people coming to the UK to take advantage of free healthcare - but opinion is divided on how big a problem it really is and whether the plans will actually save money.

Dr Clare Gerada - Chairwoman, Royal College of General Practitioners I've been a GP for 25 years and certainly there are some who do abuse the system. But on the whole, people who do come into this country are young and don't use the NHS as much as those that live here. We must make sure that the response is proportionate. What we don't want to do is to put people at risk - not just the migrants but also us. People use the NHS if they've got infections. We don't want people wandering around [with infections] for fear of being charged at the GP surgery. I don't think we should be turning the GP surgery into a border agency. We should be making sure people that do feel they're ill can come and access us because we don't want people who've got TB or HIV or any infectious disease - or anybody that believes themselves to be ill - to be frightened of seeing a GP. We need to make sure that what comes out is sensible, proportionate and fair and doesn't cost us all much more money and puts us at much more risk than the current situation. Paddy Singh - from India, now lives in Salisbury I am 71 and have been coming to the UK since 1983. In 2006 I got a residency permit and have recently been granted indefinite stay. I think that anyone of any age that comes to the UK from abroad should contribute money to the NHS and I am all for the government's proposals. It is a small sum to pay each year and takes the weight off genuine taxpayers. After the age of 50, people start to get ill and normally have to go to see the doctor more frequently than before. Surgeries and hospitals are basically writing a blank cheque for patients that come from abroad. The NHS has been taken for a ride. Dr Rob Barnett - GP in Liverpool We're going to have to undertake more checks on people. I haven't got the staff to do this. We're going to need more people, perhaps even more space, to be able to do it, and it's going to put a delay in the process. We've got to be proportionate. If it costs £60m to recoup £30m, you've got to ask whether it's worthwhile. From a taxpayers' point of view, clearly we don't want to be throwing money away. But I don't want to put bars in front of patients to stop them coming to see me. There are some who do actually want to pay and find it hard to believe that they're coming here and they're not paying for anything. Liz Kendall MP - Shadow minister for care and older people If people have infectious diseases and don't end up going to a GP and that infection spreads, or people end up going to A and E, which costs more, it would be bad for patients as well as taxpayers. We need a balanced debate about this and not overblown rhetoric. We have three key tests. Can it be effectively policed? Will it save more money than it costs? And does it protects the public's health? If you could have an upfront system so that the money is there and you don't have to end up going through a big process of trying to get the money back, we should look at that. Dr Ellie Cannon - GP in London We already have a system in place to check whether patients are in the right catchment area and, if not, they're asked to leave and find a new practice. I don't see why it would be any different for health tourists. Of course it's only human to treat people in need of emergency care - I'd treat someone in the street - but we're talking about those who are actively seeking out obstetric care or other kinds of treatment. It's all well and good being liberal and caring and saying "we'll treat anyone" but we have to make cost-savings where we can so the NHS is there for everybody. I've been asked for prescriptions by people who live abroad or who are visiting for a few months. Yes, it's a drop in the ocean of the NHS budget, but on the other hand we've got to look at all the safe areas we can in order to save money. Saira Grant - Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants What this means is failed asylum seekers, trafficked individuals, migrants whose status hasn't been resolved through no fault of their own will no longer be able to access GP services. This will mean that part of our population that is already destitute and already can't work, will now no longer have access to medical services - and really this is going to put the burden on the A and E departments. Melissa Wilson Craw - An American living in London It's fair to say I have taken advantage of the services offered by the NHS. It is also fair to say, however, that during my six years of employment here, I have made all of my National Insurance contributions, just like everyone else who works and lives here. I firmly believe in the NHS, and I can guarantee that it is one of the best healthcare systems in the world. I am happy to pay my NI contributions. What I am not happy to do is be charged between £578 to £1,426 just to get a visa to stay with my husband in this country, then a further £200 per year for access to healthcare when I still pay all my NI contributions. Inger den Haan - Immigration adviser I am a very experienced immigration adviser and have dealt with many cases where immigrants have needed medical care. The proposals are very misleading and there seems to be a lot of propaganda. There seems to be the suggestion that it is very easy to come to the UK and use the NHS, but that isn't the case. There are some types of visas, such as medical visas, where people come here for medical treatment but they pay for everything themselves. The people that have access to free NHS services are those who come to study or live with their families. They already pay thousands of pounds in fees or sponsorship to come over here. The government has mentioned HIV and TB. It is overlooking the fact that free treatment for TB and HIV are in the wider public health interest as migrants will not seek treatment for TB if they cannot afford it, potentially spreading TB further, which is big a concern for the NHS. Janet Davies - Royal College of Nursing We agree that the NHS should use its limited resources appropriately. We welcome the commitment to develop more robust data on the numbers and types of non-EU patients and care sought to ensure any future action is evidence-based. We need much more information from the government on how this proposed scheme would work in practice and what pressures it will put on an already overstretched workforce. We are reviewing the details of the consultation and will be considering the implications for nursing, for patients, and for public health. We would caution against nurses having to act as gatekeepers to NHS services when their job, first and foremost, is to provide essential care to the sick and vulnerable. Matt Tee - NHS Confederation We are pleased the government has indicated it plans to work with GPs and other medical professionals to improve the way chargeable patients are identified. Eligibility for NHS care is something for the government to determine. But it is hugely important that once eligibility criteria has been set, the practicalities of identifying who meets the criteria should not impose a burden on front-line staff or cut across the fundamental professional values of our clinicians.

गैर-यूरोपीय संघ के नागरिक जो छह महीने से अधिक समय के लिए यूके आते हैं, उनसे एनएचएस उपचार प्राप्त करने के लिए प्रति वर्ष कम से कम £200 का शुल्क लिया जा सकता है। सरकार का कहना है कि वह तथाकथित स्वास्थ्य पर्यटन पर नकेल कसना चाहती है-जो लोग मुफ्त स्वास्थ्य सेवा का लाभ उठाने के लिए यूके आते हैं-लेकिन राय इस बात पर विभाजित है कि यह वास्तव में कितनी बड़ी समस्या है और क्या योजनाओं से वास्तव में पैसे की बचत होगी।


Coventry Transport Museum given £4.6m lottery grant

Summary: A project to restore a 12th Century former school in Coventry and incorporate it into a museum has been given a £4.6m lottery grant.

Coventry Transport Museum said the Grade I listed Old Grammar School was to be turned into an exhibition, event and education centre. The money would also improve existing museum facilities, it said. Work on the school, which it said had been unused for 30 years, is due to be completed by April 2015.

कोवेंट्री में 12वीं शताब्दी के एक पूर्व विद्यालय को पुनर्स्थापित करने और इसे एक संग्रहालय में शामिल करने की परियोजना को 4.6 करोड़ पाउंड का लॉटरी अनुदान दिया गया है।


Should all English cities have mayors?

Summary: Greater Manchester is to get an elected mayor, George Osborne has announced. There have been numerous calls for greater decentralisation of power within England in the wake of the Scottish referendum. Could more elected mayors be the answer?

By Vanessa BarfordBBC News Ask a dozen people to name a mayor in England and most will come up with London Mayor Boris Johnson. The charismatic blond-haired Old Etonian, who combines the gravitas of his role with an unkempt, humorous, almost "bumbling Boris" persona, certainly knows how to get publicity. But Mr Johnson is one of 16 directly elected mayors in England. Not many others have a national presence. Advocates of the mayor model of further devolution say that's not the point. Mayors are meant to be local champions. The important thing is whether people in their community know their name and what they do. On Monday, Chancellor George Osborne announced that Greater Manchester is getting an elected mayor to preside over regional issues. He has also indicated that Birmingham could get one. But mayors haven't been popular recently. In 2012, nine out of 10 cities - including Manchester - rejected the idea of replacing local council cabinets with directly elected mayors in referendums. So are mayors suddenly back in fashion? The first thing to point out is that not all mayors are the same. Many councils have a civic mayor. They carry out ceremonial duties and chair meetings, but can't make decisions about council business. Directly elected mayors were first introduced to England and Wales by the Local Government Act 2000. The mayor of London was the first - created as the executive of the Greater London Authority, with responsibility for the strategic direction of transport, policing and economic development in the capital. Unlike the London mayor, the other 15 authorities that have adopted the "mayor and cabinet" model - as opposed to "leader and cabinet" or the "committee system" - haven't got any more powers than non-mayoral local authorities. Greater Manchester's "metro-wide mayor", like London's, would. The new mayor will oversee policies such as transport, social care and housing as well as police budgets in the area's 10 local authorities - hence the focus on Greater Manchester rather than just the City of Manchester. The shift to extra powers and to entire urban conurbations creates a different mayoral proposition. But it still involves a mayor at the helm. So could more directly elected mayors with further reach be the way forward? Stand outside Bristol City Hall, home to the only mayor that was voted for in the 2012 referendums, and most residents have some idea who does the job. "It's George - people refer to him as 'the man with the red trousers'," says 63-year-old retired nurse Kate Thornton. "It's Bristol red pants," echoes 72-year-old Sally Harvey. Bristol mayor George Ferguson was elected on a 28% turnout, not much higher than the 24% turnout at the referendum, when the introduction of a mayor was backed by a margin of 53% to 47%. Some residents, like Mrs Harvey, were outraged a mayor was elected by so few people. "I destroyed my paper - I've never destroyed a paper before," she says. However, others welcomed the move. "I voted for a mayor and for George Ferguson. I felt Bristol was paralysed in terms of city planning and thought a mayor would enable more radical decisions and help put Bristol higher up the national agenda," says 41-year-old accountant Louise Wellesley. Independent Bristol Mayor George Ferguson didn't respond to attempts to ask him about the difference he felt a mayor had made to Bristol. The council website cites winning the title of European Green Capital for 2015, moving Bristol closer to having a 12,000 capacity arena, upgrading the MetroBus scheme and tackling congestion, road safety and parking problems as among the city's achievements. The verdict on the streets outside the mayor's office is more mixed. Sarah Hickey, 24, says the move to "make Sundays special" by freeing the city centre of traffic once a month and putting on community cultural and leisure events stands out as a success. She says the city's residential parking schemes, and a new 20mph limit for many city streets, have been less popular. "Some people have put posters in the window opposing them." Although Ms Hickey didn't vote for a mayor in 2012, she says she would vote for one now. "Anything that encourages young people to engage with governance is a good idea," she says. Mrs Thornton, who did vote in 2012, says she'd vote again. "A mayor is good for a city - it's someone visible that people can turn to," she says. However, not everyone agrees. Jade Stadman, 25, has lived in Bristol all her life. She didn't vote for a mayor, and she wouldn't vote for one in the future. "I don't see any changes in Bristol and don't like the idea of a single person making rules - it should be about communities," she says. Others, like university language tutor Steve Gillway, 50, simply don't think Bristol needs one. Nevertheless, the momentum for mayors seems to be gaining pace. Last month, right-leaning think tank ResPublica recommended Manchester should "lead the way" on devolution for cities, with an elected mayor, assembly, income-tax raising powers and complete control of spending within five years. The RSA City Growth Commission published a report in October that recommended allowing UK cities to make their own decisions on tax and spending to boost economic growth. At the time, Mr Ferguson said he welcomed the report and that Bristol was "extremely well-placed to take on greater powers". He welcomed closer working with the wider city region and Cardiff. On Wednesday, Mayor of Liverpool Joe Anderson said Merseyside needed to have an elected mayor to "make a real difference" to the people of the region and he would be interested in running for the role. He told the BBC mayors brought "a new focus previously lacking locally, nationally and internationally" to cities and wider urban conurbations. "Having a directly elected mayor has put Liverpool firmly on the front foot - long-term challenges of economic and population decline have been overcome and the city has transformed its infrastructure, its appearance and its image - and it can work for other cities too. "The city has a grasp on its future like never before. The people have greater involvement in the decisions that affect their lives - the very definition of democracy. But this can only work if we get are more resources and more powers. Politicians elected locally are better placed to make decisions about the places they govern," he said. Of course there will always be those who give the idea of mayors short shrift. And some mayors have had more bad press than others. The government said a recent report into Tower Hamlets Council in London - where directly elected mayor Lutfur Rahman is at the helm - reveals a "culture of cronyism". Mr Rahman has denied all allegations of electoral malpractice. But now, more than ever, it seems a mayor could be coming to a city or region near you.

ग्रेटर मैनचेस्टर को एक निर्वाचित महापौर मिलना है, जॉर्ज ओसबोर्न ने घोषणा की है। स्कॉटिश जनमत संग्रह के बाद इंग्लैंड के भीतर सत्ता के अधिक विकेंद्रीकरण के लिए कई आह्वान किए गए हैं। क्या अधिक निर्वाचित महापौर इसका जवाब हो सकते हैं?


Breaking the taboo: One rape victim tells her story

Summary: It is estimated that 12,000 men and 85,000 women on average are raped in England and Wales every year, but it is not an issue that is talked about openly. One woman has waived her anonymity and bravely spoken about her story, from reporting the attack to bringing her rapist to justice.

"My identity isn't 'I got raped', it's not. I am Juliet, but I'm forever altered." Juliet was attacked and raped by a stranger in an alleyway after leaving a bar in Manchester on New Year's Eve 2011. It has changed her life. "One event and your life isn't ordinary any more," says Juliet. "I don't know, maybe you become extraordinary because you survived it, that would be a good way to put it, and maybe that's how I'm managing to cope now." She had gone to the bar in Manchester city centre alone as a friend had not shown up and sat on a bar stool drinking, but after consuming a shot of alcohol suddenly felt very drunk and was escorted outside by the door staff. CCTV footage captured Juliet outside the bar at almost midnight, but she then disappeared out of shot and is only seen again two hours later, staggering from a nearby alleyway. There were no witnesses to the assault that took place during this time and she has vague memories but no recollection of the entire attack. As New Year's Day wore on, Juliet started to realise what had happened after she began to feel pain. She rang the police who referred her to St Mary's Sexual Assault Referral Centre in Manchester, one of 46 specialist centres in the UK offering support, counselling and care to rape victims, as well as gathering forensic evidence to help secure a conviction. It can take a long time from the moment a sex offence occurs to reaching a verdict in court, and many victims drop out before the trial. St Mary's aims to support them throughout the process. Stigma Bernie Ryan, the centre's manager, says rape is still considered a taboo issue in society. "We're all frightened by this type of crime," says Ryan. "We're all frightened about the stigma that it attracts and what people will say, and I think we need to get over that fear and talk about it openly." Not having a bath, shower or wash after an assault is extremely difficult but considered better for collecting forensic evidence. Juliet was seen by a forensic doctor and a crisis worker, part of the all-female team at St Mary's. "They said that however difficult it was going to be for me, that she would be as gentle as she possibly could, but she did need to get the evidence and she said you know at any point you can stop and have a breather. "A far cry from the old days, where you'd have a male doctor examining you, probably in a police station somewhere. That to me would be horrifying." DNA samples were taken and Juliet was examined. The medical team found bruises and abrasions on her body and the swabs were found to contain semen, proving someone had sexual intercourse with her without her knowledge. On 3 January 2012, she went to the police station where her version of events was filmed and recorded on a DVD to be used in a future trial. Rape by a stranger is rare and it is estimated that 90% of rape victims know their attacker, who could be a partner, ex-partner, relation, friend or colleague. 'You feel stained' The attack on Juliet was investigated by detectives in Greater Manchester Police's serious sexual offences unit. They had a breakthrough when they discovered a "DNA hit" - DNA from Juliet's swabs matched that of a 20-year-old male called Mustafa Yussuf. He was brought in for questioning and after refusing to comment at first, later claimed that the sex was consensual and he had been drunk. However, CCTV footage of Yussuf at 23:57 on the night in question established he did not appear to be intoxicated at the time of the attack. The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) is responsible for determining if there is enough evidence for a rape case to go to court and Alison Mutch from the Greater Manchester CPS says CCTV footage showed Juliet had been too drunk at the time to have consented to sex and so the case proceeded. She said it was important for the victim not to blame themselves for having drunk alcohol. "If you had a burglary trial you wouldn't blame the victim of burglary because they'd left their front door unlocked when they went to bed," says Mutch. "You wouldn't say, 'Oh well they deserved to be burgled' would you… well I hope not, and acquit as a result." Statistics have shown that many victims do not report attacks to the police. According to figures taken from the Crime Survey for England and Wales and published in an overview of sexual offending by the Office for National Statistics, the Home Office and the Ministry of Justice in January 2013, there are around 473,000 adult victims of sex offences every year. Yet only 53,700 sex offences were recorded as crimes by police in 2011-12 and an average of 5,620 offenders convicted. In 2012/13 there were 3,692 prosecutions for rape, resulting in 2,333 convictions, and the study indicates that when a rape case does get to court, about 62% of cases ended in a conviction, but about 38% of trials result in a not guilty verdict. "It's not that the jury haven't believed the victim, it's that they haven't been sure beyond reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty," says Mutch, "and this perception that somehow all these acquittals must mean they've been false allegations of rape just isn't right." The psychological impact the attack had on Juliet was traumatic. "I couldn't even get to the shops without freaking out and running home," says Juliet, "because you feel stained, you feel contaminated, you feel like everything you touch is going to be soiled with what has happened to you." Six months after the assault took place Juliet gave evidence behind a screen at the trial and was accompanied by Gail Morgan, an independent sexual violence adviser at St Mary's, who had supported her at the centre throughout the investigation. "It was probably the most challenging thing I've ever done in my life, the most scary, but not by far as frightening as what I thought it was going to be," says Juliet. Yussuf was found guilty of rape, sentenced to seven years and nine months in prison and put on the sex offenders register. After the court case was over Juliet visited the police station to pick up the shoes she was wearing at the time of the attack. They had been held as part of the investigation and the police were surprised that she wanted to keep them. "What was weird was the reaction I got from the police when I said, 'Well, I want them back,'" says Juliet. "I said, 'They're my beautiful, lovely, expensive shoes, and my shoes didn't rape me, I want them back.'" With rape, control is taken away from the victim, but putting on her shoes again means Juliet can start walking towards the future.

ऐसा अनुमान है कि इंग्लैंड और वेल्स में हर साल औसतन 12,000 पुरुषों और 85,000 महिलाओं के साथ बलात्कार होता है, लेकिन यह ऐसा मुद्दा नहीं है जिसके बारे में खुले तौर पर बात की जाती है। एक महिला ने हमले की रिपोर्ट करने से लेकर अपने बलात्कारी को न्याय के कटघरे में लाने तक अपनी कहानी के बारे में बहादुरी से बात की है।


Trinity Rector named acting Jersey Dean

Summary: The Rector of Trinity will be Jersey's Acting Anglican Dean for the next three months.

The Reverend Canon Geoff Houghton will be deputising for the Very Reverend Bob Key as head of the island's Anglican Church. Mr Key will be on sabbatical until April. Mr Houghton has been given permission to lead prayers in The States of Jersey but will not be able to join any debate. The Dean of Jersey has a seat in the States of Jersey as a non-voting member.

ट्रिनिटी के रेक्टर अगले तीन महीनों के लिए जर्सी के कार्यवाहक एंग्लिकन डीन होंगे।


Daniel Williams named as motorcyclist who died in crash

Summary: Police have named a 23-year-old motorcyclist who died in a crash involving a 4x4 vehicle in Denbighshire.

Daniel Williams, from Ruthin, was involved in a crash on the A494 between Gwyddelwern and Bryn Saith Marchog, near Corwen, at 15:35 BST on Saturday. He was pronounced dead at the scene, while the people in the 4x4 were said to be shocked but uninjured. North Wales Police have appealed for information about the incident. They want to hear from witnesses who saw the white and blue Suzuki bike shortly before the crash with a Jeep Wrangler.

पुलिस ने एक 23 वर्षीय मोटरसाइकिल सवार का नाम लिया है जिसकी डेनबिघशायर में 4x4 वाहन की दुर्घटना में मृत्यु हो गई थी।


Germany's Merkel survives bruising battle with rival Seehofer

Summary: On the face of it Angela Merkel has pulled off the compromise of her career. She has quelled the mutiny that threatened to destroy her coalition government. And, it seems, pacified her rebellious interior minister, who was still raging as he went into last-ditch emergency talks last night.

By Jenny HillBBC Berlin correspondent Horst Seehofer, who also leads Mrs Merkel's Bavarian coalition partners, had snarled that he wasn't going to be thrown out by the woman he had put in power. Later in the night he emerged beaming and triumphant to announce they had cut a deal. But this is no victory for Angela Merkel. The row, and the subsequent solution, have exposed the frailty of her position and may surprise those who still venerate the German chancellor as a defender of liberal values and open borders. Why the political crisis? The number of people seeking asylum in Germany has fallen sharply since the refugee crisis of 2015. Yet the row that has dominated Mrs Merkel's every waking hour for weeks now has focused not on the integration of the million or so people who are already trying to make new lives in Germany, but on the rather quiet border itself. More specifically, on what to do with the relatively small number of people who arrive there, having already registered or sought asylum in another EU country first. The deal announced late on Monday night is short on detail, but Mrs Merkel appears to have reincarnated an idea raised during her previous administration: transit centres that are located inside the German border but, much like airports, are not technically on German soil. From here migrants can be repatriated to the EU country where they first arrived. The compromise only works if a bilateral agreement exists with those countries. If there isn't one, then - the leaders agreed - people will simply be turned away at the Austrian border, subject to an agreement with the Austrian government. Is the crisis over? The Austrian government does not seem terribly impressed with the solution and has, in turn, announced plans to "protect" Austria's southern border. And it won't be long before the infighting breaks out again in Germany's troubled coalition. Mrs Merkel is gambling on her centre-left partner, the Social Democrat SPD, accepting the deal - although they have opposed such transit centres in the past. More from Jenny: Last night the party leaders reacted relatively calmly. Because if one thing trumps an illiberal migration policy for the SPD, it is the terrifying spectre of fresh elections. The SPD leadership cannot afford to let the coalition collapse. But its youth wing, which never wanted this alliance, is furious. As are some of its MPs. It's tempting to wonder why Mrs Merkel did not just accept Mr Seehofer's initial offer of resignation last night. She must have been itching to sack him ever since his first threat two weeks ago to act alone and start turning people away at the border. After all, she had the support of her party leadership and polls suggest that the majority of Germans prefer her European solution to his unilateral one. But reports suggest that the mood among some of her MPs has soured. They are worried. It's not just in pre-election Bavaria that anti-migrant rhetoric has borne fruit. When the leaders of the far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD) crowed on Tuesday that they were "hunting the union, driving it before us" they were not entirely wrong in claiming triumph over the CDU and CSU. Mrs Merkel has failed to achieve her original dream - a Europe that would truly share the responsibility for sheltering asylum seekers. At last week's summit of EU leaders she thrashed out a much tougher policy, working alongside populist governments and other leaders who cherish national interests above those of the European Union. Exhausted and embattled, Angela Merkel is having to adapt to a changed Europe.

इसके बावजूद एंजेला मर्केल ने अपने करियर के समझौते को वापस ले लिया है। उन्होंने उस विद्रोह को शांत किया है जिसने उनकी गठबंधन सरकार को नष्ट करने की धमकी दी थी। और, ऐसा लगता है, अपने विद्रोही आंतरिक मंत्री को शांत किया, जो अभी भी उग्र थे क्योंकि वे कल रात अंतिम आपातकालीन वार्ता में गए थे।


What Japanese history lessons leave out

Summary: Japanese people often fail to understand why neighbouring countries harbour a grudge over events that happened in the 1930s and 40s. The reason, in many cases, is that they barely learned any 20th Century history. I myself only got a full picture when I left Japan and went to school in Australia.

By Mariko OiBBC News, Tokyo From Homo erectus to the present day - more than a million years of history in just one year of lessons. That is how, at the age of 14, I first learned of Japan's relations with the outside world. For three hours a week - 105 hours over the year - we edged towards the 20th Century. It's hardly surprising that some classes, in some schools, never get there, and are told by teachers to finish the book in their spare time. When I returned recently to my old school, Sacred Heart in Tokyo, teachers told me they often have to start hurrying, near the end of the year, to make sure they have time for World War II. "When I joined Sacred Heart as a teacher, I was asked by the principal to make sure that I teach all the way up to modern history," says my history teacher from Year Eight. "We have strong ties with our sister schools in the Asian region so we want our students to understand Japan's historical relationship with our neighbouring countries." I still remember her telling the class, 17 years ago, about the importance of Japan's war history and making the point that many of today's geopolitical tensions stem from what happened then. I also remember wondering why we couldn't go straight to that period if it was so important, instead of wasting time on the Pleistocene epoch. When we did finally get there, it turned out only 19 of the book's 357 pages dealt with events between 1931 and 1945. There was one page on what is known as the Mukden incident, when Japanese soldiers blew up a railway in Manchuria in China in 1931. There was one page on other events leading up to the Sino-Japanese war in 1937 - including one line, in a footnote, about the massacre that took place when Japanese forces invaded Nanjing - the Nanjing Massacre, or Rape of Nanjing. There was another sentence on the Koreans and the Chinese who were brought to Japan as miners during the war, and one line, again in a footnote, on "comfort women" - a prostitution corps created by the Imperial Army of Japan. There was also just one sentence on the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. I wanted to know more, but was not quite eager enough to delve into the subject in my spare time. As a teenager, I was more interested in fashion and boys. My friends had a chance to choose world history as a subject in Year 11. But by that stage I had left the Japanese schooling system, and was living in Australia. I remember the excitement when I noticed that instead of ploughing chronologically through a given period, classes would focus on a handful of crucial events in world history. So brushing aside my teacher's objection that I would struggle with the high volume of reading and writing in English - a language I could barely converse in - I picked history as one of my subjects for the international baccalaureate. My first ever essay in English was on the Rape of Nanjing. There is controversy over what happened. The Chinese say 300,000 were killed and many women were gang-raped by the Japanese soldiers, but as I spent six months researching all sides of the argument, I learned that some in Japan deny the incident altogether. Nobukatsu Fujioka is one of them and the author of one of the books that I read as part of my research. "It was a battlefield so people were killed but there was no systematic massacre or rape," he says, when I meet him in Tokyo. "The Chinese government hired actors and actresses, pretending to be the victims when they invited some Japanese journalists to write about them. "All of the photographs that China uses as evidence of the massacre are fabricated because the same picture of decapitated heads, for example, has emerged as a photograph from the civil war between Kuomintang and Communist parties." As a 17-year-old student, I was not trying to make a definitive judgement on what exactly happened, but reading a dozen books on the incident at least allowed me to understand why many people in China still feel bitter about Japan's military past. While school pupils in Japan may read just one line on the massacre, children in China are taught in detail not just about the Rape of Nanjing but numerous other Japanese war crimes, though these accounts of the war are sometimes criticised for being overly anti-Japanese. The same can be said about South Korea, where the education system places great emphasis on our modern history. This has resulted in very different perceptions of the same events in countries an hour's flying time apart. One of the most contentious topics there is the comfort women. Fujioka believes they were paid prostitutes. But Japan's neighbours, such as South Korea and Taiwan, say they were forced to work as sex slaves for the Japanese army. Without knowing these debates, it is extremely difficult to grasp why recent territorial disputes with China or South Korea cause such an emotional reaction among our neighbours. The sheer hostility shown towards Japan by ordinary people in street demonstrations seems bewildering and even barbaric to many Japanese television viewers. Equally, Japanese people often find it hard to grasp why politicians' visits to the controversial Yasukuni Shrine - which honours war criminals among other Japanese soldiers - cause quite so much anger. I asked the children of some friends and colleagues how much history they had picked up during their school years. Twenty-year-old university student Nami Yoshida and her older sister Mai - both undergraduates studying science - say they haven't heard about comfort women. "I've heard of the Nanjing massacre but I don't know what it's about," they both say. "At school, we learn more about what happened a long time ago, like the samurai era," Nami adds. Seventeen-year-old Yuki Tsukamoto says the "Mukden incident" and Japan's invasion of the Korean peninsula in the late 16th Century help to explain Japan's unpopularity in the region. "I think it is understandable that some people are upset, because no-one wants their own country to be invaded," he says. But he too is unaware of the plight of the comfort women. Former history teacher and scholar Tamaki Matsuoka holds Japan's education system responsible for a number of the country's foreign relations difficulties. "Our system has been creating young people who get annoyed by all the complaints that China and South Korea make about war atrocities because they are not taught what they are complaining about," she said. "It is very dangerous because some of them may resort to the internet to get more information and then they start believing the nationalists' views that Japan did nothing wrong." I first saw her work, based on interviews with Japanese soldiers who invaded Nanjing, when I visited the museum in the city a few years ago. "There were many testimonies by the victims but I thought we needed to hear from the soldiers," she says. "It took me many years but I interviewed 250 of them. Many initially refused to talk, but eventually, they admitted to killing, stealing and raping." When I saw her video interviews of the soldiers, it was not just their admission of war crimes which shocked me, it was their age. Already elderly by the time she interviewed them, many had been barely 20 at the time, and in a strange way, it humanised them. I was choked with an extremely complex emotion. Sad to see Japan repeatedly described as evil and dubbed "the devil", and nervous because I wondered how people around me would react if they knew I was Japanese. But there was also the big question why - what drove these young soldiers to kill and rape? When Matsuoka published her book, she received many threats from nationalist groups. She and Fujioka represent two opposing camps in a debate about what should be taught in Japanese schools. Fujioka and his Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform say most textbooks are "masochistic" and only teach about Japan in negative light. "The Japanese textbook authorisation system has the so-called "neighbouring country clause" which means that textbooks have to show understanding in their treatment of historical events involving neighbouring Asian countries. It is just ridiculous," he says. He is widely known for pressuring politicians to remove the term "comfort women" from all the junior high school textbooks. His first textbook, which won government approval in 2001, made a brief reference to the death of Chinese soldiers and civilians in Nanjing, but he plans to tone it down further in his next book. But is ignorance the solution? The Ministry of Education's guidelines for junior high schools state that all children must be taught about Japan's "historical relations with its Asian neighbours and the catastrophic damage caused by the World War II to humanity at large". "That means schools have to teach about the Japanese military's increased influence and extension of its power [in the 1930s] and the prolonged war in China," says ministry spokesman Akihiko Horiuchi. "Students learn about the extent of the damage caused by Japan in many countries during the war as well as sufferings that the Japanese people had to experience especially in Hiroshima, Nagasaki and Okinawa in order to understand the importance of international co-operation and peace. "Based on our guideline, each school decides which specific events they focus on depending on the areas and the situation of the school and the students' maturity." Matsuoka, however, thinks the government deliberately tries not to teach young people the details of Japan's atrocities. Having experienced history education in two countries, the way history is taught in Japan has at least one advantage - students come away with a comprehensive understanding of when events happened, in what order. In many ways, my schoolfriends and I were lucky. Because junior high students were all but guaranteed a place in the senior high school, not many had to go through what's often described as the "examination war". For students who are competing to get into a good senior high school or university, the race is extremely tough and requires memorisation of hundreds of historical dates, on top of all the other subjects that have to be studied. They have no time to dwell on a few pages of war atrocities, even if they read them in their textbooks. All this has resulted in Japan's Asian neighbours - especially China and South Korea - accusing the country of glossing over its war atrocities. Meanwhile, Japan's new Prime Minister Shinzo Abe criticises China's school curriculum for being too "anti-Japanese". He, like Fujioka, wants to change how history is taught in Japan so that children can be proud of our past, and is considering revising Japan's 1993 apology over the comfort women issue. If and when that happens, it will undoubtedly cause a huge stir with our Asian neighbours. And yet, many Japanese will have no clue why it is such a big deal. You can follow the Magazine on Twitter and on Facebook

जापानी लोग अक्सर यह समझने में विफल रहते हैं कि 1930 और 40 के दशक में हुई घटनाओं पर पड़ोसी देशों को नफरत क्यों है। कई मामलों में इसका कारण यह है कि उन्होंने मुश्किल से 20वीं शताब्दी का कोई इतिहास सीखा। मुझे खुद पूरी तस्वीर तब मिली जब मैंने जापान छोड़ा और ऑस्ट्रेलिया में स्कूल गया।


Mary Wilson - a Motown legend and a style icon

Summary: When The Supremes broke up in 1977, Mary Wilson faced a dilemma.

By Mark SavageBBC music reporter For nearly 20 years, she'd taken second place to a lead singer - first Diana Ross, then, in the 1970s, Jean Terrell. Launching a solo career meant that, for the first time, she would be the centre of attention. "I was used to singing 'oohs' and 'babys'," she said. "Now there are words. I had to learn all over again." But Wilson, who has died at the age of 76, was always more than a backing singer. She was the lynchpin of The Supremes, keeping the group intact and on the road after Ross's departure. She coached three new line-ups and cultivated their live audience in Europe - where, she realised, "you don't have to have a current record or product to be remembered and loved and respected for your craft". Even after the band's demise, she curated The Supremes' legacy, staging exhibitions of their gowns and writing two best-selling books documenting their achievements. In their 1960s heyday, the Motown group rivalled the Beatles for commercial success - at one point scoring five consecutive number one singles in the US, an achievement that's still unmatched by any other female vocal group. The first of those songs, Where Did Our Love Go, was even beamed into space so that astronauts on the Gemini 5 mission could enjoy The Supremes' glossy pop harmonies. For three girls from the Brewster-Douglass Housing Projects of Detroit, it was success on a scale they could never have imagined. "Miracles do happen," Wilson told Pure M Magazine. "It happened to us. We worked hard for it, but [we] totally, totally enjoyed being on top. "We travelled the world, we met all kinds of people, worked with all kinds of people, it was one of those great experiences. Maybe everybody can't handle it, but I certainly did, and I certainly enjoyed it." Wilson was born in Greenville, Mississippi, on 6 March 1944. Her parents separated when she was young and she was raised by family members until she was 10 years old, believing for many years that her mother was actually her aunt. The family moved to Chicago and later Detroit, where they attended Aretha Franklin's father's church every Sunday. Wilson, who learned to sing by imitating Lena Horne records, formed her first group with Aretha's sister, Carolyn, when she was in junior school. The Supremes were the creation of a Detroit group called The Primes who wanted a new girl group to support them at local shows. They'd already found two singers, Betty McGlown and Florence Ballard - who suggested adding Wilson, her classmate, as a third member. Wilson then recruited Diane Ross, who she'd first spotted from of the window of her apartment, calling her "the most energetic and pretty girl I'd ever seen". Diamonds in the rough Christened The Primettes, the band started performing covers of songs by Ray Charles and The Drifters at social clubs and talent shows around Detroit. "I recall when we first got together... I absolutely felt complete," said Wilson in 2014. "I absolutely never had another thought of doing anything else in my life." They quickly won an audition from Motown founder Berry Gordy - but he refused to sign the band until they had graduated from school. Determined not to be forgotten, they would hang out on the lawn outside the label's headquarters until, one day, a producer came out and told the teenagers he needed someone to perform hand claps on a record. "We jumped and said, 'We'll do it,'" Wilson told The Wall Street Journal last year. "Berry Gordy said, 'Wow, you girls are serious.' He signed us." (In fact, the girls' parents had to sign the contracts as they were still underage). The band were quickly renamed The Supremes (other options included The Melodees, The Jewelettes and The Sweet Ps) and put through the "finishing school" by Maxine Powell, the Miss Manners of Motown. "She used to tell us, 'You girls are just diamonds in the rough and we are here to polish you'," Wilson said. "At the age of 15, Mrs Powell taught us to keep our knees together, how to get in and out of a car and she also said something that we used to laugh at: 'Never let your buttocks protrude.'" Primed and polished the band nonetheless suffered a series of flops at the start of their career. In Motown's offices, they became known as "the no-hit Supremes". McGlown left the band in 1960 and was replaced by Barbara Martin, who then left in 1962. "We were still learning our trade," Wilson told the BBC in 2014. "I think after a couple of years, Berry Gordy recognised we were getting more serious about our careers - it wasn't just a little hobby any more. "So he put us with his best writing team - Eddie and Brian Holland and Lamont Dozier. And 1964 was the year it suddenly all happened for us." Their first number one was Where Did Our Love Go, recorded as a trio in 1964. Holland-Dozier-Holland had originally written it for Wilson, thinking it suited her grittier soul voice, but Gordy insisted Ross - who by this stage had changed her name to Diana - should take the lead vocal. That set the pattern for the band's next four number ones - Baby Love, Come See About Me, Stop! In The Name Of Love and Back In My Arms Again - where Ross was consistently thrust into the limelight. By 1967, Gordy, who was romantically involved with the singer, had renamed the band Diana Ross & The Supremes. But Wilson never bore a grudge against the star. Diana's ambition was "her strong point," she told Outsmart magazine in 1986. "She was not like me - she did not wait for things to happen; she went out there and made things happen. I admired that in her." Role models As the hits continued to rack up, The Supremes were a constant presence on radio and television - subtly contributing to shifting perceptions of race in America. "TV really helped us," Wilson later recalled. "People were able to see us all over America and see black people in a different light. We were human beings. We were respected. We were loved." The band's glamorous style was also a political statement - projecting black affluence and sophistication in the middle of the Civil Rights era. "We were role models," Wilson said. "What we wore mattered." The Supremes "were three of the most beautiful women I had ever seen," wrote Whoopi Goldberg in the foreword to Wilson's book, Supreme Style. "These were brown women as they had never, ever been seen before on national television." Seeing them perform, Goldberg was encouraged to think that "I too could be well-spoken, tall, majestic, an emissary of black folks" who, like the band themselves, "came from the projects". The band's songs also tackled some of the big social taboos of the day - with Love Child and I'm Living In Shame addressing the stigma around single mothers and illegitimate children. In 1966, the album Supremes A' Go-Go became the first record by an all-woman group to top the US album charts, knocking the Beatles' Revolver off the number one spot. But by this stage, Ballard, who had been sexually assaulted as a child, was spiralling into depression and alcoholism. She was removed from the group in 1967 and replaced by Cindy Birdsong. She later died of a heart attack, aged 32. Ross left the group soon after to pursue a (wildly successful) solo career, leaving Wilson as the only original member still in the act, "I made up my mind that I didn't want my dream to die," she told the Chicago Tribune in 1986. "Everyone else was giving up the ship, so to speak. I was the ship... I was The Supremes." With Jean Terrell on lead vocals, the band scored hits in the early 1970s with songs like Stoned Love and Nathan Jones, but they never really recovered from losing Ross. Wilson laid the blame with Motown, feeling it had failed to promote or support the group's new line-up; and she later sued the label over the rights to The Supremes' name, and the terms of her contract as a solo artist. "Motown didn't give me what I thought I should get in the contract," she explained. "They treated me like I was a newcomer, not someone who had helped build the company." As the band faltered, Wilson's private life was causing even greater pain. She had married Pedro Ferrer in 1974, calling him "a charismatic man who could handle any problem", but the relationship quickly turned sour. "He was a handsome devil with a gorgeous Afro - dashing, charming and seductive," she wrote in her book, Supreme Faith. "At first he gave me confidence, made me see that I had so much to offer without Diana. But I also found out Pedro had a violent temper." Exploding into jealous rages, Ferrer "beat my face, gave me black eyes" and slashed her face with a glass, nearly severing her ear. In 1979, she gave him a year to clean up his act. When he didn't, she walked away and their divorce became final in 1981. The couple had three children, the youngest of whom, Rafael, died in 1994, when Wilson's jeep hit the central reservation of a Los Angeles freeway and overturned. She later said it was her faith in God that helped her come to terms with the trauma. "Physically I have healed. Emotionally it's ongoing," she told The Chicago Tribune. "[But] I was probably as strong the first day as I am now because of my belief. "We're never taught about how to handle death. Death to me is a wonderful part of the living experience, so when my son passed I pretty much understood and said goodbye at that time. I cry every day, but then I get right back and do what I have to do." Legal campaigns Wilson found major success in the 1980s with her memoir, Dreamgirl: My Life as a Supreme. The title was taken from the Broadway musical Dreamgirls, which was based on The Supremes' career (Wilson called the play "dead on") and the book scrupulously detailed the abuses the band had suffered at the hands of the record industry. The Supremes were tied to a 3 per cent royalty rate (less expenses), she revealed, meaning they would have made less than $5,000 (£3,629) from a record that sold a million copies. A New York Times bestseller, it remains one of the most popular rock-and-roll autobiographies of all time. Wilson followed it up with a second volume, and a book on The Supremes' style. In 2001, she received an associate's degree in arts from New York University, the result of five years studying in between touring commitments. "My mother couldn't read or write, and the one thing she always stressed was education," she said as she donned her graduation robes. "It's a personal achievement and I'm very proud of myself." In her later years, she also appeared in musicals, became an inspirational speaker and appeared in the 2019 series of Dancing With The Stars - despite having heart bypass surgery in 2006. Fiercely protective of The Supremes' legacy, she also lobbied - successfully - for copyright laws that made it illegal for tribute acts to pass themselves off as the real thing. And she remained proud of her achievements until the very end. "The music has lasted, it's still fresh," she said in 2019. "Motown music still has a current sound to it, which is really wonderful. And it's great to be a part of it." Follow us on Facebook, or on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts. If you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.

जब 1977 में द सुप्रीम्स टूट गया, तो मैरी विल्सन को एक दुविधा का सामना करना पड़ा।


Welsh Labour's NHS record defended by Mark Drakeford

Summary: Health Minister Mark Drakeford has defended Labour's record running the Welsh NHS following a week of sustained criticism from the Conservatives and the Daily Mail newspaper. He was interviewed by Andrew Neil of the BBC's Sunday Politics programme and responded to the main points of criticism.

On cancer treatment We have an ambitious target in cancer - it is 10% more ambitious than the target in England. We have record numbers of patients with cancer receiving treatment within 62 days. We have ambitious targets - we're getting closer to reaching them. They outperform the system in England every single month and we provide a very good service indeed to cancer patients. On ambulance response times Demand for ambulance services goes up all the time. Last month in September the Welsh Ambulance Service conveyed more patients to hospital within eight minutes than before. But we understand that we're not doing well enough - we've got plans in place to improve it. There are more things that we need to do and we're determined to do just that. On accident and emergency admissions We're in the same position as health services across the United Kingdom that as demand rises and resource stays static, the pressures are real in the system. We want to do more to reach the ambitious targets we have but nobody should go away with the idea that the big picture of the Welsh NHS is about missing things - actually hundreds of thousands of people every single week in Wales get careful, compassionate and effective care. We are investing an extra £200m this year and £225m extra next year in our Welsh NHS despite the fact that our budget is cut by 10% by the Westminster government. We protect the NHS in Wales because we know just how important it is to our patients. We have protected our social services and our social care system so that they work together with the health system - we have an integrated system here in Wales. In England they have slashed and burned their way through social services departments - it's why their hospitals are chock full of people who ought to be discharged and there are no services for those people to go to. On calls for an inquiry In Wales, as everywhere else, there are real pressures in our health service - we see them every day, we work hard every day to address them. I will not agree to a backward looking, undifferentiated, timeless, uncosted, unproductive inquiry. What we do is where we see things that are wrong - and there are things that need attention - we inquire into them, we publish the results, we deal with the consequences of those reports. There's nothing at all to hide in the Welsh NHS. We are the most scrutinised health service in the United Kingdom - we report on it every single week of the year. We have independent people inquiring into our NHS ... we published an independent inquiry overseen by very senior people, not from Wales at all, that carried out spot checks unannounced in all our major hospitals, 70 wards across Wales. They said that the big picture of care in Wales is that it is careful, it is compassionate, and it provides an excellent service for Welsh patients. On a review by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) We have not pulled out of that - there will be an OECD visit to Wales, there will be a report by the OECD on the Welsh health service, it will be published in full. What we will not do is fall in with the deliberate distortions attempted to be introduced by the secretary of state in England in which he wishes against all the rules to allow himself an opportunity to quote selectively from a report that will not have been published ... in an entirely partisan, politically-driven way, absolutely consistent with his appalling behaviour over the last week.

स्वास्थ्य मंत्री मार्क ड्रेकफोर्ड ने कंजर्वेटिव और डेली मेल समाचार पत्र की एक सप्ताह की निरंतर आलोचना के बाद वेल्श एन. एच. एस. चलाने के लेबर के रिकॉर्ड का बचाव किया है। बीबीसी के संडे पॉलिटिक्स कार्यक्रम के एंड्रयू नील ने उनका साक्षात्कार लिया और आलोचना के मुख्य बिंदुओं का जवाब दिया।