What can New Zealand teach us about Brexit?

Summary: Brexit is, to put it mildly, an unusual event.

By Andrew WalkerBBC World Service economics correspondent But there are precedents for some aspects of it. New Zealand provides one example. The country faced a sudden, adverse change in access to a key export market when the UK joined the European Economic Community (EEC), as it was then, in 1973. When countries have changed their trade arrangements through negotiation in recent decades it has usually been to reduce barriers to cross-border commerce. We don't know exactly what Brexit will bring, but it certainly could - or perhaps we should say probably will - mean more barriers to trade between the UK and EU. And it could all happen very quickly, especially if the UK does leave the EU without a Withdrawal Agreement in March next year. There aren't many precedents for that. What happened to New Zealand in 1973? New Zealand is a case that does have some relevance. In the aftermath of British accession to the EEC it lost preferential access to the UK market, something which was a legacy of its history in the British Empire and then the Commonwealth. The Bank of England took a close look at the example when it tried to judge the likely economic consequences of various Brexit scenarios. Before the UK joined the EEC in January 1973, it was the destination for 30% of New Zealand exports, amounting to 8% of the country's economic activity or GDP. But from that point, New Zealand exporters faced the EEC's common external tariff. Agricultural exports are very important to New Zealand - most famously lamb, although dairy produce is now the country's biggest export earner. Food sales also had to contend with competition from subsidised European farmers. Total export earnings fell in the first two years, investment grew more slowly and then declined from 1975. The economy went into recession in 1974. Of course New Zealand was not the only economy to have a torrid time in the mid-1970s. There was a global recession linked to a rapid in rise in oil prices and disruptions to the international currency system. So was anything different about New Zealand? The Bank of England compared New Zealand with Norway and Austria. They had similar energy import needs (this was before Norway became a major oil producer) but they were not exposed to the fallout from the UK's accession to the EEC. The Bank says GDP growth did not fall as far in either country and nor did inflation rise so sharply. The Bank concludes that the evidence, "could therefore suggest the UK's accession to the EEC itself had a significant impact on the New Zealand economy". How did the country respond to the turbulence? Eventually New Zealand did find new markets. But overall economic growth did not return to pre-1973 rate until the 1980s. Today, the UK remains an important export destination for New Zealand. But it now comes behind Australia, China, the US and Japan. The most recent figures show the UK accounting for 4.4% of New Zealand's exports of goods and services. Germany is also an important market for New Zealand, but for the most part its exports now go to countries in Asia or on the Pacific rim, countries that are relatively close (certainly closer than the UK). What are the lessons for the UK? New Zealand is just one case, so it needs to be viewed with some caution. But it certainly does suggest that the sudden loss of preferential access to an important market can have very significant economic costs. Of course there are differences between the situations faced by the UK after Brexit and New Zealand in the 1970s. The share of exports facing possible challenges is greater for the UK (47% of goods exports last year) than for New Zealand in 1973 (30%). Including services brings the UK figure down to 43% The markets that New Zealand turned to after 1973 are closer geographically than the UK, where businesses faced new restrictions. In the case of Brexit the opposite will be true. Any markets that might offset any setback in commerce with the EU will be further away. That may make it more challenging. The evidence does suggest that countries tend to trade more with economies that are closer or larger. It is known in economics as the gravity model and it has been described as "one of the most robust empirical findings in economics". That said, there are economies outside the EU that are currently growing faster and are large, including the US, which is already an important trade partner for the UK. China and India are large and growing strongly although they are currently much less significant as British export markets. And trade barriers now are generally lower than they were in 1973. Does distance still matter for economic growth? There are also some economists, notably Prof Patrick Minford of Cardiff University, who argue that the gravity model "does not fit the UK's trade history at all well". That, however, is a minority view. The UK is also more of a services exporter than New Zealand. In 1972, services accounted for less than 15% of New Zealand exports. The figure for the UK now is 45%. Some argue that selling services is less affected by distance - that the "gravity effect" is not so strong as is the case for goods. To the extent that is true, it could mean the fact that new markets for Britain will be more distant might not be quite so critical. That said, there is plenty of support for the idea that "gravity" does matter for services. The UK today is obviously a substantially different economy compared with New Zealand's more than 40 years ago. The experience nonetheless provides some pointers about one of the issues the UK could face outside the EU.

हल्के शब्दों में कहें तो ब्रेक्सिट एक असामान्य घटना है।


Yvonne Fletcher: The 35-year-old vow to a dying friend

Summary: Thirty-five years ago a young police officer was shot and killed at a demonstration - her colleague held her as she died. He told the Victoria Derbyshire programme how he has been trying to find her killer ever since.

By Claire JonesVictoria Derbyshire Programme On 17 April 1984, PC Yvonne Fletcher and PC John Murray were among officers sent to police a small demonstration outside the former Libyan Embassy in central London. The 25-year-old was hit in the back by a gunshot from a first-floor window, and died in Westminster Hospital a short time later. Her death led to an 11-day siege of the building and the severing of diplomatic links between the UK and Libya. In her last moments, Mr Murray promised he would find her killers. "I remember in detail what happened that day," he explains. "One of the main things was that I promised Yvonne as she lay dying that I would bring her killers to justice. "You've got to remember those were the last words she heard and that was the promise I made and the promise I will fulfil." Mr Murray has now launched a civil claim for damages against Saleh Ibrahim Mabrouk, an ex-aide to Libyan leader Col Muammar Gaddafi, to the High Court in London. It aims to force him to appear in court and reveal who shot the officer. One of a number of Libyans deported from the embassy after the killing, he was arrested by UK police in 2015 in connection with the murder. But he was told in 2017 the case would not proceed and has never been charged. At the time, his son said his father was innocent. Despite the passage of time, Mr Murray has never lost faith that he will achieve justice. "It's been difficult, it's been hard, it's been a long fight. But the events that day were horrendous and horrific, and I will keep fighting for her. "This is my last chance, I've waited 35 years for this. It will happen," he says. "You can never give up hope, that's one thing you will always have." Lawyers acting for Mr Mabrouk told the BBC: "British police know and accept he was not the person who shot PC Yvonne Fletcher. "He has previously been interviewed about the events surrounding her death and has fully cooperated with police and security service investigations. "Mr Mabrouk is no longer permitted to enter the UK by the Home Office. He is therefore unable to attend court to give evidence were the court to invite him to defend the claim." The Victoria Derbyshire programme brought together Mr Murray with three other colleagues, to pay tribute to Ms Fletcher. The officer who collected her helmet The police hats belonging to Ms Fletcher, Mr Murray and other officers, remained where they fell during the siege. Requests for her hat to be returned for her funeral were refused by the Libyans, so Clive Mabry decided to take matters into his own hands. He breached the police cordon and ran across St James's Square to retrieve it. His identity has not been known to the public until now. "As far as I'm concerned, that hat had to go on the coffin. It's only right," he explains. "They killed her, yet they wanted to stop her having the hat as well. That's taking the mick. That was it, I was going to get it. "I grabbed my helmet, hat in one hand, saluted the Libyans, I legged it straight back, and was arrested by the inspector and PC further down the road. Very embarrassing really." Mr Mabry was never charged and his actions received national attention. His efforts appeared on the front page of the Sun and he was granted the Freedom of the City of London. "It's good - south-east London boy does good," he says. The firearms officer Tony Long was a firearms officer sent to the scene after the shooting. "We were there dealing with people who had harmed police officers, and we wanted to see them arrested," he says. When the siege ended, all Libyan diplomats were allowed to leave the embassy and given diplomatic immunity. "For me that was the worst thing, whenever I come back here [to the embassy], and I come back fairly frequently, was just the fact that we as a country surrendered," he says. "They were the people that were meant to surrender, the people that came out of that building. We should have been able to put the handcuffs on the person that shot Yvonne. We had to watch them leave." The ambulance escort Matt Johnson was close friends with Ms Fletcher, and drove the vehicle that escorted the ambulance as it took her to hospital. "We received an emergency call over the radio to say could we escort an ambulance to the Westminster Hospital on the hurry-up," he says. "We didn't realise it was a police officer, and we didn't realise it was Yvonne Fletcher." He says he was "very apprehensive" about revisiting the scene of Ms Fletcher's death with his former colleagues. "As policemen we are expected to go to places ordinary people won't go and do things ordinary people won't do," he explains. "When something like that happens, especially when it happens to a close friend, you realise you're not invincible, you're mortal, and in an instant your life can end by doing the job you've been called on to do. "It had a profound effect on me and eventually resulted in me having to part company with the police." Follow the BBC's Victoria Derbyshire programme on Facebook and Twitter - and see more of our stories here.

पैंतीस साल पहले एक युवा पुलिस अधिकारी को एक प्रदर्शन में गोली मारकर मार दिया गया था-उसके सहयोगी ने उसे पकड़ लिया था क्योंकि वह मर गई थी। उसने विक्टोरिया डर्बीशायर कार्यक्रम को बताया कि कैसे वह तब से उसके हत्यारे को खोजने की कोशिश कर रहा है।


Police officer run over by off-road bike in Livingston

Summary: A police officer may have to have a replacement knee after being run over by an off-road bike in West Lothian.

The constable is understood to have been responding to complaints about anti-social behaviour involving a motorbike. The 51-year-old was called to Ryebank in Livingston at 13:40 on Wednesday following reports of a motorbike being used on a path. An 18-year-old man has been charged with road traffic offences. It is understood the officer suffered extensive damage to his knee and tibia bone and may now need knee replacement surgery. He is being treated in Forth Valley Royal Hospital in Larbert.

वेस्ट लोथियन में एक ऑफ-रोड बाइक द्वारा कुचले जाने के बाद एक पुलिस अधिकारी को घुटने बदलना पड़ सकता है।


Rory Mizen: The Bristol photographer painting with light

Summary: A photographer has spent the past five years "painting with light" to create a series of luminous images of Bristol. The results show a spooky night-time view of the the city and some of its famous landmarks such as the Harbourside.

"It's so experimental you never know what you are going to get," says light artist Rory Mizen. Using a camera, tripod and lights he creates photographs of orbs, light showers and Catherine Wheels against the city's urban backdrop. "When it goes right the photos do inspire awe in people," said the 27-year-old. "Its core base is kids writing their name with sparklers, creatively I just take it further." Mizen said he had been light painting for the past five years, after being inspired by the Australian photographer Denis Smith. "It was so experimental and not many people had heard of it," he said. "I started playing with a basic tripod, a mid-range camera and a low shutter speed to see what I could achieve." He quickly discovered that light painting was a very physical creative process - and not without its dangers. "To create the Catherine Wheel photo I bought a metal bird feeder, stuffed it with wire wool, set it alight and swung it above my head very carefully - I always have water on site with me." "It's OK once you get used to it and I always wear clothes with a hood," he added. Despite the physicality, the art of light painting is a subtle one, Mizen insists, and he relies on experimenting with light sources, shutter rates and exposure. "The backdrop adds a lot and it is easy to leave the exposure on too long and then the image goes mental and you lose the background." Mizen said Bristol was a "beautiful" inspiration and its underpasses, abandoned buildings and bridges are the backdrop to many of his photographs. "Sometimes it goes right, sometimes it goes wrong but the photos have a ethereal effect on people and they always want to know how I did it."

एक फोटोग्राफर ने ब्रिस्टल की चमकदार छवियों की एक श्रृंखला बनाने के लिए पिछले पांच वर्षों में "प्रकाश के साथ पेंटिंग" किया है। परिणाम शहर और इसके कुछ प्रसिद्ध स्थलों जैसे कि हार्बरसाइड का रात के समय का एक डरावना दृश्य दिखाते हैं।


Why the Ebacc Certificates sank and what happens next

Summary: Six months ago, England was heading for a big shake-up of the exam system with a move to a new exam for 16-year-olds called the English Baccalaureate Certificate - but that idea has now been scrapped. Why? And what exams will teenagers take in future?

By Angela Harrison Education correspondent, BBC News The EBC was a key part of Michael Gove's plans to "restore rigour" to England's exams system, which he said had been discredited and had become "dysfunctional" under Labour and been "dumbed down". The EBC hit the buffers for political, practical and commercial reasons and in the face of strong opposition from the Liberal Democrats, the exams regulator Ofqual and MPs on the Education Select Committee. The idea of an exam which was not for everyone was very unpopular with the Lib Dems and with teaching unions, who all warned of a move to a "two-tier" system or a return to the divisions of O-Levels and CSEs. Those exams had been replaced by GCSEs, with the idea of an exam that all pupils could take, albeit at various levels. Now, it seems, England will have what many had called for - a reform of the existing GCSE system - rather than a revolution in qualifications. Pupils were due to begin studying for EBCs in some key subjects in 2015 and the qualifications were to be rolled out to other subjects after that. The main difference between the EBCs and the existing GCSEs is that they would not have been set by a number of exams boards. Other features, such as their being taken at the end of two years of study rather than in stages, and a cut in resit opportunities, have already been brought in under coalition changes to existing GCSEs. Pupils beginning GCSE courses this year are already affected by those changes. At the moment, schools can choose which exam board they use for every subject and pay the individual boards. 'Badge of failure' Mr Gove believes such a system fuelled what he called "a race to the bottom", with exam boards being tempted to offer easier qualifications to win schools over to their exams, leading to a "dumbing down" of qualifications. The government's plan was to put each subject's EBC exam out to tender with exams boards and then choose one board to be the provider for a particular subject. That proved unpopular with the exam boards themselves, who did not like the idea of investing time and money in tendering for one of the subjects only to lose out. But the main thing which sank the EBC was the opposition to the idea of an exam which would not be suitable for all, most crucially, from the Liberal Democrats. With only about 60% of 16-year-olds currently achieving the government's benchmark of five good GCSE passes including English and maths, it is clear many young people might not have passed the EBCs, which were being presented as more demanding than the current exams. The idea had been that those students who could not succeed in those exams might get to do various other qualifications, including vocational options, and get a "certificate of achievement". The Conservative chairman of the Education Select Committee, Graham Stuart, warned the certificate would be seen as a "badge of failure". The criticism of that committee, coupled with a warning about speed of change from England's exams regulator Ofqual and fierce Lib Dem opposition to the EBC combined to defeat it. What now? So what of today's teenagers and schools? Firm details emerged at Westminster as Michael Gove spelt out his change of heart, as well as his plans for a new national curriculum. Pupils over 14 have already begun revamped GCSE courses, where exams are mainly taken at the end of two years' of study. But Mr Gove has also announced that from autumn 2015, teaching will begin for "new" re-vamped GCSE courses in English, maths, the sciences, history and geography. These will also be linear - rather being than taken in "chunks" and there will be no separate "foundation" papers for less academic pupils, where the maximum grade possible is a 'C'. And officials say there will be fewer "bite-sized questions" and more depth. Accountability measures for schools are also going to change - and school leaders are welcoming this. At the moment, they are measured in league tables on how many pupils at a school achieve five good GCSEs (A* to C) including maths and English. A recent addition to that was the "English Baccalaureate" measure - which measures how many achieve good passes in a certain mix of subjects the government regards as crucial to a good education. They are maths and English, two sciences, a humanity (geography or history) and a modern foreign language. It had been heavily criticised by teaching unions and some groups, especially those involved in the arts, who said it would narrow the curriculum and that fewer young people would study art and music and other non-Bacc subjects as a result of it. And few schools were managing to "look good" on this measure. Across England, only about one in five teenagers achieved it. That English Baccalaureate is not a qualification in its own right but rather a measure of achievement and many found the similarity between that and planned new EBC exam confusing. This measure is remaining, although it could become less prominent because a new one is proposed, which will be a wider version, with more subjects included. The new measure is already being dubbed "the best eight" because it would measure pupils' performance in eight GCSE subjects, which have to include English and maths, three English Baccalaureate subjects and three others. Mr Gove told the Commons the changes would introduce a "more balanced and meaningful" system which would give a wider view of performance.

छह महीने पहले, इंग्लैंड 16 साल के बच्चों के लिए अंग्रेजी स्नातक प्रमाणपत्र नामक एक नई परीक्षा की ओर बढ़ने के साथ परीक्षा प्रणाली में एक बड़े बदलाव की ओर बढ़ रहा था-लेकिन अब उस विचार को समाप्त कर दिया गया है। क्यों? और भविष्य में किशोर कौन सी परीक्षा देंगे?


Hull man charged over altercation murder

Summary: A man has been charged with murder after a man died following an altercation in Hull.

Richard Pepper, 25, was found with serious injuries in Egton Street at about 01:00 BST on Monday. Daniel Terrence Flatley, 25, of Constable Street, Hull, is due to appear at Hull and Holderness Magistrates Court on Wednesday. A 32-year-old woman arrested on suspicion of assisting an offender remains in police custody. Officers said a man and woman, both aged 57, arrested on suspicion of assisting an offender had been bailed until July.

हल में एक विवाद के बाद एक व्यक्ति की मौत के बाद एक व्यक्ति पर हत्या का आरोप लगाया गया है।


How familial DNA trapped a murderer for the first time

Summary: The pioneering technique used to identify a British widow's sadistic killer has led to hundreds of crimes being solved around the world. How was familial DNA searching used to catch a murderer for the first time, 15 years ago, and more recently the suspected Golden State Killer?

By Hayley Compton and Caroline LowbridgeBBC News WARNING: This account includes some graphic descriptions of violent crimes Gladys Godfrey's murder left people from her community in fear, and it shocked even seasoned detectives working on the case. The 87-year-old widow was sleeping in her living room in September 2002 when 21-year-old Jason Ward entered the bungalow and began raping and beating her. "She used to sleep in the chair, she would never go to bed," remembered her niece Sandra Linacre. "She used to say 'you die in bed'." Mrs Godfrey also had a habit of leaving her bungalow in Mansfield unlocked. She may well have recognised her attacker, because the same young man had entered her home in April 2001 and knocked her to the floor, before exposing himself. Despite being 4ft 11ins tall and weighing just six stone (38kg) she managed to defend herself during the first attack. She hit Ward with a lemonade bottle and he fled taking her handbag. Sadly, Mrs Godfrey was not so fortunate when Ward returned 16 months later. He beat her. He stamped on her. He kicked her. He strangled her. He pulled out clumps of her hair. Mrs Godfrey's cause of death was head injuries and manual strangulation. Her injuries included a fractured skull and broken neck. Her face and body were in such a distressing state that her niece was not allowed to identify her. Listen to solicitor Paul Bacon looking back at the murder of Gladys Godfrey "It was one of, if not the most horrendous case, that we have ever investigated," recalls Kevin Flint, who was the senior investigating officer for Nottinghamshire Police. Police were determined to catch the man responsible, but a year passed and he was still at large - and Gladys's family were giving up hope that her killer would ever be brought to justice. Detectives had a sample of the killer's DNA from the murder scene and this matched DNA samples from the previous attack. They therefore knew that the same man was responsible for both crimes. However, efforts to trace the killer through his DNA profile had been fruitless as Ward had never been arrested and was therefore not on the National DNA Database. Police then began the arduous task of taking swabs from 1,100 men in Mansfield and beyond. Again, there were no matches. Phil Cumberpatch, a detective constable who worked on the case, was among the officers who went knocking on doors within a targeted area around Mrs Godfrey's home. "Knowing what happened to Gladys was your motivation," he said. "Every time you thought you were having a bad day you thought of what happened to Gladys and cracked on." Meanwhile, scientists in Birmingham were working on something that would prove pivotal in the case being cracked: familial DNA searching. It involved DNA samples from a crime scene being passed to the National DNA Database in order to find very close matches, rather than exact matches. The theory was that some of these close matches might be related to the suspect, because they had such similar DNA. Police could then narrow down their search. You might also be interested in: This work was being pioneered by the Forensic Intelligence Bureau, which had been formed that same year - 2003. It was part of the Forensic Science Service, which used to provide support to police forces across England and Wales before the government controversially closed it in 2012. "The Forensic Science Service decided they would formalise the use of forensic intelligence and set up the bureau of six people," said Richard Pinchin, who was head of the newly-formed Forensic Intelligence Bureau (FIB). "We established the first forensic intelligence bureau in the world, which primarily was concerned with looking at DNA from scenes of crime and analysing that and trying to forward investigations where no other information was available." Familial searching was first put to use when a brick was thrown through the windscreen of a lorry on the M3 in March 2003, causing the driver to have a fatal heart attack. Craig Harman was traced through DNA he left on the brick he threw and was later jailed for six years for manslaughter. But the Gladys Godfrey investigation would become the first time familial searching had ever been used to trace and convict a murderer. Frances Bates was the senior intelligence officer who led on that work. "I would love to say there was a eureka moment but with familial searching it wasn't really like that," she said. "The result is actually quite a long list of potential relatives of an offender and it's down to the local police to use knowledge that they have access to." This meant Miss Bates and her colleagues needed to work closely with the police investigative team. They visited Nottinghamshire, where they had a tour of the local area and saw videos of the crime scene. She produced a list of people who had very similar DNA to the sample taken from the Gladys's home. "It wasn't a quick fix; it wasn't just providing the police with one name," said Miss Bates. "It was in fact quite a long list of people who could be related to the offender." They used parameters such as geography to refine the list and create a top 20 for police to look at. It just so happened that the second person on the list was a male relative of Ward. "They were able to go to the close relative of Jason Ward, ask him the right questions and then find Jason in order to take some samples," said Mr Pinchin. When Ward's DNA was tested it matched with the sample from the crime scene, as did his fingerprints with those left at Gladys's bungalow. Phil Cumberpatch recalls the moment he heard Ward had been identified as the killer, in December 2003. "I can remember wondering who had taken the swab, because it's friendly competition," he said. "You wanted to be that person, but when you realised you weren't you were still happy. "You were still chuffed to bits that maybe Gladys would get some justice." Gladys's niece said she was "absolutely shocked" when she found out the killer had been caught. "What was nice about it was it was just two or three days before my birthday, so it was like a birthday treat that they had actually found him," said Mrs Linacre. "I was so shocked to see how old he was. For a young lad like that, I just couldn't believe it." Jason Ward lived in Bentinck Street, about a mile and a half away from Gladys's bungalow in Devon Drive. He was a loner who lived with his parents, spent much of his time playing computer games, and had problems with alcohol and solvent abuse. A former classmate told the BBC at the time he was "strange, weird and easily led". Ward initially denied killing Gladys but police had so much evidence he eventually pleaded guilty to rape and murder. Frances Bates was at Nottingham Crown Court in May 2004 when a judge gave Jason Ward a life sentence with a minimum term of 22 years. "I was sat in the public gallery, near the family, and to see the family's reaction and to see that they had got closure in this case meant a great deal to me," she said. "I was only a small part in the case but to know that I had helped provide that closure was really important to me and something I still think about to this day." Richard Pinchin said the successful conviction was hugely important to the spread of familial DNA searching. "I think it was pivotal," he said. "Without that case, and without those people working together, we would not have been able to prove how effective this was." Investment was ploughed into the Forensic Intelligence Bureau to help more investigations. "It became famous throughout the world and we were invited to speak at international conferences, and that technology has spread throughout many countries that have advanced forensic science capabilities, such as America, to investigate crimes in their jurisdiction," Mr Pinchin said. In the UK alone, familial DNA searching has been used in 212 criminal cases since 2009 - the year to which government records date back. It has notably been used to solve cold cases, such as the 1983 rape and murder of 16-year-old Colette Aram. Her killer Paul Hutchinson had avoided capture for 25 years, until his son was arrested for a motoring offence in 2008. A routine swab was taken from the younger man and his DNA was nearly identical to that of the killer. In the US, it helped crack the high-profile murder of Karen Klaas, the ex-wife of Righteous Brothers singer Bill Medley. She had been sexually assaulted and strangled with her own tights in 1976, but her killer Kenneth Troyer was not identified until 40 years later. He had been shot dead by police in 1982, but establishing he was her murderer meant the family could finally get closure. Earlier this year, familial DNA was used to identify the suspected Golden State Killer, a man thought to have committed multiple rapes, murders and burglaries across California in the 1970s and 1980s. Investigators had DNA samples linking the crimes, but they were not a match for anyone on the FBI's national database. The DNA evidence was uploaded to a genealogy website called GEDmatch, which identified several relatives of the killer. The list was narrowed down using information such as the killer's location and age. The search eventually led to a former police officer called Joseph James DeAngelo, who was arrested and is currently awaiting trial. The case sparked privacy fears in the US, largely because investigators used a consumer service whose users unwittingly became "genetic informants". If even your distant relatives use these services then their DNA could get you jailed - provided you have committed a crime. Curtis Rogers, co-founder of GEDmatch, told New Scientist that he spent two weeks not sleeping as he tried to figure out the ethics of the situation. "Do we ensure that the privacy of all our users is protected? Or do we go after murderers who make Jack the Ripper sound like a choirboy?" he asked. Back in the UK, the service that pioneered the technique no longer exists, but the impact of the Gladys Godfrey investigation is still being felt. "The seeds that were sown by that case are still active in most countries in the world," said Richard Pinchin. "I'm very proud to know that I've helped that family, but also of the legacy of familial searching," said Frances Bates. "To know that we started it and it has now spread across the world, and it's still helping solve cases today and provide closure to other families - that is very important to me." You can see this story in full on BBC Inside Out East Midlands at 19:30 GMT on Monday on BBC One, or via iPlayer for 30 days afterwards.

एक ब्रिटिश विधवा के क्रूर हत्यारे की पहचान करने के लिए उपयोग की जाने वाली अग्रणी तकनीक ने दुनिया भर में सैकड़ों अपराधों को हल किया है। पहली बार, 15 साल पहले, और हाल ही में संदिग्ध गोल्डन स्टेट किलर को पकड़ने के लिए पारिवारिक डीएनए खोज का उपयोग कैसे किया गया था?


Irish flag 'nailed to Kingsmills massacre memorial'

Summary: An Irish tricolour has been nailed to a memorial commemorating the Kingsmills massacre during an incident which police are treating as a "sectarian motivated hate crime".

Ten Protestant workmen were murdered by the IRA in 1976 near the County Armagh village of Kingsmills. Police said they discovered damage to a memorial in the Kingsmill Road area of Bessbrook on Monday morning. The DUP, Ulster Unionist Party and Sinn Féin have condemned the attack. Newry & Armagh DUP MLA William Irwin said those responsible were "the lowest of the low". The attack was described as "sickening" by Ulster Unionist councillor David Taylor. Sinn Féin MLA Megan Fearon said it was "a despicable act designed to hurt the families of the victims".

एक घटना के दौरान किंग्समिल्स नरसंहार की याद में एक स्मारक पर एक आयरिश तिरंगे को लटकाया गया है जिसे पुलिस "सांप्रदायिक प्रेरित घृणा अपराध" के रूप में मान रही है।


Coronavirus: Why aren't more politicians wearing face masks?

Summary: When Chancellor Rishi Sunak served up katsu curries to customers in Wagamama this week, he had his customer service skills down to a tee - the smile, the small talk and even the diplomatic prowess to settle confusion over an order.

By Hazel ShearingBBC News But one thing was missing - there wasn't a mask in sight. Of course it's not unusual for a British politician to be seen without a mask. Cabinet ministers are rarely spotted with covered faces. By comparison their counterparts around the world - from Angela Merkel in Germany, to Shinzo Abe in Japan - have been pictured donning facial coverings in public. Then on Friday, Prime Minister Boris Johnson was photographed wearing one in a shop, in his constituency of Uxbridge. It came on the day he said all shoppers in England may soon have to wear face coverings in shops. In England, it is currently mandatory to wear face coverings only on public transport and in hospitals, while people are merely advised to wear one in other enclosed public spaces. So why aren't more of our politicians wearing face coverings? And could we soon see more of them in masks? Dr Claudia Pagliari, a psychologist at the University of Edinburgh who specialises in global health, says there's no scientific study showing what politicians think. But she says it may have been a deliberate move to avoid masks. Some politicians may want to give the impression coronavirus "doesn't pose much of a threat". Or in the case of Mr Sunak's restaurant cameo, she says they could be trying to hammer home the message that the country is "open for business". "Leaders may be trying to say to their domestic audience, and to the rest of the world: 'My country is strong, I am strong'." Politicians who are relatively new to their posts, like Mr Sunak or Labour leader Sir Keir Starmer, may also want to win over voters with their faces. They want "to be recognised and also want to be seen as communicating with the public," she says. Yet other politicians have been out and about wearing masks. Health Secretary Matt Hancock donned one for a visit to a pharmacy last month. Culture Secretary Oliver Dowden wore one to the Royal Academy this week - although he was following the gallery's rules. Scotland's First Minister Nicola Sturgeon was pictured in a tartan face covering weeks before they became compulsory in shops there. The rules in Scotland are currently tighter than those in England. And Dr Pagliari says gestures, such as Ms Sturgeon's, are "a sign that you take this seriously and that you are complying - and that you expect other people to do the same". There are calls for UK authorities to change their policies on face coverings. The British Medical Association has called for them to be worn "as a matter of course" and the Royal Society - the UK's national academy of science - has said people should carry one whenever they leave home so that they can put them on when they enter a crowded public space. A Royal Society report found 71 countries around the world require face coverings in all public places, and a further 15 in all indoor public places. The UK is not one of them. Its author Professor Melinda Mills, from the University of Oxford, says her international colleagues find it "strange" that the face coverings are a subject of debate in the UK. She says Asian countries affected by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (Sars) outbreak in 2003 have near-universal mask take-up. "It's not even a discussion," she adds. She thinks there is more resistance to wearing masks, compared to the guidance around hand-washing or social distancing, "because it's so visual". But confused messaging has also played a part. In April, the World Health Organization said there was not enough evidence to say healthy people should wear masks. Last month, it changed its advice. A mixed message Prof Mills believes the confusion may, in part, explain why many British politicians aren't routinely seen in them. That in turn leaves the public "confused" and disengaged. "It gives out a mixed message. You see one politician in Scotland wearing a mask and then the leader in England not wearing a mask so it immediately seeds doubt," she says. "Whereas if you wear a mask, like politicians in virtually all countries across the world are doing, then you give a clear message and you set an example to the public that this is necessary - this is protecting me, but further more, and more importantly, it protects others." On Friday, Boris Johnson seemed to suggest a change to policy in the UK was imminent. He said "the balance of scientific opinion seems to have shifted more in favour" of face masks. "I don't think we are going to get to a world where we say everyone has to wear face coverings the whole time everywhere," he said, before adding: "We need to be stricter in insisting that people wear face coverings in confined spaces where they are meeting people they don't usually meet." Later, he was photographed wearing a face mask in a shop in Uxbridge. Time will tell whether we see more politicians wearing face coverings in public places.

जब चांसलर ऋषि सुनक ने इस सप्ताह वागामामा में ग्राहकों को कात्सु करी परोसी, तो उनके पास अपने ग्राहक सेवा कौशल थे-मुस्कान, छोटी सी बात और यहां तक कि एक आदेश पर भ्रम को दूर करने के लिए राजनयिक कौशल।


Hyponatraemia: Claire Roberts' mother describes seizure

Summary: The mother of a nine-year-old girl who died following treatment at a Belfast hospital has told an inquiry that no-one examined her daughter after what she said was a frightening five-minute seizure.

Jennifer Roberts has been giving evidence to the hyponatraemia inquiry, which is examining the death of her daughter, Claire, in 1996 at the Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children. The inquiry heard that after the incident a nurse asked Mrs Roberts to write down what had happened. Claire subsequently died after being overdosed with medication and given excess fluids. The hyponatraemia inquiry is examining the deaths of five children - including Claire - in hospitals in Northern Ireland. Hyponatraemia describes an abnormally low level of sodium in the blood that occurs when fluid is not administered properly. At the hearing in Banbrige on Wednesday, Claire's parents, Alan and Jennifer Roberts, said they were very disturbed to find out how ill their daughter was the day before she died. They said it was only now - 16 years after her death - that they were finding out the details. The couple have been read medical notes, which included references to a major neurological problem, none of which they were told at the time of her treatment in 1996 Claire had been admitted to hospital after vomiting. Two days after she suffered the seizure, Claire's parents said no doctor had expressed any undue concern to them. They believed she was suffering a relapse of epilepsy, a condition which she had as a child. Mr Roberts said: "You are dependant on feedback from doctors and staff. If they had concerns they should have been telling us." In addition to Claire's death, the inquiry is investigating the deaths of Adam Strain, Raychel Ferguson and examining the events following the deaths of Lucy Crawford and Conor Mitchell. In the case of four of the children, the inquest stated that hyponatraemia was a factor that contributed to their deaths. Hyponatraemia describes an abnormally low level of sodium in the blood that can occurs when fluid is not administered correctly.

बेलफास्ट अस्पताल में इलाज के बाद मरने वाली नौ वर्षीय लड़की की मां ने एक जांच को बताया है कि पांच मिनट के डरावने दौरे के बाद किसी ने भी उनकी बेटी की जांच नहीं की।


Haze chokes Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore

Summary: Smoke from huge forest fires in Indonesian has created a cloud of smog over the country, which has spread over neighbouring Malaysia and Singapore.

The fires, which happen every year, are caused by slash-and-burn clearances on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. Paper and palm oil companies have been widely blamed for the practice. Indonesia, which has repeatedly promised to stop the illegal fires, has sent hundreds of military personnel to try to put them out. It has declared a state of emergency in Riau province, where the haze has been building for several weeks and pollution levels are hazardous to health. In Malaysia, schools have been closed in the capital, Kuala Lumpur, and several other areas, while Singaporeans are being advised to avoid strenuous activity outdoors.

इंडोनेशिया के जंगलों में लगी भीषण आग के धुएँ ने पूरे देश में धुंध का बादल बना दिया है, जो पड़ोसी मलेशिया और सिंगापुर में फैल गया है।


Who, What, Why: What is the Brimstone missile?

Summary: The UK has launched air strikes on Syria, amid much talk about the accuracy and precision of the Royal Air Force's Brimstone missile. What exactly is this weapon and why is it considered so important by many, asks Justin Parkinson.

It's sold as the "most accurate precision strike product on the market" and has seen service with the RAF in Libya and Afghanistan. After MPs backed strikes against IS - also known as Daesh - in Syria, it's likely to be used there, as it already is against the jihadist organisation's members and facilities in Iraq. Weighing 49kg, 1.8m long and thought to cost more than £100,000 apiece, each Brimstone is fired from Tornado GR4 jets up to seven miles from the target, at altitudes of up to 20,000ft. Currently, the countries carrying out strikes on Syria don't have the capability of launching missiles of this size from fast jets, but have to do so from unmanned aerial vehicles or helicopters, says Nick de Larrinaga, Europe editor of IHS Jane's Defence Weekly. "Using jets allows more missiles to be used on a single mission," he adds. The Tornado is capable of carrying up to 12 Brimstones. The UK and Saudi Arabia are the only countries to have purchased Brimstone. What sets it apart from other missiles is its guidance system, allowing a greater degree of accuracy, especially when aimed at moving targets such as tanks. The most up-to-date "dual-mode" version can direct itself using radar or be guided by a weapons operator in the air or on the ground, using lasers. The RAF is planning to convert Typhoon F2 jets to be able to carry Brimstones, with the Tornado fleet due to be retired in 2019. Manufacturer MBDA promises a "low risk of collateral damage", important when attacking individual IS leaders, who may be living among civilians used as human shields. This is because explosions can be limited to smaller areas than with other missiles and bombs, and with less debris. It's been reported that, in Afghanistan, people standing in doorways have been hit, while others a few feet away were left unharmed. "It could kill someone sitting in a car outside a house with the only damage to the house being perhaps a couple of broken windows," says independent defence analyst Paul Beaver. This, allied to the long operational service of the RAF crews involved in firing Brimstone, makes the UK's involvement in air strikes on Syria "incredibly useful" to its allies, he adds. The missile is able to attack vehicles moving at up to 70mph. If infrastructure is targeted, there will be less widespread damage, meaning that facilities like oil fields can be repaired more easily when they are recaptured from IS, says Beaver. The weapon's capabilities were used by supporters of British intervention to make their case. Brimstone helped Prime Minister David Cameron in his air strikes, Beaver argues, as it means the mission in Syria is likely to involve fewer civilian deaths. Supporters and opponents of British intervention in Syria disagreed about the significance of Brimstone. Its accuracy made the government's case for RAF involvement in air strikes easier to argue, says Beaver. Prime Minister David Cameron said it allowed opponents of IS to "strike accurately with minimal collateral damage". But Paul Rogers, professor of peace studies at Bradford University, says that however precise the weapon, ruling out civilian deaths in air strikes can never be a "certainty". Rogers acknowledges the technical virtuosity of Brimstone but argues its role is "far more important symbolically" than in the overall military campaign against IS, as it will account for a "tiny proportion" of the total air strikes carried out by all countries. Similarly, Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn told the House of Commons that claims about British missiles were "hard to credit" because the US and its allies were already "struggling to find suitable targets". He added: "In other words, extending British bombing is unlikely to make a huge difference." Subscribe to the BBC News Magazine's email newsletter to get articles sent to your inbox.

रॉयल एयर फोर्स की ब्रिमस्टोन मिसाइल की सटीकता और सटीकता के बारे में बहुत चर्चा के बीच ब्रिटेन ने सीरिया पर हवाई हमले शुरू कर दिए हैं। जस्टिन पार्किंसन पूछते हैं कि यह हथियार वास्तव में क्या है और कई लोग इसे इतना महत्वपूर्ण क्यों मानते हैं।


Mexico ambush: Boy, 13, walked 23km for help after gun attack

Summary: A 13-year-old survivor of the attack by suspected Mexican drug cartel gunmen on a convoy of US Mormons hid six siblings in bushes before walking 23km (14 miles) to get help, his family said.

Eight children survived Monday's attack in northern Mexico in which three women and six children were killed. Five of the children have bullet wounds, US media report. The victims are members of the LeBaron family, linked to a Mormon community that settled in Mexico decades ago. Mexico's security minister said the group could have been targeted accidentally as a result of mistaken identity. However family members have said the community, known for speaking out about cartel violence, had received threats in the past. Sonora state in northern Mexico is being fought over by two rival gangs, La Línea, which has links to the larger Juárez cartel, and "Los Chapos", which is part of the Sinaloa cartel. Mexican investigators on Tuesday said one person had been arrested and was being investigated for possible links to the attack. The suspect was found in the border town of Agua Prieta with a haul of weapons and two gagged hostages inside a vehicle, the Associated Press reported. How did the children escape? A group of three mothers and their 14 children set off in three cars from the community La Mora in Sonora state on Monday morning. The women had been travelling together "for safety reasons", a relative told CNN. Shortly after leaving, all three of their cars were at different points ambushed by gunmen near Bavispe. Devin Langford, 13, was travelling with eight of his siblings and his mother in one vehicle. His mother, Dawna Langford, was killed along with two of his brothers in the attack. The teenager escaped with six of his siblings and hid them in bushes. He then walked for six hours to the community's base in La Mora, relative Kendra Lee Miller wrote on Facebook. One of Devin's sisters, nine-year-old McKenzie, then left the remaining five siblings and walked for four hours in the dark after Devin failed to return. She was later found by rescuers. Who are the other victims? Five of the victims - 30-year-old Rhonita Maria Miller and her eight-month-old twins Titus and Tiana, 12-year-old Howard Jr and 10-year-old Krystal - died after their car was targeted by gunmen. At some point, the vehicle caught fire and exploded. Christina Langford Johnson, 31, was also killed in a third vehicle. Her seven-month-old baby, Faith Langford, survived the attack. She was found on the floor of the vehicle in her baby seat. Ms Langford Johnson reportedly got out of the vehicle with her hands raised to ask the attackers to stop shooting but was gunned down, witnesses said. After Devin alerted the community, members armed themselves, intending to set out for the scene of shooting. But they decided to wait for reinforcements after "realising they would be risking death, since there had been continual shooting for hours, all over the mountains near La Mora", Ms Miller said. Faith was found 11 hours after the attack by community members. The survivors, including the children with gun injuries, were then transferred to get medical help and eventually were airlifted to the US city of Phoenix. In a tweet President Donald Trump described the victims as a group of "wonderful family and friends" who had "got caught between two vicious drug cartels, who were shooting at each other". What has the reaction been? Mr Trump said he stood ready to offer support to combat the problem of cartel violence and "do the job quickly and effectively". The FBI has reportedly offered to assist Mexican authorities in the investigation. Mexico's President, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, said Mexico would act with "independence and sovereignty" in pursuing the criminals behind the attack. Claudia Pavlovich Arellano, governor of the state of Sonora, described the perpetrators as "monsters". Julian LeBaron, a cousin of one of the women, demanded answers. "We want to know exactly who was behind this, why they did it and from where they are, and we need that information to be true," he told Mexican radio. "We don't know who would attack women and children." Who are the Colonia LeBaron? The victims were members of a community called Colonia LeBaron which was founded by a breakaway Mormon group in the first half of the 20th Century after the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the US started cracking down on polygamy. The mainstream Mormon Church publicly rejected polygamy - the custom of having more than one spouse at the same time - in 1890 and after that some groups who wished to continue the practice broke away. The Colonia LeBaron community now includes both Mormons and Catholics who have settled there. Members are known for standing up to local drug gangs and speaking out about the high levels of cartel violence. It has about 3,000 members, some of whom practise polygamy. While local media say the convoy of cars may have been mistaken for that of a rival gang, the LeBaron community has been targeted by the cartels in the past. In 2009, Erick LeBaron was kidnapped for ransom. The community took a stand and said it would not pay for his release as that would just encourage future kidnappings. Erick LeBaron was eventually released without a ransom being paid. But months later, his brother Benjamin was beaten to death. Benjamin's brother-in-law was also killed. In 2010, Julian LeBaron published an article in the Dallas Morning News calling for Mexicans to stand up against organised crime. Mr LeBaron also told Mexican radio on Tuesday that his family had received threats. "We reported the threats, and these are the consequences," he said. Last year, the family clashed with local farmers who accused the LeBarons of using excessive amounts of water to grow walnut trees on their land, allegedly leaving nearby farms dry. The Colonia LeBaron community has in the past demanded to be allowed to create its own security force. How bad is drug-related violence in Mexico? The power and influence of the Sinaloa cartel was on display last month when its members barricaded streets and clashed with security forces in Culiacán after one of their leaders and the son of jailed drug kingpin Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán was arrested. With the security forces outnumbered and surrounded, the Mexican government took the controversial decision to free Ovidio Guzmán López to prevent further bloodshed. The BBC's Will Grant in Mexico says pressure is growing on the government to adopt more coherent security strategies following this brutal attack on families.

उनके परिवार ने कहा कि अमेरिकी मॉर्मन के काफिले पर संदिग्ध मैक्सिकन ड्रग कार्टेल बंदूकधारियों के हमले में जीवित बचे 13 वर्षीय बच्चे ने मदद पाने के लिए 23 किलोमीटर (14 मील) चलने से पहले छह भाई-बहनों को झाड़ियों में छिपा दिया।


Ukraine floods: Why climate change and logging are blamed

Summary: When flooding hit almost 300 towns and villages in western Ukraine last week, Prime Minister Denis Shmygal said they were the biggest since the 1990s. Climate change is part of the story, but illegal logging and deforestation are also being blamed for the scale and speed of the floods.

By Zhanna BezpiatchukBBC Ukrainian, Kyiv "This stream was so small you could walk across it. I couldn't imagine it turning into the devastating flood," said Pavlo Gutsulyak, a villager in the Carpathian mountains who has lost his home. Rivers rose to 3m (10ft) and the high water devastated roads, bridges, dams and property. An estimated 500km (310 miles) of roads were damaged and some routes destroyed. The damage is still being counted and the government has pledged millions towards the cost of rebuilding. But that will only add to the economic burden for a country already expecting a decline of up to 8% of gross domestic product (GDP) this year. What's happening to the climate? Scientists say Ukraine is seeing fast changes to its climate and neither the government nor the population is prepared for it. "Winters in Ukraine have disappeared," says Oksana Maryskevych, a scientist from the Institute for Environment of the Carpathian Mountains. "Generally we don't have clearly differentiated seasons any more. Summer has become very hot. There's a lot of torrential rain when in just two days we see an entire month's precipitation." For Ukrainians it has come as a surprise to see their continental climate seem more like the Mediterranean. Sporadic strong winds, dry spells and heavy rain are becoming increasingly common. In the north they are seeing raging wildfires, sandstorms and in the mountains increasing floods. How bad is the logging? Since 2001, there has been a threefold increase in logging on mountain peaks in the Carpathians, says environmental activist Dmytro Karabchuk of the NGO, Forest Initiatives and Communities. The prime minister insists logging has gone down by a fifth in the past five years but environmentalists say that is down more to a decrease in market demand than carefully considered state policy. Up to a third of all logging in Ukraine is illegal, according to independent experts and the Carpathians are one of the worst regions affected by the practice of clear-cutting, or felling most of an area's trees. Mr Karabchuk says no-one is registering the scale of illegal logging in the Carpathians. However, the many bald spots in the mountains are now clear for all to see. What happens to the logs? Wood cut illegally from the Carpathians is often exported. British NGO Earthsight spent 18 months investigating allegations of Ukraine's Carpathian timber being sold through a Romanian intermediary to Swedish multi-national furniture giant Ikea. Illegally felled beech trees had been used to make some of the company's best-known wooden products, it alleged. Ikea said this week it was deeply aware of the global issue of illegal logging and had begun an independent audit of its timber supply chain in Ukraine. "We emphasise that Ikea does not use illegally logged timber for the production of its goods," it said. "If we receive information that wood that doesn't meet these requirements entered or could enter the company's supply chain, we are taking urgent measures." Mr Karabchuk said that deforestation in the Carpathians had made the floods even more devastating. "Forests keep more water in the ground. With them in place, water gets down slopes more slowly," he says. Activists are also annoyed that Soviet-era tractors have been used which damage the soil, and the soil then absorbs less water. Meanwhile, the Forest Stewardship Council has said it will consider withdrawing certificates from loggers who fail to comply with its standards of forest management. While many Ukrainians who live in the area see logging as a well-paid job in a region with few employment opportunities, they are also seeing the effects on their local community. Logs left on river banks were caught up in the floods and for Pavlo Gutsulyak that meant his home was badly damaged. "I understand now that it's necessary to clear up the river and plant more forests," he told BBC Ukrainian. There is an added problem that lessons from earlier floods appear not to have been learned. After large-scale floods in 1998, Ukraine did implement some preventive measures. But scientist Oksana Maryskevych believes of all the measures planned for the Tisa River basin only 10-20% were carried out at best. "They are always cheaper than the cost of the flood damage," she says. For parts of western Ukraine the task ahead is becoming a matter of survival. Authorities will now have to fortify river banks and clean up river beds, build reservoirs in the mountains and protect the forests that remain.

जब पिछले सप्ताह पश्चिमी यूक्रेन में लगभग 300 कस्बों और गाँवों में बाढ़ आई, तो प्रधान मंत्री डेनिस स्मिगल ने कहा कि वे 1990 के दशक के बाद से सबसे बड़े थे। जलवायु परिवर्तन कहानी का हिस्सा है, लेकिन अवैध कटाई और वनों की कटाई को भी बाढ़ के पैमाने और गति के लिए दोषी ठहराया जा रहा है।


Mansel Davies and Son Ltd admits forgery offences

Summary: A large haulage company has pleaded guilty to 19 counts of forgery and counterfeiting maintenance documents for goods vehicles.

Mansel Davies and Son Ltd, based in Llanfyrnach, Pembrokeshire, employs about 300 people. Swansea Crown Court heard additional charges against the company's managing director Stephen Mansel Davies were being dropped. Employee Jonathan Wyn Phillips pleaded not guilty to all charges against him. He was granted unconditional bail and will stand trial in January. The company will be sentenced in February.

एक बड़ी ढुलाई कंपनी ने माल वाहनों के लिए जालसाजी और नकली रखरखाव दस्तावेजों के 19 मामलों में दोषी ठहराया है।


Covid in Scotland: What level is your council area in?

Summary: A further three councils are to be moved to the second-highest level - tier three - of coronavirus restrictions from Friday, First Minister Nicola Sturgeon has announced in her latest review of Covid alert levels in Scotland.

There are currently no local authorities under these restrictions after the 11 that had been were downgraded to level three on 11 December. Rules at this level are similar to the lockdown in March. However, schools remain open but all non-essential shops, as well as pubs and restaurants, gyms, libraries and hairdressers, are closed. Restrictions at this level see cafes, pubs and restaurants allowed to open until 18:00 to serve food and non-alcoholic drinks to groups of up to six from two households. Alcohol sales are not permitted indoors or outdoors. All leisure and entertainment venues are closed, including cinemas. No non-essential travel is allowed out of a level three area. Indoor exercise, which includes gyms, are restricted to individual and not group exercise. In this tier there is no in-home socialising allowed and up to six people from two households can meet outdoors and in hospitality settings. Licensed premises can only serve alcohol indoors with a main meal - and then only until 20:00. Outdoors, you can be served until 22:30. Most leisure and entertainment premises are closed except gyms, cinemas, bingo halls and amusement arcades. Six people from two households have been able to meet indoors if they are resident in Shetland, the Western Isles and Orkney. Ms Sturgeon has extended that "to other inhabited islands in the level one local authorities - with the exception of islands, like Skye, that are connected to mainland Scotland by road." Level one sees a "reasonable" degree of normality. Hospitality has a 22:30 curfew. Events, such as weddings, would be restricted to a maximum of 20 people. Indoor contact sports for adults are not permitted. Only those unable to work from home should go to their place of employment. Up to eight people from three households can meet outdoors. No local authority has been assigned this level. At level zero, hospitality would operate "almost normally" - subject to rules on physical distancing, limits on numbers and other rules, such as table service. Use the form below to send us your questions and we could be in touch. In some cases your question will be published, displaying your name, age and location as you provide it, unless you state otherwise. Your contact details will never be published. Please ensure you have read the terms and conditions. Your contact info I am over 16 years old I accept the Terms of Service If you are reading this page on the BBC News app, you will need to visit the mobile version of the BBC website to submit your question on this topic.

एक और तीन परिषदों को शुक्रवार से कोरोनावायरस प्रतिबंधों के दूसरे उच्चतम स्तर-टियर तीन-में स्थानांतरित किया जाना है, प्रथम मंत्री निकोला स्टर्जन ने स्कॉटलैंड में कोविड चेतावनी स्तरों की अपनी नवीनतम समीक्षा में घोषणा की है।


Tenth man charged with historical care home abuse in Mold

Summary: A man has been charged with indecently assaulting a boy in an investigation into historical abuse in children's homes across north Wales.

The 52 year old, from Mold, Flintshire, faces one count which allegedly took place against a 13-year-old boy between 1986 and 1988. He is the 10th person to be charged as part of the National Crime Agency inquiry, Operation Pallial. The man is expected to appear at Wrexham Magistrates' Court on 9 July.

उत्तरी वेल्स में बच्चों के घरों में ऐतिहासिक दुर्व्यवहार की जांच में एक व्यक्ति पर एक लड़के पर अभद्र हमला करने का आरोप लगाया गया है।


Changes to GCSE and other exams

Summary: Many of the last students to study modular GCSE courses in England receive their results in August 2013 - from next summer all pupils will sit exams at the end of their two-year courses.

The switch away from coursework and class assessments, which contribute towards a pupil's final result, is part of the government's plan to revamp school exams. The table below summarises some of the key changes to GCSE exams. Timetable As well as GCSE exams, the government is planning changes to AS- and A-levels in England. Teaching for those will start in September 2015. Find out when all the proposed exam changes are happening from the timetable below.

इंग्लैंड में मॉड्यूलर जी. सी. एस. ई. पाठ्यक्रमों का अध्ययन करने वाले अंतिम छात्रों में से कई अगस्त 2013 में अपने परिणाम प्राप्त करते हैं-अगली गर्मियों से सभी छात्र अपने दो साल के पाठ्यक्रमों के अंत में परीक्षा देंगे।


Indiana Jones's outfit to go on show at Cardiff museum

Summary: The jacket, hat and whip of big-screen adventurer Indiana Jones will be displayed for the first time in the UK as part of a new exhibition in Cardiff.

The famous items, worn by Harrison Ford in the films, will be displayed next year at the National Museum Cardiff. Fans will be able to see the items as part of the Treasures: Adventure in Archaeology display from 26 January. The original trilogy, directed by Steven Spielberg, made more than £560m at the box office in the 1980s. Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, the fourth and most recent film in the franchise, was released in 2008.

कार्डिफ में एक नई प्रदर्शनी के हिस्से के रूप में बड़े पर्दे के साहसी इंडियाना जोन्स की जैकेट, टोपी और चाबुक को पहली बार यूके में प्रदर्शित किया जाएगा।


My Money: 'Our alternative quarantine holiday'

Summary: My Money is a series looking at how people spend their money - and the sometimes tough decisions they have to make. Here Alyssa Hulme from Heber City in Utah, US, takes us through a week in her life during the coronavirus pandemic.

Alyssa, 31, is a freelance writer and educational consultant. She and her husband Randy have four children: Ellie, eight, Max, seven, Amethyst, four and Josie, one. She has been homeschooling her children for a year, months before the pandemic started. She says her week started out mundane but ended up awesome! She had no idea on Monday where she would be by Sunday. Over to Alyssa.... I started the day nursing my one-year-old, passed her off to her dad for breakfast and settled down for a solid 45 minutes of private time before spending the rest of the day homeschooling three kids and caring for a baby. After prayer, meditation, and setting my To-Dos for the day, I purchased a course, the 30-day Money Cure with Carol Tuttle for $297 (£242). The course is on gaining financial affluence by clearing out limiting belief systems that don't serve me and replacing them with healthy practices. I have been looking forward to this course for months and have set aside money for this specific purpose. After that I moved on to begin my day with my family and set everyone to their beginning tasks of piano, chores, and math. We've been homeschooling for a year now, so it's been a pretty typical day. But at lunchtime instead of transitioning to a play date, my husband took our eldest out for one-on-one time to help supplement the loss of activities and outings that has come with Covid-19 lockdowns. We've been isolating since the end of February and the loss of friends is wearing on us all. During our midday quiet time I taught two online vocal training lessons virtually to students who live in town. Typically they'd come to my home, but we are all still isolating. After that we settled into our evening routine: I made dinner, we ate together and then held our weekly "family night" - an evening of talent shows, games, treats and fun. Total spend: $297 (£242) I continued with the money course. I am starting up a homeschool consulting business and really want to get on the correct and mentally healthy track for the sake of my business. The course has helped me identify several limiting beliefs I can clear up to allow space for more growth. Then, as every weekday for months, we did homeschool, lunch and quiet time in the afternoon. During quiet time I had a virtual occupational therapy appointment for my one-year-old in order to evaluate her for possible gross motor delays. This is free through our state. Next I had a virtual appointment with my therapist. This costs $110 after insurance and is withdrawn from my Health Saving Account, an account we pay into monthly through my husband's pay check and is tax free. Therapy always really takes it out of me and today it was compounded by some new business issues I'm working through, so my husband picked up dinner from a fastfood Chinese restaurant for $40. It ended up being a lot of food and will last a good two and a half meals for the six of us. I took the evening to work more on my business and work on my personal goals. Normally I'd go out with friends or go to the gym, but everything is closed, so I get to save more money and get to know my bed a little better. Total spend: $150 (£122) Our big outing today was a trip up the canyon near our home. We spent two hours hiking in the woods, building fairy houses and crossing streams. Later in the evening I started making plans for next year's homeschool and bought some notebooks and stationery through Target.com. I really dislike online shopping, especially for something as personal as a notebook. As a writer, the size, weight and binding of a notebook really matters to me, so buying from an online shop is very disorienting. I also bought a summer dress through Target.com, something I can easily nurse in and hope to be able to wear out and about someday here soon when the quarantine is lifted. Our county just moved to a low-risk status, so hopefully my husband and I can start up our weekly date nights soon. Total spend: $110.52 (£90) Late last night my husband discovered that he will not be returning to work in his office until the end of 2020. We discussed buying a motorhome, living in it for the next six months, renting out our home, and working and doing homeschool on the go. This has been a dream of ours for 10 years, but it never worked out with our careers. Now is the time. Today we decided to rent an RV (recreational vehicle) - $1,160 for four nights - and start testing out different configurations and living quarters. We decided to head for Yellowstone National Park. Two of the four entrances are now open! I found an RV site and started packing up. I normally would have gone grocery shopping last night but our travel plans halted that. As a result we were out of food today, so I grabbed lunch from a local shop for $33.50 and dinner from a restaurant for $45. This is not a normal thing for us to just pick up and drop a ton of money on travel, but we have now been in isolation since the end of February and we are all so ready to have a new experience. This money is coming from the allotment my husband and I had set aside to celebrate our 10 year anniversary tomorrow, but all our kid-free-for-the-first-time-in-five-years international travel plans were squashed by the virus. This will be an interesting substitute. We parked the RV along our path to Yellowstone at a Walmart. Anyone can park there overnight for free, so it's a great backup to have in mind when travelling. Total spend: $1,238.50 (£1,005) Happy 10 year anniversary to my husband and me! We celebrate the day by first getting groceries from Walmart and starting the trek to Yellowstone. I bought groceries for the week for $233. Not too bad for a family of six with limited fridge and cupboard space. We stopped to fill up the RV with gas for $213. After several hours of driving, we arrived at the spot I had reserved online yesterday for two nights, a total of $180, including water and electricity plug-ins. It's a little high for an RV site, but it's the closest I could find to the park entrance online and we decided to value time in the park over the cost of the campsite. (All the sites inside the park are closed due to Covid-19.) Total spend: $626 (£510) My Money More blogs from the BBC's My Money Series: We woke early and headed to the park today, but it was closed due to a snowstorm. The road ended up getting 12 inches of snow in some places! Instead of exploring the park we explored the National Forest just outside. Total spend: $0 We got up early again and were able to enter the park! We used our National Parks Pass to get in, so no cost today. We did everything that was open in the park, the big attractions for us being the Upper and Lower falls outlooks, the Grand Prismatic Spring, and Old Faithful. We saw so much wildlife on this trip, far more than my husband or I even saw here as children. We drove by and hiked next to elk, bison, deer, egrets, and even several bears including a baby and mama bear. We attribute this expanse of wildlife to conservation efforts in the park as well as the closure of the park over the last several months. The snow also allowed us to see all the animal tracks throughout the park which our kids loved! Old Faithful had the largest crowd, but still very small even for this time of year. We watched with a small, social distancing crowd for the big event, and then headed out. We were tempted to get take-out from the lodge near Old Faithful, but decided to continue eating the food we'd already purchased knowing the lodge food prices are really marked up. We packed up and exited the park through the South Entrance and drove through Grand Tetons National Park and got gas in Jackson Hole for $176. Wyoming has lots of open land for free parking, but with a new vehicle and dark terrain, we decided to stay overnight in a National Forest campsite a half hour away for $15 for the night. We pulled in about 23:00, paid via cash in a drop box, and enjoyed sleeping next to a river and under a blanket of stars. Total spend: $191 (£156) Total spent this week: $2,613.02 (£2,125) How does Alyssa feel about her week? Thanks for coming with me on my 10 year wedding anniversary trip! This is not the trip we'd planned, but it's been wonderful for our family. We've seen two more National Parks, taken a break from quarantine in a way that feels safe for us, and enjoyed our beautiful nation. This is an unusually high week for us because we went on our trip. But considering $2,000 of that was spent on our trip and only $613.02 spent on our normal life, I feel good about that. We had $2,000+ saved for months now to go to Barbados later this summer, but we have given up all international travel until the virus settles down. All in, I feel like this was a successful trip. We would not be moving forward with purchasing an RV had we not had the real life experience of travelling in one for an extended period of time. The remaining $613.02 also reflects an unusual cost in the money course I am taking. I haven't purchased class tuition in probably five years, but being home all the time has me under-stimulated and needing a project. I think like many families these days, our spending in many areas has decreased (no extracurriculars, less shopping and self-care purchases, almost no gas purchases), but in other ways expanded. I don't bring my kids into any grocery stores anymore, so when my husband is too busy at work to be with them and we run out of food, I get take-out meals. When our mental health is being run down by monotony, we rent RVs, buy our kids bikes, and online shop for anything to help the kids make it through the day. This is survival for us. I feel very privileged to be financially secure and have a very stable income. While the world is in chaos we will continue to use money as a tool to support our mental wellbeing and try to take advantage of the new opportunities opening up to us. We're looking for more people to share what they spend their money on. If you're interested, please email my.money@bbc.co.uk or get in touch via our My Money (World) Facebook group, or if you live in the UK, please join our My Money (UK) Facebook group and we'll aim to contact you.

माई मनी एक श्रृंखला है जिसमें देखा गया है कि लोग अपना पैसा कैसे खर्च करते हैं-और कभी-कभी उन्हें कठिन निर्णय लेने पड़ते हैं। यहाँ यूटा, यू. एस. के हेबर शहर की एलिसा हुल्मे हमें कोरोनावायरस महामारी के दौरान अपने जीवन में एक सप्ताह के बारे में बताती हैं।


El Chapo guilty: Will his jailing change anything?

Summary: The trial and conviction of the notorious Joaquín Guzmán Loera, also known as El Chapo, told us much about the man, the multi-billion drugs trade and the attempts to stop it.

By Tara McKelveyBrooklyn, New York Guzmán, the notorious Mexican drug-cartel leader, has a nervous tic. He tugs at his right lapel. On difficult days in the courtroom, such as when his ex-mistress testified, he pulled at his jacket more than usual. He stood trial in New York for drug trafficking charges after successfully evading US and Mexican authorities for years and escaping from prison in Mexico on two occasions. Other times during the trial, he glanced around the room in a furtive manner. He is known for tunnelling his way to freedom, and people in the room said jokingly that he was looking for an escape route. Shortly before the jury began their deliberations, Guzmán stopped searching for a way out. He listened intently to the judge. The man who had once overseen the Sinaloa cartel, an enterprise fuelled by cocaine, violence and terror, looked uneasy. Now he has been found guilty of all 10 criminal counts related to drug trafficking. He faces life in prison, and officials say that most likely he will be taken to a federal supermax in Colorado. Guzmán was legendary for the tunnels he used to transport drugs under the US-Mexico border as well as to flee prison and escape from authorities. But no-one has ever escaped from the supermax, a place that a warden once described as "a clean version of hell". Chances are Guzmán will die there. From a business perspective, he'd had a good run. He made $14bn (£11bn) over the course of his career, according to prosecutors. He trafficked in cocaine, heroin, marijuana and other drugs, explained a US assistant attorney, and he oversaw a network of dealers, kidnappers and "henchmen", a team of assassins on his payroll. Two years ago, Guzmán was extradited to the US. His three-month trial in a New York courtroom featured more than 50 government witnesses, including men and women who had pursued him for years as well as former cartel associates who decided to testify against him in the hope that they would receive lighter sentences. The government's first witness, Carlos Salazar, a retired customs agent, says he has seen up close the violence that Guzmán and his cartel members inflict on people. Salazar had "butterflies" in his stomach when he walked into the courtroom and testified about a tunnel in Arizona that he had found, one that Guzmán used for hauling bricks of cocaine underneath the US-Mexico border. Still, Salazar says: "I did make it a point to look in his direction. I made eye contact." Individuals such as Salazar and Brennan, who work or have worked in law enforcement but were not involved in the prosecution, still see the trial as vindication. "It's rewarding to see that at the highest level of narcotics distribution, someone would be held accountable," says New York City's special narcotics prosecutor, Bridget Brennan. "There's satisfaction in that." "He wreaked havoc in the US for many, many years," says Michael McGowan, a former FBI undercover agent and the author of Ghost, a book that describes one of the bureau's investigations of Guzmán. "It's time to face the music." Washington officials were paying attention: Matthew Whitaker, the acting US attorney general, was in the courtroom one day, shaking hands with prosecutors. The announcement of the verdict was a "proud day" for them, says Mark Feierstein, a former senior director for Western Hemisphere affairs on the national security council. But he warns: "We're not going to win the drug war by prosecuting El Chapo." The US spends more than $47bn (£36bn) every year in the fight against illicit drugs, according to the Drug Policy Alliance, a non-profit organisation based in New York. Yet despite the efforts to arrest drug makers, dealers and kingpins, the problem remains daunting. In 2017, 72,000 people died from accidental drug overdoses in the US. Some analysts say that the jury's verdict in the trial will lead to more violence because traffickers will now fight over territory in a post-Chapo narco-land. "This is a corporate struggle," says Dennis Jay Kenney, a former police sergeant who is now a professor at John Jay College in New York. While the cartel members jostle for power, he says: "There'll be more bodies hanging from bridges in Mexico." The trial could have been held in Chicago, Miami or any number of other US cities, since Guzmán and members of his cartel had operated across the nation. But officials in the US attorney general's office decided the New York prosecutors had the best chance of winning the case. Homeland security vans were parked outside the courthouse each morning during the trial. A Geiger counter was located in the lobby, sitting on a table next to a gas mask. "Cagey, wily", says narcotics prosecutor Bridget Brennan, describing Guzmán: "Really bold". The trial showed Guzmán's human side. He and Mariel Colón Miró, a member of his legal team and a recent law-school graduate, sat next to each other in the courtroom and passed notes back and forth. "It's been a client-attorney relationship and very professional," she says. "But there's always room for laughs." In Mexico, ballads known as "narcocorridos" are devoted to him, and a 2014 poll suggested most people believed he was more powerful than the Mexican government. People in Culiacán, a city in the Mexican municipality where Guzmán grew up, adore him. "A magnificent person," a bookseller told Reuters: "It's such a pity he won't be able to escape from the United States." Guzmán is famous in the US too. At a bagel shop a couple miles from the courthouse, the El Chapo is made with jalapeño cream cheese (cartel members used to pack cocaine into jalapeño cans). In a Netflix series Narcos: Mexico, he is portrayed as a cunning, violent man. When Guzmán walked into the courtroom each morning, a hush would fall. When a defence lawyer hugged him, people gasped. Guzmán's wife, Emma Coronel Aispuro, 29, sat on the other side of the courtroom, wearing a watch with diamonds, the same kind of jewels that were once affixed, according to a government witness, to her husband's pistol. As the prosecutors showed, Guzmán used violence to maintain control over the illegal drug market and reaped its rewards, bestowing riches on his family. "I saw him wave at his wife, and at first I thought: 'How cute,'" says Malcolm Beith, who has written a book about Guzmán. A moment later, his feelings changed: "I almost threw up in my mouth. I had this visceral reaction, knowing what he's responsible for." For some, that was the attraction. "Isn't it worth it to see a person who's been called the most dangerous man in the world?" says Clarissa McNair, a private detective who lives in Queens, while she ate a chocolate chip cookie during a courtroom break. "He looks small and inconsequential," she says, adding: "His looks are very deceptive." A cosmetics sales representative says she wanted to see the "telenovela", comparing Guzmán's trial to a Spanish-language serialised drama. Others in the courtroom acted like they were at a matinee -one afternoon a couple sat in the second row, listening to the proceedings, and cuddled. It was a grisly movie with a high body count. Assistant US Attorney Andrea Goldbarg told jurors about an evening in the mountains of Sinaloa when Guzmán "levelled his rifle" at a wounded man and "cursed him and then shot him". She said: "The cartel's engines were violence and corruption." Trolleys of documents, stuffed into accordion folders, were parked next to her table in the courtroom - the "mountain of evidence" that Goldbarg described in her closing argument. Towards the end of the trial, pillows were available for exhausted members of the legal team. Goldbarg said that the evidence all pointed to one thing - Guzmán called the shots. "He's the one deciding who lives and who dies." During her closing argument, she replayed a video that showed Guzmán interrogating a man who was hog-tied and bound to a pole - while a rooster crowed in the background. The video demonstrated, according to Goldbarg, that Guzmán not only oversaw the cartel, he personally inflicted the violence. Later one of Guzmán's lawyers paced around the courtroom and tried to portray Guzmán as a victim of the US authorities, saying he was not the cartel leader and yet had been "hunted like an animal" for years - and that the government's witnesses were criminals and should not be trusted. A government lawyer said it would be great to "call angels as witnesses" but in Guzmán's case it made sense to ask those who knew about the cartel to testify in court about his criminal activities. One of the witnesses, Guzmán's former mistress Lucero Guadalupe Sánchez López, 29, said that he had told her that he would kill anyone who crossed him - even if they were a member of his own family. "I didn't want for him to mistrust me because I thought he could also hurt me," she said. While she was in the witness box, she blinked every few seconds. At one point she began to cry. The fear that she felt in the courtroom was part of a strategy that Guzmán and his cohorts used to maintain control. "If you've lived with them, you know what they're capable of," says Robert Mazur, a former federal agent who worked undercover as a money launderer. (His memoir, The Infiltrator, was turned into a Bryan Cranston thriller.) "They wouldn't think for half a second about killing everybody in your family." Analysts say that the trial, however spectacular, will have little impact on the drug war. "We're trying to stop commerce in a product that is in high demand," says the Cato Institute's Ted Galen Carpenter. Yet US authorities say the trial nevertheless plays a key role in the fight. "It's important to hold everyone, and especially those at the very top of the pyramid, accountable for their actions because there's been a tremendous amount of tragedy and death and misery," says narcotics prosecutor Bridget Brennan. Former agent Michael McGowan agrees that it's important to hold Guzmán accountable but he says he feels no personal animosity towards him. "He's a professional. We're professionals," says McGowan. "We happened to win the last round." In the end, the trial helped to shed light on the drug trade and its impact on the nation. "It's very simple," McGowan says, describing both the trial and his work as an agent. "It's the search for the truth." Guzmán already knows the truth about his role in the cartel, and towards the end of the day he regained his swagger. Before the jury began deliberations, he turned to his lawyers and made a fist, a kingpin's salute, and left the room.

कुख्यात जोआक्विन गुज़मैन लोयरा, जिसे एल चैपो के नाम से भी जाना जाता है, के मुकदमे और दोषसिद्धि ने हमें उस आदमी, बहु-अरब नशीली दवाओं के व्यापार और इसे रोकने के प्रयासों के बारे में बहुत कुछ बताया।


Appeal after man dies in three-vehicle Highlands crash

Summary: Police have appealed for witnesses to a fatal three-vehicle crash in the Highlands.

Two cars - a Renault Clio and a Honda Civic - and a Mercedes Vito van were involved in the collision which happened at about 17:20 on Friday. The driver of the Clio, 56-year-old Miroslaw Kalewski from Inverness, died at the scene on the B9039 near Castle Stuart between Inverness and Ardersier. Police said inquiries were ongoing and have appealed for information.

पुलिस ने हाइलैंड्स में एक घातक तीन-वाहन दुर्घटना के गवाहों के लिए अपील की है।


Pacer trains: 'They're so awful I learned to drive'

Summary: Political leaders in the north of England have called for rail fares to be reduced to reflect the poor state of the 1980s-built Pacer trains still being used across the region. The BBC asked readers for their experiences of the services.

Bouncy suspension, noisy engines, too warm or too cold, strong smells and diesel fumes, the list of complaints people have about Pacer trains is long. The thought of getting the Pacer train to work fills Andy Barratt, in particular, with dread. She says the smell and fumes of the diesel engine trigger her asthma, the cramped seats hurt her back and incessant noise as it rattles and bounces along the track drills into her head. For the past two years she has been commuting from her home in the Dearne Valley, South Yorkshire, to her job in Sheffield city centre on Pacer trains run by Northern. She claims the 25-minute journey has affected her asthma and anxiety so much that she has had to go part-time in her work at the University of Sheffield and has learned to drive just so she doesn't have to catch the train. "It's awful," she says, "I just cannot face getting the train." Ms Barratt says her asthma was exacerbated by diesel fumes and and her "vigorous" coughing led her to being hospitalised. She says her anxiety has also been made intolerable by the trains, which she claims normally consists of two carriages during the busiest hours. "Just thinking about it raises my anxiety so badly," she says. "There are so many people and it is getting worse because they are building lots of new estates near the stations and people are being sold this life where they can commute on the train, but the train is not expanded to cope." Often she is "pushed and shoved" in a jostling crowd of people, some of whom get quite angry, she says. If she does get a seat it is "claustrophobic" with not enough leg room and the "seats too close together". "You cannot win," she says. "I just cannot carry on with the trains, my heart just races. "I have got noise cancelling headphones but I can still hear the engines, it's like having a drill at the side of your head." Her season pass costs about £88 a month but, she says, "no amount I pay is improving the system." "I do not want to drive into work, I want to get the train but it needs to be so much better," she says. "Public transport gives people hope, link to education, jobs and opportunities. "I see young people having this opportunities taken away because of the poor public transport." Northern is replacing its rolling stock but said delays in construction of the new trains by CAF means a "small number" of Pacer trains will still need to be used into 2020. Managing Director David Brown agreed the trains needed replacing, saying: "Nobody in Northern wants to retain the Pacers but it's something we've been forced into doing because our new trains, which are fantastic, are arriving slightly slower than we'd expect." The BBC asked people for their experiences of the Pacer trains, and the vast majority said they were not fit for purpose. "My experience of Pacer trains has always been thank God I only had to suffer a short journey," said Michael Ashworth, adding: "They rode so bad at speed you had to hang on." Jack Lyon used Pacer trains, which he called the "clickety-clack express", for three years to get from Liverpool to Salford for university. He said: "Pacers are always cramped, damp and too cold or hot and bouncy at speed." Daniel Miller said he found it impossible to listen to music through his earphones as "they don't go loud enough to block out the noise from the engine". Gary Goodenough said the Pacers, or "nodding donkeys" as he calls them, are "very bumpy" and "not good for people with back conditions or neck issues". Barry Miller said they were "noisy and "smelly" with diesel fumes, while another commenter said the noise was "unbearable" and "exhaust fumes" were "often intaking into the carriage". Some were "nostalgic" about the trains while others called them "outdated". Not all are opposed to the Pacers, though. Robert Hodgson said they were "good" because "you can open the windows for ventilation" which is "especially useful in summer or when the train is delayed". "Good for viewing the scenery," he added. "Love them," said Hugh Macknight from Newcastle, adding: "Communal, cheap, straightforward, comfortable."

इंग्लैंड के उत्तर में राजनीतिक नेताओं ने 1980 के दशक में निर्मित पेसर ट्रेनों की खराब स्थिति को दर्शाने के लिए रेल किराए को कम करने का आह्वान किया है जो अभी भी पूरे क्षेत्र में उपयोग की जा रही हैं। बीबीसी ने पाठकों से सेवाओं के बारे में उनके अनुभवों के बारे में पूछा।


Duran Duran: "We see a bit of ourselves" in Kanye West

Summary: As Duran Duran return with their 14th album Paper Gods, Nick Rhodes talks about being "like a family", working with the "dream team" of Mark Ronson and Nile Rodgers and seeing a bit of themselves in Kanye West.

By Sarah Jane GriffithsEntertainment reporter Forget the 'difficult second album' concept - imagine the pressure to deliver new and exciting goods when you get to album number fourteen. "After three and a half decades of being together, if you're going to make another new album, it needs to be something very special - otherwise we shouldn't bother," says Duran Duran's Nick Rhodes. But he admits "reinventing the Duran Duran sound" - made famous on 1980s hits like Rio, The Wild Boys and Girls on Film - can sometimes be "easier said than done". "It took longer than usual," says Rhodes of the two years they spent perfecting Paper Gods. "Probably the first year was spent down underground in the mine, trying to find some gold." Founded by Rhodes and bassist John Taylor in Birmingham in 1978, Duran Duran has been through several incarnations and its members haven't always seen eye to eye. But Rhodes tells the BBC these days he, Taylor, singer Simon Le Bon and drummer Roger Taylor have all learned to work through the rows and appreciate each other. You're headlining Bestival this weekend and heading off on a UK tour in November - how do Duran Duran cope with living in each others pockets after 37 years? At this point we are like a family. There is a lot of affection for what we've been through together and we enjoy being together. We laugh a lot together. I mean, there are times when we could all sort of kill each other. Tempers will fray and people will want to take a song in a different direction - we just have to let go of that once we leave the studio. You've said you found 'a whole new level of inspiration' working on Paper Gods, but it took some time? I think people always think we have this grand plan - it just isn't like that. We really sit around with some instruments and try to find a direction and sort of wipe the slate clean every time. Do you throw a lot of stuff away then? We throw away I would say two albums worth of material to get the third. We do have very high standards - there's four of us, so there is usually someone who says 'I think that can be better'. We tend to write a few songs and then we finally get one that we all agree is better than the others - so then you've almost got to say 'this is the new standard - everything we have has got to be at least this good.' You'd worked with producers Mark Ronson (2011's All You Need is Now) and Nile Rodgers (Notorious, 1986) separately before, but not together - how was that? Mark had known Nile since he was a little boy but he'd never ever worked with him and he said 'I think you should work with Nile again', and 'can I please be on those sessions too?' It was such a simple idea. Nile is always pure pleasure to have around. The way he plays guitar lifts people's spirits. He'd just come off the back of the Daft Punk record Get Lucky, so sitting in a room with him and Mark Ronson, who played us his forthcoming track with Bruno Mars, Uptown Funk - and we all know what happened to that song - having those two people in the room with the four of us was really a dream team. We did two songs together over about three days, Pressure Off, the first single, and a track called Only in Dreams. It was electric in the room. When it comes to [Nile's] CV, I can't think of anyone in recent years that has a better one - David Bowie, Madonna, Chic, Sister Sledge, obviously his work with us, Debbie Harry, Grace Jones, Diana Ross. And all of those albums are so special - he brings some amazing energy. There's quite a roll call on your album too - Janelle Monae, former Red Hot Chilli Peppers guitarist John Frusciante, Hideaway singer Keisza - and on the other end of the scale is Lindsay Lohan, who voices a doctor on the track Danceophobia? With Keisza we wanted the ultimate diva on that track [Last Night in the City] with the voice that could shatter glass around the universe and an energy. She is a rising star and she is going to be around for a long time. [Lindsay] was in London doing [the play] Speed the Plough and we'd known her for a little while. She sent [Simon] a note saying, 'hey, I hear you're in the studio - can I come and do something on the album? We had this idea based on Michael Jackson's Thriller, on the wonderful monologue that Vincent Price delivered. She really nailed it. Lindsay's reputation precedes her but actually she loves doing the things that she does and she is damn good at it. It took us a little while to get her there - I think Simon had to go and fetch her in the car in the end - but she came along with her sister and took over the entire place, it was a lot of fun. You teamed up with producer Mr Hudson too - who's worked with Kanye West and Jay Z. What do you think he brought to the album? He was a very key character. Ben came along about a year in and helped us do some editing. He literally said 'well I love that one, this one I think we could work on a bit more and why don't we do something new?'. He'll play a little bit of guitar, or contribute to lyrics - so he almost became like our fifth member for the project. I think we're quite a tough room to walk into because we all have known each other for a very long time. Probably being from Birmingham helped a little, but he came for an afternoon and stayed for the best part of the next year. You were one of the first bands to be played on MTV in the 1980s - what do you think of Kanye being given their lifetime achievement award this year? That's quite a short lifetime, but I think he deserves it. Kanye is definitely one of the most interesting artists of his generation and we all admire him, and I think see a little bit of ourselves in him - that he wants to change things and try out different things. He's adventurous musically. He's definitely cut from the same sort of marble as we came from. Taylor Swift presented him with the award - arguably the biggest artist in the world at the moment. Is she somebody you would like to work with? I haven't met her actually, but I admire her process and I admire the way she has insisted that musicians are compensated properly for their work [by streaming services]. She took a very brave and intelligent stance. The way things have gone online has made it very hard for more esoteric artists to find that audience and build their sound - to actually survive. Every little bit helps and the fact that she's gone out there and stuck her head above the parapet and said 'no, you shouldn't take advantage', I think was really right. And yes of course, I think she's very talented too and if she wants to give us a call, absolutely! Paper Gods is released via Warner Bros Records on 11 September.

जैसे ही डुरान डुरान अपने 14वें एल्बम पेपर गॉड्स के साथ लौटते हैं, निक रोड्स "एक परिवार की तरह" होने, मार्क रॉनसन और नील रॉजर्स की "ड्रीम टीम" के साथ काम करने और कान्ये वेस्ट में खुद को देखने के बारे में बात करते हैं।