Inside Sellafield's death zone with the nuclear clean-up robots

Summary: The Thorp nuclear reprocessing plant at Sellafield, Cumbria, has recycled its final batch of reactor fuel. But it leaves behind a hugely toxic legacy for future generations to deal with. So how will it be made safe?

By Theo LeggettBusiness correspondent, BBC News Thorp still looks almost new; a giant structure of cavernous halls, deep blue-tinged cooling ponds and giant lifting cranes, imposing in fresh yellow paint. But now the complex process of decontaminating and dismantling begins. It is a dangerous job that will take decades to complete and require a great deal of engineering ingenuity and state-of-the-art technology - some of which hasn't even been invented yet. This is why. Five sieverts of radiation is considered a lethal dose for humans. Inside the Head End Shear Cave, where nuclear fuel rods were extracted from their casings and cut into pieces before being dissolved in heated nitric acid, the radiation level is 280 sieverts per hour. We can only peer through leaded glass more than a metre thick at the inside of the steel-lined cell, which gleams under eerie, yellow-tinged lighting. This is a place only robots can go. They will begin the first stage of decommissioning - the post-operative clean-out - removing machinery and debris. Already, a mechanical arm on wheels is being carefully guided through the cave, as operators shout instructions to each other, trying to prevent the machine becoming tangled up in cables. Once cleared, the cell will be washed repeatedly using water or acids to bring down the level of radioactivity. Ultimately, the plan is for humans to be able to enter the contaminated cave. "We'll need to look at novel decontamination agents to help us clean out the plant more effectively," says Melanie Brownridge, head of technology at the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority. Thorp: A brief history "That should help us remove more of the radioactivity early on, so that we can get on with the decommissioning job sooner." Cleaning up other parts of the plant will also need robots and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). Some will need to be developed from scratch, while others can be adapted from systems already used in other industries, such as oil and gas, car manufacturing and even the space sector. "Some of these might be very small robots, able to change shape and go through small apertures into the facility," explains Ms Brownridge. "Others might be quite large devices used as platforms to take technology inside - so there will be a whole range," she says. Sellafield, and the engineering companies it works with, already have a great deal of experience developing technology for use in a highly radioactive environment. The site in Cumbria contains a number of other redundant facilities, some dating back to the 1950s and many of them heavily contaminated, which are currently being decommissioned. A flying drone has been used to map radiation in inaccessible parts of the site, for example. Remote submarines have explored and begun cleaning up old storage ponds. Other remote machines are being used to take cameras deep inside decaying bunkers, filled with radioactive debris. The job of developing machines like these is shared with a large network of specialist companies, many of them based in Cumbria itself. They form part of a growing decommissioning industry within the UK, as the country grapples with the legacy of its first era of nuclear power. The NDA believes that these companies can use what they learn at Sellafield, and other plants, to attract further business from overseas. The drone mentioned above, for example, was developed by radiation-mapping specialists Createc and UAV company Blue Bear. It is is now being used inside a damaged reactor building at the Fukushima plant in Japan. In this, the NDA has a surprising ally. The environment group Greenpeace, which bitterly opposed the opening of Thorp, is enthusiastic about decommissioning. "We do feel it's important that Sellafield confronts the decommissioning challenges that arise from Thorp's closure," says the organisation's policy director, Doug Parr. "In fact there's a good case that people there can become world experts and world leaders in the decommissioning of nuclear power stations and other installations. We would support that." The post-operative clean out at Thorp is due to take three years, but the entire decommissioning process will take decades. In the meantime, the plant will continue to serve a purpose. For the next few years, one of its ponds will be used to cool and store used nuclear fuel - though that fuel will not be reprocessed. Final demolition is expected to take place between 2075 and 2095, with the overall decommissioning bill forecast at £4bn at today's prices. More Technology of Business But that isn't the end of the matter. Thorp leaves behind thousands of steel canisters filled with a glassy mixture of high level wastes - the by-product of years of reprocessing. Their contents will remain intensely radioactive for thousands of years. Added to all this will be the wastes produced in the decommissioning process itself. They can be processed and packaged, in concrete and steel, but they cannot be destroyed. Ultimately, the government's policy is for intermediate and high level wastes - and potentially plutonium as well - to be stored within rock, hundreds of metres underground, in a so-called Geological Disposal Facility. But "currently no sites have been selected or are under consideration", the government says. So while the clean-up at Thorp will soon begin, its hazardous remains will stay in Sellafield long into the future.

कुम्ब्रिया के सेलाफील्ड में थोर्प परमाणु पुनर्चक्रण संयंत्र ने रिएक्टर ईंधन के अपने अंतिम बैच का पुनर्चक्रण किया है। लेकिन यह आने वाली पीढ़ियों के लिए एक अत्यधिक विषाक्त विरासत छोड़ गया है। तो इसे कैसे सुरक्षित बनाया जाएगा?


Coronavirus splits couple from baby born through surrogacy 8,000 miles away

Summary: When Flavia Lavorino decided to have a baby through surrogacy, she looked Ukraine up on a map and calculated the distance.

By Valeria PerassoSocial Affairs correspondent, BBC World Service Some 12,800km (8,000 miles) separate Buenos Aires, in Argentina, from the Ukrainian capital, Kyiv. "This was our last resort. We had stopped trying when we heard from a co-worker about trying for a baby through a gestational carrier in Ukraine, and we jumped at it," says Flavia. With José Pérez, her partner of 15 years, she had tried every possible fertility treatment. Flavia managed to get pregnant through a complex and painful procedure just once, but had a miscarriage. "So, when we got confirmation that our surrogate in Ukraine was doing well and the pregnancy was going forward, we were over the moon," says José. Little could they predict that by the time the baby was born they would be stranded on the other side of the Atlantic due to the coronavirus pandemic. Their son Manuel is now seven weeks old, but they have yet to meet him. "This is the worst nightmare. Imagine waiting for so long and then having to wait even longer, with no clear idea of when we could be allowed to travel," says José. Ukraine, like many other countries, has closed its borders to international visitors in an effort to limit the spread of Covid-19, which has killed more 300,000 people worldwide. That has left dozens of babies born to Ukranian surrogates - and due to be collected by their intended parents from overseas - in limbo. Argentina has also imposed a travel ban on all commercial flights until September as part of a strict coronavirus lockdown, making it impossible for the couple to plan a trip for the foreseeable future. 'We need to be with him' "The physical contact at this point is key, he needs to be with us and we need to be with him," says the new father. Flavia and José started their surrogacy journey in December 2018 and travelled to Kyiv four months later to create their embryos out of his sperm and her eggs. An embryo was then transferred into the womb of a gestational carrier, or "surrogate mother", that they had contacted through a local clinic. "We never met our surrogate, the clinic managed the relationship and we don't really know much about the specifics. We do know that her fees were paid, of course," says José. Commercial surrogacy is legal in Ukraine, and a big business too - though there have been concerns about the level of oversight of the industry, which has expanded significantly in recent years. The cost of an average assisted reproduction package ranges from $30,000 to $50,000 (£25,000 to £41,000), a fraction of what it costs in the US and other countries where commercial surrogacy is permitted. For the Argentine couple, it meant asking for a loan as well as borrowing money from family. They won't say how much they have spent but that "probably half of it went to the surrogate". "When we got confirmation that the transfer had been successful in late July, we started planning every single detail. We wanted to travel days before the due date, which was 10 April," says Flavia. "In the meantime, we lived this pregnancy through the monthly scans the clinic was sending us," adds José. From optimism to despair The couple had booked transatlantic flights for 2 April, with a stopover in Madrid. As the coronavirus outbreak started spreading and hit Spain badly, they realised their trip might not happened as planned. "But at first we didn't think we wouldn't be able to travel at all. I think we had this false optimism, it was more like, 'uh, it may take us longer to get to Ukraine'. We kept on planning even as we watched airports starting to shut down everywhere," says Flavia. As European countries closed their borders and Argentina went into lockdown in mid-March, the couple began to despair. "I was terrified. We knew circumstances were exceptional, but we underestimated the implications," says Flavia. The picture got complicated further by the fact that both work in healthcare. Flavia is a social worker and José is a medical doctor in an intensive care unit at a hospital just outside Buenos Aires who has been treating Covid-19 patients. As key workers, they were not allowed to take time off at first. "We started communicating regularly with the Ukrainian clinic's Spanish-speaking coordinators via WhatsApp to come up with a plan," says José. Stay put, was the message. The fertility centre had set up a place for Manuel to stay while he waited for his biological parents. "They told us the newborn babies would be safe, taken care of, well fed… They calmed us down, at least as much as it was humanly possible," says José. 'Our baby was born 12,500km away' The couple's son was born early, on 30 March. The anxious parents were texted the news early in the morning as they were on their way to work. "They told us we'd had a child, and we were 12,500km away… We had to stop the car, we almost had a crash," remembers Flavia. Later that day they got to see their healthy, 8lbs-baby boy for the first time - through a photograph. "Our surrogate asked the clinic if she could send us a WhatsApp message and she wrote to us to say she had a happy pregnancy, that she was proud to make our life-long dream come true," says José. "We never got the chance to meet her but we told her she completed our family and forever transformed our lives," adds Flavia. Baby hotel The Ukrainian clinic made arrangements for the stranded surrogate babies to stay at a small hotel the company owns on the outskirts of Kyiv. And it is not just Manuel, some 50 newborns are being looked after in a large dormitory-style nursery. "All they are doing is looking after the baby's basic health and signs of a normal development," says José. "But nobody will be able to give him the love of a parent during these crucial first weeks. That is heart-breaking." The number of babies being kept the hotel may keep growing if travel restrictions continue. New deliveries are scheduled over the coming weeks. "We have Chinese babies, Italian babies, Spanish babies, British babies," says Denis Herma, spokesman for BioTexCom Centre for Human Reproduction, the company behind the hotel. The hotel is normally offered as accommodation for the biological parents coming to Ukraine to collect their child. Now it is run by a team of nurses working round the clock under strict quarantine rules, says the fertility company. A video circulated by BioTexCom just days ago, and published by media around the world, shows the number of babies born to surrogates which have not been able to be picked up due to the lockdown. The images have also reignited the debate about what critics say is a loosely-controlled "baby-making business" in this Eastern European country. Analysis: The lockdown and the fertility tourism debate By Zhanna Bezpiatchuk - BBC News Ukraine, Kyiv From 2015, as surrogacy hotspots in Asia began shutting down one-by-one amid reports of exploitation, Ukraine turned into a global hub for commercial surrogacy. With relatively low prices compared to other countries, looser regulations and growing demand from overseas, Ukrainian reproductive clinics are booming. Many Ukrainian women, mostly from small towns or rural areas, see this as a financial opportunity. The full package may cost around $50,000 and a surrogate may get less than half that - but this is still big money by Ukrainian standards. A surrogate mother must have at least one child of her own in order to be eligible. She will have no genetic link and never takes care of the newborn. This is a strict rule designed to prevent any emotional attachment. The quarantine has laid bare some hard truths that Ukrainian health care officials seem to have ignored. Nobody knows exactly how many babies are born here each year through surrogacy. Two months into lockdown, at least 100 babies are separated from their parents. Cots at the hotel are arranged in rows, names are printed in bright colours on each baby's sleepsuit. "We feel very sorry for them, we know no one can replace their parents," nurse Olha Kuts tells the BBC. José and Flavia get daily updates from the nurses on shift, some of whom speak Spanish. "When he turned one month we had a really long videocall, it was so lovely of them," says Flavia. "It made all the difference to be able to talk to him and see him in real time." But more babies are coming in and "they cannot spend as much time as parents would like, it's becoming more complicated", says José. Diplomatic negotiations Ukraine's borders have been closed since March but some families have managed to travel with special permits. There are also negotiations under way with the Ukrainian authorities, through the embassies and consulates of the parents' countries of origin. The parents of 15 babies have been allowed in so far, including a couple from Sweden that reached the Ukrainian capital on a private jet paid for by an anonymous donor. In Argentina, there are 16 other families in the same position as Flavia and José. Three babies have been born already, and the rest are due between late May and September. The parents have launched a joint petition asking both governments to listen to their plea. "We waited for around 20 days because we understand these are very complicated times. Then we put in a legal request," explains José. Negotiations have moved forward and Ukraine has just agreed to let them enter the country. They are now asking the Argentine government to authorise a flight on humanitarian grounds. They are hoping to get a resolution "before the end of the month". But the wait will not be over when they land on the other end. "We will need to self-isolate for 14 days before we can see Manu," says Flavia. "It makes sense as there are risks involved with flying across the world, and it is also wise in terms of the wellbeing of the baby." Then they will need to process the baby's documents before heading back to Argentina - if they are allowed back in before the borders officially re-open. "We don't care about that second leg of the trip at this point. We have a son that is seven weeks old and he is far away, we need to get there and then we'll see," Flavia says. "It has been so hard to get to this point, for us to have a baby, so physically and emotionally draining. We need that wait to be over. "We need to meet him. We'll take care of everything else later."

जब फ्लाविया लावोरिनो ने सरोगेसी के माध्यम से एक बच्चा पैदा करने का फैसला किया, तो उसने एक नक्शे पर यूक्रेन को देखा और दूरी की गणना की।


Isle of Man Electric Railway revamp to cost £700,000

Summary: Refurbishment plans for an electric railway station on the east coast of the Isle of Man, are set to cost almost £700,000, says the Manx government.

The money will be spent "renewing ballast, sleepers and rails" at the station in Laxey, a spokesman said. The department of community, culture and leisure (DCCL) will apply for funding at the next sitting of Tynwald. "It is essential to ensure the railway can continue to operate safely," DCCL Minister Graham Cregeen said. "It is a necessary investment to improve standards and ensure that we maintain the railway for future generations." Construction of the Manx Electric Railway began in the late 1800s and typically its season runs between March and August every year - although special events are arranged during the winter months. If funding is approved during the October sitting of Tynwald, the DCCL said work will begin in November and be completed by March 2014.

मैनक्स सरकार का कहना है कि आइल ऑफ मैन के पूर्वी तट पर एक विद्युत रेलवे स्टेशन के नवीनीकरण की योजना पर लगभग £700,000 की लागत आएगी।


Resignation syndrome: Sweden's mystery illness

Summary: For nearly two decades Sweden has been battling a mysterious illness. Called Resignation Syndrome, it affects only the children of asylum-seekers, who withdraw completely, ceasing to walk or talk, or open their eyes. Eventually they recover. But why does this only seem to occur in Sweden?

By Linda PresslyBBC News, Sweden When her father picks her up from her wheelchair, nine-year-old Sophie is lifeless. In contrast, her hair is thick and shiny - like a healthy child's. But Sophie's eyes are closed. And under her tracksuit bottoms she wears a nappy. A transparent feeding tube runs into Sophie's nose - this is how she has been nourished for the past 20 months. Sophie and her family are asylum seekers from the former USSR. They arrived in December 2015 and live in accommodation allocated to refugees in a small town in central Sweden. "Her blood pressure is quite normal," says Dr Elisabeth Hultcrantz, a volunteer with Doctors of the World. "But she has a high pulse rate, so maybe she's reacting to so many people coming to visit her today." Hultcrantz tests Sophie's reflexes. Everything works normally. But the child does not stir. An ENT surgeon before she retired, Hultcrantz is worried because Sophie does not ever open her mouth. This could be dangerous, because if there were a problem with her feeding tube, Sophie could choke. So how could a child who loved to dance become so deeply inert? "When I explain to the parents what has happened, I tell them the world has been so terrible that Sophie has gone into herself and disconnected the conscious part of her brain," says Hultcrantz. The health professionals who treat these children agree that trauma is what has caused them to withdraw from the world. The children who are most vulnerable are those who have witnessed extreme violence - often against their parents - or whose families have fled a deeply insecure environment. Sophie's parents have a terrifying story of extortion and persecution by a local mafia. In September 2015 their car was stopped by men in police uniform. "We were dragged out. Sophie was in the car so she witnessed me and her mother being roughly beaten," remembers Sophie's father. The men let Sophie's mother go - she grabbed her daughter and ran. But Sophie's father did not escape. "They took me away and then I don't remember anything," he says. Sophie's mother took her to a friend's home. The little girl was very upset. She cried, shouted "Please go and find my dad!", and beat the wall with her feet. Three days later, her father made contact, and from then on the family remained on the move, hiding in friends' homes until they left for Sweden three months later. On arrival, they were held for hours by Swedish police. Then, quite quickly, Sophie deteriorated. "After a couple of days, I noticed she wasn't playing as much as she used to with her sister," says Sophie's mother, who is expecting a new baby next month. Soon afterwards, the family was informed they could not stay in Sweden. Sophie heard everything in that meeting with the Migration Board, and it was at this point that she stopped speaking and eating. Resignation Syndrome was first reported in Sweden in the late 1990s. More than 400 cases were reported in the two years from 2003-2005. As more Swedes began to worry about the consequences of immigration, these "apathetic children", as they were known, became a huge political issue. There were reports the children were faking it, and that parents were poisoning their offspring to secure residence. None of those stories were proven. Over the last decade, the number of children reported to be suffering from Resignation Syndrome has decreased. Sweden's National Board of Health recently stated there were 169 cases in 2015 and 2016. It remains the case that children from particular geographical and ethnic groups are the most vulnerable: those from the former USSR, the Balkans, Roma children, and most recently the Yazidi. Only a tiny number have been unaccompanied migrants, none have been African, and very few have been Asian. Unlike Sophie, the children affected have often been living in Sweden for years, speak the language and are well-adjusted to their new, Nordic lives. Numerous conditions resembling Resignation Syndrome have been reported before - among Nazi concentration camp inmates, for example. In the UK, a similar condition - Pervasive Refusal Syndrome - was identified in children in the early 1990s, but there have been only a tiny handful of cases, and none of them among asylum seekers. "To our knowledge, no cases have been established outside of Sweden," writes Dr Karl Sallin, a paediatrician at the Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, part of Karolinska University Hospital in Stockholm. Find out more Listen to Sweden's Child Migrant Mystery on Assignment, on the BBC World Service For transmission times or to catch up online, click here So how can an illness respect national boundaries? There is no definitive answer to that question, says Sallin, who is researching Resignation Syndrome for his PhD. "The most plausible explanation is that there are some sort of socio-cultural factors that are necessary in order for this condition to develop. A certain way of reacting or responding to traumatic events seems to be legitimised in a certain context." So somehow - and we do not know the mechanism for this, and why it should happen in Sweden - the kind of symptoms displayed by the children are culturally sanctioned: this is a way the children are allowed to express their trauma. If that is the case, it raises an interesting question: could Resignation Syndrome be contagious? "That is sort of implicit in the model. That if you provide the right sort of nourishment for those kinds of behaviours in a society, you will also see more cases," says Sallin. "If you look at the very first case in 1998 in the north of Sweden, as soon as that case was reported, there were other cases emerging in the same area. And there have also been cases of siblings where first one develops it and then the other. But it should be noted that researchers who proposed that model of disease, they are not certain that there needs to be direct contact between cases. It's a topic for research." Here Sallin hits on the main obstacle to understanding Resignation Syndrome - the lack of research into it. No-one has done follow-up on what happens to these children, but we do know that they survive. For Sophie's parents, that is hard to believe. They have seen no change in their daughter in 20 months. Their days are punctuated by Sophie's regime - exercises to stop her muscles wasting, attempts to engage her with music and cartoons, walks outside in a wheelchair, feeding and changing. "You need to harden your heart with these cases," says Sophie's paediatrician, Dr Lars Dagson, who has seen her regularly throughout her illness. "I can only keep her alive. I can't make her better, because as doctors we don't decide if these children can stay in Sweden or not." Dagson shares the view commonly held among doctors treating children with Resignation Syndrome, that recovery depends on them feeling secure and that it is a permanent residence permit that kick-starts that process. "In some way the child will have to sense that there's hope, something to live for… That's the only way I can explain why having the right to stay would, in all the cases I've seen so far, change the situation." Until recently, families with a sick child were allowed to stay. But the arrival of some 300,000 migrants in the last three years has led to a change of heart. Last year, a new temporary law came into force that limits all asylum seekers' chances of being granted permanent residence. Applicants are granted either a three-year or 13-month visa. Sophie's family have the latter, and it expires in March next year. "What happens afterwards? The real issue hasn't been dealt with - it's limbo," says Dagson. He doubts Sophie will recover in 13 months. "I can't say it's not possible, but it all depends how the parents sense this - are we going to stay after these 13 months? If they're not sure about that, they cannot give Sophie the sense that everything is OK." But evidence from the town of Skara in the south of Sweden suggests that there is a way of curing children with Resignation Syndrome even if the family doesn't receive permanent residence. "From our point of view, this particular sickness has to do with former trauma, not asylum," says Annica Carlshamre, a senior social worker for Gryning Health, a company that runs Solsidan, a home for all kinds of troubled children. When children witness violence or threats against a parent, their most significant connection in the world is ripped apart, the carers at Solsidan believe. "Then the child understands - my mother can't take care of me," Carlshamre explains. "And they give up hope, because they know they are totally dependent on the parent. When that happens, to where or what can the child turn?" That family connection must be re-built, but first the child must begin to recover, so Solsidan's first step is to separate the children from their parents. "We keep the family informed about their progress, but we don't let them talk because the child must depend on our staff. Once we have separated the child, it takes only a few days, until we see the first signs that, yes, she's still there…" All conversations about the migration process are banned in front of the child. The children get up every day. They have day clothes and night clothes, and experienced staff like Clara Ogren, help them colour or draw by holding their hands to grip a pencil. "We play for them until they can play on their own. And we goof around a lot and dance and listen to music. We want to bring all their senses to life. So we might take a little bit of Coca Cola, and put it in their mouth so they taste something sweet. Even if they are tube-fed, we put them in the kitchen so they smell food," she says. "We have an expectation that they want to live, and all their abilities are still there, but they just forgot or lost the sense of using them. This work takes a lot of energy because we have to live for the children until they start to live on their own." The longest time it took for a child to recover was six months. Often the children will have no contact with their parents until they are able to talk to them on the phone. Of the 35 children Calshamre has met over the years, one of them got permission to stay in Sweden while still at Solsidan. The others recovered before their asylum status was assured. A book - The Way Back - has recently been published about Solsidan, but its work is not well-known. Could this kind of treatment help Sophie? Twenty months is a very long time for a child of her age to be disengaged from the world. What do her parents think will aid her recovery? "Maybe the new baby when it comes will help," says Sophie's father. Sophie's mother can only repeat what she has heard from the doctor. "In order for Sophie to wake up, the doctor says she and her family should feel safe." Their biggest fear is that they will be deported back to where they came from, and that the men who drove them out will find them. "They promised they will kill us. There is nothing more devastating that can happen." In order to protect the family's identity, Sophie's name has been changed Join the conversation - find us on Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat and Twitter.

लगभग दो दशकों से स्वीडन एक रहस्यमय बीमारी से जूझ रहा है। जिसे इस्तीफ़ा सिंड्रोम कहा जाता है, यह केवल शरण चाहने वालों के बच्चों को प्रभावित करता है, जो पूरी तरह से पीछे हट जाते हैं, चलना या बात करना बंद कर देते हैं, या अपनी आँखें खोलते हैं। आखिरकार वे ठीक हो जाते हैं। लेकिन ऐसा केवल स्वीडन में ही क्यों होता है?


Two new sets of Jersey Post stamps issued

Summary: Two sets of stamps are being issued by Jersey Post.

One set of stamps features some of the butterflies and moths found in Jersey and the other set shows four of the island's landmarks. It will be the third issue in the butterflies and moths series, all of which have been painted by wildlife artist William Oliver. Jersey lepidopterist, Roger Long, helped Jersey Post research the insects found in the island. There is a souvenir miniature sheet for the issue which includes three of the stamps. Sally Diamond Ferbrache, head of philatelic at Jersey Post, said it was hoped that selling them in sets of ten would help "customers find the booklets more convenient".

जर्सी पोस्ट द्वारा डाक टिकटों के दो सेट जारी किए जा रहे हैं।


Covid In Scotland: business clicks but doesn’t collect

Summary: As public compliance dips below the level of last spring's lockdown, attention shifts to business to take the burden of infection control. New funds are available, though it's not clear where they come from, and they are focussed on firms that can be easily identified. The many smaller businesses that aren't easily reached - from taxi drivers to wedding organisers - are having to wait even longer for government support

Douglas FraserBusiness/economy editor, Scotland There is a mathematical formula at work in the massive national mission to get the 'R' rate of infection down. In manipulating the formula, the variable over which ministers have least control is compliance by the public. And if that is low, it means more has to be done with the elements in the formula which can compensate for it .They're the ones over which ministers have more control. These include the regulated parts of the economy which can influence public behaviour. Most regulated of all is alcohol, which helps explain why businesses based on out-of-home consumption take a disproportionate burden. No controls have been placed on drinking at home. Put simply, if people are drinking at home, they're not going out, and that's the outcome that public policy seeks. In the current lockdown, Scots can buy alcohol for takeaway from bars and restaurants, whereas English people cannot. That divergence could be closed, as ministers seek to set the alcoholic part of the formula as close as possible to zero. Attention then shifts to other hospitality and retail, and that is where the Scottish cabinet is also turning its attention at its Tuesday morning meeting To get people to comply with the "stay at home" message, to reduce footfall and road traffic, 'click and collect' is now in ministerial sights. It's a tribute to the ingenuity of business that it has adapted online and customer behaviour to the point that click-and-collect is seen as a public health threat. Government support A joint letter by trade bodies representing smaller independent stores, garden centres, booksellers and electrical retailers on Monday pleaded with the Scottish government not to cut off this 'lifeline'. The compensating part of the formula for such businesses is the government support regime in grants. If they are required to close down, they should be getting compensation. The allocation of money to sectors of the economy has become ever more complex, But allocation is becoming increasingly dislocated from actual money reaching bank accounts. On Monday, Scotland's finance secretary Kate Forbes announced top-up grants, with a headline-grabbing £25,000 aimed at larger hotels. That's more than in England, pointed out the Scottish National Party politician. For others in hospitality, leisure and retail, the most they could hope for is a £9,000 top-up on top of grants off £2,000 or £3,000 per month required to close. That's in line with sums available to English businesses from the UK Treasury. Where this money comes from is not clear. Somewhere in the system, there is supposed to be £375m attaching to the expanding Holyrood block grant from the Treasury, but neither Treasury nor the Scottish government seem to be able to say where that money is. That other formulaic part of government spending, named after Lord Joel Barnett, a Labour Treasury minister in the 1970s, is becoming more mysterious than predictable and functional. Either the money is there, and Kate Forbes has found it, or it's not there, and she's taking a big gamble on spending a lot of money without knowing she can meet her legal obligation to balance the books this fiscal year. The Scottish finance secretary's apparent generosity to larger hotels forced to close by the lockdown rules is seen by some business lobbies as an easy way to get the money out the door. That's in contrast with £220m announced on 9 December, which is looking increasingly stuck in bureaucracy. The assurance from Scottish government officials continues: "We were clear in the announcement then that this funding would be available to businesses in January and will be open to applications from an estimated 100,000 eligible businesses, including taxi drivers and others who are self-employed." But Conservative MSPs on Monday highlighted a government spreadsheet that appears to show few of the 30 schemes promised show much sign of opening for business to access funds this month. Only seven of them have launched, they say. The one for taxis and private hire vehicle drivers was due to open on Monday, but there was little sign of it turning up on the financial taxi rank. Where companies lack connection with government data, it's becoming more difficult to identify those in genuine need and attach relief funds to them. Two points of connection are effective: tax collection and business rates. Therefore much of the money has gone into systems that can be operated through HM Revenue and Customs (the furlough scheme and self-employed income support), and those with business rateable premises (most business grants so far). HMRC is not available to the Scottish government to link payments for those that don't pay business rates. So officialdom seems to be struggling to find a fraud-resistant mechanism with which to get money to mobile hairdressers, taxi drivers, coach operators, travelling showpeople, outdoor tourism, wedding organisers and suppliers, those who became self-employed in the past two years, and so on. The survival of such businesses is not essential to the formula of getting the R infection rate down. But as they burn through cash, without government support, they are at increasing risk of becoming collateral damage. And the survival of such firms will be important to economic recovery.

जैसे-जैसे सार्वजनिक अनुपालन पिछले वसंत के लॉकडाउन के स्तर से नीचे गिरता है, संक्रमण नियंत्रण का बोझ उठाने के लिए व्यवसाय की ओर ध्यान जाता है। नए धन उपलब्ध हैं, हालांकि यह स्पष्ट नहीं है कि वे कहाँ से आते हैं, और वे उन फर्मों पर ध्यान केंद्रित कर रहे हैं जिन्हें आसानी से पहचाना जा सकता है। कई छोटे व्यवसाय जो आसानी से नहीं पहुंच पाते हैं-टैक्सी ड्राइवरों से लेकर शादी के आयोजकों तक-को सरकारी समर्थन के लिए और भी अधिक इंतजार करना पड़ रहा है।


Warwick Hospital visitors banned as Norovirus hits

Summary: Visitors have been banned from Warwick Hospital following an outbreak of the winter vomiting bug, Norovirus.

A statement on the hospital's website said patients should still attend their appointments unless they are directly notified otherwise. Jane Ives, the hospitals' director of operations, said the outbreak started at the weekend and spread very quickly. She said: "It felt like the right thing for us to do was to try and nip it in the bud." The website said exceptions to the visitor ban will be made on compassionate grounds although this does not apply to the maternity department or children's ward.

शीतकालीन उल्टी बग, नोरोवायरस के प्रकोप के बाद आगंतुकों को वारविक अस्पताल से प्रतिबंधित कर दिया गया है।


The next generation of HD television

Summary: The London Olympics has just showcased the world's first live broadcast of the latest viewing technology - super hi vision, with pictures 16 times as sharp as HDTV and multi-channel surround-sound. The BBC's media correspondent Torin Douglas considers its benefits and finds out what viewers think of it.

By Torin DouglasMedia correspondent Ever since the first Olympic radio transmissions from Paris in 1924, broadcasters have used the Games to demonstrate the latest next-generation technology. The 1948 London Games were the first to be televised in people's homes. The 1964 Games in Tokyo pioneered colour TV. And in 1984 the Los Angeles Games were the first to be broadcast in High Definition, which eventually reached UK homes more than 20 years later. Back in 1948, the BBC's head of television outside broadcasts showed viewers on-screen how it was done. "Here at the Empire Pool are the cameras set up to watch the aquatic events and the boxing," he said. "The cameras are extremely complicated and use miniature valves developed for radar and other secret purposes during the war." Now, 64 years later, Olympic swimmers in London are again being televised using the latest technology. Super hi vision, developed by the Japanese broadcaster NHK, provides ultra high definition pictures - 16 times as sharp as high definition images, which themselves are four times as clear as standard TV pictures. The sound is much better too. HD surround-sound uses 5.1 channels and is very impressive. Super hi vision uses 22.2. I joined 120 viewers who had booked to see the system's first live broadcast, on a special 300-inch, cinema-size screen at the BBC's Broadcasting House in London. The morning's swimming heats from the Olympic Aquatic Centre were also transmitted to viewing theatres in the BBC's Pacific Quay headquarters in Glasgow, the National Media Museum in Bradford and venues in Tokyo, Fukushima and Washington DC. 'Testing bed' Tim Plyming, who leads the BBC's Olympic trials of the system, says they are building on the history of innovation at the event. "The scale of the Olympics is a great testing bed," he explains. "Most of the big leaps in technology that we've known - from black and white to colour and from standard definition to high definition, and now to ultra high definition - have all had their home at the Olympic Games." Plyming says the picture is so clear it is like looking through a glass wall into the stadium or aquatic centre. Other broadcasters claim it is a truly immersive experience that feels just like being there. Some licence payers have questioned whether it is a good use of the BBC's budget. "Spending money and resources on super hi vision just for prestige is a disgrace at a time when the BBC is cutting back," commented one on the BBC website. But others disagreed. "If it wasn't for the visionaries in broadcasting and video technology we would still be watching 405 line black and white television," declared one correspondent. 'Amazing' So what did my fellow viewers make of it? Quite simply, they were bowled over. "The sound was fantastic and the picture was amazing, so clear" said one London woman. "Amazing," agreed another: "You really do feel like you're in the stadium, in the atmosphere." A French man told me he had been in the Aquatic Centre on Saturday and the comparison was very good. "You seem to be there," he said. I agree. If you can't get a ticket, this experience really is the next best thing. And there are still a few tickets available - free of charge - between now and the end of the Olympics. Screenings in London and Glasgow can be booked through the BBC ticketing website, while screenings in Bradford can be booked through the National Media Museum. You can also watch some of the 1948 Olympic broadcasts and see one of the original cameras in an exhibition of Olympics TV technology at Broadcasting House. But don't expect to find super hi vision on the high street soon. HD took more than 20 years to progress from the Los Angeles Olympics into UK homes, and the latest next-generation technology will not be available domestically for some years. And apart from the likely cost, who has room for a 300-inch screen?

लंदन ओलंपिक ने अभी-अभी नवीनतम देखने की तकनीक-सुपर हाई विजन का दुनिया का पहला सीधा प्रसारण प्रदर्शित किया है, जिसमें चित्र एचडीटीवी और मल्टी-चैनल सराउंड-साउंड से 16 गुना तेज हैं। बीबीसी के मीडिया संवाददाता टोरिन डगलस इसके लाभों पर विचार करते हैं और पता लगाते हैं कि दर्शक इसके बारे में क्या सोचते हैं।


Zeenat Shahzadi: Fears for missing Pakistan reporter

Summary: Zeenat Shahzadi is believed to be the first female journalist "forcibly disappeared" in Pakistan. Her family and human rights groups say she was abducted by security agencies who have been accused of illegally detaining thousands of people under the guise of anti-terrorism operations. BBC Urdu's Saba Eitizaz investigates.

Nearly a year has passed since Zeenat Shahzadi disappeared but her room seems frozen in time. Set against the peeling wall paint, her dressing table is gathering dust, her comb and favourite lipstick are exactly where she left them on the morning she went missing. Her clothes are hanging in the closet and her mother, Kaneez Bibi, keeps them fresh and ironed. "I just put away her winter clothes and took out the summer ones she will wear when she comes back," she said. Her voice trembles, as do her hands as she wipes and cleans Zeenat's things. Zeenat's mother refuses to give up hope but it was too much for her son, Zeenat's youngest brother. Saddam, who was 17, took his own life in March. His family says he was Zeenat's best friend. "He used to ask me every day when Zeenat would be coming home," said Kaneez Bibi. "On the last day he said to me, 'Mum, Zeenat is never coming back'." Kaneez Bibi starts sobbing into her scarf. "It's my fault. Why did I cry for Zeenat in front of him? That child just couldn't take it any more." Indian link Zeenat Shahzadi was a freelance reporter for local channels and also liked to call herself a human rights activist. Despite coming from a humble background, she made a career for herself and was the only one financially supporting her family. Before her abduction, the 24-year-old journalist had been working on the case of Indian citizen Hamid Ansari who went missing in Pakistan in November 2012. Through social media, she managed to get in touch with Hamid's mother in Mumbai and filed a missing person's petition in court on her behalf. She played an important role in encouraging a government commission on enforced disappearances to investigate his case. As a result, security agencies admitted to the commission that Hamid was in their custody. He was later sentenced and jailed by a military court. That same year Zeenat went missing. Human rights lawyer Hina Jillani says Zeenat's disappearance did not come out of nowhere. "Zeenat's family told us that Zeenat was forcefully picked up by security officials before [her disappearance] and detained for four hours," said Hina Jillani. "She told her family that they interrogated her about Hamid Ansari." Snatched on the street On 19 August 2015, Zeenat Shahzadi took a rickshaw to work but never got there. Two cars blocked her on the road; armed men got out and abducted her. She was due to appear before the Commission on Enforced Disappearances to give testimony on the Hamid Ansari case in the next few days. Human rights organisations are worried that her abduction represents a dangerous trend. She is the first female journalist to be "disappeared" and it happened in broad daylight in the busy city of Lahore, not some remote rural road. "We are convinced that this is the work of the secret government agencies, because when someone is detained by them, the police can be quite helpless, and we have seen that in this case," said Hina Jillani. The government sponsored Commission on Enforced Disappearances has been investigating Zeenat Shahzadi's case. A senior official, who would only talk off the record, said efforts were being made to "recover" her and expressed hope that there would be progress on her case soon. This senior official also said security agencies had denied any link to her disappearance. Above the law? Although the government set up a special commission to try to locate the increasing numbers of missing people in Pakistan, human rights activists say the country's security agencies are not accountable to anyone. According to government records, 1,300 out of a total of 3,000 cases are still pending unresolved before the commission. Human rights activists are concerned that the new counter terrorism laws brought in to deal with the country's volatile security situation have a major drawback - they give security agencies ample leeway to illegally arrest people without a warrant or explanation. They can just disappear. "When you are making new laws that run parallel to the existing legal system, then you are allowing certain individuals and institutions to operate without accountability and with impunity," said Hina Jillani. But it is the families of the disappeared who may be paying the highest price. Zeenat's mother takes some comfort from visiting her son's grave. She brings flowers and prays. She sits among the tombstones for hours. But Kaneez Bibi is deprived that sense of closure for her daughter. "Can someone just tell me whether my daughter is alive or dead? I don't even know whether to wait for her return or pray for her soul."

माना जाता है कि जीनत शहज़ादी पाकिस्तान में "जबरन गायब" होने वाली पहली महिला पत्रकार हैं। उनके परिवार और मानवाधिकार समूहों का कहना है कि सुरक्षा एजेंसियों ने उनका अपहरण कर लिया था, जिन पर आतंकवाद विरोधी अभियानों की आड़ में हजारों लोगों को अवैध रूप से हिरासत में लेने का आरोप लगाया गया है। बीबीसी उर्दू की सबा एतज़ाज़ जाँच करती है।


PM left red nosed by censorship protest

Summary: When Malaysian police warned activist and graphic designer Fahmi Reza that his Twitter account was under surveillance after he posted an image of the prime minister, Najib Razak, as a clown, they probably hoped such behaviour would stop.

By BBC TrendingWhat's popular and why But then members of an art collective, Grupa posted even more clownish images of the premier to express their solidarity with him and to champion the ideal of free speech. The pictures have spread across social media with the hashtag #KitaSemuaPenghasut which translates as "we are all seditious". Fahmi's mockery of the prime minister was part of a wider reaction to news last week, when the country's attorney-general cleared Mr Najib of any corruption relating to a long-running financial scandal. Grupa and Fahmi both have a history of protest against the current prime minister, though Fahmi stresses his work is anti-corruption rather than anti-Najib and says he has lampooned politicians from all sides in his work. Grupa says it is an independent group of designers and illustrators that formed just days before street protests in August that called on Mr Najib to resign. It says it designed many of the placards used in the protest. Fahmi, a long-time activist, is unrepentant. He responded to the police warning with another tweet mocking it: "Warning! This Twitter account is under police watch. Use it with prudence." On Facebook he has also made a tongue-in-cheek appeal to the authorities not to act rashly, saying his arrest would only give the issue more publicity. In July last year, $681m was found in Mr Najib's personal bank account. In the furore that followed, the prime minister removed the attorney-general investigating the issue and sacked the deputy prime minister who was vocally and actively criticising the way the matter was handled. There was widespread scepticism about the explanation that the new attorney-general gave about the source of the funds - that they were a personal donation from the Saudi royal family to Mr Najib - and the story trended for days on social media. Mr Najib has consistently denied any wrongdoing. The Malaysian police's attempts to use social media to monitor comments about the government has also sparked debate. The Police Cyber Investigation Response Centre account that cautioned Fahmi, has also cautioned a handful of other social media users for expressing racist or libellous sentiment since it was created in January. While some say it is required to make people more aware of the legal limits of what they can say online, others point out it has been created in an era where the government has increasingly used pre-colonial sedition laws to stifle free speech. The government has also tried to eradicate visible signs of protest by attempting to ban the yellow T-shirts worn by protesters campaigning against Mr Najib. Blog by: Tse Yin Lee , BBC Monitoring Next story: Internet anger after former police brutality victim found dead in her cell In 2012, Sarah Reed was the victim of an assault by a police officer. Her death in a prison cell last month has prompted a surge of online grief and anger, driven by black British Twitter users. READ MORE.

जब मलेशियाई पुलिस ने कार्यकर्ता और ग्राफिक डिजाइनर फहमी रज़ा को चेतावनी दी कि प्रधानमंत्री नजीब रज़ाक की एक जोकर के रूप में तस्वीर पोस्ट करने के बाद उनका ट्विटर अकाउंट निगरानी में था, तो उन्हें शायद उम्मीद थी कि इस तरह का व्यवहार बंद हो जाएगा।


Blackpool fire: Crews tackling large toy business blaze

Summary: Fire crews are tackling a large blaze at a toy distribution business.

The fire broke out at the commercial building on Cowley Road in the Marton area of Blackpool at about 07:00 GMT. About 50 firefighters from 10 fire engines are tackling the blaze. Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service said there were not thought to be any injuries. Thick black smoke can be seen billowing above the building and there are some road closures in the area.

अग्निशमन दल खिलौना वितरण व्यवसाय में लगी एक बड़ी आग पर काबू पा रहे हैं।


State papers: Officials' concern at internet 'propaganda war'

Summary: The issue of whether to continue the UK government's broadcast ban on Sinn Féin in the run-up to the 1994 IRA ceasefire concentrated minds from Downing Street to the Northern Ireland Office (NIO), according to previously confidential files just released.

By Dr Éamon PhoenixHistorian and broadcaster The issue came to the forefront in November 1993 when a Conservative MP alleged at Prime Minister's Questions in the House of Commons that in a recent interview on the Shankill bombing, then Sinn Féin President Gerry Adams "had stretched the broadcasting restrictions to the limit". As a result, the then Prime Minister John Major asked Peter Brooke, the national heritage secretary, to examine the operation of the broadcasting restrictions in relation to Northern Ireland. They had been introduced by the Home Office in 1988 to exclude violent groups from the airwaves. The view then was that such appearances enhanced the standing of such organisations. 'Martyrdom syndrome' In a memo, dated 9 November 1993, Peter Edwards of the Department of National Heritage (DEN) informed David Cooke from the NIO: "This is in response to concerns about the way that broadcasts have been using sophisticated lip-synching techniques to give a very realistic impression of the Gerry Adams' voice during interviews with him." In a response, DJ Watkins of the NIO was critical of the ban on Sinn Féin spokesmen. Many nationalists, he argued, "consider the ban… only contributes to the martyrdom syndrome on which Sinn Féin and the PIRA (Provisional IRA) survive, not to say thrive, and prevent any real opportunity for Sinn Féin to be questioned particularly about issues which might embarrass them… I strongly share that view". Mr Watkins argued that if the government's aim was to remove a grievance from republicans, they should consider ending the ban. The official concluded that while the NIO would not be in favour of lifting the restrictions at that time, such a move might be seen as "an imaginative" way in which the government might respond to the ending of IRA violence. In a memo to John Major, dated 11 February 1994, the Home Secretary Douglas Hurd recalled that during Gerry Adams' visit to New York, he had enjoyed widespread sympathy on the issue. He recommended lifting the ban in advance of the Sinn Féin Ard Fheis (annual conference) in February. 'Pro-active PR vehicle' It was not lifted until September 1994. The papers also highlight Whitehall's alarm at the republican movement's increasingly successful use of the internet for propaganda purposes and their own belated attempts to combat this. The possible threat to British national security from a sophisticated Sinn Féin website was raised by the junior Home Office Minister, David Maclean, in a letter to Sir John Wheeler on 12 March 1996. Mr Maclean wrote, enclosing documents from a Sinn Féin website: "Amongst the unsavoury nasties were these very professionally produced pages, apparently showing our complete (military) deployment in NI". The material gave details of British military, Royal Navy, RAF and Royal Irish Regiment numbers in Northern Ireland with a detailed list of permanent vehicle checkpoints (PVCs) in border areas. Mr Maclean wondered whether, since the internet already had nine million American and one million British users, the British Government should be putting "our own counter-propaganda on the net". Mr Wheeler replied, expressing his "horror" and asked his officials to explore the matter. 'Pro-active PR vehicle' The issue was discussed at the NIO Security Information Group at Stormont Castle on 3 April 1996. The meeting noted that Sinn Féin was using the internet to good advantage. Officials also learned that the NIO had a website but that it was essential for the government to use the internet as "a pro-active PR vehicle". It was agreed that the Royal Ulster Constabulary and military would provide appropriate material.

अभी-अभी जारी की गई पहले की गोपनीय फाइलों के अनुसार, 1994 के आई. आर. ए. युद्धविराम से पहले सिन फेन पर यू. के. सरकार के प्रसारण प्रतिबंध को जारी रखना है या नहीं, इस मुद्दे ने डाउनिंग स्ट्रीट से उत्तरी आयरलैंड कार्यालय (एन. आई. ओ.) तक के दिमाग को केंद्रित किया।


Bloodhound diary: Braking a six-tonne supercar

Summary: A British team is developing a car that will capable of reaching 1,000mph (1,610km/h). Powered by a rocket bolted to a Eurofighter-Typhoon jet engine, the Bloodhound SSC (SuperSonic Car) vehicle will mount an assault on the land speed record. Wing Commander Green is writing a diary for the BBC News website about his experiences working on the Bloodhound project and the team's efforts to inspire national interest in science and engineering.

By Andy GreenWorld Land Speed Record Holder Bloodhound project director Richard Noble has just returned from South Africa, where he's been catching up on the desert preparation and finalising some new sponsorship for our 1,000mph record attempt. The Northern Cape Government team is doing a fantastic job of clearing the world's best race track for Bloodhound - after the last rainy season, the surface is in great condition and with the stones removed, it's now looking terrific. The remnants of the old causeway, which used to run across the desert, are being re-graded to improve the surface still further. This surface grading is an exacting process, as it is easy to damage the surface. It's also an unusual one, as most dry lake beds come without causeways, so we are in slightly uncertain territory. Still, with the Northern Cape team on the case, we're on course to have the perfect track by the time we run there next year. We have no real idea how many spectators we will have when we're out in the desert in 2013. South Africa is vast - Richard drove a 2,300km round trip from Johannesburg - but everyone I met in South Africa last year was adamant that they would be there to watch. However, if we are going to create a truly global " Engineering Adventure " then we need to make sure that everyone can watch Bloodhound SSC run. We'll be transmitting live data and video from the car every time it runs, so that you can watch the event wherever you are - but first we need to get the data and video from the car to the internet. We're thrilled that Richard signed a deal last week with South African telecoms giant MTN , who will provide the "back-haul" link from the desert to Upington, some 200+km to the south (the nearest internet fibre-optic link). With this deal in place, we really can let the whole world share in the adventure. The design and build of the car is progressing well. Bloodhound designer Mark Elvin has been working closely with Hyde engineering to complete the design of the upper rear chassis and fin structure. This is one of the last major bits of chassis to design and Hyde is proving to be a great partner for us. They've been pestering us for ages to get started with fabrication, so finally we're keeping them busy. We need to make sure that the car will stay "pointy-end forwards" by keeping the aerodynamic centre of the car behind the centre of gravity. The rest of the design needed to be mostly complete before we knew where the centre of gravity of the car would be, and hence how big the fin would need to be: the bigger the fin, the further back the aerodynamic centre is. This is the last piece of the puzzle and we're just about ready to start making it, which is great. If you've already put your name on the fin, then this is where it will go - and if you haven't, now's the time to register so that your name can travel at 1,000mph ! The front chassis "buck" (the male mould) is now being "blocked up" by UMECO. This is a very apt term for the process - the buck is literally built up from tooling blocks and then machined down to the shape of the front of the car, so that the carbon fibre female mould can be produced. For this lower section (the smaller of the two pieces), UMECO will use one tonne of tooling block, with machining taking eight day shifts and eight night shifts, after which it will be hand finished and fettled for a further two days before being sealed. Then the layup of the carbon tool will begin. This is not a quick or simple process - but the final result will be one of the strongest cockpits in the world, so it's worth waiting for. Getting Bloodhound up to speed is only half of the problem - stopping it from 1,000mph is also a top priority, not just for reasons of self-preservation, but also because pulling up at exactly the right spot will shave vital seconds off the car turnaround time between the two record attempt runs, which have to be completed within an hour. The car will be fitted with airbrakes, parachutes and wheel brakes, to give me a range of options for stopping six tonnes doing 1,000mph - it's a big task. The airbrake design has now been brought to life in a video animation , while SES is making our high-speed drag chutes, and Brian Coombs has been finalising the wheel brakes. The desert brakes need to survive the 10,200RPM spin speed of a 1,000mph run, so the discs will be made from steel. However, for the UK runway tests, we need to stop the car much more quickly (i.e. before the end of the runway), so we will be using more powerful brakes for the UK runs. Brian has been working with AP Racing to produce these runways brakes, which will be carbon/carbon. Unusually, one half of the calliper (the fixed part of the brake) will be built into the upright (the suspension casting that carries the wheel hub). This is a neat way to keep the package as small as possible - after all, Brian has to fit in two wheels, two uprights with two sets of bearings, two brake packs and two sets of double wishbone suspension into the nose of the car - so it's pretty tight in there. Finally, I've had a chance to do some driver training in preparation for driving Bloodhound next year. Radical sportscars has offered us the use of one of their cars, beautifully done up in Bloodhound colours, for the occasional track day and race, so that I can improve my car handling skills. As it's a two-seat car, I can also share the experience with the occasional journalist, and perhaps even a few members of our 1K Supporters Club , to explain what I'm practising in preparation for a 1,000mph. Meanwhile, I've just finished my first race weekend and the car is still in one piece! I also learned a lot in this amazing race car, and had some fun as the "new boy" at the track. More pictures and video (including how to go from 200km/h to facing backwards in two seconds - eek!) next month. Meanwhile, we'll be at the Goodwood Festival of Speed from 28 June to 1 July, with the Radical on show alongside our full-size show car, so please come along and see us.

एक ब्रिटिश टीम एक ऐसी कार विकसित कर रही है जो 1,000 मील प्रति घंटे (1,610 किमी/घंटा) तक पहुंचने में सक्षम होगी। एक यूरोफाइटर-टाइफून जेट इंजन को बोल्ट किए गए रॉकेट द्वारा संचालित, ब्लडहाउंड एसएससी (सुपरसोनिक कार) वाहन भूमि की गति के रिकॉर्ड पर हमला करेगा। विंग कमांडर ग्रीन ब्लडहाउंड परियोजना पर काम करने के अपने अनुभवों और विज्ञान और इंजीनियरिंग में राष्ट्रीय रुचि को प्रेरित करने के लिए टीम के प्रयासों के बारे में बीबीसी न्यूज वेबसाइट के लिए एक डायरी लिख रहा है।


Tour de France Grand Depart diary

Summary: With the world's biggest bike race starting in Leeds on 5 July, BBC Yorkshire's Tour de France correspondent Matt Slater rounds up the best of the gossip, opinion and stories, on and off the bike, and also tries to explain some of cycling's unique lingo and history. TOP STORIES

So, three days then, until the big sporting contest of the English summer: Dales CC vs Barningham CC in the Darlington and District Cricket League. And here is the best bit, if you bring your whites, you might get a game. Dales CC play in Reeth, and their ground is "encircled" by some bike race or other. Other teams in the league have been similarly inconvenienced but have managed to get a postponement. But not Dales, and they are struggling for numbers. "We're snookered, really," explains club secretary Peter McKay, referencing another sport that will mean nothing to the big bike race's competitors. Here is the good news, though, you can register to play until an hour before the game starts. "As long as they are warm and breathing, we will consider them," says McKay. Full story: The Northern Echo The diary likes a bit of high-brow stuff, every now and then, and was recently watching a documentary about the US city of Detroit, which has experienced such shocking levels of blight, crime and depopulation that whole swathes of the place are being reclaimed by Mother Nature. Where there were once bustling neighbourhoods, there are now pop-up farms and nascent forests. Do you know what? It is happening in Huddersfield! Right outside the train station on St George's Square, too. Commuters had to pick their way through the legumes, livestock and "real French gardeners" this morning. Our hold on this planet really is very tenuous. Full story: The Huddersfield Daily Examiner Ahem, in a break from the usual service of stories about commemorative beers, "elf & safety gone mad", Heath Robinson-esque land art and obscure pop culture references, the diary has an official statement to share from the Prime Minister. You are almost as likely to get a decent meal in Yorkshire as you are in London, apparently, and the region is as worth a visit as Texas. Full story: gov.uk CYCLING ROUND-UP The riders have arrived (and started riding the route), the publicity caravan has landed, the press centre is open and Yorkshire is bedecked in bunting: we are only missing a doping story and then we can start the race….oh, here it is. Daryl Impey's non-selection for Orica-GreenEDGE was slightly missed in this country because of our excitement about Simon Yates getting a Tour ride at just 21. But it was noted in his native South Africa, and elsewhere, because he is an experienced domestique who wore the yellow jersey for two days at last year's Tour. We know now why Impey was not picked. The 29-year-old rider failed a drugs test for a masking agent at the South African time-trial championships in February. He revealed the news himself in a personal statement, which went on to categorically deny any intention to dope, or knowledge of how the substance got into his system. This does not need to be a huge Tour de France 2014 story at all, but it is bound to generate a lot of heat over the next couple of days, particularly as it follows a difficult fortnight in terms of doping stories for professional cycling. TWEET OF THE DAY "We are, undoubtedly, the best country in the world at pretending to love soccer. #USA #proud #FifaWorldCup." The absence of @taylorphinney from this year's Tour is a blow for lots of reasons. The American, who broke his leg in a crash last month, is a great rider who animates races with his aggressive style. He is also a bit of a character. Get well soon. TODAY'S TOUR TRIVIA The Tour loves a bit of history and is always looking for ways to add to its almost mythic past. Nothing wrong with that, of course, it helps the narrative. This year's Tour is a good example, as it is marking the start of the First World War by holding a stage through the battlefields on the French/Belgian border near Ypres. Unsurprisingly, the war interrupted the Tour, with the race resuming in 1919 on roads that will still scarred by the conflict. Cycling writer Suze Clemitson has written a superb piece in The Guardian about The Great War's impact on the race, pointing that three pre-war champions did not return home from the front.

5 जुलाई को लीड्स में शुरू होने वाली दुनिया की सबसे बड़ी बाइक दौड़ के साथ, बीबीसी यॉर्कशायर के टूर डी फ्रांस संवाददाता मैट स्लेटर ने बाइक के अंदर और बाहर गपशप, राय और कहानियों को पूरा किया, और साइकिल चलाने की कुछ अनूठी भाषा और इतिहास को भी समझाने की कोशिश की।


The stars who can't escape their most famous roles

Summary: It's every budding actor's dream - a starring role in a TV show or film that becomes a major hit. But then they try to move on - and find that their iconic character just won't let them.

By Ian YoungsEntertainment & arts reporter The latest actor to complain about being shackled to his famous alter ego is Alfonso Ribeiro. You may know him better as Will Smith's highfalutin cousin Carlton Banks from 1990s sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. He's said being overshadowed by his character has "stopped me from being able to be an actor". The 45-year-old told Metro: "It has forced ME to be my character, hosting game shows and America's Funniest Videos. 'I could be a deranged killer!' "I would like to try some stuff that is different from how the world sees me, just sink my teeth into… shoot, I could be a deranged killer! "But I doubt someone would automatically think of me when they go, 'We need to cast a killer, let's get the dude who played Carlton.'" He did also say the role was "rewarding in many ways" - and you could argue that an actor is lucky to get one part in a hit show in their career. Here are some other actors who have found it impossible to leave their most famous parts behind - and some who have managed to reinvent themselves. Mark Hamill Perhaps the ultimate example of an actor known for one role, Hamill (above right) is and always will be Luke Skywalker. His non-Star Wars films remained relatively low-key so he went to Broadway, taking the title role in Amadeus in 1983. But when director Milos Forman made a big screen version, he is reported to have rejected Hamill, saying: "I don't want Luke Skywalker in this film." Hamill got around the typecasting by becoming a successful voice actor, including as The Joker in the Batman animated series. Carrie Fisher The force also remained strong for Hamill's co-star, whose performance as Princess Leia became iconic. Fisher had other roles - like in When Harry Met Sally and Hannah and Her Sisters - and wrote novels. But she said being most closely associated with Leia had been "great". "She's a very proactive character and gets the job done. So if you're going to get typecast as something, that might as well be it for me." James van der Beek Van Der Beek (second left) has struggled to shed the memory of teenage heart-throb Dawson, whose Creek was so admired by teen viewers from 1998-2003. "It did hold me back," he said in 2014, adding that movie directors would think he was too recognisable and not take him seriously. "But at the end of the day, it just makes you work that much harder." He has also parodied his own fame - even playing a bitter version of himself as an actor trying to revive his career in 2012 sitcom Don't Trust The B in Apartment 23. Jennifer Aniston This could apply to any of the cast of Friends to be honest. In fact, Aniston has arguably done better than the rest - she's been in lots of middle-ranking rom-coms and got a Golden Globe nomination for 2014 drama Cake. But who are we kidding - she's still Rachel. "It's really hard to be cast in [a dramatic film like Cake]," she said in 2015. Especially if "you're someone who is battling a persona. Sometimes it's hard to disappear from it in a role." And sometimes it's hard to get away from a certain haircut. Christopher Reeve The star of the original four Superman movies in the 1970s and '80s, Reeve later battled to "escape the cape". He took a wide variety of roles on film, TV and stage before a riding accident left him paralysed in 1995. Only his later real-life role as a campaigner for spinal cord injury research came close to eclipsing that of the Man of Steel. And a few who did escape the typecasting Will Smith Starring in The Fresh Prince of Bel Air didn't seem to hold Will Smith back. In fact, it led to a string of hit films including Bad Boys, Independence Day, Men in Black and Ali, not to mention two Oscar nominations. And, presumably to Ribeiro's chagrin, he has even played a killer - as Deadshot in Suicide Squad. Perhaps he should be typecast a bit more. He can do comedy, action or drama - as long as he's an indomitable, smart-talking, high-energy hero. Films where he plays more sombre roles tend to tank. Harrison Ford Having proved it possible to break out of the Star Wars universe, Harrison Ford isn't just the bloke who played Han Solo. Perhaps he was lucky in that he made two more major films - Raiders of the Lost Ark and Blade Runner - before The Return of the Jedi could trap him in that particular pigeonhole. Or perhaps there's another explanation - maybe he's a better actor than his Star Wars co-stars. Emma Watson Of the main Harry Potter cast, Emma Watson is probably the one where you think "oh it's that one from Harry Potter" least often. She's done a few half-decent grown-up films and we'll see how her biggest post-Potter movie, Beauty and the Beast, performs next week. But more than that - she's positioned herself as a serious social commentator. Daniel Radcliffe, too, is desperately trying to be a proper actor. But, perhaps because he played Harry himself, it might take a bit longer for us to shake off the image of the kid with wand and glasses. Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.

यह हर नवोदित अभिनेता का सपना होता है-एक टीवी शो या फिल्म में एक प्रमुख भूमिका जो एक बड़ी हिट बन जाती है। लेकिन फिर वे आगे बढ़ने की कोशिश करते हैं-और पाते हैं कि उनका प्रतिष्ठित चरित्र उन्हें ऐसा करने नहीं देगा।


Record Store Day 2018: Our pick of 10 of the best releases

Summary: The vinyl revival shows no sign of slowing down, with 4.1m records sold in the UK last year.

By Mark SavageBBC Music reporter And fans of the format get an early Christmas in April, when more than 500 new releases fly into independent music shops for Record Store Day. Almost all are limited editions, featuring unreleased tracks, special artwork and rare remixes. This year's selection includes everything from the Twin Peaks soundtrack to a Duran Duran live album. There's even a cassette version of Enter The Wu-Tang: 36 Chambers, if that's your sort of thing. Record Store Day, now in its 11th year, is hugely important for local, independent record stores. In 2017, shops in the UK sold an extra 32,500 vinyl albums in the week of the event, with sales of 12-inch singles jumping from 2,000 to 89,000. The full, exhaustive list of releases for 2018 has just been published - and we've ploughed through it so you don't have to. Here are 10 of the records you might want to track down on 22 April. Led Zeppelin: Rock and Roll/Friends "It's been a long time since I rock and rolled." Fifty years, to be precise. Led Zeppelin celebrate their gold anniversary by issuing two rarities that didn't make it onto their comprehensive reissue series four years ago. The so-called "Olympic Studios Mix" of Friends, from Led Zeppelin III, is the more interesting track - stripping away the original's orchestration to reveal the stripped-down recording the band made at their rehearsal studio, Headley Grange. Bobbie Gentry: Live at the BBC Best remembered these days for the haunting, mysterious Ode to Billie Joe, Bobbie Gentry was, in the 1960s, a million-selling artist who befriended Elvis Presley and Tom Jones and fronted her own television show on BBC Two. Some of the music from that series is being released for the first time on this LP, which represents Gentry's first "new" album since she retired from show-business and all but disappeared in the early 1980s. Nas: Live From The Kennedy Center Four years ago, to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the hip-hop classic Illmatic, Nas walked onto the stage of the Kennedy Center in a sharp black suit and performed the album in full, backed by the National Symphony Orchestra. "It's crazy, you know. I wrote this in the projects in New York City," said the star. "And here we are in the capital of America, Washington DC, and, you know, a bunch of white people with strings and all that, playing this album, and they [sic] feeling it." The performance, which was originally screened on US TV channel PBS, is now being made available on double disc vinyl. The Residents: The W***** B*** Album Oddball musical innovators The Residents were just starting out when they mailed this demo tape to Hal Halverstadt, the executive who signed Captain Beefheart and his Magic Band to Warner Bros Records. Opening with a deliberately discordant version of Strawberry Fields Forever, it rattles through 33 tracks in 39 minutes, including the country parody Oh Mommy, Oh Daddy, Can't You See That It's True? and the frankly shambolic Oh Yeah Uhh Bop Shoo Bop. Halverstadt was unimpressed with the tape (describing it as "okay at best") and returned it to the band, addressing the parcel to "Residents, 20 Sycamore St, San Francisco," giving the band their name. Unheard by the public until it was played on a US radio show in 1977, it has been widely bootlegged since. To counter that, the band are releasing the record on vinyl - although it's unclear whether this will be the full 33-track original or the 17-track "remix" they issued in 2004. Doctor Who: City of Death A classic Doctor Who story from 1979, City of Death was co-written by Douglas Adams and starring Tom Baker. Set in France, it sees the Doctor attempting to foil a plot to steal the Mona Lisa which, if successful, would erase the history of planet Earth. (It's complicated.) The TV version was the the most-watched episode of Doctor Who up to that point. This two-hour audio version is presented on translucent green vinyl because all the aliens. Sigrid: Don't Kill My Vibe EP A dramatic explosion of pop potential, Sigrid's debut EP was powerful enough to see her named on the BBC's Sound of 2018 this year. From the scornful title track to devastating piano ballad Dynamite, it's a masterclass in pop songcraft - and available for the first time on vinyl. The Cure: Mixed Up/Torn Down Back in 1990 The Cure released Mixed Up, an album of club remixes that encouraged their more socially awkward fans to hit the dancefloor. It included Paul Oakenfold's version of Close To Me, which became one of the band's most popular songs (and, later, the theme tune to BBC Three Sitcom The Smoking Room). Not only is that record being remastered for Record Store Day, but Robert Smith has delivered the long-awaited sequel, Torn Down. First mentioned in 2009, the two-disc, 16-track LP will contain new versions of A Night Like This, Three Imaginary Boys, Never Enough and The Last Day Of Summer, amongst others. Speaking in 2012, Smith said the album would feature "our favourite bands remixing Cure songs", with Mogwai among the groups involved. However, the finished record contains 16 remixes by Smith himself. Irvine Welsh and Arthur Baker: Dead Man's Trousers Irvine Welsh is reuniting the Trainspotting cast - Renton, Begbie, Sick Boy and Spud - for a third and (supposedly) final novel, due on 29 March. The plot involves organ-harvesting and Hibernians' Scottish Cup Final victory over Rangers in May 2016 - and ends with one of the characters wearing the titular "dead man's trousers". To launch the book, Welsh has teamed up with US hip-hop producer Arthur Baker to record two new tracks, which could shed further light on the plot. Michael Raven and Joan Mills: Death and the Lady Though they remain largely unknown, Michael Raven and Joan Mills made some of the most evocative and distinctive folk music recorded in the UK. Their unique sound was influenced by Raven's ability to play flamenco guitar - which, according to legend, he learned by living with cave-dwelling gypsies in Granada. This extremely rare record was originally released as a run of 250 vinyl copies in 1972. Those that still exist sell for upwards of £300. Prince: 1999 (one-disc edition) Back in 1983, the European division of Warner Bros records deleted half of Prince's career-making double album 1999 and issued it as a single disc, incorrectly assuming audiences couldn't handle such an intense dose of funk. It's a curious affair - omitting stone-cold classics like DMSR and All The Critics Love You In New York - but much sought after by completists. After the success of Purple Rain in 1984, the edited version of 1999 was consigned to the great pop dustbin and the double-disc was reinstated. This heavyweight vinyl reissue is the first new pressing of the cut-down edition in 25 years. 10 more to look out for The Notorious B.I.G.: Juicy - Back on vinyl for the first time since 1994, Biggie Smalls' debut single remains one of hip-hop's all-time classics. And if you don't know, now you know. David Bowie: Let's Dance (Demo) - Originally released online to mark the second anniversary of Bowie's death, this demo was recorded in Bowie's Swiss home in 1982. Other Bowie releases for Record Store Day include a new version of 1977 compilation Bowie Now and a three-disc recording of the star's Earl's Court shows in 1978. Gloria Gaynor: I Will Survive/Substitute - A feminist anthem, a gay anthem and the 1998 French World Cup squad's official theme song, I Will Survive turns 45 this year. To celebrate, the full 12" disco version is being released alongside Substitute, which was originally the song's A side. Baxter Dury: Miami - "I'm the vicar / I'm the main course / I'm Morgan Freeman." Baxter Dury's foul-mouthed and cocksure Miami contained some of last year's best lyrics. This 12" edition contains Jarvis Cocker's fantastic slow disco remix. Arcade Fire: Arcade Fire EP - Recorded in Maine during the summer of 2002, the Arcade Fire EP was self-released via the band's website and sold at their shows. A fascinating document of a band on the cusp of greatness, before they'd truly worked out their sound. Madonna: The First Album - A replica of the Japanese edition of Madonna's debut, which came as a full-colour picture disc with a pink heart-shaped sticker and the lyrics in both English and Japanese. Courtney Barnett: City Looks Pretty/Sunday Roast - The first chance to hear two new tracks from the Aussie singer's hotly anticipated second album, Tell Me How You Really Feel, before it comes out on 18 May. Chaka Demus & Pliers: Tease Me - Jamaican dancehall duo Chaka Demus & Pliers scored six UK Top 40 hits in just 14 months between 1993 and 1994. This is the only one people remember, re-released on yellow vinyl to celebrate its 25th anniversary. (Shaggy's Oh Carolina is getting a similar treatment.) Pink Floyd: Piper At The Gates Of Dawn - An official release for the out-of-print mono mix of Pink Floyd's debut album, which many fans prefer to the more widely-available stereo version. Also includes a poster. Sufjan Stevens: Mystery Of Love EP - A 10" vinyl featuring three new songs from Oscar-winning movie Call Me By Your Name. Record Store Day takes place on Saturday 21 April. BBC Radio will premiere a selection of the exclusives in the days leading up to the event; and on Friday 20 April, Lauren Laverne will broadcast her 6 Music show from a record store (details to be announced nearer the time). Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.

विनाइल पुनरुद्धार धीमा होने का कोई संकेत नहीं दिखाता है, पिछले साल यूके में 41 लाख रिकॉर्ड बेचे गए थे।


BBC Wales' April Jones documentary wins TV award

Summary: A television documentary looking at how five-year-old April Jones's family coped after she was murdered in 2012 has won an award.

Royal Television Society judges called BBC Wales' Week In Week Out programme's Life After April an "outstanding piece of journalism". They added it "took us deep inside the trauma of a family who were still mourning the loss of their daughter". The programme won the Nations and Regions Current Affairs award. Cardiff-born journalist Jeremy Bowen won the Interview of the Year award for his exclusive interview with Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.

2012 में पांच वर्षीय अप्रैल जोन्स की हत्या के बाद उसके परिवार ने कैसे सामना किया, इस पर एक टेलीविजन वृत्तचित्र ने एक पुरस्कार जीता है।


Guernsey States pay Suez £3.4m over incinerator U-turn

Summary: Suez Environment will not take legal action after the States of Guernsey paid £3.4m following a u-turn over a £93.5m waste-to-energy incinerator.

The payment was a requirement of the agreement signed between the States and Suez last August. The Public Services department says the French company has agreed to take no further legal action over the issue. The States agreed to build the incinerator in July 2009 and started negotiations with Suez Environment. In February, under mounting pressure from lobbyists, deputies reversed their decision and agreed to start a new waste strategy from scratch. Public Services Minister Bernard Flouquet said a line had now been drawn under the issue. It was the second time the States had reversed its decision to build a waste-to-energy incinerator to deal with the island's waste. The combined cost to the island of both proposals is in the region of £12m over seven years.

स्वेज पर्यावरण कानूनी कार्रवाई नहीं करेगा जब ग्वेर्नसे राज्यों ने £ 93.5m अपशिष्ट-से-ऊर्जा भस्मक पर यू-टर्न के बाद £3.3 मिलियन का भुगतान किया।


Sony's PlayStation hack apology

Summary: The latest information on the PlayStation Network service outage.

Below is the full text of Sony's blog posting on the PlayStation Network hack and loss of personal data. Thank you for your patience while we work to resolve the current outage of PlayStation Network & Qriocity services. The following email has been sent to all PSN registrants; please read the help and support FAQ for more information. Valued PlayStation Network/Qriocity Customer: We have discovered that between April 17 and April 19, 2011, certain PlayStation Network and Qriocity service user account information was compromised in connection with an illegal and unauthorized intrusion into our network. In response to this intrusion, we have: 1) Temporarily turned off PlayStation Network and Qriocity services; 2) Engaged an outside, recognized security firm to conduct a full and complete investigation into what happened; and 3) Quickly taken steps to enhance security and strengthen our network infrastructure by re-building our system to provide you with greater protection of your personal information. We greatly appreciate your patience, understanding and goodwill as we do whatever it takes to resolve these issues as quickly and efficiently as practicable. Although we are still investigating the details of this incident, we believe that an unauthorized person has obtained the following information that you provided: name, address (city, state/province, zip or postal code), country, email address, birthdate, PlayStation Network/Qriocity passwords and login and handle/PSN online ID. It is also possible that your profile data, including purchase history and billing address (city, state, zip), and your PlayStation Network/Qriocity password security answers may have been obtained. If you have authorized a sub-account for your dependent, the same data with respect to your dependent may have been obtained. While there is no evidence that credit card data was taken at this time, we cannot rule out the possibility. If you have provided your credit card data through PlayStation Network or Qriocity, to be on the safe side we are advising that your credit card number (excluding security code) and expiration date may also have been obtained. For your security, we encourage you to be especially aware of email, telephone, and postal mail scams that ask for personal or sensitive information. Sony will not contact you in any way, including by email, asking for your credit card number, social security, tax identification or similar number or other personally identifiable information. If you are asked for this information, you can be confident Sony is not the entity asking. When the PlayStation Network and Qriocity services are fully restored, we strongly recommend that you log on and change your password. Additionally, if you use your PlayStation Network or Qriocity user name or password for other unrelated services or accounts, we strongly recommend that you change them, as well. To protect against possible identity theft or other financial loss, we encourage you to remain vigilant to review your account statements and to monitor your credit or similar types of reports. We thank you for your patience as we complete our investigation of this incident, and we regret any inconvenience. Our teams are working around the clock on this, and services will be restored as soon as possible. Sony takes information protection very seriously and will continue to work to ensure that additional measures are taken to protect personally identifiable information. Providing quality and secure entertainment services to our customers is our utmost priority. Please contact us at uk.playstation.com/psnoutage should you have any additional questions. Sincerely, Sony Network Entertainment and Sony Computer Entertainment Teams Sony Network Entertainment Europe Limited (formerly known as PlayStation Network Europe Limited) is a subsidiary of Sony Computer Entertainment Europe Limited the data controller for PlayStation Network/Qriocity personal data.

प्लेस्टेशन नेटवर्क सेवा आउटेज के बारे में नवीनतम जानकारी।


Romanian and Bulgarian immigration: Boston families give their views

Summary: Bulgarian and Romanian migration to the UK is expected to increase when working restrictions expire at the end of this year. How do families in the town called Britain's "most Eastern European" feel about another wave of immigration?

By Caroline LowbridgeBBC News, Boston The Lincolnshire town of Boston has already been transformed by rapid immigration from Eastern Europe. In 2001 virtually everyone in Boston described themselves as white British, but just 84% did so 10 years later. The census showed that the district had the largest number of non-British EU passport holders outside of London, and one school now has two-thirds of pupils from migrant households. Lincolnshire is one of the largest agricultural regions in the UK and many of those who settle in the town are employed picking crops and processing fruits and vegetables. Boston has been dubbed "the most Eastern European town in Britain" and tensions among some sections of the community have spilled over into protest. So how do three Boston families - born in England, Romania and Poland - feel about the prospect of more migrants moving there? "I work really hard, and I'm really proud of it" Milena Czaplinska, 32, moved from Poland to Boston five years ago so she could earn more money and have a better quality of life. She works as a dispenser in a pharmacy and lives with her partner Marcin Kiusinski, a taxi driver, and their three-year-old daughter Oliwia. She does not oppose more migrants moving to Boston and the UK, but believes the benefits they can claim should be restricted. "If someone wants to come here they should work a minimum of a year before they can claim benefits," she says. "I didn't even know England had a system like benefits because we don't have a system like that in Poland. I've never claimed any benefit and I work really hard, and I'm really proud of it. "I pay tax, even for the British people who sit on the benefits." Ms Czaplinska says some people - of all nationalities - abuse the benefits system by claiming money when they don't need to. "They should give something to get something back, because my taxes are going for benefits people, and it's not fair," she says. "If I can buy a house here and put something here to increase the economy of this country why can't somebody else do it?" She says it would be good if people of all nationalities could integrate more. She has had some bad experiences in Boston, including a customer refusing to be served by her and people shouting abuse at her in the street. "I think the problem is Boston is a small town and some of the people who live here don't like changes. They don't like outsiders, if you know what I mean," she says. But she believes immigration has benefitted the local economy, and believes many businesses would not be able to survive if migrant workers moved away. "I think there should be restrictions put in place" Anstice Potts, 24, is an administrator at a school and has lived in Boston and the surrounding villages for all of her life. Her fiance Matthew Brown, a 34-year-old secondary school teacher, has also lived in the Boston area all his life. "I think there are people in Boston who have strong opinions against immigration, but they are probably in the minority," says Ms Potts. "Most people are not like Dean Everitt [organiser of a protest against immigration] but him and people like him get a lot of media coverage because they shout louder than everyone else. "I think immigrants contribute more to the economy through taxes than they cost in public services, and they also bring in new skills." While she does not object to more immigration, she thinks there should be tighter controls. "I support the people who are coming across here to work and I don't want them all to be treated as if they are criminals or spongers in some way," she says. "I think there should be restrictions put in place to stop those kind of people coming in so it doesn't affect the ones who are here to do good. "They should have to work for a certain amount of time, for example one year, before being able to claim benefits, and should have a face-to-face interview because a lot are done over the phone." Ms Potts said Boston had visibly changed due to immigration from Eastern Europe. "The West Street area in particular has changed, because there were derelict car parks and empty shops, but now there are Eastern European supermarkets and we have all sorts of international restaurants and cafes," she says. "The old people don't like the changes but I think we should embrace it. It's better than seeing empty shops and it's bringing money to the country." She says migrant workers do a lot of jobs that English people don't want to do. "There is a shortage of jobs in this area but English people don't want to take the initiative to start their own businesses, we just complain there are no jobs," she says. "You can't blame people for seeking a better life because there are so many English people that go to Spain or France and buy a villa and don't bother to learn the language." As a teacher, Mr Brown is used to having lots of English as Additional Language (EAL) pupils in his lessons. "Despite the communication challenges they are very hard working and are trying to make a difference for their future," he says. "Some of the most successful pupils who have made the most progress have been EAL pupils." However, he is concerned about more potential immigration from Bulgaria and Romania. "I don't think this should happen unless the government makes careful plans to ensure there are enough jobs and housing in the area and establishes clear rules about who is allowed to enter the country and who is entitled to claim benefits," he says. Boston has had "a lot of bad press" recently about immigrants coming and claiming benefits, he adds. "Although this may be true in some cases, I have also had personal experience of many immigrants who have made a success of themselves through hard work and have made a good contribution to the Boston area," he says. "For example, I know that farmers in the area have relied upon immigrants to help their agricultural services because other people would not be willing to take on the hard work. "Also, it is great to see that a lot of immigrants have had the initiative to set up their own businesses, such as car wash companies, during the hard times of the recession." "Either you are in the European Union, or you are not" Liliana Demeter, a senior NHS nurse, moved from Romania to the UK for work and has lived in Lincolnshire since 2004. She and her husband, an electrical engineer, have three sons. Mrs Demeter believes the UK's existing employment restrictions for Bulgarian and Romanian people are unfair. "Either you are in the European Union, or you are not in the European Union," she says. "They only let skilled professions come, the ones they needed. The others you are not allowed to come." But she thinks Romanian people would come to the UK on "the black market", without paying taxes, if the working restrictions remained. She says the media stereotype of Romanians is inaccurate, however. "I can take you to all my Romanian friends here in Boston, which are social workers, nurses and stuff like that, and you will see they are very good people, they have kids, we go to the church every Sunday," she says. "I've had all these discussions that we come and we take the jobs. It's not true. We go to the interviews like they go to the interviews, am I right? "Probably I think one of our advantages is that we have a culture for work, because we came from a communist country." Her son Rares, 15, has many English friends but would like more Romanian people to migrate to Boston. "Because I go to a grammar school, nearly everyone is English," he says. "I'm really looking forward to seeing more people from Romania come over, because as soon as I hear that there's anyone from Romania in Boston near my age I just basically try and find out who they are and make friends with them." You can find out more in a series of special programmes on BBC Radio Lincolnshire from 2 to 10 December.

इस साल के अंत में काम पर प्रतिबंध समाप्त होने पर बल्गेरियाई और रोमानियाई प्रवास के ब्रिटेन में बढ़ने की उम्मीद है। ब्रिटेन के "सबसे पूर्वी यूरोपीय" कहे जाने वाले शहर के परिवार आप्रवासन की एक और लहर के बारे में कैसा महसूस करते हैं?