Islamic State's position on Christians

Summary: The recent abduction of dozens of Assyrian Christians and the mass beheading of Egyptian Copts at the hands of the Islamic State (IS) militant group raises questions about its stance on Christians, both in the Middle East and worldwide.

While there is a general consensus among Islamic scholars that both Christians and Jews enjoy special status under an Islamic state which guarantees them safety in exchange for paying a special tax and other conditions, IS has recently signalled that this status would be an exception rather than the rule. When the group announced the beheading of the Copts earlier this month, it said it had acted in revenge for the alleged mistreatment of Coptic women converts to Islam by the Egyptian Coptic Church. But it also indicated that they had been targeted because they were part of the "nation of the Cross" - an apparent reference to Christians worldwide - which was waging a "Crusader" war against Islam. This appeared to suggest that all Christians, regardless of their sectarian affiliations, were legitimate targets for IS. Nevertheless, there is also evidence that the group is willing to tolerate Christian minorities in areas under its control. 'Protected status' The news was reminiscent of the abduction of the Egyptian Copts in Libya who were subsequently beheaded by IS militants there. The fact that IS has taken the Assyrians prisoner would suggest they are not accorded protected status. It has already signalled its hostility towards the Assyrian Christian prisoners by describing them as "Crusaders". Unlike other religious minorities - such as the Yazidis - Christians and Jews are generally considered to have protected ("Dhimmi") status because they belong to monotheistic religions like Islam. But IS appears to view Christians primarily as enemies that must be fought and subdued. Contrary to the prevailing view in Muslim countries, IS regards Christians as being afforded the protected status of Dhimmis only if they pay a special tax called jizya and fulfil other stringent obligations. Those obligations are subject to IS's own interpretation. When Islamic State in Iraq (ISI), as it was known at the time, targeted a Catholic church in Baghdad in 2010 it linked the attack with the alleged persecution of Muslim women converts by the Coptic Church in Egypt. ISI held Iraq's Christians responsible for the Coptic Church's actions by failing to denounce its alleged crimes committed against Muslims. Shortly afterwards, ISI issued a statement announcing that Iraq's Christians were legitimate targets. A wave of attacks followed in areas with a Christian majority in Iraq. Nevertheless, Christians have not always been seen as enemies by the group. A few years earlier, Christian minorities in areas of Iraq that had been under ISI control did enjoy the group's protection. A statement issued by the group's Mosul branch in 2008 referred to a pact concluded with Christian community leaders and ISI. More recently, in 2014, IS offered similar protection to Christians in its stronghold of Raqqa in Syria and possibly in other areas under the group's control in both Syria and Iraq. IS gave Christians three options: to convert to Islam; to remain Christian but pay taxes and conform to strict Islamic rules; or to reject the first two options and face war from the group. But in the latest edition of its English-language magazine Dabiq, the group listed Christians among IS's main enemies. It said IS advocated jihad against "the Jews, the Christians, the Rafida [Shia] and the proponents of democracy". BBC Monitoring reports and analyses news from TV, radio, web and print media around the world. You can follow BBC Monitoring on Twitter and Facebook.

हाल ही में दर्जनों असीरियाई ईसाइयों का अपहरण और इस्लामिक स्टेट (आईएस) आतंकवादी समूह के हाथों मिस्र के कॉप्टों का सामूहिक सिर कलम करना मध्य पूर्व और दुनिया भर में ईसाइयों पर उसके रुख के बारे में सवाल उठाता है।


Kent PCC to recruit more police officers and staff

Summary: Kent's police and crime commissioner (PCC) has announced plans to recruit nearly 100 more police officers and support staff.

Ann Barnes said the proposal equates to an additional £2.79 in the police precept on the average household council tax bill The figure includes 20 constables, 60 community support officers and 18 custody attendants. Kent will lose 440 serving officers and 750 civilian staff by 2016. Ms Barnes said: "People want and they demand visible policing and that's not a simplistic reaction in times of tension and uncertainty." She added that most of the planned posts could be introduced countywide by the end of June.

केंट के पुलिस और अपराध आयुक्त (पीसीसी) ने लगभग 100 और पुलिस अधिकारियों और सहायक कर्मचारियों की भर्ती करने की योजना की घोषणा की है।


Russia's most daring theatre company

Summary: A fearless Russian drama company has risen from the dead after being evicted from its premises in Moscow this winter. The eviction seemed at first to be a political death sentence, but does a theatre with barely 100 seats really present a threat to the Kremlin?

By Lucy AshBBC News Just down the street from Moscow's pale blue Yelokhovskaya Cathedral, there is a small, one-storey building behind a gate. Attached the the railings, I read a hastily written cardboard sign with an arrow pointing to the courtyard. This is the new home of the embattled Moscow drama company Teatr Doc. Inside is a hive of activity in preparation for the re-opening - one man on a stepladder is attaching some lights to a beam as people below him stack chairs and mop the floor. It still looks a bit like a building site, and plaster dust hangs in the air as I walk into a little side room where a young bearded man is awkwardly holding a hammer. Aleksey Krizhevsky, whose day job is writing for a news website, is doing his best to put up coat pegs. He is one of an army of volunteers who have come to clear rubble, lay bricks, sand and paint over the past six weeks. Actors, directors, students and members of the audience have all lent a hand, he says. "We never went hungry because people kept bringing in sandwiches and home cooked food. It was a great atmosphere." When the Moscow government threw Teatr Doc out of a basement in the city centre where it had worked for 12 years, the homeless company appealed to its audience for help. Oleg Karlsson, an architect, was one of hundreds who responded to SOS messages on Facebook. He donated his time and expertise to turn a semi-derelict structure - once part of an 18th Century nobleman's estate, and later a fish shop - into Doc's new base. "I've done what I can to turn these ruins into a useable space," he says, "but we need three or four times the funds to do it properly." The old premises of Teatr Doc were located close to the fashionable Pushkin Square, but the doors and windows are now welded shut with sheets of metal. The company rented the venue from the Moscow city government but had its lease revoked last autumn, supposedly for violating planning regulations by installing an extra emergency exit - work it undertook on the orders of the fire brigade. Tax inspectors, firemen and police are often used to close down businesses and get rid of undesirable tenants. Teatr Doc was was able to remain in situ, however, while it appealed against the eviction. Then, one evening in December, as it started screening clips from a documentary on the political turmoil and bloodshed in Ukraine, police from a special anti-extremism division burst in and marched everyone out into the courtyard. At first they said they had received a bomb threat. "They spent ages checking our IDs outside and we were asking if there really is a bomb why do you keep us here? All of us could die if it explodes! " says Aleksey Krizhevsky, who had been one of two dozen people in the audience. "It was strange because an official from the Ministry of Culture and a policeman just sat in the theatre for hours watching the whole film as we stood shivering outside in -15C!" Yelena Gremina, a renowned playwright and the director of Teatr Doc, was out of town at the time but got a call to say that three people from the theatre had been arrested and that laptops and other material were being taken out of the office. Find out more: Listen to Lucy Ash's radio documentary for Crossing Continents on BBC Radio 4 on the BBC iPlayer "The place had been ransacked," she says. "They'd kicked a door in, you could see their bootmarks all over it - they trashed the office and dressing room, scattered make up on the floor, smashed up our scenery - it was awful." An inquiry dragged on for two weeks before a case of extremism opened against the theatre, and against her personally, was dropped. "Of course, there was nothing extremist about any of the stuff we do - we just believe in freedom of expression," she says. "But the next day people from the Ministry of Culture called me in to warn that next time we'd be punished more severely." Gremina, a woman with a mop of curly hair and fierce black eyes, refuses to be intimidated. "Whoever cooked up this idiotic scenario had clearly bitten off more than he could chew," she says. Teatr Doc has made its mark by reflecting the unvarnished reality of everyday life in Russia. It was founded in 2002 by a group of writers who couldn't find a theatre willing to stage their documentary-style writing. Practically all its plays are verbatim, created on the basis of long interviews with actual people. Anna Kotova, a young actress who has appeared in a number of its productions, says Teatr Doc calls itself "the theatre where nobody acts"- though preserving the exact speech of interviewees can be more challenging than reciting the dialogue of classical Russian theatre or TV comedy, she says. At the packed-out opening show in the new building, one of the first on stage is Marina Kleshova, who has spent most of her life behind bars. "I'm not afraid of Teatr Doc and it is not afraid of me," she says, walking on with her guitar. She performs a Soviet-era lament about New Year's Eve in a penal colony which, much to the audience's delight, contains a number of powerful swear words. The song defiantly puts two fingers up to a recent law which bans obscene language from stage and screen. There are cheers and whistles as she sings in a throaty voice and strums her guitar. At first, Teatr Doc's playwrights and directors focused mainly on social issues such as the plight of prisoners, migrant workers, drug addicts and people treated like outcasts after being infected with HIV. But from 2010 onwards, the plays became more critical of the government, says John Freedman, a Moscow-based translator, writer and specialist on Russian theatre. "Everybody started to sense that there was a clamping down, a growing conservatism, and in response they started doing more political shows," he says. One play which may have irritated the authorities was about the whistle-blowing lawyer, Sergei Magnitsky, who accused tax officials and police officers of embezzling $230m. Shortly afterwards, he was arrested and died an agonising death in custody. Based on interviews and court transcripts, the title of the play One Hour and 18 Minutes refers to the period of time that medical treatment was denied to Magnitsky in his cell. "The play showed how incredibly callous all of the policemen were, as well as the guards, the judges and the medical staff," says Freedman. "It was the story of a man simply hounded to death because he had information about government corruption." Russia's president is savagely lampooned in another even edgier Teatr Doc production, BerlusPutin, a farce adapted from a play by the Italian satirist Dario Fo, called the Two-headed Anomaly. In Doc's version, Silvio Berlusconi's brain is transplanted into the head of Vladimir Putin with disastrous results. The actor playing Putin wears a rubber chest - mimicking the naked torso which the real President regularly flaunts on Russian TV. He later dons a mask of Dobby the house elf, a character from the Harry Potter movies. It seems the botox treatment to get rid of the president's wrinkles has gone badly wrong. But slapstick aside, the play contains some altogether blacker humour. The play revolves around the relationship between Vladimir Putin and his former wife Lyudmila, who has been dumped in a monastery. When he suggests they have sex, she yells: "You can't rape me, I'm not Russia!" How much can Teatr Doc get away with? Russia has a constitution, which officially protects artistic freedom. But with war in Ukraine, and a plunging rouble, these are uncertain and increasingly intolerant times. Nationalism is on the rise, as is the influence of the Russian Orthodox church. Just after the re-opening in February, I met Sergei Kapkov, the man in charge of culture in the Moscow city government, who brought wi-fi and rental bikes to Gorky Park, renovated theatres and, unusually, earned the support of the liberal opposition. He told me the Russian capital was a "thriving metropolis filled with creative people who have many different points of view" and that he would not interfere with Teatr Doc "so long as it stays within the law". So, I insisted, can a theatre which is critical of the government and even of the president himself survive in today's climate? "I'm not Nostrodamus," he snapped. "I can't see into the future." A few weeks later, Kapkov stepped down. The reasons for this unclear, but many saw his resignation as a bad omen. He certainly seemed to have a far more liberal vision than Vladimir Medinsky - Russia's hardline Minister of Culture. The Russian movie Leviathan won prizes at Cannes and the Golden Globes but the film - about a corrupt local mayor who forces a family off their land - was not to Medinsky's taste. Such "negative" films, he said, would never again receive official funding. Since then Medinsky has waded into a row over the staging of Wagner's opera, Tannhauser, in the Siberian city of Novosibirsk - sacking the manager of the opera house after Orthodox clerics objected to scantily clad Biblical characters. The production was "humiliating" to believers, the clerics said - the same argument used to jail members of Pussy Riot after their punk performance in a Moscow cathedral. But Teatr Doc still revels in pushing the boundaries - it has just hosted a one-man show from Kiev based on the diary of a military psychologist who counsels Ukraine's frontline troops. The evening wasn't advertised for fear of another visit from the police. Next month it will premiere a play about the Bolotnaya Square demonstration of 2011, when tens of thousands protested against Vladimir Putin's return to the presidency for a third term. The work is based on interviews with the families of demonstrators who ended up in jail. Teatr Doc may be small, its productions are not televised and you can only watch fragments online. But it has an impressive reach both outside and inside the country. And even a small independent theatre is important, says director Elena Gremina. People across Russia have been watching carefully over the last few months, she says, wondering whether Teatr Doc will surrender or not. "When we were gathering money for our new building online," she says, "we received small donations of 200 or 300 roubles (less than $5) from people living in Blagoveshchensk, Nizhniy Novgorod and Novosibirsk - thousands of miles away. They might have never visited our theatre but it's important for them to know that we exist." Listen to Lucy Ash's radio documentary for Crossing Continents on BBC Radio 4 on the BBC iPlayer Subscribe to the BBC News Magazine's email newsletter to get articles sent to your inbox.

एक निडर रूसी नाटक कंपनी इस सर्दी में मास्को में अपने परिसर से बेदखल होने के बाद मृतकों में से उठ गई है। बेदखली शुरू में एक राजनीतिक मौत की सजा लग रही थी, लेकिन क्या मुश्किल से 100 सीटों वाला एक थिएटर वास्तव में क्रेमलिन के लिए खतरा पेश करता है?


Coronavirus: Kate Silverton on her fear for children's mental health

Summary: Home schooling is causing stress in millions of homes across the UK. BBC newsreader Kate Silverton, who is also a trainee child psychotherapist and a mother-of-two, has like most parents found lockdown a very challenging time. After speaking to other parents about their own stresses and fears, she warns about the damage the pandemic could do to children's mental health.

Home schooling may have been a success for some but in my overall experience - and that of the parents I have spoken to - those successes have been few and far between. Whether at the school gates, or in the counselling arena, mums and dads tell me they cannot cope. I would go so far to say that anyone who thinks working and schooling young children from home has been a success is sadly ill-informed. My husband and I have tried to make the memories of this time more joyful and positive. So we camped in our (courtyard) garden and have had more late nights, cuddled up watching movies than we would have done previously. However, it has inevitably been a very demanding time for everyone. When people ask how I am doing, I often joke that I am "surviving not thriving". When the work calls start, it is very hard to be there for our children. Running feral So many working parents have shared with me stories of having to work on constant Zoom calls while their children "run feral". One single mum called time on her employer after being on yet another conference call when she heard a gushing sound next door. Her three children - aged 10, 7 and 3 - had run a bath and left the water running. The entire kitchen was flooded. Another told me how her four-year-old had left a note to his dad: "This is a storee about a daddy called Androoo, he werced all the time." Parents have spoken of their fears around their children being constantly online. One teacher was in tears to me about the guilt she felt when she was upstairs "looking after other people's children", while her own were downstairs alone, playing video games. To be physically present for our children but not emotionally available - shooing them away while on work calls, sending them downstairs to play while we work upstairs - sends them a very definite message: you're in the way. They feel a deep sense of rejection from what is, to them, a very visible representation that work comes before them. "I can't go on," one mum told me. "It's horrific," said another, for whom the fear of losing her job means she cannot put her children first. Others tell me how inadequate they feel. Some say they are drinking more and shouting too much. Fathers say the pressure of an uncertain future and trying to home-school young children has pushed them to the brink. One dad told me he had never smacked his children but said he had come close during lockdown. A mother admitted that her 10-year-old daughter woke her up to say goodbye to her as she left for school. Frazzled, exhausted and fearful after the loss of her husband's job, and with her own in the balance, she had fallen asleep at the kitchen table over breakfast. Even teachers are struggling. Ed Vainker, executive principal at Reach Academy, Feltham, in west London, shared with me the difficulty he has had. "I don't want to have to be headteacher to my child. Home schooling can challenge the parent-child relationship." We can repair this damage - but only if we collectively acknowledge that the combination of home schooling and working from home is, quite frankly, not working. "We need to think about how to support parents and teachers, with their own feelings of vulnerability, so they feel equipped to manage what often feels so very unmanageable," Dame Benita Refson, founder and president of children's mental health charity Place2Be, says. "As parents and teachers, our own behaviour speaks volumes to children, often leaving a lasting impression on the way the child views their world." Dame Benny says many children are fearful of returning to school. The lack of routine means returning to class is going to be difficult for them. Children from black and Asian communities may be particularly anxious, given the news reports of disproportionate impacts of coronavirus on their communities. Kate's tips to deal with stress at home What helps me is to ensure I have had time to connect with my children each day, to create "magic moments" as I call them. Yesterday, it was a game of skipping where my tripping up was the highlight. The day before we baked. The day before that we made playdough and just sat and created "food". My children are young, but for all our children having our physical presence - watching a movie, or during a meal - is often what they crave the most, even though they might not always articulate it. These are the moments our children will remember of this period - the quality time, without phones, without being hurried, just "being" and laughing. When we carve out that time for our children, to be with them exclusively, it's the equivalent of a big, long hug. It makes them feel safe. And I cannot stress enough how much it helps us as parents too.

होम स्कूलिंग पूरे यूके में लाखों घरों में तनाव पैदा कर रही है। बीबीसी न्यूज रीडर केट सिल्वरटन, जो एक प्रशिक्षु बाल मनोचिकित्सक और दो बच्चों की मां भी हैं, ने अधिकांश माता-पिता की तरह लॉकडाउन को एक बहुत ही चुनौतीपूर्ण समय पाया है। अपने स्वयं के तनाव और डर के बारे में अन्य माता-पिता से बात करने के बाद, उन्होंने महामारी से बच्चों के मानसिक स्वास्थ्य को होने वाले नुकसान के बारे में चेतावनी दी।


£3m Arnish yard improvements completed

Summary: Work to upgrade a manufacturing yard on Lewis in the Western Isles has been completed.

A huge fabrication building at Arnish Point, Stornoway, was re-clad at a cost of £3m. Highlands and Islands Enterprise awarded the work to Rok but the firm later collapsed. Hertfordshire-based Willmot Dixon completed the project. Fife-based company BiFab has been building a full-scale prototype of a tidal turbine at Arnish.

पश्चिमी द्वीपों में लुईस पर एक विनिर्माण यार्ड को उन्नत करने का काम पूरा हो गया है।


Should Alderney make its wartime camps tourist attractions?

Summary: The western-most concentration camp in the Third Reich, Lager Sylt, was located on British soil - only about 70 miles south of Bournemouth on the island of Alderney. Should this camp and other relics of the Channel Islands' occupation by Nazi Germany be developed into tourist attractions?

Arrive in Alderney at its small and ageing airport and you will see an island map, pointing out Victorian forts, a Roman nunnery and World War Two coastal defences. There is, however, no mention of the four wartime camps that housed thousands of slave labourers, many of whom died as part of Nazi Germany's attempts to turn Alderney into a fortress island. It is these locations that Marcus Roberts, director of the National Anglo-Jewish Heritage Trail, believes should be developed as "sites of memory", in part to boost the island's flagging tourism industry. "Alderney is perhaps the best place to go to understand the realities of the Nazi slave labour system," he said. "People could go and understand what the consequences of tyranny are and the mistreatment of other people. "I think there's a role for respectable tourism, which would be part of the overall tourism strategy for the island." Alderney occupation Mr Roberts believes there were significantly more forced labourers on Alderney than post-war reports stated, including about 10,000 predominantly French Jews. Albert Eblagon survived Norderney and described to Israeli journalist Solomon Steckoll in an account published in 1982 how fellow prisoners were beaten and starved to death. Some aged over 70, they worked up to 14 hours each day building the island's fortifications. "Every day there were beatings, and people's bones were broken, their arms or their legs," he recalled. "People died from overwork. We were starved and worked to death; so many died from total exhaustion." The number of his fellow prisoners and forced labourers who did not survive has been contested, ranging from an official post-war report that stated 389 deaths, to as many as 70,000. Focusing on this traumatic past led to Mr Roberts being accused of promoting Alderney as a "bone-yard" and making it less attractive to visitors. In response, he wrote a letter to the Alderney Journal in June defending his research and pointing to nearby northern France where military cemeteries are popular tourist attractions. The number of people travelling to and from the island by air has fallen by more than a quarter in the 10 years to 2016, although there was a slight rise in summer 2017 compared to the year before. But developing the island's former Nazi sites for visitors is something States of Alderney Vice President Ian Tugby is against. "We're supposed to be a lovely island, going forward," he said. "I'm more interested in the future, basically, than what's gone on in the past, because the past is gone. "We can't change it, and do we want to continue to drag up the downside of what went on in Alderney all those years ago?" Alderney's camps The four major camps were run by the Todt Organisation, responsible for Nazi Germany's military and civic engineering. Sylt, the only concentration camp, was taken over by the SS Baubrigade in 1943, part of the so-called death's head formation, which ran concentration camps. More than 40,000 camps and incarceration sites were established by the Nazis across Europe for forced labour, detention - and mass murder. Alderney inmates were predominantly Russian, and comprised of prisoners of war, forced labourers, "volunteers" from Germany and occupied countries, Jews, and political prisoners. Helgoland and Norderney, today a campsite, both had the capacity for 1,500 forced labourers. Borkum housed specialist craftsmen, many ordered there from either Germany or occupied countries, with between 500 and 1,000 prisoners at the site. Mr Tugby's voting record in the island's parliament suggests he is serious. In 2015, he and fellow Alderney-born politician Louis Jean were the only two politicians to vote against designating Lager Sylt a conservation area. Economic independence for the island, reliant on its larger neighbour Guernsey, lies in approving a £500m electricity cable project linking France and Britain through the island, not in promoting its wartime occupation, Mr Tugby said. However, fellow politician Graham McKinley, who voted in favour of Sylt being protected, would like to see a similar memorial to the one at Sylt (pictured above) at the three other forced labour sites, including Lager Norderney, the largest, which is today home to Alderney's campsite. "There should be some sort of memorial put up there, and some sort of indication that that was happening." People would visit sites like these, he said, if they were more aware of the island's "unique wartime interest". "Look at the prisoner-of-war camps in Poland and in Germany which attract an enormous amount of visitors every year and bring in much-needed revenue," he said. "We need that sort of thing." Unlike with the island's plentiful occupation-era coastal defences, there is little remaining of the forced labour sites, except for entrance gates and the odd structure. Sylt is protected after Alderney's government designated it a conservation area in 2015, while the other three sites could yet be afforded similar protection under a plan awaiting government approval. The 2017 Land Use Plan would see the sites where the forced labour camps stood, and other locations of wartime significance, registered as heritage assets. Only development that is "sensitive to the former use and history of these assets" would be permitted at the wartime sites, under the plan. Such protection is long overdue, according to Trevor Davenport, author of Festung Alderney, a book on German defences on the island. Despite a long association with protecting World War Two sites, Mr Davenport does not, however, want to see former forced labour sites developed for visitors. "I have no objection to people being made aware of the labour camps," he said. "But it is not, unless you are a ghoul, a heritage issue that needs promoting, except as part of the overall occupation story." Certainly, the island's tourism body Visit Alderney is reluctant to promote this part of the island's history above any other. "Our tourism focus remains on the historical importance and education of all our heritage periods," a spokeswoman said. "The local population are respectful of our past whatever the historical period. "Promoting tourism and respectful memoriam should not be confused." But for Marcus Roberts, encouraging people to come to Alderney to consider what happened there during the Nazi occupation makes sense both financially and morally. Not only was this important for the descendents of Nazi Germany's victims, he said, but also for the historical record. "It's not just an island matter; it does affect people literally from around the world. "Each person who died was someone's family, someone's son, and all lives are valuable."

थर्ड रीच में सबसे पश्चिमी एकाग्रता शिविर, लेजर सिल्ट, ब्रिटिश धरती पर स्थित था-एल्डर्नी द्वीप पर बोर्नेमाउथ से केवल 70 मील दक्षिण में। क्या इस शिविर और नाजी जर्मनी द्वारा चैनल द्वीप समूह के कब्जे के अन्य अवशेषों को पर्यटक आकर्षण के रूप में विकसित किया जाना चाहिए?


Sunday Leader editor "harassed"

Summary: Authorities in Sri Lanka have briefly detained Sunday Leader Editor Lasantha Wickramatunga at the Katunayake international airport before boarding a Geneva bound flight.

The journalist was to leave for Switzerland to cover the talks between the government and the Tamil Tigers. Airport authorities have informed Wickramatunga that he was not allowed to leave Sri Lanka without special permission. Speaking from Abu Dhabi, UAE, Wickramatunga told BBC Sandeshaya that he was not informed of any such decision before he came to the airport. The editor was later allowed to leave after he announced the harassment live on Sirasa radio.

श्रीलंका में अधिकारियों ने जिनेवा जाने वाली उड़ान में चढ़ने से पहले रविवार के नेता संपादक लसंता विक्रमतुंगा को काटुनायके अंतर्राष्ट्रीय हवाई अड्डे पर कुछ समय के लिए हिरासत में ले लिया है।


BAE Systems signs Indian Hawk jet deal

Summary: Defence group BAE Systems and engine supplier Rolls-Royce have signed a £700m deal to supply India's Hindustan Aeronautics with 57 Hawk training jets.

Over £500m will go to BAE and £200m to Rolls-Royce in the deal that should create about 200 jobs in the UK. The jets will be used to train pilots in the Indian air force. The deal was announced to coincide with British Prime Minister David Cameron's visit to India, designed to strengthen relations and boost trade. 'Government support' Mr Cameron said: "This is an outstanding example of India-UK defence and industrial partnership, and this agreement will bring significant economic benefits to both our countries." The deal follows an order for 66 Hawk jets by India's air force in 2004. "BAE Systems is extremely pleased to have secured this follow-on order for Hawk," said BAE's chairman Dick Olver. "It reflects the long-standing successful relationship between BAE Systems and Hindustan Aeronautics and the importance of solid government support."

रक्षा समूह बी. ए. ई. सिस्टम्स और इंजन आपूर्तिकर्ता रोल्स-रॉयस ने भारत के हिंदुस्तान एयरोनॉटिक्स को 57 हॉक प्रशिक्षण जेट विमानों की आपूर्ति के लिए 700 मिलियन पाउंड के सौदे पर हस्ताक्षर किए हैं।


William gives up pilot job to become full-time royal

Summary: This will not have been an easy decision for Prince William to make.

Peter HuntDiplomatic and royal correspondent@BBCPeterHunton Twitter For a second time, he's giving up a role he didn't inherit, but gained on merit. After stints in the RAF and the air ambulance, his days as a pilot are coming to an end. He will miss them. He's spoken of how he's loved working in a team. Something, he said, "his other job" didn't necessarily offer. The prince is the only senior royal to have a deep understanding of the National Health Service the majority of the population experience. With his family moving from Norfolk to London, Prince George will go to a private school from September. And Prince William and his wife will be available to do more royal work. The demands will increase now the Queen has turned 90. The future king's exclusive focus will very soon be on his role as a Windsor and a destiny he'll one day embrace. Read full article

प्रिंस विलियम के लिए यह निर्णय लेना आसान नहीं रहा होगा।


M40 crash: Caravan travels wrong way on motorway

Summary: A car towing a caravan and driving the wrong way on the M40 has been involved in a crash with another vehicle.

It was travelling south on the northbound carriageway when it crashed at about 16:00 BST on Monday. The road was closed between junction 6 for Watlington and junction 8A for Oxford, and reopened at about 07:00. The air ambulance was dispatched by South Central Ambulance Service, but no details of any injuries have been released. Thames Valley Police is now appealing for motorists with dashcam footage to come forward.

एक कारवैन को खींचते हुए और M40 पर गलत तरीके से गाड़ी चलाते हुए एक अन्य वाहन के साथ दुर्घटना में शामिल हो गई है।


Wards in Arbroath, Dundee and Perth closed due to virus

Summary: A virus known to cause vomiting and diarrhoea has prompted the closure of hospital wards in Arbroath, Dundee and Perth.

NHS Tayside has closed ward 5 at Ninewells Hospital, Ward 6 at Perth Royal Infirmary and the medical unit at Arbroath Infirmary to new admissions. It follows several cases of suspected norovirus, more commonly known as the winter vomiting bug. The wards have been closed to new patients as a precautionary measure. The health board said all appropriate infection control measures had been put in place. NHS Tayside is urging people who may be feeling unwell or experiencing vomiting and diarrhoea not to visit their friends and family members who are in hospital.

उल्टी और दस्त का कारण बनने वाले एक वायरस ने आर्ब्रोथ, डंडी और पर्थ में अस्पताल के वार्डों को बंद करने के लिए प्रेरित किया है।


Guernsey Airport contractor receives 54 complaints

Summary: Lagan Construction, the company carrying out a £55m refurbishment of Guernsey Airport, said its complaints hotline had received 54 calls.

Of those, 12 people have registered concerns about night-time working, while other complaints have related to traffic and dust on the island's roads. Gerry Prickett, the project manager, welcomed the fact that islanders were making use of the service. "If we're not aware of the issues, then we won't be fixing them," he said. "But if we are aware of the issues then we can establish whether we can fix them." The calls were received over a four-month period, after the telephone hotline was set up in May.

गुएर्नसे हवाई अड्डे के 55 मिलियन पाउंड के नवीनीकरण करने वाली कंपनी लैगन कंस्ट्रक्शन ने कहा कि उसकी शिकायत हॉटलाइन को 54 कॉल प्राप्त हुए थे।


Coronavirus: Experts warn of 'post-lockdown drugs binge'

Summary: Experts have warned of a post-coronavirus illegal drugs binge as people get back into the habit. We spoke to users, police and policy figures to get an insight on the trade as it emerges from lockdown.

By Adam ClarksonReporter, BBC Tees Tom smokes cannabis on a regular basis, and normally he would use Class A drugs with friends on a weekend. But the pandemic has changed that. He has been furloughed, and the 28-year-old from Middlesbrough's drug use has become much more frequent. "Obviously I have a lot more time on my hands. I suppose the weekend is basically all the time now so I'm using more cocaine and ecstasy," he said. Tom spoke to the BBC Sounds podcast Unusual Times as part of an investigation into the effect of coronavirus on UK drug culture. Breaking lockdown rules, and being at an extra risk of catching and spreading Covid-19, has not been a concern for him. "There are people that are breaking the lockdown a lot more that people should be worried about, instead of the odd person picking up a bit of drugs here and there," he said. "I'm probably more likely to die from what's in the bag than what's contaminated on the outside of the bag." According to the latest figures from the Home Office, one in 11 adults in the UK, which would equate to about 3.2 million people, admitted to using illegal drugs in the last year. Liz McCulloch, director of policy at think tank Volteface, said as the government continued to ease the restrictions, there could well be a "post-lockdown drugs binge". She said changes in people's drug use depended largely on personal circumstance, and while it was difficult to establish a national trend, surveys conducted at the start of lockdown suggested the black market had remained largely the same. "There was an example of a dealer pretending to be a Deliveroo driver to evade notice," she said. "We've also heard of dealers being very conscious of hygiene, disinfecting notes, or using online transactions, and trying to keep a hygienic work environment, but this is an illegal and unregulated market, and there will be many others who are not doing this." Despite saying drugs have been accessible throughout lockdown, 25-year-old Harry said he had cut down. He moved back home with his mum in Durham, who did not know about his drug use, and cited this as one of the reasons his use of Class A and B drugs had decreased. "The social scene is dead now. I'd normally do it with the lads on a night out but obviously that's gone," he said. "It's a bit pointless doing it on my own in my room." Despite this, he admitted "the temptation is always there" and, talking about the risk of contracting coronavirus, claimed "it's probably safer picking up a bag of coke, or a bag of weed, than it is going to the supermarket". George Charlton, a drugs and harm prevention campaigner, said: "As the lockdown begins to ease, people will be more inclined to go out and party - but you've got to be careful. "The safest way to use drugs is not to use them at all, but we know people will use drugs. Make sure you you always test your drugs, and never make the assumption that the drugs you're taking are the drugs you've been told you're getting." The return of the night-time economy would be likely to see an influx of drug use and strain the emergency services, according to Lincolnshire Police Deputy Chief Constable Jason Harwin, who is also the National Police Chiefs Council lead on drugs. "There's a real risk as we move into the next phase, as we know the influence that drugs can have on people's behaviour. The levels of violence and aggression can increase. "If people have not been able to access drugs, there's a risk that use goes up. There's a real risk that people overdose. "It's the old bit of 'I've not had anything for a bit, so I'm going to make the most of it' and they take too much, and their bodies can't handle it." The government said it was "closely monitoring the impact of the pandemic and working closely with the police to respond to any changes in the illegal drug supply". There are resources for anyone affected by the issues in this article here. Follow BBC North East & Cumbria on Twitter, Facebook and Instagram. Send your story ideas to northeastandcumbria@bbc.co.uk.

विशेषज्ञों ने कोरोनावायरस के बाद अवैध दवाओं के बारे में चेतावनी दी है क्योंकि लोग आदत में वापस आ जाते हैं। हमने उपयोगकर्ताओं, पुलिस और नीतिगत आंकड़ों से बात की ताकि व्यापार पर एक अंतर्दृष्टि प्राप्त की जा सके क्योंकि यह लॉकडाउन से उभरता है।


Totton woman 'may have fainted' before fatal supermarket crash

Summary: A 78-year-old woman who drove her car into two women at a supermarket cashpoint, killing one of them, may have put her foot on the wrong pedal or fainted, a court has heard.

Pauline Cove, from Totton, was leaving a Morrisons car park in the town in 2018 when her car mounted the pavement. Doris Lush, 86, died later in hospital and her granddaughter Rebecca Lush, 22, suffered serious leg injuries. Mrs Cove denies causing death and serious injury by dangerous driving. The jury at Southampton Crown Court was shown CCTV footage, with prosecutor Rose Burns warning: "It's shocking, it's horrid. Stay steady, watch it dispassionately, clinically." Ms Burns said witnesses described hearing loud and hard engine revving, and one thought it was a "boy racer". She added Mrs Cove did not recall what happened and the court would hear expert evidence about the possibility she used the wrong pedal or fainted. The trial continues.

एक अदालत ने सुना है कि एक 78 वर्षीय महिला जिसने सुपरमार्केट कैशप्वाइंट पर अपनी कार से दो महिलाओं को कुचल दिया, उनमें से एक की मौत हो गई, हो सकता है कि उसने गलत पैडल पर पैर रखा हो या बेहोश हो गई हो।


G4S Medway unit: Prison worker sentenced over photos

Summary: A prison worker at a young offenders centre in Kent has been sentenced after a BBC Panorama programme uncovered a series of irregularities.

Peter Scott, 29, admitted taking photos and making recordings inside the Medway Secure Training Centre in Rochester. Police began an investigation after Panorama broadcast behind-the-scenes footage from the centre in January. Medway magistrates ordered Scott, of Goodwood Crescent, Gravesend, to carry out 100 hours of unpaid work. He was also told to pay £85 costs after pleading guilty at an earlier hearing.

बीबीसी पैनोरमा कार्यक्रम में अनियमितताओं की एक श्रृंखला का खुलासा होने के बाद केंट में एक युवा अपराधी केंद्र में एक जेल कर्मचारी को सजा सुनाई गई है।


George Floyd: The murder that drove America to the brink

Summary: People here waited anxiously for weeks and months, first, as the trial unfolded, and then during the final, nerve-wracking hours, while the jury deliberated. The stakes of the trial were extraordinarily high, and people are relieved, and also trying to process the tumultuous events.

By Tara McKelveyBBC News, Minneapolis It is a landmark case for police violence against black people, and the verdict marks a significant victory for the activists who have pushed for policing reform: Derek Chauvin was convicted of second-degree murder, third-degree murder and manslaughter in the death of George Floyd. The jury's decision means police will now be under increased scrutiny, say legal experts, and are more likely to be prosecuted, and convicted, for wrongdoing. The verdict could usher in a kind of policing, say analysts, with more accountability for officers, as well as new policies for the use of force. And for many, the trial was a sign that the system works. "It shows that police officers are not above the law," says Jack Rice, a lawyer in the twin cities, Minneapolis and St Paul. "It will impact future cases that come before the court. What is even more important, however, is that it will impact the behaviour of officers when they are performing on the street. It's beyond the criminal case - it's about what the officers do on a daily basis." News of the monumental verdict travelled fast. Activist Rosa Gomez, 19, was in her college dorm, and Erika Atson, 20, also an activist, was at home, when it was announced. Says Atson: "I'm happy. Just super happy." Gomez agrees: "A huge relief." The reaction of Rich Stanek, a former sheriff of Hennepin County, the place where the trial was convened, and his colleagues was different. He was at a conference of law enforcement officials in Idaho, and was not surprised by the verdict. Among he and his friends, though, there was no celebrating: "People were sombre." Activists were elated, others reserved. But for all, it was the end of a journey, the conclusion of a trial that had riveted them, and people around the world, and held them in its grip. Floyd's death outside of a store, Cup Foods, in May 2020 had set off massive protests and looting. Then, the sensational trial convened, and became the most closely watched one in decades. Of the dozens of people whom I spoke with here in town, during the weeks the trial unfolded, nearly all agreed that their city had been transformed by the experience. They differed greatly, though, in their views of what the change meant, and whether it was good or bad. The police chief of Minneapolis and other officers testified against Chauvin. Yet many people who have worked in law enforcement sympathised with him. Ordinary people cannot understand what it is like to make an arrest, they told me, when things can spin out of control. Others saw Chauvin, and the issues surrounding policing, in a different light. They told me that officers here are rarely held accountable. When these activists and their friends heard the verdict, they were stunned. "He's going to jail," called out one woman in a black sweatshirt, in a sing-song voice, as she jumped up and down outside the building where the verdict was read. It was a moment of jubilation, as people slammed on horns, jumped on roofs of their cars, and waved hats in the air, a "celebratory protest", says one. The activists were happy about the verdict, but also demanded justice in other cases. "You know, we don't stop here. We have to do the same for all the cops who are murdering people," says activist Erika Atson. "This is a good win, but we're not done winning." She and other protesters felt vindicated. Ordinary people were just relieved the trial was over. Yet they all wondered what would happen next. The city was like a village in a snow globe that had been shaken, with snow swirling, and then, finally, it looks peaceful. On Tuesday, the snow settled, for the moment. Rich Stanek walked the streets of Minneapolis as an officer, and as county sheriff. Yet after Floyd's death, and the protests that followed, Stanek did not recognise his city. He recalls driving down Lake Street, and seeing rubble. Hundreds of buildings around town had been wrecked, $350m (£250m) in losses, according to officials. Protesters such as Erika Atson and Rosa Gomez also felt disoriented. The place they, too, had known their whole lives was suddenly a battle zone, with activists and police facing off. I first saw Gomez, with a 35mm camera slung around her neck, outside the building where the trial was taking place. Later, she told me about her hometown, Minneapolis, a city known for its liberalism, lakes and northern climate. A place with chilly weather and personal warmth, a study in contrasts. People associate racism with southern US cities, says Gomez, and their history of slavery, not northern cities such as Minneapolis. The trial laid bare the bigotry here, she says, some of which she has experienced. Her father, a custodian, immigrated from Honduras, and she describes herself as a person of colour, as well as queer and non-binary. She followed the trial and listened sceptically as defence lawyer Eric Nelson described Chauvin's actions, arguing they were justified. On that day of the trial, Jerry Obieglo, who works in veterans' services, was also watching, picking up bits at the office, and catching up at home. As it happened, he had been Chauvin's boss back in the 1990s in the military. "A quiet guy," he remembers. Obieglo was shocked to recognise him in the video, pinning Floyd to the ground. Obieglo followed the trial on YouTube, and tried to avoid cable news, saying they were biased. Fox focused on the defence, while CNN gave air time to the prosecutors. Obieglo says Fox's coverage of the trial was better than the liberal-leaning outlets, explaining: "Fox wasn't blowing Floyd up to be an angel." Obieglo says Chauvin used poor judgement. Still, Obieglo thinks the jurors went too far, finding him guilty on all three counts, rather than just on manslaughter. He blames the sensationalised coverage, and the protests, for the decision. He believes the jurors felt pressured, and acted out of fear: "I guess they want to make sure their houses don't get burned down tonight." 'We have to destroy' The building where the trial convened was turned into a fortress, with military Humvees outside, another sign of the way the trial changed the city. By Monday, the day the jury began their deliberations, 3,000 National Guard troops were on duty. "It looks like a forward operating base in a foreign country," says Rich Stanek, the former sheriff. But for all the physical changes in the city, some aspects remained, distressingly, unchanged. During the trial a black man, Daunte Wright, was killed in a suburb. A white officer, Kimberly Potter, had apparently mistaken her Taser for a handgun, and was charged with manslaughter. It was a reminder of the violence. More than 50 black people have died in the state during interactions with police officers since 2000, according to the Star Tribune. In the midst of the trial, Erika Atson was sitting at a cafe, a place where she used to go with her Sunday school friends, and watched a live stream of testimony. Atson was raised by her mother, a hotel maid, in south Minneapolis, and hung out at Cup Foods, snacking on Takis, a spicy chip. After Floyd's death outside the store, she went to protests and watched flames pour from buildings. The air, she says, smelled of burning tires: "I remember seeing ATMs being pushed back and forth, and people hitting them with sticks, like they were hitting a piñata." She was frightened. But, she says, she felt the violence was justified. "I've always known that violence is not the answer, but how much longer do we have to be peaceful?" she says. "Here I am, now, thinking we have to use violence. We have to destroy government buildings. I felt bad when I was there, but I was also like - it has to be done." During the trial, Maren Beard, 35, watched from her farm hundreds of miles away in the US state of Iowa. She was disturbed by the notorious video, and frustrated by her lack of awareness about police brutality. She says: "These things happen all the time. I hadn't thought about it as much as I should, so I think it was kind of a wake-up call." A wake-up call for some. For others, a chance to upend the city. Student Rosa Gomez says the protests last year were electrifying, "an overwhelming sense of support". At one, demonstrators gave out sparklers, and she began choking on all the smoke. Still, she loved seeing the popping lights: "It was just kind of fun." That day, she recalls walking past a billboard that said: "We're not trying to start a race war. We're trying to end one." For her and many other protesters, the verdict on Tuesday was a step in that direction.

यहाँ के लोगों ने हफ्तों और महीनों तक उत्सुकता से इंतजार किया, पहले, जैसे ही मुकदमा सामने आया, और फिर अंतिम, घबराने वाले घंटों के दौरान, जब जूरी ने विचार-विमर्श किया। मुकदमे का दांव असाधारण रूप से अधिक था, और लोगों को राहत मिली, और वे उथल-पुथल वाली घटनाओं को संभालने की भी कोशिश कर रहे थे।


The moments London Midland passengers will not forget

Summary: At precisely 02:00 GMT on Sunday, a maligned train operator stopped running the West Midlands rail franchise covering a swathe of the nation. Since 2007, London Midland had offered more than 1,000 services a day. Or according to its timetable it did. The reality was somewhat different. What follows are the moments that left customers bemused, peeved or just plain chilly on a platform, wishing their phone had more charge.

Cattle class From London, through southern counties and central England, to the North West, services London Midland had offered are going Dutch. Or at least being operated by new franchisee West Midlands Trains Ltd, a joint venture between Dutch firm Abellio and Japanese partners. Among the pledges, when it won the contract in August, was space for an extra 85,000 passengers on rush-hour services in Birmingham and London. Here's why... At one point during London Midland's tenure, there were more people standing up than sitting down on the 16:46 from London Euston to Crewe - then the most overcrowded rail service in England and Wales, according to Department for Transport figures. The service was said to be 111% over capacity at its busiest, meaning there were 206 people able to read newspapers, watch Game of Thrones and not make eye contact with the strangers opposite, while 229 had tired feet, sighed a bit and, it turns out, felt like cattle. Among passengers' testimony by 2016 was that they were commuting with faces pressed against the windows - not in the sweet shop way, the good way, but the squashed way. One observed that he travelled "cattle class". Watch him talk about "going to market" here: We don't like Sundays Winding back the clock to a weekend in September 2009, there was a to-do when passengers were warned to expect delays. But not just any old delays; the kind that were more like non-starters. Behind it was the cancellation of all of London Midland's Sunday services across England. Working on Sundays was voluntary for most London Midland staff and the firm said a large number had not signed up. The bittersweet news - the travel equivalent of losing a fiver and finding a pound - was that replacement bus services were available. Into the next decade and drivers were thin on the ground, or tracks. On one day in December 2012, a shortage of drivers meant 39 services were cancelled or disrupted - with more than 800 services subjected to the same fate, for the same reason, across that year. There were similar difficulties in 2013, but London Midland's contract was extended despite the record delays that had landed it with a £7m compensation bill. Wrong kind of leaves Snow, shmo - the wrong kind of falling flake is so 90s. Here in the 21st Century, it is leaves that will not do as they are told. In October, a train overshot a station in Bedworth because of "decomposing, damp leaves", London Midland said. It amounted to a "slippery residue" that was "similar to motorists driving on ice". But can anything more be done when a resistible force meets a moveable object? There is always this gadget here... Fallen key, dropped clanger In June, a morning train travelling between Tring and London was delayed by a few minutes when the driver dropped the key on to the track. He apologised over the on-board speaker system as the service pulled into Euston. He explained what happened and said the delay was caused by his going to the office to collect a spare. Christmas sprouts... and The Turnip But was it really all doom and gloom? Well, there was the time peace broke out at Christmas, like when that football was kicked between trenches. By December 2016, people who met during their daily commute from Shropshire to Birmingham had become "train buddies", marking their friendship with a touch of tinsel and trimmings. Yes, that's right, a Christmas party on the way to work. Anything else touchy-feely? Let us return to football and recall when former England boss Graham Taylor - once given a turnip head for daring to do his job - was awarded a nicer legacy following his death. Think less carriage clock and more, well, carriage. In June, a London Midland Class 350 model was named after him on a service calling at Watford Junction, Aston, Wolverhampton and Wembley Central stations, reflecting the clubs and nation he had overseen. The firm said it was in "recognition of a man who made such a lasting mark on the sport across the country". London Midland also won awards for its use of Twitter, gaining accolades for its interactions with passengers on the social media platform. At one point it claimed to have sent more tweets than any other train company in the world. Getting goodbye wrong In December, as the buffers were in sight for London Midland, commuters at Birmingham New Street were given a farewell cake. But the box carried a best before date of April 2017. Those who feared an upset stomach, though, were apparently mistaken about the mistake. "The printing on the box is wrong," a spokesperson said. "If you inspect the inside wrapper, you will see it says 'best before April 2018'." Does this count as London Midland running early? And that was not all the box said. Here is how London Midland signed off: "A different rail company takes over on 10 December. It's been a pleasure." And here was how one customer took it:

रविवार को ठीक 02:00 जी. एम. टी. पर, एक दुर्भावनापूर्ण ट्रेन ऑपरेटर ने देश के एक हिस्से को कवर करते हुए वेस्ट मिडलैंड्स रेल फ्रेंचाइजी को चलाना बंद कर दिया। 2007 के बाद से, लंदन मिडलैंड ने एक दिन में 1,000 से अधिक सेवाओं की पेशकश की थी। या अपनी समय सारिणी के अनुसार। वास्तविकता कुछ अलग थी। इसके बाद के क्षणों ने ग्राहकों को भ्रमित कर दिया, परेशान कर दिया या प्लेटफॉर्म पर सिर्फ सादा ठंडा कर दिया, काश उनका फोन अधिक चार्ज होता।


Woman faces Aberdeen Crown Office embezzlement charge

Summary: A woman has appeared in court charged with embezzlement relating to Crown Office premises in Aberdeen.

It had been revealed in October than an investigation was under way concerning the procurator fiscal's office. Katherine Vaughan, 33, from Aberdeen, appeared at the city's sheriff court on petition to face the embezzlement charge on Tuesday. She made no plea, the case was continued for further examination, and she was released on bail.

एबरडीन में क्राउन ऑफिस परिसर से संबंधित गबन के आरोप में एक महिला अदालत में पेश हुई है।


Salisbury poisoning: What did the attack mean for the UK and Russia?

Summary: On 4 March 2018 emergency services received a phone call from members of the public in Salisbury who had seen an old man and a young woman ill on a bench. It was a call that would set in motion a chain of events leading to a major crisis with Russia.

By Gordon CoreraSecurity correspondent After the pair were taken to hospital, local police did an online search on the name of the man taken ill. The result set off alarm bells. He was a former Russian spy. A call came into the duty officer at MI6 headquarters that Sunday evening. The realisation that Sergei Skripal - a man who had provided MI6 with secrets from his time in Russian military intelligence - had been targeted sent shock waves through the building, challenging the very core of its work in recruiting agents to work with the organisation. A few hours later, the next call went to Porton Down, home to Britain's biological and chemical research establishment. A rapid-response team was quickly deployed. Samples analysed in labs on-site identified A234, a military-grade nerve agent from the Novichok family developed by the Soviet Union in the Cold War. The revelation caused shock. Detective work by police would identify two officers from Russian military intelligence as the main suspects and a perfume bottle as the means of delivery of the nerve agent onto Mr Skripal's front door handle. A local woman, Dawn Sturgess would die months later when she came into contact with the Novichok after it had apparently been discarded. Russia denied any role - even putting the two accused men on TV to say they had visited Salisbury simply to see the cathedral spire - but London was convinced it knew who was behind the attack. When another former Russian intelligence officer, Alexander Litvinenko, was killed in 2006 (that time by radioactive polonium) the response was delayed and perceived as weak. London was determined to learn its lesson. An uncertain legacy Every known Russian intelligence officer operating under diplomatic cover in the UK (apart from the declared liaison officer for each Russian intelligence service) was quickly expelled - 23 in total. Many other countries then followed suit, with 60 expulsions in the US. It seemed as if the Kremlin was taken by surprise by the strength of the reaction. But two years on, the legacy of those events looks more uncertain. British officials believe they did real damage to Russian intelligence operations in the country but that damage is likely to have been short term as new spies were dispatched to replace them and as Russia continues a shift to rely on alternative means of espionage. In the Cold War, spies under diplomatic cover and illegals were the primary way the Russians could recruit and run agents and steal secrets. Now there is cyber-espionage and the use of people travelling under different cover, as say businessmen, to operate. In the wake of the attack, there was also considerable talk of a tougher line over Russian money and influence in London. But there has been relatively little public sign of action. The failure to publish the parliamentary Intelligence and Security Committee's "Russia Report" about influence and subversion in British life before the election has only added to questions as to whether the appetite to deal with this broader issue remains strong. There are also cracks in Western unity over a tough line on Russia, with President Emmanuel Macron of France pushing for trying to improve relations with the Kremlin and uncertainty over the position of the Trump administration in Washington. Mr Skripal himself has not appeared in public since the poisoning. MI5 and the Home Office carried out a "refresh" to check on the level of protection for defectors like Mr Skirpal - something officials acknowledge was overdue. The poisoning itself was a failure, several senior officials who served in British intelligence concede. A risk assessment was carried out when Mr Skripal was swapped out of a Russian prison in 2010 but the Russia of 2018 was very different from Russia then. Russia appears to have stepped up a long-standing campaign to track defectors from 2014, including in the US as well as UK. That was also the point at which relations began to deteriorate rapidly over the crisis in Ukraine and Crimea and in which other alleged operations, like the deployment of online trolls to interfere in US politics increased. One question western intelligence officials have been asking is whether Russia has been deterred from taking such action again by the Western response. No one seems sure.

4 मार्च 2018 को आपातकालीन सेवाओं को सैलिसबरी में जनता के सदस्यों से एक फोन आया, जिन्होंने एक बेंच पर एक बूढ़े आदमी और एक युवा महिला को बीमार देखा था। यह एक ऐसा कॉल था जो रूस के साथ एक बड़े संकट की ओर ले जाने वाली घटनाओं की एक श्रृंखला को गति देगा।


Arrests made after group 'seen leaving a boat' in Southwold Harbour

Summary: A number of arrests for immigration offences have been made after a group was seen leaving a boat in Southwold Harbour.

The groups disembarked and was spotted getting into vehicles at about 18:00 GMT on Wednesday, Suffolk Police said. The Border Force said 14 Albanian men had been taken into custody on suspicion of entering the UK illegally. The drivers of two vehicles were also been arrested on suspicion of assisting illegal migration.

साउथवोल्ड हार्बर में एक समूह को नाव छोड़ते हुए देखे जाने के बाद आप्रवासन अपराधों के लिए कई गिरफ्तारियां की गई हैं।


Guernsey chief minister in talks with UK Conservatives

Summary: Guernsey's Chief Minister Lyndon Trott has been meeting with members of the UK's Conservative Party at their conference in Birmingham this week.

Deputy Lyndon Trott said he had spoken to ministers, secretaries of state and MPs to ensure Guernsey's position in relation to the UK was understood. He said: "It has been an extremely successful trip to the conference. "Guernsey's voice continues to be heard on issues that are important to us."

ग्वेर्नसे के मुख्यमंत्री लिंडन ट्रॉट इस सप्ताह बर्मिंघम में अपने सम्मेलन में ब्रिटेन की कंजर्वेटिव पार्टी के सदस्यों के साथ बैठक कर रहे हैं।


Worcestershire leads drive to defuse dementia time bomb

Summary: The good news is that most of us are living longer.

Patrick BurnsPolitical editor, Midlands The not-so-good news is the longer we live, the further we seem to be from meeting the challenges of caring for an ageing population. First came the pensions crisis, and now it's the dementia time bomb; the long-term residential and nursing care of elderly dementia patients and how we are to pay for it. The caring services are clearly at risk of becoming victims of their own success. Having extended the length of average life-spans, they now have to meet the growing demands on their resources and expertise. NHS projections make disturbing reading. Last year, the number of dementia patients, (diagnosed and estimated undiagnosed) in the West Midlands stood at 70,739. By 2021 this number is forecast to reach 90,038. Top-level recognition NHS figures also show Herefordshire and Worcestershire have some of the highest incidences of dementia in the UK, due partly to their relatively high number of residential and nursing homes and to towns like Malvern and Ross-on-Wye which have obvious attractions for people contemplating their retirement. The work of the University of Worcester's Dementia Leadership programme is highlighted in the annual report of the prime minister's 'Challenge on Dementia', which Mr Cameron says must deliver improvements including better education and training for nurses specialising in dementia by 2015. The university's director of dementia studies Professor Dawn Brooker is "delighted' that Worcester's Dementia Education Programme, developed with local hospitals, has had such top-level recognition. She says: "It is planned to make this course more widely available across the UK. The programme, which uses a person-centred approach in caring for people with dementia, gives nurses an in-depth understanding of the needs of both the patients and their families along with the skills to provide expert care." But Professor Brooker has this firm warning for the health service: "People with dementia occupy about a quarter of hospital beds because they need treatment for serious physical health problems. "They are a very vulnerable and highly dependent group of patients. If hospital staff do not understand the additional needs that having dementia means then these patients do not receive adequate care." Homes sold But behind the headlines and the number-crunching lie thousands of personal stories, each of which indicates what lies ahead for no fewer than one-in-three of us. Eighty-nine-year-old Barbara Wyatt is a dementia sufferer who lives in a care home at Stourport-on-Severn in Worcestershire. The cost of her care adds up to £2,226 per month. The Department of Work and Pensions contributes £243 per month through her Attendance Allowance. Which leaves £1,983 per month to be funded from the proceeds of the sale of her former home. We will meet Barbara and her family on this weekend's edition of Sunday Politics Midlands. These are challenges which give us plenty to talk about with our guests Darren Cooper, Labour Leader of Sandwell Council, and Paul Tilsley, Leader of the Liberal Democrat group on Birmingham City Council. Paul is the vice-chairman of the Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Trust. We will also be talking to Karen Harrison Dening from Dementia UK, who has long experience of nursing dementia sufferers. And I hope you will join me too, from 11:00 BST on BBC One Midlands this Sunday, 16 June 2013.

अच्छी खबर यह है कि हम में से अधिकांश लंबे समय तक जी रहे हैं।


Burnley doctor and daughter deaths: Man denies murders

Summary: A man has pleaded not guilty to the murder of a doctor and her daughter who were found dead after a house fire.

Shabaz Khan, 51, was charged with killing Dr Saman Sacharvi, 49, and 14-year-old Vian Mangrio. The mother and daughter were found dead in their fire-damaged house in Reedley, near Burnley, on 1 October. Mr Khan, of Ribble Avenue, Burnley, also denied a charge of arson at Preston Crown Court and is due to face trial on 9 June. Why not follow BBC North West on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram? You can also send story ideas to northwest.newsonline@bbc.co.uk Related Internet Links HM Courts Service

एक आदमी ने एक डॉक्टर और उसकी बेटी की हत्या के लिए दोषी नहीं होने का अनुरोध किया है, जो घर में आग लगने के बाद मृत पाए गए थे।


Ryanair to fly from Exeter Airport to Europe

Summary: Ryanair will run flights from Exeter Airport to three European destinations starting next year, the budget airline has announced.

New routes to Malaga, Naples and Malta are expected to attract 80,000 customers per year, Ryanair said. The announcement makes the airport Ryanair's 21st base in the UK. Exeter Airport's managing director Matt Roach described the announcement on Tuesday as a "significant vote of confidence". More news from Devon Passenger numbers at the airport have increased by 22% to more than 900,000 in the past five years. Mr Roach said: "These routes are popular destinations and offer customers even more choice and greater connectivity from their local airport."

बजट एयरलाइन ने घोषणा की है कि रयानएयर अगले साल से एक्सेटर हवाई अड्डे से तीन यूरोपीय गंतव्यों के लिए उड़ानें चलाएगी।


Jim Clark's legacy 'still growing' 50 years after his death

Summary: The footage is still shocking, even to this day.

By Giancarlo RinaldiSouth Scotland reporter, BBC Scotland news website The car of one of the finest racing drivers ever to have lived reduced to bits of wreckage strewn among the trees next to the track at Hockenheim. In one fatal moment 50 years ago, on 7 April 1968, a sporting legend was gone. Jim Clark, a double Formula One world champion, was just 32. "The world mourns the loss of a likeable man who was also one of the greatest grand prix drivers of all time," said the British Pathe news announcer. Clark's cousin, Doug Niven, a family trustee of the Jim Clark Trust, is not surprised his relative is still revered to this day. "He was a very modest man, he was almost a reluctant driver in the early days," he said. "He was a fair, unassuming man and a great driver with no airs or graces. "His legacy has grown and grown and still seems to be growing." A plaque on a memorial to him in Chirnside in the Scottish Borders and his gravestone in the village give another indication of the modesty of the man born in Kilmany in Fife on 4 March 1936. His description as a farmer at Edington Mains comes before any mention of his motor racing achievements. But what achievements those were, from humble beginnings in amateur races across the south of Scotland and northern England he rose rapidly to the top of his sport. Capturing the eye of the Lotus team he took a string of honours which made him the man to beat of that racing generation. A world champion by 1963 - and then came his "magical year" of 1965 when he was crowned world champion again and won the Indianapolis 500. In total, he would win 25 grand prix putting him top of the all-time table at the time. A few years ago, even long after his death, it was enough to see him rated number three in a BBC list of the top Formula One drivers of all time. It described how Clark "towered over his era". "Alongside his speed, Clark also had a rare ability to drive around problems," wrote chief F1 writer Andrew Benson. "His smooth style took so little out of the car, a crucial skill with machinery as fragile as his." That was echoed by Sir Jackie Stewart in the documentary Jim Clark: The Quiet Champion. "He was so smooth, he was so clean - he drove with such finesse," he said. "He never bullied a racing car, he sort of caressed it into doing the things he wanted it to do." "I don't drive any faster, I just concentrate harder which makes me go faster," Clark himself once said. It brought him recognition around the world for his achievements - receiving an OBE and featuring on the cover of Time magazine as "the quickest man on wheels". He was still at the peak of his powers in 1968 when he took part in the Formula 2 race which would turn out to be his last. Clark's car failed to appear at the end of a lap and was subsequently found to have crashed at high speed into trees. He was put in an ambulance but pronounced dead before he could reach a hospital. 'Special man' "Nobody really has come up with a definitive answer to what happened," recalled Mr Niven. "It was a wet day and the car wasn't going very well." Even in a sport used to tragedy it was a shocking event - if this could happen to the very best, drivers realised, it could happen to any of them. "I think Jim Clark's loss was the one that hit everybody most," said Sir Jackie. "He was a special man - one of a kind, the like we have never seen since." The reaction back in Berwickshire - where huge crowds had turned out to welcome him after his world title victories - was one of disbelief. "When the news came through it was such a shock - there was stunned silence," said Mr Niven. "We couldn't really believe that it could have happened to Jim, he seemed indestructible." The accident would also have a wider effect on the sport and Jim's racing colleagues. 'Improve safety' "His death in a minor race made them all feel vulnerable," explained Andrew Tulloch, assistant curator of the Jim Clark Memorial Room. "If Jim Clark could be killed, then they could too. "This provided a great spur for Jackie Stewart's effort to improve safety in the sport - this and a number of other high-profile accidents over the next few years." As the reality sank in, arrangements were hastily made for Jim's funeral back in a quiet little corner of the Borders. "I remember seeing all these Formula One stars coming to Chirnside," said Mr Niven. "I can just remember rows and rows of flowers from the church up to the grave. "It was a terrible black cloud." The village was at the epicentre of those emotions and that is why they are remembering him in the area with a series of special events in his honour. However, the shockwaves were felt much further afield and many people around the world still recall the quietly spoken Scottish sheep farmer who became a sporting superstar. "You remember him as a young man at his peak, there were still a few world championships in him," said his cousin. What might have been will never be known, of course, but what Jim Clark achieved before his untimely death - and the manner in which he did so - explains why he is still held in such high regard despite the passing decades.

यह दृश्य आज भी चौंकाने वाला है।


Royal Welsh winter fair opening

Summary: The Royal Welsh winter fair has opened for its 25th anniversary year.

The event at Llanelwedd near Builth Wells in Powys runs for two days and will receive a visit from Princess Anne on Tuesday. Nearly 30,000 visitors are expected to attend the event. As well as the stock competitions and displays, a special fireworks display on Monday and a late-night Christmas shopping market will mark the anniversary.

रॉयल वेल्श शीतकालीन मेला अपनी 25वीं वर्षगांठ वर्ष के लिए खोला गया है।


Why I 'married' a cartoon character

Summary: There is a word in Japanese for people who are obsessed with video games and anime - otaku . An increasing number of otaku now say they have fallen in love with anime characters and given up on the idea of real-world romance, reports the BBC's Stephanie Hegarty.

Akihiko Kondo wakes up every day to the sound of his wife's voice. She calls him from across the room in her high-pitched, girlish, sing-song voice. She dances and swirls around, urging him to get out of bed. At the same time, he's holding her in his arms on the bottom tier of their metal-framed bunk bed - and if he was more awake he could be watching an illustrated cartoon of her singing on YouTube. This is because Akihiko's "wife" is an idea - an anime character called Miku. She's the hologram that lives in a glass capsule on a shelf in the corner of the room, and the cuddly toy with its big soft head and small body that he holds close at night. But she can take innumerable other forms. Each representation includes some essential characteristics, Akihiko says - including bright turquoise-coloured hair tied up in two long bunches, with a thick fringe framing her face. Beyond that, Miku varies. She may be a childish, cartoon-like creature, or she may be more human, and sexier - with a low neckline and big boobs, schoolgirl blouse and short skirt. Akihiko considers all of these Mikus to be his wife. The couple had a ceremony that Akihiko regards as a wedding in November last year. It wasn't official, but it was a pretty big bash with 39 guests. The number spells her name in Japanese - three for "mi" and nine for "ku". Miku was present in the form of a cuddly toy, wearing a white, lace dress and a long veil, her outfit hand-made by a designer, who contacted Akihiko after he announced his engagement. Akihiko himself wore a pure white coat and tails with white flowers in his lapel, his usual square-framed glasses and a big grin. He held her and her bouquet - one of her trademarks, a bunch of leeks tied with a big pink bow. He said their vows and walked down the aisle holding her by his side, as guests smiled and clapped. Later they sat at the top table for dinner. Akihiko in one white chair and Miku in another, propped up in an empty flower vase. Watching a video of the occasion, Akihiko smiles. "There are two reasons why I had a wedding publicly," he says. "The first one is to prove my love to Miku. The second one is there are many young otaku people like me falling in love with anime characters. I want to show the world that I support them." Otaku is a Japanese word for a nerd or a geek, usually someone that's obsessed with video games and anime. A lot of gaming and anime obsessives wear the name with pride but it can also be used as a derogatory term for people who are socially awkward. Some, like Akihiko, take their obsession to what some may consider an extreme level, turning away from real-life relationships. And it appears that their numbers are increasing. Last year Gatebox, the company that made Akihiko's hologram of Miku, started issuing unofficial "marriage certificates" to customers; they say 3,700 people took them up on the offer. That alone may not prove very much, but they are not the only ones reporting a rise in pseudo-relationships. Prof Masahiro Yamada, a sociologist who also runs an agony aunt column answering questions on family and relationships for the Yomiuri newspaper, has for years carried out regular surveys asking young people what they feel affection for. The list includes pets, pop stars, sports stars, anime characters, and virtual idols (digitally animated, anime-inspired YouTube stars). He also asks if people visit cafes where they are waited on by young women dressed up as maids, or use prostitution services that offer companionship as well as sex. All of these pseudo-relationships are growing, he says. In this year's survey, about 12% of young people reported sometimes or often falling in love with an anime or video game character. But what could be driving this trend? It has a lot to do with economics and tradition, Yamada says, primarily the fact that many Japanese women won't consider a boyfriend unless he makes a lot of money. In 2016, 47% of women aged between 20 and 29 agreed with the statement that husbands should work for money and wives should do housework, he points out - a higher proportion than in any other age group, including the over-70s. "In Asia, Japan and South Korea, people are quite obsessed about this high salary and this tendency is not getting any weaker, it's getting stronger," he says. "Japanese women tend not to believe in eternal love, but they can trust money." This sounds like a sweeping statement - one that comes close to blaming a generation of women for the problem - but Yamada says it's a conclusion he has drawn after extensive surveys. "In Japan working life is very, very hard and there is still a lot of sexual discrimination. Working hours are very long and there's lots of stress," he says. Also, the burden of childcare is still firmly on the mother. Long hours, high-stress workplaces and long commutes make life difficult for working mothers. The easier option is to quit - but that's not possible unless your partner earns a certain amount of money. At the same time there's a dwindling pool of well-paid men: as Japan's economy stagnates, wages are falling. The result, he says, is an increasing number of young women who choose not to date and an increasing number of young men who know enough not to bother trying. Akihiko never really entertained the idea of having a real-life girlfriend. "I've never felt attracted to real women," he says. Why not, I ask? "Because I'm not popular among women," he replies. In school he was bullied for being an otaku. And bullying followed him into the world of work. He was working as an administrator in a primary school about 12 years ago when he was picked upon incessantly by two women - one was close to his age, one was a lot older. When he greeted them in the morning they would ignore him. They would stand in the kitchen where he could hear them and call him names. And if he made a small mistake they would shout at him, sometimes in front of the young students which he found humiliating. The bullying got so intolerable that he left work. For almost two years he locked himself in his room and refused to leave. "I was hikikomori," he says. This is a well-known phenomenon in Japan and South Korea where young people, mostly men, become hermits in their own parental homes, refusing to go outside or even to speak to their families. There are estimated to be about one million of them and it can go on for many years. But then he met Miku. "I was watching her video on YouTube and Niconico (a Japanese version of YouTube), looking at her images, listening to her songs, and I was healed by her," he says. The constant bullying, he felt, had forced him to shut down, to retreat into a state where he was emotionally void. He was deeply and darkly depressed. "Listening to her songs sometimes makes me very emotional. How she dances, moves and talks makes me feel. My heart starts moving again," he says. "That's why I love her and why she's so important to me." He started to feel like he was in a relationship with her, and with the support of that relationship he was able to go back to work. "The emotion was no different from a real relationship," he says. "After I fell for her. You feel the pressure in your chest. I experienced this feeling, just like falling in love with a real person." He says he dated her for 10 years before he decided to marry her. For much of those 10 years Akihiko was only able to talk to Miku in his mind. Now he can have basic but significant conversations with his Gatebox hologram. He can tell her he loves her and she can respond. But they can't do much else. "I have to use some imagination in between," he says. "Of course, if I could touch her that would be fantastic. Now we can't do that. But in the future, the technology will develop. In the future, maybe I can hold her hands or hug her." Akihiko is well aware that many people think his marriage is strange. The one disappointment about his wedding was that his mother and sister refused to attend. And he gets a lot of abuse from people online, especially after going public with his marriage in several interviews. But he has also received a huge number of messages of support from strangers. "A number of people kind of 'came out'," he says. They wrote to him to tell him about their own affection for an anime character. "I received so many messages like that. So, I thought it was worthwhile." Now he works in a secondary school where he's open about his relationship status. Some of the staff find it weird but he says the students tend to be more accepting. He's working and socialising again and he has his own apartment - two tidy rooms in a quiet suburb, with his name and Miku's written above the doorbell. And most importantly he's happy. "In this society there's a template of what makes one happy - get married, have children, form a family. But that shouldn't be the only way. I don't fall into that template. "We have to consider all kinds of love and all kinds of happiness." You may also be interested in: Megumi was a baby when her parents separated and her father disappeared from her life. But years later her mother told her he wanted to reconnect. Megumi began to see Yamada regularly. She thinks he is her father, and that Yamada is his real name - but this is a lie. Read: 'I hire a man to pretend to be my daughter's dad - and she doesn't know'

जापानी में उन लोगों के लिए एक शब्द है जो वीडियो गेम और एनीमे के प्रति जुनूनी हैं-ओटाकू। अब ओटाकू की बढ़ती संख्या का कहना है कि उन्हें एनीमे पात्रों से प्यार हो गया है और उन्होंने वास्तविक दुनिया के रोमांस के विचार को छोड़ दिया है, बीबीसी की स्टेफ़नी हेगार्टी रिपोर्ट करती है।


The lone seven-year-olds leaving home and country behind

Summary: Children as young as seven are travelling thousands of miles alone, across land and sea - some are sent by their parents who don't want them to grow up in repressive countries such as Eritrea. Others end up being turned into inexperienced captains of rickety boats crossing the Mediterranean.

By Paul KenyonBBC, Sudan We are following criss-cross tyre marks across a dust plain. An abandoned shepherd's hut slides by, bleached cow carcasses, plastic bags snagged on stones, the rest is desert and sun and choking hot air. I'm told that in the summer these borderlands between Eritrea and Sudan are fertile green, but right now the dust spins up behind our car and hangs in high grey plumes, before floating back to earth as powder rain. This barren landscape is, for some, the start of a journey that will take them 4,000 miles, across desert and sea, along the world's most dangerous migration route. To call it "a route", though, is somewhat misleading, it's really a tapestry of routes across sub-Saharan Africa, threading out of every country in the region, northwards towards the Mediterranean Sea. There are as many starting points to the journey as there are reasons to join it. But the one we're travelling is becoming one of the busiest. It's the route out of Eritrea, Africa's most secretive state. Migrants cross the border into Sudan, sometimes travelling in cars and trucks, but often simply walking, usually at night when the air is cool and they can hide from the police patrols. The place they're heading for is Shagarab, a vast refugee camp in the middle of this desolate place. It holds 35,000 people, nearly all of them Eritrean, and nearly all of them using this as a staging post before heading north towards Europe. And it's in Shagarab Camp that I come across something remarkable. Behind a metal gate, where security guards are checking people in, is a group of around 70 children sitting on benches in the shade. What's remarkable is that these children have travelled to Shagarab Camp alone. No parents, no family. And some are as young as seven years old. They sit and listen as a UNHCR official, Sarah Elliot, explains the dangers of the route they're travelling. "How many of you walked here?" she asks. One hand goes up, then another, there's some giggling, then everyone raises a hand. "OK, where are you trying to get to?" The children look at each other. Some of the girls are wearing colourful headscarves which they've wrapped across their mouths against the dust. "Go on, where? Don't be shy," smiles Elliot. She's asked the same question many times before, and already knows the answer. "Europe," a little boy finally shouts out. "England," shouts another. Elliot nods and smiles some more. "OK, I understand, but do you know how long it will take?" None of the children respond, they just fidget and wait for an answer. "It can take many months," says Elliot, "and do you know how dangerous it is?" Some of the children stare at the floor, others whisper to each other. "Because that's what I'm going to explain to you today," continues Elliot, "just how dangerous this route is." And on she goes, telling boys and girls, many of whom have barely reached their teens, about the dead bodies in the Libyan desert, about the people traffickers who might steal their money, about the men who kidnap children, about how many migrants drown attempting to cross the Mediterranean Sea - 4,000 last year, and already this year, the numbers are on a scale never seen before. The flight of children from Eritrea is an indication of just how oppressive the regime there has become. Older boys and men in the camp describe compulsory open-ended military service lasting from 10 to 30 years, including year after a year of forced labour on farms or in factories. Parents are so desperate to spare their children this fate that they are taking the agonising decision to tell them to flee - despite reports of people being shot on sight as they attempt to cross the border. "Do the children listen to your warnings?" I ask Elliot later. "Does it put any of them off?" She screws her face and looks off across the desert. "Not as much as I'd like. I mean, maybe some. But by the time they arrive here, most of them already have a plan, and the plan is to get to Europe." Why are Eritreans leaving home? It's winter in Sicily and a cone of snow has settled over the tip of Mount Etna. Below, on a blowy beach, is a boy called Rudi. He's wearing shades with indigo lenses and Elvis rims, and his hair is knotted in junior Rasta twists. Rudi fiddles with his headphones. "What are you listening to?" I ask. He stares at me, a little confused, "Nothing," he says, and then shows me that his headphones aren't plugged into any device. "It's just for the look," he says, and saunters off in his oversize trainers and his hang-low jeans. Rudi is eager to look and behave like other Italian teenagers - he just wants to fit in but his starting point couldn't be further from theirs. Rudi is a teenage people-smuggler, one of the youngest ever caught by the Italian authorities, and he started his life in a small village in West Africa. What propelled 15-year-old Rudi out of his family home in Guinea, to embark on the world's most dangerous migration route is unclear, but what we do know is that he never set out to be a people smuggler. His journey across the Sahara was relatively uneventful, but it was when he arrived in Libya that things took a turn. Libya is still the most popular departure point for Europe, despite the conflict. In fact the lawlessness has increased the migrant traffic through the country because the people smugglers can now operate with impunity. There are more of them, with more routes on offer. When Rudi arrived on the Libyan coast, he'd run out of money. He describes fighting, and the sound of gunfire, and being terrified, as anyone of his age would be. In the past, migrants would find work in the warehouses and meat factories of Tripoli to help pay their passage, but now there's none of that. Rudi pleaded with the people smugglers to take him for free, but they wouldn't. The only way he could get across, they told him, was if he captained the boat himself. Over the following days, the smugglers taught Rudi how to steer a wooden boat, how to operate its engine and how to navigate. He practised up and down the coast of Libya, and after a week, they said he was ready. Nearly 200 migrants were loaded on to his boat, having paid up to $2,000 (£1,300) each for the crossing. Their lives were in the hands of a 15-year-old boy. Rudi tells me that if he hadn't agreed to sail the boat, he would have been stranded in Libya and could have been kidnapped or killed. The arrangement suited the people smugglers well. They took nearly $500,000 (£325,000) from the migrants, and stayed in Libya, so they didn't run the risk of being caught by the Italian authorities. All the risk was with Rudi, and his passengers, of course "They told me that if all the passengers survived, then there'd be no trouble but if anyone died, then I would be arrested," he says. And so, when he arrived off the Italian coast, and was intercepted by the coastguard, Rudi punched the air like he'd scored a goal. He was surprised when the police took him away. Now, Rudi is looked after by a charity in a picturesque Sicilian town, where he plays football and wears headphones that aren't plugged in. The Italians didn't prosecute him because of his age, and now they have an obligation to protect him and to integrate him into Italian society - he's a child of course, as well as being a one-time people smuggler. Paul Kenyon is a correspondent with BBC Panorama, and has written a book about the world's most dangerous migration route - I am Justice. You can watch Panorama: Children of the Great Migration tonight on BBC One at 20:30 GMT. It will be shown on BBC World on 28th February. Subscribe to the BBC News Magazine's email newsletter to get articles sent to your inbox.

सात साल की उम्र के बच्चे अकेले हजारों मील की यात्रा कर रहे हैं, भूमि और समुद्र के पार-कुछ को उनके माता-पिता द्वारा भेजा जाता है जो नहीं चाहते कि वे इरिट्रिया जैसे दमनकारी देशों में बड़े हों। अन्य अंत में भूमध्य सागर को पार करने वाली खराब नौकाओं के अनुभवहीन कप्तानों में बदल जाते हैं।


Profumo scandal evidence still secret in 'cover-up'

Summary: A former member of a government advisory panel on historical records says he has "never experienced such a concerted effort to withhold papers" as happened with the still secret files of the Denning inquiry into the Profumo scandal.

Martin RosenbaumFreedom of information specialist@rosenbaum6on Twitter The art historian and TV presenter Bendor Grosvenor, who served for seven years on the Advisory Council on National Records and Archives (ACNRA), says: "It was hard to escape the conclusion there was something of a cover-up going on." The recent BBC drama about the events surrounding Christine Keeler has drawn new attention to the continuing official secrecy regarding the Profumo affair of the early 1960s, which gripped the nation and shook the government. The files from the official judicial inquiry by Master of the Rolls Lord Denning have not yet been publicly released. The Cabinet Office spent two years in discussion with the ACNRA, which gives advice on which historical papers should be released or stay secret, resulting in a decision to keep the files confidential until 2048. According to ACNRA documents obtained by the BBC under freedom of information (FOI), the identity of some who gave evidence to Lord Denning has "never been known to the public". Some of these unnamed people were still alive in 2014 and possibly still are. It raises questions as to how far the reaches of the scandal stretched into the British establishment. John Profumo was forced to resign as Secretary of State for War in 1963 after he admitted lying to the Commons when he denied any "impropriety" with a young model, Christine Keeler. It turned out he was having an affair with her, while she also had a relationship with the Soviet naval attaché in London, a presumed spy. While this presented an obvious security issue, tabloid newspapers at the time also featured sensational rumours that it was just one aspect of mysterious sexual scandals in high-class circles. Appointed to conduct a judicial inquiry, Lord Denning concluded there had been no security breach and there was no evidence to link ministers to certain stories of "vile and revolting" sexual activities. His report has since been widely criticised as complacent. The judge omitted from his published report testimony from a prostitute who said transport minister Ernest Marples - who died in 1978 - had paid her to beat him while he wore women's clothes. In 2015 the Cabinet Office reluctantly agreed with the ACNRA to transfer 25 boxes of Denning inquiry files for safekeeping to the National Archives. Of these, 23 were to be kept closed to the public until 2048 (the other two contained material already in the public domain, such as press cuttings). According to minutes of advisory council meetings obtained by the BBC under FOI, the Cabinet Office initially asserted the papers were too sensitive to be taken away from its own direct control. It maintained some of the material affected national security. In later discussions the Cabinet Office argued it was necessary to preserve the confidentiality of the judicial inquiry and protect personal information. Dr Grosvenor says: "I was suspicious as the arguments to protect the papers kept changing." "The papers should absolutely be made available to the public," he adds. "We fought off some rather spurious arguments. But by the end of it everyone felt rather worn down by the Cabinet Office." The suggestion of releasing redacted records was dismissed on the basis, according to the minutes, that the amount of editing needed "would have left an unintelligible mess, and the release of snippets of information could cause an adverse public reaction". Lord Denning had assured inquiry witnesses that their evidence would be confidential and only used for the purpose of his report. He also wanted all the transcripts and statements to be destroyed afterwards, but this wish was not carried out by civil servants. Reviewing the papers 30 years later in 1993, Cabinet Secretary Sir Robin Butler said it would be wrong to destroy them, as "they reflect an extraordinary episode and evoke the character of the 1960s in a very powerful way" and "historians would judge us harshly for such destruction". But he argued they should still be kept secret for several decades. Another official then wrote to the then Prime Minister John Major: "It is very tempting to suggest that you could not take such a decision with (sic) studying the evidence personally." Whether or not he took advantage of this opportunity, it will not be available to historians or members of the general public for many years to come. The National Archives has dismissed a recent BBC FOI request for Denning inquiry evidence on the grounds that even if witnesses themselves are now dead, "the highly personal nature of the information" could "cause damage and distress to their families". The FOI refusal was upheld by the Information Commissioner. A Cabinet Office spokesperson said: "The National Archives' Advisory Council recommended that the Denning inquiry records continue to remain closed until 1 January 2048. As with any historical records we follow procedures and guidance from the National Archives." An Advisory Council spokesperson said: "The Advisory Council discussed the status of papers relating to Lord Denning's inquiry into the Profumo affair with the Cabinet Office over a period of time from 2014 to 2016. The papers were subsequently transferred to the National Archives closed under exemptions of the Freedom of Information Act."

ऐतिहासिक अभिलेखों पर एक सरकारी सलाहकार समिति के एक पूर्व सदस्य का कहना है कि उन्होंने "कागजातों को रोकने के लिए इस तरह के ठोस प्रयास का कभी अनुभव नहीं किया" जैसा कि प्रोफुमो घोटाले की डेनिंग जांच की गुप्त फाइलों के साथ हुआ था।