The love that survived a Chinese labour camp

Summary: Liu Xiaobo, a Chinese dissident and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, has spent years in prison for calling for political change in his country. For more than half of his marriage to Liu Xia, he has been imprisoned, and now he is dying of cancer. The BBC's Celia Hatton looks back at how the couple's love survived.

By Celia HattonBBC News They fought to be allowed to marry each other. But when the government in Beijing finally backed down, permitting one of its unrelenting critics to marry his love, problems remained. The camera that was supposed to take the couple's official marriage picture wouldn't work. The photographer was left scratching his head. Chinese marriage certificates aren't valid unless they contain an official portrait snapped at the scene. So, Liu Xiaobo and and his would-be wife, Liu Xia, improvised. They found single photos of themselves and stuck them side by side. The makeshift photo was stamped and finally, they were married. That was in 1996. Getting married was a small victory for the couple. It gave Liu Xia the right to visit her new husband in the grim labour camp in north-eastern China where he had recently been imprisoned. Liu Xia made the 1,600km (1,000 miles) return journey from Beijing every month. "The train to the concentration camp," she wrote in a poem. "Sobbing pass and running over my body/ Yet I still couldn't hold your hand." Their wedding banquet was in the labour camp's cafeteria, a scenario that would prove to be symbolic. Throughout their intense romance, the Chinese government was a relentless and interfering third wheel, the uninvited partner providing a constant backdrop to their interactions. By all accounts, Liu Xiaobo and Liu Xia were inseparable, except when they were forcibly parted. Liu Xiaobo started as a brilliant writer and a beloved professor who was often invited to speak and study abroad. In the spring of 1989, he was in New York City when he heard about the pro-democracy protests making their way to Tiananmen Square. He returned home to China at once. Xiaobo helped spur on the protesters, as their calls for political reform rose to a crescendo, and then helped to negotiate with Chinese soldiers for many of the students to leave without harm. It is still a state secret how many were killed by government forces in June 1989, but most agree the death toll would have been far higher without Liu Xiaobo. That made little difference to the government. Days after the silence fell on Tiananmen, Xiaobo was placed in a secret detention centre. He stayed there for almost 20 months. When he was released, he had lost nearly everything, including his prestigious teaching job and his home. It was then that Liu Xiaobo connected with the light of his life: an exuberant young poet named Liu Xia. "I found all the beauty in the world in this one woman," he reportedly told a friend. Six years younger, she was already recognised as a gifted writer. Her close friend, the writer Liao Yiwu, said that back then, she was always giggling. Xia's high tolerance for alcohol was also legendary; she could drink her friends under the table. Xiaobo adored large meals, but would only drink Coca-Cola. Liu Xia came from a privileged background, the daughter of a high-ranking banking official. She was expected to become a civil servant too, but had recently given up that stable life in favour of writing. Against all odds, Xia's parents encouraged her relationship with Xiaobo, despite his political troubles. 'If someone is in jail, their family's life ends too' In the early days, the couple tried to establish the semblance of a normal life. Xiaobo moved into Xia's apartment, not far from Tiananmen Square, and they made a life together. Liu Xiaobo was under near-constant surveillance by security agents, who pressured him to stop writing about the need for democracy, to stop criticising China's one-party state. "You must understand: If the government persecutes someone, the first thing they try to do is disturb their private life" explains the couple's friend, Tienchi Martin-Liao. "They will separate the couple. If someone is in jail, their family's life ends too." The couple never seriously considered having children, Tienchi says. "I asked him once, 'Hey, why don't you have a child with Liu Xia?'" Tienchi continues. "Xiaobo told me: 'I do not want that child, a son or a daughter, to see their father be taken away by the police'. "He told me that. That is the reason why the couple never had children." 'I have never had a peaceful day since I am with you' Tienchi worked as Liu Xiaobo's editor, spending hours on the phone with him. Xia would sometimes bring him soup while he was on the phone, and Tienchi would listen to him happily slurp it down. Later, when Xiaobo was handed his final prison sentence, the one that would put him behind bars for 11 years, Tienchi switched to speaking with Xia, who often sobbed on the phone. "Of course she loves him and she is willing to do everything for him," Tienchi explained. "And sometimes she complains. Not really complains but still she says, 'Well, I have never had a peaceful day since I am with you together.' "Which is true, which is totally true. Which doesn't mean that she wants to leave him or anything like that. She just wants to emphasise how difficult and under what hard conditions their love connection to each other has survived." Even when Liu Xiaobo was out of prison, the couple were rarely left alone for long. "Because he has written so many socially critical articles, a lot of underprivileged people would go to his house," Tienchi Liao remembers. "He doesn't even know them. They just knock at his door and ring the bell at his house and say, 'please help me, some injustice has happened to me'. And mostly, he would help those people." Liu Xiaobo once recalled that even the pleasures of a birthday party were sometimes impossible. He once told a Hong Kong newspaper, "at Liu Xia's birthday, her best friend brought two bottles of wine but they were blocked by the police from my home. I ordered a cake and the police also rejected the man who delivered the cake to us. I quarrelled with them and the police said, "it is for your security. Bomb attacks are common these days." But Xiaobo didn't ever decide to stop his work, even when it interfered with his home life with Xia. And some of that drive he blamed on his concern for her future. "Liu Xiaobo frankly explained that he wanted to take advantage of the energy that he still has," his biographer and close friend, the writer Yu Jie, wrote. "So he could save up more money for Liu Xia, just in case one day something happened to him. At least Liu Xia would still be able to live without worrying about food and clothing." Some intellectuals said he wrote too many articles, and some of them lacked polish. Everything changed when Liu Xiaobo helped to draft and circulate Charter 08, the document calling for an end to China's one-party rule that would land him in prison. Xia had always stayed away from Xiaobo's political commentary, but she told the filmmaker Ai Xiaoming that she knew Charter 08 heralded trouble. "I saw it coming early on," she explained. "'From the time that the first draft of Charter 08 appeared in my home, to when Xiaobo threw himself into revising it, I just knew that something terrible was going to happen." "Did you read it?" Ai asked her. 'You wait in the intangible prison of the heart' "I had no interest in doing so," she answered. "But I knew there'd be big trouble. I tried to tell Xiaobo, but it was no use. I could only do what I'd done in the past - patiently wait for calamity to descend." Before Charter 08 was officially released, Xiaobo was taken away. At his trial almost a year later, he was found guilty of trying to overthrow the state. His last public statement, made to the court in 2009, ended with an acknowledgement to his wife. He said: "Throughout all these years that I have lived without freedom, our love was full of bitterness imposed by outside circumstances, but as I savour its aftertaste, it remains boundless. "I am serving my sentence in a tangible prison, while you wait in the intangible prison of the heart. Your love is the sunlight that leaps over high walls and penetrates the iron bars of my prison window, stroking every inch of my skin, warming every cell of my body, allowing me to always keep peace, openness, and brightness in my heart, and filling every minute of my time in prison with meaning. "My love for you, on the other hand, is so full of remorse and regret that it at times makes me stagger under its weight." It's unclear how much Liu Xiaobo knew about Xia's living conditions after he began his final prison sentence. Shortly after he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2010 she was placed under strict house arrest, confined to her small apartment in Beijing. When speaking with the BBC in 2010, Liu Xia said she couldn't give Xiaobo any detailed information about her house arrest. "We were not allowed to talk about these things. We couldn't talk about these things. Anyhow, I thought he could understand me. I just told him, 'I live a life similar to yours'." "Originally I thought, when it just happened, that I would just be locked in for about a month or two. Time flies, now I've been locked for two years." As the years under house arrest dragged on, Xia became clinically depressed. She had intermittent access to a phone, but could only phone a few close family members. A group of police would take Xia to see Xiaobo on occasions, but those visits were closely watched by the authorities, who would halt conversations if too much was shared. Liu Xiaobo was finally reunited with his wife only after it was clear that he was dying of liver cancer. After he received medical parole and was transferred to a hospital in northern China, he pushed to leave China for overseas treatment. For Xia's sake, sources told the BBC. "He worries what will happen when he's gone," one friend explained. "He wants to take her out of China, and her brother too." Tienchi's voice drops when asked about the future for Liu Xia after her beloved Xiaobo passes away. "We know that she is very ill, physically and psychologically. We are all worried he doesn't have much time to live and we are all worried afterwards what happens to her." When Xiaobo is gone, Xia will have little left of him. In 2009, she admitted that even Xiaobo's poems and letters to her have all but gone. "During Xiaobo's re-education through labour for three years from 8 October 1996 to 8 October 1999, I wrote him more than 300 letters and he wrote me 2-3 million words. After our home was raided several times, his writings generally disappeared. "This is our life." .

लियू शियाओबो, एक चीनी असंतुष्ट और नोबेल शांति पुरस्कार विजेता, ने अपने देश में राजनीतिक परिवर्तन का आह्वान करने के लिए कई साल जेल में बिताए हैं। लियू शिया के साथ अपनी आधी से अधिक शादी के लिए, वह जेल में है, और अब वह कैंसर से मर रहा है। बीबीसी की सेलिया हैटन पीछे मुड़कर देखती है कि कैसे जोड़े का प्यार बच गया।


Hollie McNish: The things new mothers aren't always told

Summary: Hollie McNish is a poet who writes about motherhood - from morning sickness and breastfeeding in public to the impossibility of ever finishing a hot cup of tea. Here she argues that taboos still prevent people talking openly about childbirth and bringing up a child.

Until she gave birth to her third baby, my now 90-year-old grandma thought that her first two children might perhaps have been born out of her bottom. Last week when I interviewed her for a new series on Woman's Hour, on Radio 4, she told me the story again but followed it up this time with a rather worried, "Of course you won't want to say that on the BBC." I think what she meant was: "Please don't put that on the radio for my bridge club friends to hear." The first time the subject came up was when I was pregnant. I think I was complaining about how little people had warned me about the heap of (negative) emotions, sickness and pains that can be related to growing a small child inside your body. When she said the words "born out of my bottom" I almost spat out the tea she always makes me before we sit down on the two armchairs in her lounge to chat. I asked her to tell me the story again after I had given birth to my daughter. I was by then even more interested in (and fairly angry about) the taboos still surrounding motherhood - from those emotional highs and lows so often veiled in the perfect "falling in love" birth story to issues surrounding sex, the mother's body, loneliness and claustrophobia, which all remain heaped under photos of clean white sofas, white linen shirts and the standard images of white upper middle class families walking down a beach with a very shiny coated labrador. Find out more After having given birth myself, I was shocked and a little saddened by the idea that any woman could be told so little about where the baby would emerge from. True, when giving birth, I was also told to "push through my bum" and it did kind of feel like that. But having received swarms of other info surrounding the whole event (I can't think of a better word) there was no way I could actually have made this mistake. So when I was asked to spend two months interviewing mothers and fathers about their experiences of having and bringing up children, I almost begged to be allowed to interview my gran - to have a cup of tea as we always do and sit on those two reclining chairs, just this time with a microphone in our faces. Extremely nervous at first, she soon eased into it, constantly apologising for the "crudeness" and "vulgarity" of what she was talking about. The bum story was one of myriad things that, it seems, she had been wanting to get off her chest for the last 65 years. Though funny at first, the tale became increasingly sad. My grandma didn't know about birth because nobody would tell her. And nobody would tell her, she said, because it was deemed too vulgar a subject for anyone to talk about. She didn't ask any questions for the same reason. It was "unladylike". "But what about the post-birth bleeding?" I asked her. She couldn't tell anyone about that either. For the sake of my granddad and everyone else's embarrassment, she had to pretend that these things just didn't happen, and get on with raising babies and children while smiling politely, dressed each day in neat matching two-piece suits and rollered hair. No blood. I remember vividly when I was a teenager asking my mum why my granddad, who I got on with so well, kept randomly leaving the room when the telly was on. "He doesn't want to see the sanitary towel ads," she said. I laughed then too. I had always put these differences down to our age. Grandma gave birth 70 years ago. No blood was mentioned and the word "vagina" was almost sinful to even think about. But things have changed, I thought. My daughter is now six and will run around my grandma's lounge singing the word unashamedly, as my gran cringes into her tea saying things like "I suppose it is better really that she's more open. But, oh..." I'm in the middle, neither as open as my daughter or as guarded as my grandmother. After my grandma's interview, I then spent two months travelling from flat to house to hostel interviewing other parents whose stories I also consider to be largely untold - totally hidden really from any media view of motherhood or parenting. I'm now convinced that this is one of the biggest and most damaging taboos we have - not just a taboo for previous generations, but one that still exists today. The second interview I did was with two brilliant young women, one with a baby, one a toddler. Both of them were pregnant at school and spoke brutally honestly about how much they had felt the need to hide their changing bodies from other students. Fingers pointed at their rising bellies, they told me, people refused even to give one of them the "reserved for pregnant" seat on the local buses. A lot of support too but a lot of trauma on top. They both spoke of the baggy jumpers they had started wearing to hide themselves in. I thought immediately of my grandma, who had sent me cardigans to "cover my bump" when I was pregnant. I thought of the baggy clothes she had used to cover hers. She has told me so often how a pregnant body was not something people thought "ought to be seen in public". Scrolling the internet world of glamorous motherhood, of bump-clinging dresses and celebratory instagrams, it can sometimes seem the discomfort is gone. I don't think that's the case. Next, were the breastfeeding stories. Not the physical problems some face, but the social and cultural attitudes towards breasts that still caused such anxiety for these and so many other younger mums I have chatted to. Again, I thought of my grandma, who never breastfed in front of anyone. "Oh no, never," she stressed. Nearing the end of our chat, Chante, the first young mum I interviewed, told me that she'd asked the health worker if she could have the baby through her bottom. She said she just didn't know if it was possible or not. We both giggled and I told her about my gran. For the next two months, stories flooded out as I sipped tea and listened. So many voices so ignored in the "motherhood media". I have learned what it is like to be housed as a new mum on the fourth floor of a block of flats, forced to pull a buggy up and down stairs and share a dirty communal bathroom. I have heard the thoughts of a new mum as she stood on the roof of her house attempting to end her own life, after she was able to discharge herself from hospital despite telling doctors she had "racing thoughts" and felt psychotic. I have chatted about the school run with a mother who had to leave Sri Lanka and found herself in a country in which she couldn't speak the language or recognise the food and was afraid to leave her flat. I have listened to the fears of a new dad nervous about disobeying his mother's parenting ideas. From a 17-year-old on the outskirts of London, to a 90-year old on the edge of Glasgow, I have learned that this is not just a generational matter. Motherhood, parenthood, is still a great taboo that I think we need to talk about a lot more, and we should do it with complete honesty. Preferably over a hot cup of tea. Listen to Becoming a Mother – a hot cup of tea with Hollie McNish Join the conversation - find us on Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat and Twitter

होली मैकनिश एक ऐसी कवि हैं जो मातृत्व के बारे में लिखती हैं-सुबह की बीमारी और सार्वजनिक रूप से स्तनपान कराने से लेकर कभी भी एक गर्म कप चाय खत्म करने की असंभवता तक। यहाँ उनका तर्क है कि वर्जनाएँ अभी भी लोगों को बच्चे के जन्म और बच्चे की परवरिश के बारे में खुलकर बात करने से रोकती हैं।


Ukraine's youngest HIV campaigner

Summary: Ukraine is suffering from one of Europe's worst Aids epidemics but most people with HIV have no access to the drugs that would enable them to lead normal lives - a fact which one teenager, among others, is keen to point out.

By Lucy AshBBC News As we sit drinking tea in the kitchen, Liza Yaroshenko lays out her pills in neat piles. Some are white, some are yellow and some are in a transparent box marked NIGHT. Liza, aged 14, carries the HIV virus that causes Aids so her life depends on these anti-retroviral drugs. They have to be taken at exactly the same time, three times a day. I wonder how she remembers - does she have an alarm on her phone to remind her? "Oh yes," replies her adoptive mother Oksana Aligeva, "an alarm on two legs - me!" Liza does a classic teenage roll of the eyes, but she knows she can't afford to get the timing wrong. "The virus can mutate and the pills could stop working," she explains. Liza also knows she is lucky to have the medicine. The World Health Organization has said Ukraine suffers from one of the worst Aids epidemics in Europe and not enough is being done to fight it. Only a third of the officially registered 120,000 people living with HIV receive the drugs, which usually allow them to lead normal lives. But the Aids Alliance - the biggest independent organisation tackling the disease in Ukraine - estimates that the infected population is at least twice that size. That suggests that just one in six people actually get treatment - one of the lowest levels in the world. By contrast, some sub-Saharan African countries, such as Botswana and Rwanda, manage to supply 80% of their HIV-infected populations with the life-saving drugs. Last autumn President Viktor Yanukovych declared that tackling infectious diseases was a priority but the government allocated no funds in 2013 to fighting hepatitis and only 40% of the sum the president proposed for Aids and tuberculosis. That's when Liza decided to speak out. Backed by a patients' lobby group, she went into Ukraine's parliament, the Verkhovna Rada, and stood in front of a microphone. In a faltering yet determined voice, she urged members to block the draft budget. "Without treatment many parents and children will die from this illness," she said. "I am begging you not to vote for this budget so that what happened to me will not happen to other children." Liza was six years old when she lost her mother to Aids. Like tens of thousands of Ukrainians, Liza's mother contracted HIV while injecting a cheap heroin substitute made of liquid poppy straw. The virus often spreads when users share needles. But the opiate solution, known as shirka, can also be contaminated by dirty equipment used by the dealers, or even the use of blood as a mixer. Liza says her mother spoke fluent English and worked for a while as a translator but then she met a man who introduced her to drugs. "All of my father's relatives were dealers - it was the family business," Liza says. She remembers queues of addicts waiting in the courtyard outside the flat for their fix. Liza's mother was eventually sent to prison for possession and served a three-year sentence. "After her release, Mum tried to give up but dad soon got her hooked again and then she fell ill," Liza says. "I don't think she knew about anti-retrovirals. It was like a myth - we'd heard there were such medicines but they cost so much that ordinary people didn't even think of trying to get hold of them." In 2005, on the same day her 27-year-old mother died of Aids, Liza found out about her own status. "We were in the hospital and my grandmother was called into the administrator's office. When she came out she burst into tears and I thought what terrible thing did they say to her to upset her like that?" Liza was kept in hospital for eight months following her diagnosis because she ran abnormally high temperatures. One of the first patients in Ukraine to receive anti-retroviral drugs, she has since been fit and well. She has no contact with her father and when her grandmother became too infirm to look after her, the authorities were preparing to send her to a children's home. But then Oksana and her husband, who had no children of their own, adopted her. Although Oksana had imagined adopting a much younger child, she and her husband, Eldar, were touched by Liza's story and felt they could provide a good home for her. The authorities blame lack of funds for the shortage of drugs but many say mismanagement and corruption also play a part. Andrei Klepikov of the Aids Alliance in Kiev says that in 2004, the government bought anti-retroviral drugs at 27 times more than the market rate. As a result the Global Fund for Aids, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, backed by the former Microsoft boss Bill Gates, cut its grant to the Health Ministry and rechanneled the money through non-state organisations like the Alliance instead. "It's like buying a piece of bread for £100! It's impossible but somehow the Ukrainian government managed to do this. So of course Global Fund was shocked, literally shocked, and this was the first ever grant given to a country that had to be suspended," says Klepikov. The Health Ministry denies corruption and argues that major buyers such as the Global Fund can get a lower rate because they buy in larger quantities. It also claims to have cut drug costs over the past several years. But demand for the drugs still vastly outstrips the supply. "The numbers of HIV-positive people are growing all the time but not the quantities of medicine to treat them", says Oksana. "And it's terrible that lots of people who have found out about their status can't get treatment." Oksana says she and Liza were disappointed that deputies in parliament ignored Liza's appeal. However, three weeks later the President Yanukovych signed a decree instructing ministers to come up with a new budget providing medical care for people living with HIV and Aids. This amended budget will be submitted to parliament next month. But there is a new source of worry for people with HIV - a law that came into force last month, requiring importers of foreign medicines to obtain additional licences to operate in the Ukrainian market. The government argues the licensing procedure will assist quality control and boost domestic production. But virtually all anti-retroviral drugs come from abroad at present and many people with HIV fear they'll be left without the life-saving medication. Dmytro Sherembey, the HIV-positive head of the patients' pressure group which helped organise Liza's appeal in parliament, the Ukrainian Community Advisory Board, predicts licences will be issued to those who pay bribes. "It will bring a profit to the officials and will give them the chance to control Ukraine's pharmaceutical market. They can give licences to those they want to give them to, and refuse it to others… "People in Ukraine will die from this law." Although the state has stepped up spending on anti-retroviral drugs it does little to bring down the number of new infections. "Do you know how much the government spends on HIV prevention?", asks Andrei Klepikov of the Aids Alliance. "Zero… literally zero." Work on the front line of the epidemic among the high risk groups such as addicts and prostitutes is left to organisations like the Alliance, he says. The group offers free HIV tests, condoms and crucially - clean syringes. In 2012, for the first time, there was a slight drop in the number of newly registered cases of HIV in Ukraine. But the Aids epidemic, originally fuelled by drug use, now appears to be spreading to Ukraine's general population through sexual contact. The stigma associated with the disease is so strong that many are discouraged from even approaching a doctor. I ask how Liza's classmates reacted when they saw her addressing the MPs on television. "Most of my friends already know about my status," she says. "On the whole people reacted very well and some friendships actually got stronger than they were before." Oksana proudly adds that pupils voted Liza president of the school - a position similar to head prefect - after her speech in parliament. But some of the teachers were less supportive. One told pupils the HIV virus can be spread through sneezing and holding hands. "I told her that was rubbish", says Liza, "and then I was called into the head teacher's office for a ticking off. But I hate it when people spread false information - I can't keep quiet." Hear the full report on BBC Radio 4's Crossing Continents on Thursday, 11 April at 11:00. You can listen via the Radio 4 website or via the Crossing Continents podcast.

यूक्रेन यूरोप की सबसे खराब एड्स महामारी में से एक से पीड़ित है, लेकिन एच. आई. वी. से पीड़ित अधिकांश लोगों के पास उन दवाओं तक पहुंच नहीं है जो उन्हें सामान्य जीवन जीने में सक्षम बनाती हैं-एक तथ्य जो एक किशोर, दूसरों के बीच, इंगित करने के लिए उत्सुक है।


Can the Cabinet's EU truce hold?

Summary: While David Cameron's officials have been frantically negotiating the draft terms of a deal with the rest of the EU, his Cabinet colleagues, those who favour exit at least, have patiently been keeping their counsel.

Laura KuenssbergPolitical editor@bbclaurakon Twitter Last month after all, they were instructed by Number 10 that it wouldn't be appropriate to get stuck into the arguments before the deal was actually done and the government had taken its final position. But now the prime minister has been extolling the virtues of what's been achieved without that final agreement, can that truce hold? One senior government minister told me tonight "the 'deal' is a mess" - and I understand there is debate behind closed doors over whether those who favour exit should stick to the previous deal and keep quiet until the middle of the month or gingerly begin to make the case for exit. There will be relief in Number 10 tonight that the home secretary has signalled strongly that she will back the PM. But she is not the only one with reservations about the EU. And while she broke her silence to state qualified support, others may, in the coming days, speak out to say something very different indeed.

जबकि डेविड कैमरन के अधिकारी यूरोपीय संघ के बाकी हिस्सों के साथ एक समझौते की मसौदा शर्तों पर उन्मादी बातचीत कर रहे हैं, उनके मंत्रिमंडल के सहयोगी, जो कम से कम बाहर निकलने का समर्थन करते हैं, धैर्यपूर्वक अपनी सलाह रख रहे हैं।


Are online bookings killing restaurants?

Summary: It's no secret that UK restaurants are struggling, with a clutch of big-name chains announcing closures in recent months due to weaker demand and rising overheads. But it seems another issue is adding to their woes - people not turning up for bookings.

By Daniel ThomasBusiness reporter, BBC News According to some estimates, "no-shows" account for 5-20% of total restaurant bookings across the country and can cost venues thousands of pounds a month. One example is the Beach House restaurant in Oxwich, Gower, south Wales, which reported having more than 100 last-minute cancellations over 10 days in April, "most of which were no-shows". "I think over the Easter weekend we lost about £3,000," says managing director Neil Kedward. "Any restaurant has a fragile economic model, and if a third of your covers don't turn up it can have a huge impact." Damian Wawrzyniak, head chef and owner of House of Feasts in Peterborough, got so fed up with the problem he started a Twitter campaign called #StopNoShow which has since gone global. At its worst, he says, his high-end restaurant had 10-15 no-shows a month and sometimes for groups as large as 18 people. It can mean lost revenue, hiring too many staff for an evening and wasted food, Mr Wawrzyniak says. He blames third-party online booking sites, such as Bookatable, Resdiary and OpenTable, which advertise "thousands of deals" and let you make multiple reservations. OpenTable, however, does stop diners making several bookings in the same timeslot and blocks users who accumulate four no-shows within 12 months. Jay Rayner, the Observer's restaurant critic, thinks online booking has also depersonalised the relationship between restaurants and their customers. "If you talk to an individual when you book, some form of connection has been made and it's much harder to screw a restaurant around. If it's all online people think less about the consequences, which is reprehensible." 'There's no guilt' One regular restaurant goer, Nicola Fahey, says she eats out once or twice a week and doesn't turn up for about half of her online bookings. "If you have booked through Bookatable you feel that you don't really have access to the restaurant to call and cancel - you'd have to look them up or Google them, which is a hassle. "You also think they're going to fill the spot, although if the restaurant has a massive three-month waiting list I would be more inclined to ring." She does feel "a bit bad" if she has spoken to someone at the restaurant in person then doesn't show up, but doesn't really think about it if she booked online. "In fact, I don't think I'd ever call up and cancel if I'd booked online - there's no guilt, there's no connection... I wouldn't even consider if it would have an impact [on the business]." Restaurants strike back Now some restaurants are fighting back and asking for non-refundable deposits upfront. The Crockers Chef's Table in Tring, Hertfordshire began charging £10-25 per head a few years ago, which would then be deducted from the final bill. But after a resurgence of no-shows in July, owner Luke Garnsworthy increased this to 50% of the cost of a meal (the restaurant only serves set menus at £45 or £80 per head). "Even if someone pays a deposit and doesn't show up you are still left out of pocket," he explains. Others are going further and selling prepaid tickets for a meal in the same way as a theatre would for a play. Adopters include Heston Blumenthal's Fat Duck in Bray and The Man Behind The Curtain in Leeds. Mr Kedward says the Beach House Restaurant has virtually stamped out no-shows since April, when it began charging a £20 per head penalty for drop-outs or late cancellations. This is taken from the booker's credit card if they don't turn up. However, some restaurant-goers dislike such charges. "I have been put off places who have asked for a deposit, for example for someone's leaving lunch at work," Becky Tanter tells the BBC. "It's hard to get people to commit to that and you risk losing money if you pay it yourself and someone drops out." Carina Comeau says: "It's rude not to call and cancel. However, a non-refundable deposit isn't right either. Unfortunately there are costs of doing business that the company must eat (pun intended)… and losses from a no-show are one of them." Mr Wawrzyniak says he would never charge fines or deposits as it might deter the regulars on which his restaurant depends. But he says he has reduced cancellations to zero another way: by taking his restaurant off third-party booking sites and raising awareness about no-shows on social media. "We tell people about our menu, the research that went into it, and the costs and the waste if you don't turn up. "Now we get guests telling us they've heard about the campaign and that they think no-shows are unacceptable, too."

यह कोई रहस्य नहीं है कि ब्रिटेन के रेस्तरां संघर्ष कर रहे हैं, हाल के महीनों में कमजोर मांग और बढ़ते ओवरहेड के कारण बड़ी-बड़ी श्रृंखलाओं ने बंद होने की घोषणा की है। लेकिन ऐसा लगता है कि एक और मुद्दा उनकी परेशानियों को बढ़ा रहा है-लोग बुकिंग के लिए नहीं आ रहे हैं।


A brief history of the Earth's CO2

Summary: Climate change has been described as one of the biggest problems faced by humankind. Carbon dioxide is is the primary driver of global warming. Prof Joanna Haigh from Imperial College London explains why this gas has played a crucial role in shaping the Earth's climate.

By Prof Joanna HaighCo-Director, Grantham Institute Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been present in the atmosphere since the Earth condensed from a ball of hot gases following its formation from the explosion of a huge star about five billion years ago. At that time the atmosphere was mainly composed of nitrogen, CO2 and water vapour, which seeped through cracks in the solid surface. A very similar composition emerges from volcanic eruptions today. As the planet cooled further some of the water vapour condensed out to form oceans and they dissolved a portion of the CO2 but it was still present in the atmosphere in large amounts. Tomorrow's World What is climate change? The first life forms to evolve on Earth were microbes which could survive in this primordial atmosphere but about 2.5 billion years ago, plants developed the ability to photosynthesise, creating glucose and oxygen from CO2 and water in the presence of light from the Sun. This had a transformative impact on the atmosphere: as life developed, CO2 was consumed so that by around 20 million years ago its concentration was down to below 300 molecules in every one million molecules of air (or 300 parts per million - ppm). Life on Earth has evolved under these conditions - note that humans did not appear until about 200,000 years ago - and atmospheric CO2 has not exceed that concentration until the industrial revolution brought with it massive emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels: coal and oil. CO2 plays an important role in climate because it is one of the atmospheric "greenhouse" gases (GHGs) which keep the Earth's surface about 33 degrees warmer than the -18C temperature it would be at were they not present. They do this by being fairly transparent to the Sun's rays, allowing them through to warm the surface, but then absorbing the radiant heat that the surface emits, so trapping it and enhancing the warming. In the present climate the most effective GHGs are water vapour, which is responsible for about two-thirds of the total warming, and CO2 which accounts for about one quarter. Other gases, including methane, make up the remainder. The atmospheric concentration of water vapour is less than 1% and, with CO2 making up only a few molecules in every ten thousand of air, it may be surprising that they can have such a significant impact on the surface temperature. They are able to do this, however, because the structure of their molecules makes them especially effective at absorbing heat radiation while the major atmospheric gases, nitrogen and oxygen, are essentially transparent to it. The greenhouse effect means that as the atmospheric loading of GHGs increases the surface temperature of the Earth warms. The overall increase in global temperature of about 1C over the past 150 years is almost entirely due to the human activities that have increasing amounts of atmospheric GHGs. Most significantly, the concentration of CO2 has been rising exponentially (at a rate of about 0.17% per year) since the industrial revolution, due mainly to the combustion of fossil fuels but also to large-scale tropical deforestation which depletes the climate system's capacity for photosynthesis. In 2015, it passed 400ppm, more than 40% higher than its pre-industrial value of 280ppm and a level that has not existed on Earth for several million years. While the basic science of how GHGs warm the Earth is very well understood, there are complications. The climate system responds in various ways which both enhance and ameliorate the effects of these gases. For example, a warmer atmosphere can hold more water vapour (before it condenses out in clouds or rain) and because water vapour is a GHG, this increases the temperature rise. Another example: as the oceans warm they are less able to hold CO2 so release it, again with the result the initial warming is enhanced. The global temperature record over the past century does not show the same smooth increase presented by CO2 measurements because the climate is influenced by other factors than GHGs, arising from both natural and human sources. Some particles released into the atmosphere by industrial activities reflect sunshine back to space, tending to cool the planet. Similarly, large volcanic eruptions can eject small particles into the higher atmosphere, where they remain for up to about two years reducing the sunlight reaching the surface, and temporary dips in global temperature have indeed been measured following major volcanic events. Changes in the energy emitted by the Sun also affect surface temperature, though measurements of the solar output show this effect to be small on human timescales. Another important consideration in interpreting global temperatures is that the climate is inherently complex. Energy moves between the atmosphere and oceans in natural fluctuations - an example being El Niño events. This means that we cannot expect an immediate direct relationship between any influencing factor and surface temperature. All these factors complicate the picture. Nevertheless, it is indisputable that the global temperature rise over the past century is a result of human-produced GHGs, mainly CO2. While, until the industrial revolution, the CO2 concentration has not exceeded the 280ppm value that last occurred several million years ago, it has gone through periods when it was considerably lower. Notably, during the ice ages which have occurred roughly every 100,000 years over at least the past half million, drops in global temperature of perhaps 5C have been accompanied by reductions in CO2 concentration to less than 200ppm. The ice ages, and associated warmer interglacial periods, are brought about by changes in the Earth's orbit around the Sun which take place on these long timescales. The cooling in response to a decline in solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface results in a greater uptake of CO2 by the oceans and so further cooling due to a weakened greenhouse effect. This is an entirely natural phenomenon and it is worth noting that such amplification of temperature fluctuations will occur in response to any initiating factor regardless of its source and including human-produced greenhouse gases. The effects of increasing CO2 are not limited to an increase in air temperature. As the oceans warm they are expanding so producing a rise in sea level, this being exacerbated by the melting of some of the ice present on land near the poles and in glaciers. The warmer atmosphere holds more water vapour resulting in increased occurrences of heavy rainfall and flooding while changes in weather patterns are intensifying droughts in other regions. If human emissions of GHGs into the atmosphere continue unabated then the global temperature will continue to rise and the associated weather impacts become ever more severe. The UN climate conference in Paris in December 2015, at which 195 nations unanimously agreed on an aim to restrict the temperature rise to less than 2C, or preferably 1.5C, above the pre-industrial "baseline" was an extraordinary political achievement. To achieve this, however, will require a complete cessation of global CO2 emissions by the second half of this century and, while the world considers how this might be achieved, the crossing of the 400ppm mark in CO2 concentration has been matched by a global warming of 1C.

जलवायु परिवर्तन को मानव जाति के सामने सबसे बड़ी समस्याओं में से एक के रूप में वर्णित किया गया है। कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड ग्लोबल वार्मिंग का प्राथमिक चालक है। इंपीरियल कॉलेज लंदन की प्रोफेसर जोआना हेग बताती हैं कि इस गैस ने पृथ्वी की जलवायु को आकार देने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका क्यों निभाई है।


Cheshire Police seek cost-cutting views

Summary: Residents are being asked to give their views on how Cheshire Police can save money, as the force to tries to save millions of pounds from its budget.

Cheshire Police Authority said in December it would have to find savings of £24m. Police officers and members of the authority are holding Police Question Time events in the county in January. They will also be seeking views on the chief constable's objectives and the government's plans for policing. People can attend the meetings or send questions in on pre-paid postcards. The meetings are being held in Chester, Runcorn, Warrington, Macclesfield, Crewe and Northwich. The police authority has previously warned the cuts will mean a reduction in police officers.

निवासियों से इस बारे में अपनी राय देने के लिए कहा जा रहा है कि कैसे चेशायर पुलिस पैसे बचा सकती है, क्योंकि बल अपने बजट से लाखों पाउंड बचाने की कोशिश करता है।


Newport: No further action over care home modern slavery arrests

Summary: Three men and a woman arrested amid allegations that care home staff were victims of modern day slavery have been released without charge.

The four were arrested in November 2019 after warrants were carried out at Danygraig Nursing Home, Newport and Ashville Residential Care Home, Brithdir. They had been arrested on suspicion of modern day slavery offences. On Thursday Gwent Police confirmed no further action would be taken. Modern slavery is defined as the recruitment, movement, harbouring or receiving of children, women or men through the use of force, coercion, abuse of vulnerability, deception or other means for the purpose of exploitation. Related Internet Links Gwent Police

देखभाल गृह के कर्मचारियों पर आधुनिक समय की गुलामी का शिकार होने के आरोपों के बीच गिरफ्तार किए गए तीन पुरुषों और एक महिला को बिना किसी आरोप के रिहा कर दिया गया है।


Council to review plan for new wind turbines at Forss

Summary: A renewable energy company has asked a council to review its decision to oppose a planned extension to a wind farm on a former Cold War base.

RES wants to add five turbines to the six it already has at Forss in Caithness. Highland Council refused a planning application for the five new turbines. The local authority's planning review body will now look at that decision. A US Navy radio station was built at Forss in the 1960s. It was used to communicate with US nuclear submarines during the Cold War. Military operations at Forss were later wound up and the station's radio masts were dismantled and removed in 1992. RES said the five turbines already at Forss generated enough electricity for more than 3,700 homes. It said the additional turbines could supply up to 5,000 homes. The planning review body will visit the site before making a decision on the application on Thursday.

एक अक्षय ऊर्जा कंपनी ने एक परिषद से पूर्व शीत युद्ध के आधार पर एक पवन फार्म के नियोजित विस्तार का विरोध करने के अपने फैसले की समीक्षा करने के लिए कहा है।


Audio slideshow: Arnos Vale Cemetery

Summary: More than 300,000 people have been buried at Arnos Vale Cemetery in Bristol since it opened in 1839.

Home to in excess of 60,000 headstones and monuments, the garden cemetery was recently awarded £500,000 of public money, which it must match, to meet its future running costs. Juliette Randall, who heads the trust that runs Arnos Vale, speaks about the history of the cemetery and those who are buried there.

1839 में खोले जाने के बाद से ब्रिस्टल के अर्नोस वेल कब्रिस्तान में 300,000 से अधिक लोगों को दफनाया जा चुका है।


The International: The biggest e-sports event in the world

Summary: The International isn't just any e-sports tournament.

By Steffan PowellNewsbeat gaming reporter It's the biggest event of its kind in the world with a prize pool of nearly $24m (£18.4m) and is hosted by Valve. Sixteen teams, with players from all over the world, are competing in the season climax for online battle arena game Dota 2. For many of them the prestige of lifting the trophy at this ultra-competitive event is far more important than the cash. Alex "machine" Richardson is Dota 2's answer to Gary Lineker and has been hosting the live stream of the group stages, which are taking place in Seattle. Every game will also be streamed live on Twitch. The 23-year-old tells Newsbeat: "I sit there in my fancy shirt and shoes, with a panel of experts, and help tell the story. "It's everything you'd expect to see in a pre or post match analysis of a game or tournament. We try to keep the viewers entertained." Alex covers a wide variety of e-sports throughout the year but this is considered by many to be the most significant event in the calendar. "The reason this is called the biggest tournament is of course because of the prize pool," he says. "Each player on the winning team will have an extra £1.5m in their back pockets. "What makes The International special is that it breaks through and gets wider coverage and a lot of TV stations get on board with it. "Winning the trophy cements a player's legacy in the history books too," he says. The main event will be hosted by Sean 'Day[9]' Plott. For the uninitiated, Dota 2 is a free-to-play battle arena game for PC. Teams of five players choose heroes to fight against opposing teams and take control of key points on a map. It's played by an estimated 13 million players worldwide. They get well into it. JC, 24, from London, tells us: "I've taken a few days off work. "I'll be watching the whole week. I've got food in ready and I'm going to watch with other fans in local pubs as well. "I've never spent so much time on one title where every single game is different. "I would have ended up watching in work anyway, and didn't want my boss to shout at me, so it was probably for the best that I took the time off." There will be players from North and South America, Asia and Europe competing in The International but none from the UK. Dota is renowned for having a steep learning curve and Tom 'LRM' Heeley, who plays the game competitively, thinks that might be one of the reasons why there are no UK players at the top level at the moment. "We're very much a console nation, less of a PC or laptop nation. "We're very successful at Call of Duty on the Xbox or PlayStation, we're successful at FIFA as well. "We don't do well on the e-sports international scene unless it's on console games." Tom is captain of UK team Enclave Gaming and is getting ready for a tournament in Kettering this October. "As a team we'll study The International, what the world's best have shown us and what we can learn from it." The prize pool in England is not quite the same as The International though. "It's a few thousand, so worth doing," he tells us. "But I'm going to play because I enjoy it and playing live in front of people adds an extra dimension to the game. There's so much more adrenaline. "It's just a fun hobby for me." One person who will be waving the British flag out in Seattle though is Alex. As host of the tournament coverage it's only fair to put him on the spot about which team will win. "For me Team Liquid are the team to watch," he says. "I love their mixed bags of nationalities and they're team to be reckoned with." Find us on Instagram at BBCNewsbeat and follow us on Snapchat, search for bbc_newsbeat

अंतर्राष्ट्रीय केवल कोई ई-खेल प्रतियोगिता नहीं है।


Tea Plantation Workers on Protest

Summary: Trade unions in Sri Lanka say a quarter of a million tea plantation workers have joined a non-cooperation exercise to lobby for higher wages. Employers say they’re concerned that production and exports will be affected.

After China, India and Kenya, Sri Lanka is the world’s fourth-biggest tea producer. But a marked slowdown has now gripped all of its largest tea estates, most of which lie in the hills. This isn’t a strike. But three large trade unions have announced what they call a non-cooperation exercise. Workers are still picking the tea – but they’re preventing it from leaving the plantations. It’s all in aid of higher pay – they want almost to double the minimum daily wage, to about four dollars fifty. Ramiah Yogarajan , national organiser for the Ceylon Workers’ Congress speaking to BBC reporter Charles Haviland said that plantation workers are the people with the largest number in poverty. “Since 1992 the plantation companies were privatised and from 1992 to 2002 poverty in the plantations increased from 22% to 32%. So there is a serious issue in the income of the workers. 23” said Yogarajan. Meanwhile the main tea traders’ association has warned that both production and exports will be affected. And the Employers’ Federation of Ceylon has been writing to the unions, complaining at what it says are heavy-handed practices in imposing the non-cooperation. The trade unions say they’re pleased that business owners are sitting up and taking notice. The three unions leading the action say other unions are joining in. Drought has severely affected recent tea crops and livelihoods here – and poverty-stricken workers are in the mood to take a stand.

श्रीलंका में ट्रेड यूनियनों का कहना है कि दस लाख चाय बागान श्रमिकों में से एक चौथाई उच्च मजदूरी के लिए पैरवी करने के लिए एक असहयोग अभ्यास में शामिल हुए हैं। नियोक्ताओं का कहना है कि वे चिंतित हैं कि उत्पादन और निर्यात प्रभावित होंगे।


Migrant students ‘more motivated to learn’

Summary: The refugee crisis has seen schools in many countries having to accommodate new arrivals. But the OECD's education director, Andreas Schleicher, says the evidence of international tests suggests migrants are as likely to become an asset to their new schools rather than a problem.

By Andreas Schleicher OECD education director Immigrant children are often highly motivated and have ambitious parents. And these clever, hungry-to-learn youngsters often achieve higher results than the rest of their classmates. In 1954, the United States opened its borders to an immigrant from Syria. His son, Steve Jobs, became one of the most creative entrepreneurs, revolutionising industries from personal computers through animated movies and music to mobile phones and digital publishing. In the current refugee crisis that might look like a fairy-tale, but it is not that implausible. While immigrant youngsters might face cultural, social and economic disadvantages, the top 10% of 15-year-old students with an immigrant background in the United States did just as well as the top 10% without an immigrant background, as measured by the international Pisa tests. In fact, when accounting for social background, these high-achieving immigrant teenagers were almost a school year ahead. This doesn't only happen in the United States. In 13 out of the 37 countries with comparable data, including the United Kingdom, the top 10% of immigrants were at least 10 points ahead of their non-immigrant counterparts in Pisa tests, after accounting for social background. These highly motivated students, managing to overcome the double disadvantage of poverty and an immigrant background, have the potential to make exceptional contributions to their host countries. On average across all countries, top performing immigrants and non-immigrants reached similar levels of performance on the Pisa mathematics test. Many immigrants, after the sacrifices of migrating, seem determined to make the most of any opportunity that arises. Their children also seem ready to take on an academic challenge. Alongside the Pisa tests are questions about students' willingness to try to solve more complex problems. First-generation immigrants, including in the UK, are more likely than average to want to stretch themselves and try to answer more difficult problems. The OECD's research shows that immigrant students - and their parents - hold an ambition to succeed that in most cases matches, and in some cases surpasses, the aspirations of families in their host country. More stories from the BBC's Knowledge economy series looking at education from a global perspective and how to get in touch For example, parents of immigrant students in Belgium, Germany and Hungary are more likely to expect that their children will go to university and get a degree than parents of students without an immigrant background. What makes this so remarkable is that these immigrant families are likely to be poorer than their non-migrant neighbours and their children are likely to do less well in school. But nonetheless their parents still hold higher expectations for them. The gap in parental expectation grows even wider when it's a comparison between newly-arrived poor migrants and local deprived families. In Belgium, Germany, Hong Kong and Hungary, the parents of immigrant students hold much higher educational expectations for their children than the parents of similarly disadvantaged non-immigrant students. The migrant students seem to be more determined. Comparing students of similar ability, the immigrant teenagers were often the ones with more ambitious career expectations. Such confidence can pay off. Students who hold ambitious, yet realistic expectations about their educational prospects are likely to work harder and make better use of the education opportunities available to them. Nonetheless many children from immigrant backgrounds face enormous challenges at school. They need to adjust quickly to different academic expectations, learn in a new language, forge a social identity that incorporates both their background and their adopted country - while often under conflicting pressures from family and peers. These difficulties in integrating into a new society are magnified when immigrants are segregated into poor neighbourhoods and into struggling schools. So it's no surprise that Pisa test results have shown students with an immigrant background falling behind non-immigrant students. However, this average performance gap should not mask the finding that many immigrant students overcome these obstacles and excel academically. They succeed in school and it's a testament to the great drive, motivation and openness that they and their families possess. There is also nothing inevitable about immigrant students doing less well, as the evidence of Pisa tests shows they can achieve very different results in different countries. The crunch point isn't the point of entry for migrant students, but what happens afterwards. It depends on whether schools are ready and able to help such migrants succeed and reduce the disadvantages that will face them. The world might seem to be becoming an increasingly complex and uncertain place, but some immigrant students are an inspiration for how societies can become more cohesive and resilient.

शरणार्थी संकट ने कई देशों में स्कूलों को नए आगंतुकों को समायोजित करने के लिए देखा है। लेकिन ओ. ई. सी. डी. के शिक्षा निदेशक, एंड्रियास श्लेचर का कहना है कि अंतर्राष्ट्रीय परीक्षणों के साक्ष्य से पता चलता है कि प्रवासी एक समस्या के बजाय अपने नए स्कूलों के लिए एक संपत्ति बनने की संभावना रखते हैं।


Paul Wells: Man charged with body in garden murder

Summary: A 44-year-old has been charged with the murder of a man who was found dead in a garden.

Paul Wells, 39, who was originally from Middlesbrough, was found stabbed to death in Edithmead Lane in Highbridge, Somerset, last week. Richard Matthews, who lives in the street where Mr Wells was found, is due to appear before Bristol Crown Court on Wednesday. Mr Matthews has been remanded in custody. Related Internet Links HM Courts Service

एक 44 वर्षीय व्यक्ति पर बगीचे में मृत पाए गए व्यक्ति की हत्या का आरोप लगाया गया है।


Smethwick death prompts murder probe

Summary: A murder inquiry has been launched after the death of a man in Smethwick in the West Midlands.

The 70-year-old was found at an address on White Road at about 14:45 GMT on Friday and later died in hospital. His injuries were initially treated as "unexplained" but a post-mortem test on Saturday found he died as a result of "blunt force injury", police said. A 50-year-old man arrested at the property on Friday is being held on suspicion of murder. West Midlands Police said officers were granted extra time on Sunday to continue questioning him.

वेस्ट मिडलैंड्स के स्मेथविक में एक व्यक्ति की मौत के बाद हत्या की जांच शुरू की गई है।


Sinfin incinerator gets go ahead after three year fight

Summary: A developer has been given the go ahead to build a waste incinerator in Derby after a three year legal battle costing thousands of pounds.

Resource Recovery Solutions (RRS) wants to build the facility in Sinfin, to burn 190,000 tonnes of waste a year from across the county. In 2009, the city council rejected the scheme over health and traffic fears. But after two public inquires, an inspector has ruled the scheme cannot be stopped on planning grounds. However, some local councillors still hope to change the waste policy at Derby City Council, which would see the proposals for the incinerator scrapped. The RSS proposal is part of a contract with the city and county council to handle household waste. The plant would slowly heat material to produce a gas that could be burned to create electricity.

हजारों पाउंड की लागत वाली तीन साल की कानूनी लड़ाई के बाद डर्बी में एक डेवलपर को अपशिष्ट भस्मक बनाने की मंजूरी दी गई है।


Can the Happy Club help save Jaywick Sands?

Summary: Jaywick Sands is one of England's most deprived areas. A picture of it even featured in a US elections attack ad last year, warning voters about urban decay. But one man hopes the fortunes of this seaside village in Essex can still be turned around.

By Laurence CawleyBBC News Danny Slogget immediately clocks the dishevelled, homeless man - possibly worse for wear through alcohol - coming through the doors of Jaywick's church hall. He politely excuses himself to chat with the new visitor, before shouting out to the 20 or so people inside the church hall: "Can anybody spare a bed for the night?" At least five hands instantly shoot up. "There you go," Danny says to the man. "You've got options." No council housing assessment, no red tape, no hesitation. At least for the night, the man will have a roof over his head. Father-of-two Danny describes the Jaywick Sands Happy Club he founded as a "youth club for adults". It meets on the first Thursday of each month and is more than just a place to catch up. Rickety tables look set to buckle beneath piles of crockery, children's toys, a plastic Christmas tree, cutlery, a desk lamp and a suitcase. Next to that stands a clothes rail. All of it is free to take away. "People bring what they don't need, people take what they need," says Danny, who moved to Jaywick from neighbouring Clacton when he was 11 years old. "It's like chemistry - there's a chain reaction. "People start giving things to the meeting after they've taken things from the meeting. This is some people's rubbish, but to other people it is treasure." Besides the bric-a-brac, there is table tennis table for games and rows of chairs for people to sit and talk - something Danny, 44, feels happens less and less these days. "Everywhere else I look seems so isolated. They're not even talking to their neighbours. Here, we are one." There is a formal side to the meetings, where issues are raised. Danny writes down whatever is concerning people - litter, difficulties getting GP appointments, speeding cars, problems with landlords, issues with rats - and then the group decides what action will be taken. This might mean an email to the council or health services, or a short video demanding action, which Danny will post online. For its part, Tendring District Council says the work of the club "in bringing community issues to our attention is helpful and important". "We will continue to build relationships with community groups in Jaywick Sands and try to answer their questions or point them in the right direction if it is not something we can help with," a spokesman said. Danny is happy to act as a middleman between residents and the authorities. "Every day I get messages about what people need doing, whether they need a fridge, or this or that. I make a video about these problems and usually these problems get solved - people get re-homed, people get fed. "We can make so much happen. I believe I am making peace between the people and the council. We are working in unity - I am working with the council but not for it. We are now buddies. [Happy Club] gives a lifeline and a voice to so many people who did not have a voice or a means to meet other people. I make sure I am getting answers for them and I won't stop until I get it." Though Danny does not use the word "lifeline" lightly, Ted and Lynn Purton would agree with his assessment. Their 21-year-old son Chris died in a kayaking accident in 2016 and to pay for his funeral, the couple took out a £5,000 loan. The tragedy also coincided with a change in their benefits payments - from disability living allowance to the personal independent payment - which they say left them without any income for about nine months. "My husband and I had no money," said Lynn. "So we had no food, we had no electric, we had nothing. So Dan, bless his heart, brought us groceries to eat until it all got sorted out. That's the sort of thing they do here. If you're in need, they will help the very best they can." Ted and Lynn's health is currently very poor. Both face significant mobility issues which Lynn says "is only going to get worse". Their privately-rented, single-storey home, reached by steps, is a narrow corridor of cramped rooms, one after the other. "My home is not fit for people with mobility problems," explains Lynn. "Hopefully, maybe, we could get another one, a bigger property." The couple have tried finding a new home privately but have not yet approached the council. Danny is confident the club can help re-home them. "Lynn and Ted will get their new house. I tell you, the club will not sleep until Lynn and Ted are re-homed." According to its members, the club provides something different for everyone. For life-long biker David Barclay it is very much "about meeting people". "I don't normally get out and I get very shy and I go into myself," he says. "This brings me out of it." Security expert Jimmy Burns has offered a one-on-one boxing lesson to a young lad who is being bullied at school. "I just want to help them build a bit of confidence," he says. "Boxing is an excellent way of doing that." Musician Alex Clowes hopes to set up a free music festival for the people of Jaywick, while his partner Nicola Overton decided to move there after seeing one of Danny's videos online. She is now a councillor said she stood for election because she was "fed up" of how little was being done for the village. "I could see and appreciate the community spirit which is something that has been long lost around many parts of the country. "[Moving] is the best decision I ever made - the people are amazing, funny and always willing to help their neighbours even when are struggling themselves." The club's secretary Donna Mimms, an old friend of Danny's, has also been inspired by his efforts and travels up each month from London to help out. "If you do good, good will follow you," reasons Danny. Quick fixes are helpful, but what is being done to help residents in Jaywick long term? Paul Honeywood, the council's cabinet member responsible for the village, says a "huge amount of work is being done in the area", which has historically struggled to attract investment because it is at significant risk of flooding. He explains the council is looking at a "wider vision" for the area to improve quality of life, a key element of which is working with the "strong community". "What people tend to forget is the fantastic potential of the area, particularly as it has one of the best beaches in the east of England - which is of course why thousands of holiday visitors chose to live here in the first place. "A particular focus for us is tackling poor quality housing, which can have a knock-on effect on health and well-being. We are doing this by purchasing land and derelict buildings and we have started to build new homes in the area, both for rent and for residents to purchase. "Deprivation is dependent on a number of different factors, including access to health services and education as well as financial measures. It is not something we can tackle alone, which is why we are working with numerous agencies and organisations with the aim of releasing the full potential of Jaywick Sands as a great place to live and work." Danny says he will not rest until he has helped the people most in need in Jaywick. Given he is not affiliated with the council, or hold any position in local politics or other authority in the area, it begs the question: why is he so driven to help improve the community? "I've been to prison eight times," he says. "It doesn't get darker than that for anybody. At the age of 21 I decided there was more to achieve in life. There's no success in crime. There's no glory in being a criminal. It is all rubbish. So I said, 'right, I'm going to use all my experience from being naughty, to being good'. "We must all do something to help people because we are all just one pay packet away from being homeless ourselves. "So if we don't start helping others, it could be us. And how can we expect help when we need it, if we don't help while we're able to? "I think all of the world could learn from Jaywick. If we can do this here, then what could they do [out] there?" Photography by Laurence Cawley

जेविक सैंड्स इंग्लैंड के सबसे वंचित क्षेत्रों में से एक है। इसकी एक तस्वीर पिछले साल अमेरिकी चुनावों के हमले के विज्ञापन में भी दिखाई गई थी, जिसमें मतदाताओं को शहरी क्षय के बारे में चेतावनी दी गई थी। लेकिन एक व्यक्ति को उम्मीद है कि एसेक्स के इस समुद्र तटीय गांव की किस्मत अभी भी बदली जा सकती है।


Brighton brawl: Four men released under investigation after stabbing

Summary: Four men arrested on suspicion of attempted murder after a man was stabbed in a mass brawl on the eve of lockdown have been released under investigation.

Police were called to a fight involving about 20 men in Montpelier Place, Brighton, at 22:15 GMT on Wednesday. A 40-year-old local man remains in a "serious but stable" condition in hospital, Sussex Police said. The arrested men included two aged 18 and two others aged 19 and 57. The victim and suspects are believed to be known to each other and police are treating it as an isolated incident. Det Insp James Ansell said: "This incident happened in a busy area of Brighton and we're appealing for anyone with any information - including any relevant CCTV, dash cam or mobile phone footage - to contact us. "We are confident that someone knows what happened and would urge them to do the right thing and speak to us immediately."

तालाबंदी की पूर्व संध्या पर सामूहिक झगड़े में एक व्यक्ति को चाकू मारने के बाद हत्या के प्रयास के संदेह में गिरफ्तार किए गए चार लोगों को जांच के तहत रिहा कर दिया गया है।


Make-up on the train: What's the problem?

Summary: Commuters applying make-up is a major source of irritation to BBC News readers who wrote in about irksome train etiquette. But what's the problem, and is it really anyone's business how passengers spend their travel time?

By Jennifer MeierhansBBC News No-one likes being stuck on the train next to the man shouting into his mobile or opposite the woman eating raw fish. But is applying a full face of slap between Peterborough and London King's Cross really on a par? The answer, for many, is yes. Make-uppers featured heavily in response to reader submissions of passenger pet peeves. Michael, 59, said he was so offended by the sight he had moved carriages. "I think once or twice I just stared at the person thinking that they would eventually notice and feel embarrassed. That never happened," he said. "It's something for someone's private space - their bedroom or bathroom. So to find myself sitting on a train and then suddenly inside someone's bathroom is very unwelcome." For 60-year-old Gerard, a woman applying make-up in public is as bad-mannered as a man combing his hair in public. "Why can they not get up 10 minutes earlier and do [their make-up] at home?" he asked. "There seems to be something so totally 'in your face' about females who insist on their dubious 'rights' in this matter." Rachel Moss, owner of Shrewsbury beauty salon The Glam Studio, said men have no right to tell women what they can and can't do on the train. "What difference does it make to their journey?" the 37-year-old asked. "I can't imagine it's invading their personal space unless they have the entire contents of Boots' make-up counter on the table. "Make-up for most women is to make them feel good, to look good and being judged by men for this really isn't acceptable in 2018. "Even men like to wear make-up these days so maybe they are just jealous and would like some tips." Other things to read on your travels Creative commuters who enjoy the ride Emails on commute 'should count as work' Is it OK to paint your nails on a train? More to the point, asks PhD student Rebecca Hall, why is it anyone else's business where a woman chooses to put on her eyeliner? "The implication is that women should emerge from their homes with a complete face of make-up or else face complaints from members of the public," said the 26-year-old. "What message does it send to young girls? That they are expected to be 'on show' at all times and not once can they let the mask slip? "Societal pressures are not enabling women to be free, they are confining them... to the privacy of their bathrooms." The idea that make-up is a secret and should be applied in private is an outdated concept, says professional make-up artist Nic Chapman and one half of beauty brand, Pixiwoo. "Make-up videos are the most viewed videos on YouTube - people want to watch it. "I actually really enjoy watching other people do their make-up on the train. "I think, 'good on you'. We are not ashamed of wearing make up. Times have changed." Not for Simon Dessain, 61, who said: "Grooming is just not a suitable activity for a train, any more than leaky earphones, or bodily noises... make-up just falls into the same category of behaviour." Sarah Pennells, founder of the Savvy Woman money website, said eating "stinky food or leaving rubbish has an impact on other people in the way doing your make up doesn't". But this represents a grey area for some - the issue is not one of physicality, but hygiene, says self-confessed "germaphobe", Dilruba Khanom. "I do admire a woman's confidence to not give two hoots and slap on the face [in public] - even if people like me shudder," she says. "But can you imagine how dirty the Underground is with people's skin particles floating around? "Then you get out your make-up brush or even worse, use your fingers that you have just touched the tube handle bar with to apply make up." Applying make-up was cited by many as the perfect use of the otherwise wasted minutes spent getting from A to B. For Sarah Wadsworth, the morning train ride was "a little gift of time" between caring for her terminally ill mother, studying for a degree and volunteering as a youth worker. "Why wouldn't you grab an extra 20 minutes in bed or hang the washing out to dry before leaving the house, when you know you can do your make-up on the train without causing injury to people around you?" For Ms Chapman, it's a matter of using your time wisely, regardless of activity. "My journey into London is two hours - I'm not going to get up put my make-up on, and not spend that time with my kids - I'm going to do my make-up on the train. "It's totally acceptable, how you choose to spend your journey is your choice. I'm all for it and I'd like to see more of it."

यात्रियों द्वारा मेकअप करना बी. बी. सी. न्यूज़ के पाठकों के लिए परेशानी का एक बड़ा कारण है, जिन्होंने ट्रेन के कष्टप्रद शिष्टाचार के बारे में लिखा है। लेकिन क्या समस्या है, और क्या यह वास्तव में किसी का काम है कि यात्री अपना यात्रा समय कैसे बिताते हैं?


Brit Awards 2013: The winners

Summary: The Brit Awards have been handed out in London, honouring the biggest and best music artists of the past 12 months. Here is the full list of contenders, with winners in bold.

British male solo artist British female solo artist British breakthrough act British group British single British album of the year International male solo artist International female solo artist International group British live act British producer Special recognition award War Child Critics' choice Winner: Tom Odell Also nominated: Brits global success (for international sales in 2012) One Direction

पिछले 12 महीनों के सबसे बड़े और सर्वश्रेष्ठ संगीत कलाकारों को सम्मानित करने के लिए लंदन में ब्रिट पुरस्कार प्रदान किए गए हैं। यहाँ दावेदारों की पूरी सूची दी गई है, जिसमें विजेता बोल्ड में हैं।


Is Trump the WTO's biggest threat?

Summary: Is the World Trade Organization about to be derailed by Donald Trump?

By Andrew WalkerBBC World Service economics correspondent Ministers from its 164 member nations will meet in Buenos Aires this weekend as the guardian of global commerce seeks to oil the wheels of international trade. The WTO is at the heart of the system of rules for international trade. It's the forum for sorting disputes between countries about breaches of global trade rules and it's the forum for negotiating new trade liberalisation. President Trump doesn't much like it. His scepticism about international trade agreements has been a persistent theme of his politics, as candidate and now as President. That view informed one of his first actions after taking office; to withdraw the US from one deal, the Trans-Pacific Partnership. It's also reflected in the attempt underway now to renegotiate the North American Free Agreement with Canada and Mexico. He has some major concerns about the WTO which have the organisation's members wondering what to expect from his negotiators at the Buenos Aires meeting. Earlier this year Trump told Fox News: "the WTO was set up to benefit of everybody but us…We lose the lawsuits, almost all of the lawsuits in the WTO." Few WTO observers would share that view as the US has been such a key and leading player throughout the WTO's history and indeed in the system that preceded it dating back to the late 1940s. On the legal cases, some analysis found the US wins about 90% when it's the complainant and loses about the same percentage when it's complained against. Taking a back seat There is no question that the attitude of the Trump administration to the WTO is different. There is a feeling among trade officials that the US is no longer taking the lead in the way that it has done under previous administrations. The US has also been taking a position that some see as actively unhelpful. For the Buenos Aires meeting, negotiators say the US has been resisting having a ministerial declaration. That would not be a disaster. It wouldn't of itself stop the meeting taking decisions. But ministerial declarations can set the tone, and spell out the ambitions held by WTO members, usually including some sort of general commitment to the multilateral trading system. Failing to agree a declaration would be a setback and it would probably reinforce those concerns about the Trump administration's approach to international trade. The US is reported to have resisted the including the phrase "the centrality of the multilateral trading system" and the need to support "development". The multilateral system is essentially the WTO. President Trump has shown a preference for bilateral trade agreements. 'Slow strangulation' There's also something going on with the WTO's final court of appeal for trade disputes, known as the Appellate Body. It normally has seven members, three of whom are needed to consider each case. But the US has resisted reappointing members whose terms are expiring. The body currently has five members which goes down to four next week. Although that does allow it to hear cases, it is probably not enough to handle the workload. Two years from now, two more members see their terms end. So if the member countries can't agree replacements it will be down to one. Given that US resistance is the main obstacle, there is a certain irony in the nationality of that one individual. She is Chinese, the country that perhaps more than any other embodies President Trump's concerns about international trade. If it comes to that, her nationality won't have much practical significance as one judge can't hear cases. These issues are two examples of a wider concern among trade officials about US disengagement. One former senior official Stuart Harbinson recently wrote: "the US Administration appears to be so deeply disillusioned with the WTO that it might be said to be implementing a strategy of slow strangulation". He says the Buenos Aires meeting could be the moment at which "the US seriously starts to detach itself from the multilateral trading system… it could be the point at which countries stare into the abyss and recoil." Progress continues That said, the US has been contributing to some specific discussions and it is possible, though I wouldn't put it any more strongly, that there will be some specific decisions. There has been some progress towards agreement on fishing subsidies, government held food stocks in developing countries, e-commerce and some other (even) more technical issues. There are other countries that continue to take the WTO very seriously, notably the EU and China. So does Britain under the current government, although the country's political life is inevitably pre-occupied with the negotiations to leave the EU. Those discussions do have a bearing on the UK's position in the WTO and there are some difficult and technical issues to resolve, but the government's commitment to the WTO appears strong. So the view of Stuart Harbinson is not universally shared by trade observers. Peter Ungphakorn, another former WTO insider, wrote "Whoever joins the dance this time, for the WTO it won't be a last tango in Buenos Aires".

क्या डोनाल्ड ट्रम्प विश्व व्यापार संगठन को पटरी से उतारने वाले हैं?


The week ahead in Parliament

Summary: Non-Covid and non-Brexit controversies loom in the Commons agenda, as MPs debate the actions of Communities Secretary Robert Jenrick and the rules for their new independent complaints system to address harassment and bullying claims.

Mark D'ArcyParliamentary correspondent And there's also a whole lot of law-making going on, with MPs processing bills on extradition and medical regulation, while in the Lords the government will be hoping to fend off peers intent on re-writing sections of the Fisheries Bill. Now able to vote again, the Lords may be set to make a habit of passing unwelcome (to ministers) amendments to legislation, because there will be plenty to come - Huawei, anybody? And, of course, there will doubtless be plenty of ministerial statements about pandemic issues, dropped into the agenda at the last moment, plus lots of interesting committee action. Monday 22 June The Commons opens (14:30) with Education Questions - after which the usual post-weekend clutch of ministerial statements and urgent questions will likely be heard. The main legislative business is the Second Reading debate on the Extradition and Provisional Arrest Bill, heavily amended in the House of Lords. Will the government seek to remove the safeguards added by peers to prevent extradition deals being struck with human rights-abusing regimes. The adjournment debate, led by Conservative Neil Parish, is on BBC regional politics coverage. On the Committee Corridor, Public Accounts (14:30) takes evidence from highest medical, health and social care officials in the land on "Readying the NHS and social care for the COVID-19 peak". A battery of top civil servants takes part, including the regular double act of Sir Chris Wormald, permanent secretary at the Department for Health and Social Care, and Sir Simon Stevens, chief executive of NHS England. In the Lords (14:30) questions to ministers range across insulating the UK's existing housing stock, to meet the 2050 net-zero emissions target, ensuring seaside resorts can respond to increased demand for UK holidays and the total cost of the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse. Then another major piece of Brexit legislation, the Fisheries Bill, reaches its Report Stage. This is the point in its legislative life-cycle where peers push amendments, and there are plenty. As ever, the most dangerous to the government are the ones with cross-party support, so look out for amendments with backers from several parties. And watch for names like Lord Krebs, the crossbencher and former chairman of the British Food Standards Agency, who has an amendment changing the definition of sustainability and making it the main objective of the bill. Labour's Baroness Jones of Whitchurch leads an amendment introducing a requirement for a minimum percentage of fish caught in UK waters to be landed at UK ports. Lord Grantchester, also a Labour frontbencher, has an amendment reserving a baseline share of quota for new entrants and small fishing boats. And the Lib Dems Lord Teverson has an amendment requiring the gradual introduction of video monitoring of all fishing boats across England. There are also some interesting Conservative names cropping up on the amendment paper: Lord Randall, the Conservative former whip; Baroness MacIntosh, the former chair of the Commons Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee; and Lord Lansley, the former Health Secretary. The first day will focus on the sections dealing with fisheries objectives, statements and management plans, access to British fisheries and regulation of foreign fishing boats. The second and final Report Stage day is on Wednesday. Tuesday 23 June MPs begin (11:30) with Health and Social Care Questions. The day's Ten Minute Rule Bill, from the Conservative Jonathan Gullis, is on the desecration of war memorials. He will propose that people accused of damaging them can be charged with criminal damage, even if the cost of the damage is below £5,000. And that they should be tried in the Crown Court, which has the power to impose more severe sentences that the magistrates' court Then MPs polish off the remaining stages of consideration of the Medicines and Medical Devices Bill, which deals with the post-Brexit regulation of human medicines, veterinary medicines and medical devices. And that is followed by a motion from the Leader of the House, Jacob Rees-Mogg, under which the Commons "reaffirms its commitment to the Independent Complaints and Grievance Scheme (ICGS) and to tackling bullying, harassment and sexual misconduct on the part of anyone who is or was a member of the parliamentary community". The motion goes on to accept the recommendation in the report by Dame Laura Cox QC on the bullying and harassment of staff, that complaints against MPs should be determined by an independent body and to agree the House of Commons Commission's proposal to establish an independent panel of experts - and adds that all MPs are expected to cooperate with the panel's work and comply with its findings. There has been criticism that the proposed system leaves the final say on sanctions against MPs to a vote in the House, following a one-hour debate, which opens up the possibility of a Commons repeat of the Lords fiasco over Lord Lester, where a recommendation for his suspension was rejected by peers. And the very thought of a debate opens up the prospect of MPs elliptically questioning the findings. The fear is that this will have a chilling effect. A second motion then sets up an eight-member panel to rule on harassment and bullying complaints and to hear any appeals. Among other things, it says its members cannot be MPs or peers and that any member who later became an MP or peer would automatically cease to be a member of the panel. On the virtual Committee Corridor, Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs (09:30) takes evidence from senior officials at the Electoral Commission on their work; this could be entertaining because the commission is not popular with MPs, who criticise it for being over-bureaucratic and ineffectual. The Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee (09:30) quizzes Dame Melanie Dawes, the new boss of the broadcasting regulator Ofcom. The government has announced it is "minded" to make Ofcom the online harms regulator, so she will face questions about her expanded remit. The session will also cover, digital inclusion and infrastructure and public service broadcasting. Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (15:00) continues its inquiry into Covid-19 and food supply, focusing on the impact of the lockdown on restaurants, cafés and pubs, with witnesses from UK Hospitality, Just Eat and the Food Foundation. In the Lords (11:00) ministers face questions on illegal fly-tipping and reducing the number of introductions of new peers Then peers deal with the Report Stage and Third Reading debates for the Corporate Insolvency and Governance Bill - an emergency measure to give temporary protection from bankruptcy and debt collection processes to companies hit by the pandemic. Labour has an amendment down to give ailing companies more time to come up with a rescue plan. Wednesday 24 June The Commons begins (11:30) with half an hour of Northern Ireland Questions, followed by Prime Minister's Question Time - which was rowdy enough last week to begin to resemble its pre-pandemic self. The day's Ten Minute Rule Bill, from Labour's Rupa Huq, would restrict demonstrations in the vicinity of abortion clinics - something which has been an issue in her constituency. The main debates are on two Labour Opposition Day motions - first on the row over planning permission for the development of Westferry Printworks in east London, and Housing and Communities Secretary Robert Jenrick's involvement. This looks like quite an old-fashioned examination of the conduct of a minister, with lots of questions around the timing of various decisions and notifications to civil servants, the answers to which can then be considered against the requirements of the Ministerial Code. And while Mr Jenrick is the focus of the debate (he was much criticised for refusing to answer in person an urgent question in the Commons), there is bound to be plenty of probing to see whether 10 Downing St had a role in the planning decision at the heart of the affair. The second Labour motion is on health - no text was available at the time of writing. Finally, the adjournment debate on the protection of UK food standards may mark the start of a trend, with rural Conservatives putting down markers about the opportunities and the potential impact of free trade for their farmers. In this case it's the Scottish Conservative John Lamont. I doubt he will be the last. It's a busy day for select committees, with Home Affairs (09:15) taking evidence on the government's plans for a new immigration system and then questions the National Police Chiefs Council on disproportionate use of tazing and stop and search against BAME communities. Northern Ireland (09:30) focuses on the government's proposals for addressing the legacy of Northern Ireland's past with Judith Thompson, the Commissioner for Victims and Survivors. The Treasury Committee (14:30) has a session on the work of the Debt Management Office, and Women and Equalities (14:30) continues its inquiry "Unequal impact? Coronavirus, disability and access to services", with evidence from a series of disability groups In the Lords (11:00) former Education Secretary Lord Blunkett has a question on ensuring school closures do not have an unequal impact on the education outcomes of the most disadvantaged pupils, and there are questions on stocks of PPE for a potential second wave of Covid-19, and the government's future data strategy Then peers return to the Report Stage consideration of the Fisheries Bill (see above). They will focus on the sections dealing with access and licensing: offences and consequential amendments, fishing opportunities, discard-prevention charging schemes, grants and charges, and the powers given to ministers to make further provision. Thursday 25 June The Commons opens (09:30) with 40 minutes of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Questions, followed by mini-question times for the MPs who speak for the Church Commissioners and House of Commons Commission and Parliamentary Works Sponsor Body and Public Accounts Commission and Speaker's Committee on the Electoral Commission. Then come two Petitions Committee debates, with MPs considering public petitions on recognition and reward for health and social care workers and on support for UK industries in response to Covid-19. More than 200,000 petitioners have signed parliamentary petitions relating to recognising our health and social care workers, while more than 500,000 British citizens and UK residents have signed parliamentary petitions calling for greater support for UK industries in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. On the Committee Corridor, Scottish Affairs (14:30) continues its Coronavirus and Scotland inquiry. The Business Committee (09:30) holds the first evidence session for its inquiry on post-pandemic economic growth, with an overview from academics. In the Lords (11:00) question time includes a rare episcopal outing, with the Lord Bishop of Gloucester asking about working with faith communities to address violence against women. There are also questions on television gambling advertising and the UK's participation in the Erasmus+ programme. The main legislative business is the Second Reading the Sentencing Bill. his is a Law Commission bill which tidies up the tangled and contradictory law on sentencing offenders - although the phrase "tidies up" rather downplays the scale of the changes it proposes. It also clears the way for the new sentencing code intended to provide greater clarity for the courts. Law Commission bills are technical reforms proposed by legal experts, and are dealt with under a fast-track procedure. Friday 26 June Neither House sits.

गैर-कोविड और गैर-ब्रेक्सिट विवाद कॉमन्स के एजेंडे में आते हैं, क्योंकि सांसद समुदाय सचिव रॉबर्ट जेनरिक के कार्यों और उत्पीड़न और बदमाशी के दावों को संबोधित करने के लिए उनकी नई स्वतंत्र शिकायत प्रणाली के नियमों पर बहस करते हैं।