The piece of paper that fooled Hitler

Summary: It was an audacious double-cross that fooled the Nazis and shortened World War II. Now a document, here published for the first time, reveals the crucial role played by Britain's code-breaking experts in the 1944 invasion of France.

By Jon KellyBBC News Magazine All the ingredients of a gripping spy thriller are there - intrigue, espionage, lies and black propaganda. An elaborate British wartime plot succeeded in convincing Hitler that the Allies were about to stage the bulk of the D-Day landings in Pas de Calais rather than on the Normandy coast - a diversion that proved crucial in guaranteeing the invasion's success. An intercepted memo - which has only now come to light - picked up by British agents and decoded by experts at Bletchley Park - the decryption centre depicted in the film Enigma - revealed that German intelligence had fallen for the ruse. The crucial message was sent after the D-Day landings had started, but let the Allies know the Germans had bought into their deception and believed the main invasion would be near Calais. It was an insight that saved countless Allied lives and arguably hastened the end of the war. Now archivists at the site of the code-breaking centre hope that a new project to digitise and put online millions of documents, using equipment donated by electronics company Hewlett-Packard, will uncover further glimpses into its extraordinary past. Behind the story of this crucial message and its global impact lies Juan Pujol Garcia, an unassuming-looking Spanish businessman who was, in fact, one of the war's most effective double agents. The Nazis believed Pujol, whom they code named Alaric Arabel, was one of their prize assets, running a network of spies in the UK and feeding crucial information to Berlin via his handler in Madrid. In fact, the Spaniard was working for British intelligence, who referred to him as Garbo. Almost the entirety of his elaborate web of informants was fictitious and the reports he sent back to Germany were designed, ultimately, to mislead. But agent Garbo was so completely trusted at the top level of the Nazi high command that he was honoured for his services to Germany, with the approval of Hitler himself, making him one of the few people to be given both the Iron Cross and the MBE for his WWII exploits. "He was no James Bond - he was a balding, boring, unsmiling little man," says Amyas Godfrey, an associate fellow at the Royal United Services Institute. "But he had the Germans completely fooled. They thought the information he was sending was so accurate." To maintain his cover, much of what Garbo fed the Germans was absolutely genuine. But when it came to the looming Allied invasion of France, his "intelligence" was anything but. Ahead of D-Day, the British launched Operation Fortitude, a plot to confound the Nazis about the location of the landings. Garbo was an integral part of the plan. To establish his credibility, he sent advance warning ahead of the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 - but too late for the Germans to act on it. Then, in the days afterwards, he fed them entirely fictitious intelligence from his fake "agents" that the invasion had been a red herring and "critical attacks" would follow elsewhere - most likely down the coast in Pas de Calais. He also reported, again falsely, that 75 divisions had been massed in England before D-Day, meaning that many more were still to land in France. It was an account the Nazis took extremely seriously. As can be seen in the document reproduced by the BBC, it was transmitted to their high command by Garbo's German handler. As a result, German troops were kept in the Calais area in case of an assault, preventing them from offering their fullest possible defence to Normandy. But what truly gave the Allies the edge was the fact that they knew the Nazis had been duped. Unknown to Berlin, the Germans' seemingly foolproof Enigma code for secret messages had been cracked by Polish code breakers. In Bletchley Park, Buckinghamshire, some 10,000 men and women were employed deciphering the messages. And when the document above was cracked, the Allies knew they could press forward in the confidence that thousands of German troops would be tied up vainly standing guard at Calais. "The whole of the 20th Century might have been very different if it wasn't for this," says Kelsey Griffin, Bletchley Park's director of museum operations. "Churchill's official biographer, Martin Gilbert, said it was difficult to imagine how the D-Day landings could have happened without Bletchley Park. "We had an army of unarmed intellectuals here." The intercepted document - in its original, freshly-released, German language version - is all the more extraordinary for having been found by volunteers digging through Bletchley Park's archives. One of them, retired civil servant Peter Wescombe, 79, recalls the excitement of realising its significance for the first time. "It was like turning up a crock of gold," he remembers. "It was absolutely wonderful." It is a find archivists at the site, run by the Bletchley Park Trust, hope will be repeated after HP donated scanners and experts to provide technical expertise to the digitisation project. Many of the records at the centre have not been touched for years, and the charity hopes that by putting them online in a searchable format they can "crowdsource" the expertise of historians and amateurs alike. And surely then many more real-life tales of deception, double-crosses and painstaking effort will emerge.

यह एक दुस्साहसी डबल-क्रॉस था जिसने नाजियों को मूर्ख बनाया और द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध को छोटा कर दिया। अब यहाँ पहली बार प्रकाशित एक दस्तावेज़, 1944 में फ्रांस पर आक्रमण में ब्रिटेन के कोड-ब्रेकिंग विशेषज्ञों द्वारा निभाई गई महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका का खुलासा करता है।


Winning the case for women in work: Saudi Arabia's steps to reform

Summary: Sitting on a fifth of the world's oil reserves, Saudi Arabia has seen a rapid transformation from desert to developed economy. But despite the modernisation of Riyadh, Saudi society is ruled by conservatism and tradition.

By Katy WatsonMiddle East business reporter, BBC News Women are banned from driving in the kingdom - despite protests last year by activists hoping to force change - and they need permission from a close male relative to be able to do simple things like travel or work. But it is the workplace that is becoming the leading edge of change. Last year, King Abdullah, who is seen as a cautious reformist when it comes to women's rights, ordered that no longer would women have to buy underwear from male shop assistants - lingerie shops would be staffed by women. Jewellery shops and those selling abayas - the long black robes that women have to wear in the kingdom - will also go through the same process of hiring women. These are seen as huge leaps forward for the ultra-conservative kingdom. Despite the fact that it spends heavily on educating both men and women - 60% of those who graduate from Saudi's universities are female - only 17% of women are actually in the job market. That compares with 75% of men. Legal battle 26-year-old Jamila's friends and family call her a pioneer - she was one of the first women to study law at her university. When she started her degree, she knew her career options were limited because female lawyers were not allowed to plead cases in court - but she has been encouraged by a recent announcement that will soon allow her to practise law on an equal footing to men. "I just thought it would be an amazing thing to be a part of something that I could change," she says. "It was hard at first, everyone was against us, everyone was criticizing us saying that 'you guys are just wasting your time, this isn't something that's going to help you in the future. I guess we just proved them wrong." The move has also been welcomed by law firms in the kingdom. But to comply with the law, they need to have separate offices for women - and that means finding the space - and the money - to build segregated areas. Despite the costs, women in Saudi are in demand and seen as hard-working - and of course, it can bring in more business. "For a woman who's perhaps the chief financial officer of the family business here in the kingdom, it's a business opportunity for us as well," says Kevin Connor, partner at international law firm Squire Sanders in Riyadh. "At the same time, a rising tide lifts all boats, so it's a win-win situation." Unlikely feminist The barriers to women working in public spaces led to one unlikely feminist. Khalid AlKhudair set up Glowork, the kingdom's first all-women's online recruitment company, after he watched his sister struggle to find a job because she could not meet prospective employers easily in public places. Now, he's working with the government to get more women into work but admits that a MAN championing a women's cause has made change easier. "I don't think it would have been taken as seriously as I have been taken," he says. "When you're defending their rights, people will stand up and say 'This guy - what is he talking about, there must be something there'." Nevertheless, there are those in his office - which is staffed entirely by women - who feel more change needs to be made. "Most Saudi ladies here need encouragement - there are lots of limitations," says Shahad Al Saud, one of the interns at Glowork. "Most families are not willing to let the women work. It's out of the question. And the other thing is, our society's holding on to traditions. I'm with sticking to traditions and your religion but you can work while holding on to your traditions." 'Daughters of society' Jamila who now works as a full-time lawyer in the capital, is certainly smiling about her new career options. But she does not want it to stop there. "I don't think a country will improve if only one gender accelerates in society while the other just stays as it is," she says. "My father's excited, my brothers are excited, my uncles are happy. We're the sisters, we're the mothers, we're the daughters of society - we're becoming how we should be. I just hope we're given more chances that we're up to everything we say we are." For every Jamila, there are far more women who remain outside the workforce. The government is introducing reforms - but slowly. Equality here is still a long way off.

दुनिया के तेल भंडार के पांचवें हिस्से पर बैठे सऊदी अरब ने रेगिस्तान से विकसित अर्थव्यवस्था में तेजी से परिवर्तन देखा है। लेकिन रियाद के आधुनिकीकरण के बावजूद, सऊदी समाज रूढ़िवाद और परंपरा द्वारा शासित है।


Two arrested over 'serious' assault in Staffordshire

Summary: A 16-year-old boy and a 19-year-old man have been arrested in connection with a "serious assault" which saw two older men suffer suspected stab wounds.

Staffordshire Police made the arrests after they were called to Minton Street, Wolstanton, Newcastle-under-Lyme at about 02:20 BST on Saturday. Two men, aged 20 and 50, were injured during the incident. The suspects are being questioned and and investigation into what happened is under way. The 19-year-old from Newcastle-under-Lyme was arrested on suspicion of assault, grievous bodily harm with intent and affray. The 16-year-old from Stoke-on-Trent was arrested on suspicion of assault, actual bodily harm and affray.

एक "गंभीर हमले" के सिलसिले में एक 16 वर्षीय लड़के और एक 19 वर्षीय व्यक्ति को गिरफ्तार किया गया है, जिसमें दो बुजुर्गों को चाकू से घायल होने का संदेह है।


MPs to get 1.8% pay rise - to £77,379

Summary: MPs will get a 1.8% pay rise for 2018-19, taking their overall salary to £77,379 from 1 April, the Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority said.

The salary for chairmen of Commons select committees will also increase by 1.8% to £15,509, which is added to their basic salary for being an MP. It is a bigger increase on the 1.4% pay rise MPs got last year. IPSA says it is in line with its policy of adjusting MPs' pay at the same rate as changes in the public sector wages. Members of the Scottish Parliament were given a 0.6% pay rise to £62,149 a year in December.

स्वतंत्र संसदीय मानक प्राधिकरण ने कहा कि सांसदों को 2018-19 के लिए 1.8% वेतन वृद्धि मिलेगी, जिससे उनका कुल वेतन 1 अप्रैल से £77,379 हो जाएगा।


Woman raped in Bournemouth Lower Gardens park

Summary: A woman in her 20s was raped near to public toilets in a park, police have said.

Dorset Police said she was attacked in Bournemouth Lower Gardens. It took place in the early hours of Saturday and a cordon has been set up while the area is examined. Det Insp Christijan Boyle said police want to speak to a man who rode past the scene on a bike at about 01:50 BST who "may have important information". Related Internet Links Dorset Police

पुलिस ने कहा है कि एक पार्क में सार्वजनिक शौचालय के पास 20 साल की एक महिला के साथ बलात्कार किया गया।


The reverse exodus of Pakistan's Afghan refugees

Summary: Pakistan's request for all three million Afghan refugees within its borders to leave is causing chaos on its borders and plunging families into uncertainty. Many Afghans have spent all their lives in Pakistan. The BBC's M Ilyas Khan reports from Peshawar.

Noor Mohammad has been queuing for three days to return to Afghanistan - despite being certain that hardships face him on his return. He fled to Pakistan in the winter of 1979, days after the Soviet army invaded Afghanistan and helicopter gunships started hovering over his village in Baghlan. He was 12 or 13, and remembers the gruelling journey he made with his family. "We climbed the hills and started to move south. We went on for days, sometimes walking, sometimes taking a ride on lorries or ponies." Thirty-seven years later, he has to move again, because his second home says he has overstayed his welcome. His return journey will be less physically demanding than the one he made as a teenager - but not much easier. When I met him last week, Noor and his family had spent three days stuck behind a 3km (two-mile) queue of lorries trying to reach the UN-run repatriation centre in Peshawar. And they still seemed to be days away from the centre. They were angry and frustrated. Others in the queue said they had been waiting for nearly a week. I counted more than 200 lorries queuing up on the road near the repatriation centre, loaded with household goods, timber and firewood - the belongings of roughly 400 families, or around 3,000 individuals The UN High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) and Pakistani authorities have admitted they were not prepared for the rush of refugees returning, and could not handle the influx. Many made Pakistan their homes and fear Afghanistan is still years away from bringing health, education, business and livelihood at par with what they had in Pakistan. So why are they returning? The answer lies in the evolution of Pakistan's refugee policy. Back in the late 1970s, the country welcomed Afghan refugees with open arms. Unlike Iran, which confined refugees to camps and prevented them from indulging in politics, Pakistan allowed them to mix with local populations, and encouraged them to link up with Islamist camps that fed resistance to Kabul's communists. The refugees were predominantly ethnic Pashtuns and merged well with Pakistan's Pashtun population. And they could be influenced to agree with Pakistan's emphasis on Islamic identity rather than Afghan nationhood as the basis of their resistance. As a result, many believe Pakistan welcomed the refugees in order to expand its influence in Afghanistan, which had traditionally tilted towards India, and to neutralise its own Pashtun nationalists who had been pushing for greater autonomy, sometimes bordering on secession, as some in the Pakistani establishment suspected. But suspicions struck the Pakistani mind post-9/11, when an anti-Pakistan version of the Taliban began to evolve, with links to these sanctuaries. Since then, the narrative of the Pakistani establishment has gradually turned against the refugees. Yet despite the growing hostility, Pakistan was initially in no hurry to send the Afghans home. A UNHCR-funded repatriation programme for refugees was initiated in 2002, but Pakistani and UN officials say take-up was slow. Pakistan issued various deadlines for the refugees to leave, but they were often long-term and not enforced, because the UNHCR wanted any repatriation to be voluntary. The decisive push came in December 2015, when Pakistan suddenly set a six-month deadline for the refugees to leave. It extended the date for another six months in June, but at the same time closed the main Afghan-Pakistan border crossing in Torkham, and put a ban on Afghans crossing over without travel documents. It was this ban that showed Pakistan meant business this time - and convinced Noor Mohammad to leave. "Some of our family members who had gone to Kabul for summer were stranded there," he says. "We don't have the money to pay passport fees for all our family, which numbers over 40. So we thought it was time to go." Also in June, the UNHCR doubled its repatriation package from $200 to $400 per head for returning refugees, providing added incentive to poorer families that had not sunk deeper roots in Pakistan. 'Afghano-phobia' The future is now uncertain for many Afghan refugees. Khalid Amiri, a 21-year-old student, has lived in Pakistan since he was a few months old. He is now studying a Master's programme at Peshawar University, which does not finish until the end of 2017. He and around 9,000 other Afghan students in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are not sure if they will be allowed to complete their courses. Khalid believes the moves to force refugees out are due to "growing Afghano-phobia in Pakistan". He says there has been "increased harassment of refugees by Pakistani police", and "a hate campaign against the refugees in the Pakistani media since the [December 2014 attack on Peshawar's] Army Public School". The hate has spread to social media in recent months, with "hashtags like #KickOutAfghans and #AfghanRefugeesThreat", he says. The prospects for Afghan businessmen are even dimmer. Mohammad Ismail's father left behind his antiques business in Ghazni and migrated to Peshawar in 1983. Here they made a fresh start and established themselves as certified exporters of antiques and rugs to Europe and the Far East. But in June, Mohammad's children who were on vacation in Kabul were stranded there when the Torkham border was closed down. They have since obtained Afghan passports and visas for Pakistan, which means they have lost refugee status. He now has to start from scratch, like his father did 33 years ago. "My biggest problem is to get rid of my inventory. No one will give me a fair price because they know we are desperate. There's also money stuck up in credit lines. It will take time." Baryalai Miankhel, a leader of Afghan refugees, says he expects the UNHCR, and the Pakistani and Afghan governments, to develop a phased programme of repatriation, spread over three to four years, "to soften the blow both for the refugees and their client populations in Pakistan". There are indications that he may be right, but many refugees remain anxious. And those who await the returning refugees in Afghanistan will not be patriots holding flowers in their hands but predatory businessmen, transporters and property owners eager to fleece them of whatever little they have. Noor Mohammad knows this. "House rents in Afghan cities have spiralled to $300 and $400 a month, and our houses in the villages are in ruins," he says. He says his only option, once he returns to Afghanistan, will be to build a shelter "as quickly as possible", given that "winter is coming". In what some would call a cruel twist of fate, Noor's family will have to stay in a tent until he builds a shelter. It reminds him of the UN tents he lived in 37 years ago, when he first arrived in Pakistan as a refugee. "For us, it's back to the tents," he says.

अपनी सीमाओं के भीतर सभी तीस लाख अफगान शरणार्थियों के जाने का पाकिस्तान का अनुरोध इसकी सीमाओं पर अराजकता पैदा कर रहा है और परिवारों को अनिश्चितता में डाल रहा है। कई अफगानों ने अपना पूरा जीवन पाकिस्तान में बिताया है। पेशावर से बीबीसी के एम इलियास खान रिपोर्ट करते हैं।


Slough skate park stabbing: Murder accused boy appears in court

Summary: A 15-year-old boy has appeared in court charged with the murder of another boy who was stabbed to death in a skate park.

Elton Gashaj, 15, was found injured in Salt Hill Park, Slough, on Saturday, and died of a stab wound to the chest. The defendant, who cannot be named for legal reasons, appeared at Reading Crown Court and was remanded in youth detention. He also faces one count of possession of a bladed article. Police said a second boy, also 15, who was arrested has been released while inquiries continue. A third boy, aged 17, was released with no further action.

एक 15 वर्षीय लड़का एक अन्य लड़के की हत्या के आरोप में अदालत में पेश हुआ है, जिसे एक स्केट पार्क में चाकू मारकर मार दिया गया था।


Three arrests over Hull cyclist's crash death

Summary: Three people have been arrested in connection with the death of a cyclist killed in a suspected hit-and-run crash.

The man was struck by a car on National Avenue in Hull at about 21:00 GMT on Wednesday and died later in hospital, police said. Humberside Police said two men and a woman were being held in custody. Officers are investigating a blue Audi found in a street in Kirk Ella in connection with the crash. Police said the cyclist was hit by a car which failed to stop at the scene. "His family are continuing to receive support from specially trained officers," a spokeswoman said. Follow BBC Yorkshire on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Send your story ideas to yorkslincs.news@bbc.co.uk.

एक संदिग्ध हिट-एंड-रन दुर्घटना में एक साइकिल चालक की मौत के मामले में तीन लोगों को गिरफ्तार किया गया है।


How to cope with email overload

Summary: Andrew Crosby has 7,000 emails in his inbox. To some that might not sound like many, but he's only been at Relax Gaming for a year, so there's not been much time for the inbox to get out of control.

By Ben MorrisBusiness reporter, BBC News As a senior executive at the software company, which has eight offices around Europe, he fields around 140 emails a day. "You have to pick and choose what you think is going to be relevant to yourself... you can get cc'ed into so many emails that are nothing to do with yourself whatsoever," he says. And there's the key problem with email. The message that might contain the single most important thing you need to know all year, could well disappear into the landfill that is your inbox. Email malaise It's not just inefficient, it's also bad for your health. "Email overload is causing people to get ill," says Cary Cooper, organisational psychology professor at Manchester University. His research has found that higher email load is associated with higher workload stress. "The problem is there aren't good guidelines on what is the best use of email and the things we should not do," he says. "We cc in everybody rather than just the one or two people we should be interacting with. Line managers should never send emails outside of office hours to their subordinates unless it's absolutely essential. "There's no point in sending someone an email on a Friday night saying you don't have to deal with this until Monday, because people will then worry about it and do it that weekend." But he is not saying that email should be eliminated altogether. "It's a great way to keep in touch with people, particularly who are remote. It's a great way to send data, to send information. By itself it's fine - it's the way people are using it is the problem," says Prof Cooper. Enforced breaks France has tried to improve the situation. In 2017, a law was introduced that obliged firms to come up with a plan to ensure staff get a break from office emails. In August 2018, the French arm of Britain's Rentokil Initial was ruled to have broken that law and was ordered to pay an employee €60,000 (£53,000). No such rules exist here in the UK, but some firms have taken action anyway. Platypus Digital is a marketing agency which runs fundraising campaigns for charities. From the very start, in 2014, its founders banned internal emails and any staff who forget have to donate £5 to charity. "We'd all worked in charities and companies that had been around a lot longer and experienced that internal email overload, where the majority of your day is trawling through internal updates that you don't need to be a part of," says managing director Matt Collins. Instead, the company's seven employees use a messaging service and documents software from Google, and a project management system from Asana. "We decided to use tools that were much more effective and much more fun," Mr Collins adds. Inbox zero But what if you work in a much larger organisation, where you have to use email to get anything done? Clare Godson is a senior lawyer and executive director at global legal subscription business Aosphere. Six months ago she decided to try "inbox zero" and has been "evangelical" about it ever since. The idea is to manage your inbox strictly, ideally not having anything there at all. There's lots of advice about how to do it on the internet, but broadly you have to do something with every email you receive. "It's completely revolutionised the way I feel about my email," she says. "I never have that feeling any more that there's something lurking in there that I've forgotten to deal with. "It's massively satisfying as a way of working, it just makes me feel more efficient and I think I feel lighter mentally." She accepts that for many people it's a big hurdle. "Most people are incredulous that you could possibly get there. They think you must be constantly in your inbox checking, deleting and sorting, which isn't true." People also think she can't be that busy, which she also rejects: "The busier you are, the more you need to be rigorous and organised." Slack attack Let's face it, for most office workers, inbox zero is never going to happen. Whoever who can solve this communication problem "will be the most important software company in the world". That's according to Slack, a US company which sells a service that allows staff to message each other and co-operate on projects. Its founders, frustrated with email, launched Slack in 2014 and, according to the firm, more than 600,000 organisations use the service. On Slack, communications are based on groups of users rather than individual inboxes. Despite losing $420m in three years, it plans to list on the stock market later this month. Andrew Crosby of Relax Gaming uses Slack and likes it, although it has not stopped him accumulating 7,000 emails in his inbox. More Technology of Business Other firms are also trying to exploit frustration with emails, including Microsoft, which Slack identifies as its biggest rival. Microsoft Teams was launched in 2017 and the company says that more than 500,000 firms use the service. Facebook also offers a collaboration tool called Workplace. The secret? While many people rave about such services, they don't appear to be a complete replacement for email. It is still the best way to communicate with people outside your organisation. The trick, according to Mr Collins, is to be strict about how you use it. He attaches a document to all his emails explaining his personal policy, which warns correspondents that his emails will be brief and, unless they are a current client, they should not expect a quick reply. He says lots of people read his personal policy and like it. And it seems to be working. When I speak to him he has just 20 emails in his inbox. If all this seems a bit too much effort, then perhaps you should consider inbox infinity. The idea is to let the emails pile up, embrace the chaos and thus liberate yourself from the guilt and anxiety. Just make sure you don't miss the message from the boss about your pay rise.

एंड्रयू क्रॉस्बी के इनबॉक्स में 7,000 ईमेल हैं। कुछ लोगों के लिए जो बहुत सारे नहीं लग सकते हैं, लेकिन वह केवल एक साल से रिलैक्स गेमिंग में हैं, इसलिए इनबॉक्स को नियंत्रण से बाहर होने के लिए ज्यादा समय नहीं मिला है।


The last legal sex workers in Tunisia

Summary: For decades state-regulated brothels have existed in Tunisia. They remain legal, but pressure from women's rights activists and religious conservatives has forced nearly all of them to close, as Shereen El Feki reports.

"I wake up at seven in the morning. I wash my face, I do my make-up. I go into the hall, I drink my coffee, and I wait to start our job." Like many women in Tunisia, Amira, a single unmarried mother in her mid-20s, is working hard to make ends meet. But Amira's job is far from usual: she is one of the few remaining legal sex workers in the Arab region. Tunisia has a two-tier system of prostitution. One is made up of government-registered "maisons closes", or brothels, where female sex workers are authorised by the state to ply their trade. The other involves illegal freelance sex work, where the people involved risk up to two years in prison if convicted. Regulation of sex work, in the name of hygiene - protecting clients from sexually transmitted infections - tightened with the French occupation of Tunisia in the 19th Century. The current laws on legal sex work were introduced in the 1940s, and survived Tunisia's independence in 1958. But for how much longer? Before the 2010 uprising, there were an estimated 300 legal sex workers in a dozen or so sites across Tunisia. Today, only two cities - Tunis and Sfax - are home to a handful of legal brothels. They are found in tiny houses tucked away in the twisty lanes of the medina, the cities' historical heart. 'I expect to be fired' When Amira, 25, started working in Sfax five years ago, there were 120 legal sex workers. Now she is one of a dozen left. "Step by step they are firing women, they fire them for the simplest mistake they do. I am expecting that one day the same thing could happen to me," she said anxiously. Infractions, such as fighting with a client or drinking in their room, are now grounds enough for dismissal. "We used to make a living for our children, pay our rent. We don't anymore. Actually, I don't have anything else. If they kick us from there, where we would go?" Over in Tunis, Nadia, a divorcee in her 40s, knows the answer all too well. She had been working in legal brothels around the country and ended up in Gafsa, in the south. Violent protests by Salafist extremists in 2011 led to the closure of Nadia's workplace in 2011 in a wave that saw legal brothels shutting down across the country. Nadia was injured in the Gafsa attack. Once she had recovered, she had trouble fitting back in a dwindling state system and turned to illegal, street-based sex work, which is very risky. 'No-one to protect me' She misses her life in the legal system: "It is not the same as when we were in the protected brothel, with a doctor [for weekly medical exams], a female condom and a madam [who kept an eye on proceedings]." "Now when I get a client I am scared because I don't have anyone who can protect me or stand by my side. "Once, there was a client who, after he slept with me, stole my money, beat me, and choked me. Now my body is full with bruises; as you can see, my nose is broken," she pointed to her battered face. The future of sex work in Tunisia has sharply divided the country's activists, Wahid Ferchichi, a law professor at Carthage University and leading rights advocate, told the BBC. For all the campaigns on legal reform to guarantee individual freedoms - including liberal calls for the decriminalisation of homosexuality - many women's rights activists draw the line at sex work. "There are many in politics and civil society who support the closure [of the legal brothels], because they consider that sex work is a new kind of slavery, or human trafficking," Prof Ferchichi said. "But if we close all these places and the Tunisian penal code is applied, we will put all these women in prison, so what is the solution?" Downturn in sex work A recent draft law proposes a 500 dinar ($175; £140) fine instead of jail time. But the imposition of what would be a hefty fine for the women is not popular among those who would be affected. "It's not reasonable, in an economic situation where the country has no money and there are no jobs," said Bouthayna Aouissaoui, who runs an association for sex workers in Sfax. Business is already down in the illegal sex trade, she observed. Sex work has been hit by cash-strapped clients steering clear as they fear religious condemnation. Several sex workers have also spoken of growing competition from increasingly desperate women, including Tunisia's struggling migrant population. "Five hundred dinars is too much! Where is she going to get it from?" Ms Aouissaoui asked. "She only gets 15 or 20 dinars ($5-$7) per client." Prof Ferchichi is among the few human rights activists openly calling for decriminalisation. He looks forward to the day "when the sex trade is decriminalised, [and] the Tunisian government will apologise to all these women who were imprisoned for this reason". You may also be interested in: That day will be some time in coming, so long as Ennahda, Tunisia's Islamist party, holds sway. Meherzia Labidi, a leading Ennahda member, disagrees with decriminalisation. "If our society's basis for its values is violated," she said, "the family will be violated, the values that we raise our children to learn will be violated." The politician is famous in Tunisia for having met with sex workers who had been protesting against the closure of their brothels in the coastal city of Sousse in 2014. While no fan of the legal brothels, Ms Labidi wondered about the alternatives for their residents. "How we can we secure healthcare, housing, food and a living for them?" she asked. "By giving them a job. for example, and by making the society accept them in another way. "It is not only about laws and political decisions, it is about changing mentalities." If the trend of greater restrictions on sex work continues, there will be the problem of what the women who used to work in the industry can do. Jobs are hard to find in Tunisia, especially for women, whose unemployment rate is double that of men. 'Sorry I cannot hire you' Afef, a former madam whose brothel was recently shuttered, explained the difficulties. "Even if [a former sex worker] goes to work in a restaurant to clean dishes," she said, "one or two days later, they will say that this woman was working in a brothel and the boss would say: 'Sorry I cannot hire you.'" Meanwhile, Amira has few hopes for the future. "It is hard for our family to take us back. If I was kicked out of the brothel, I will go to the street, because I will beg for money for my child under the mosque. I hope they will have mercy on us."

ट्यूनीशिया में दशकों से राज्य-विनियमित वेश्यालय मौजूद हैं। वे कानूनी बने हुए हैं, लेकिन महिला अधिकार कार्यकर्ताओं और धार्मिक रूढ़िवादियों के दबाव ने लगभग सभी को बंद करने के लिए मजबूर कर दिया है, जैसा कि शेरीन एल फेकी ने बताया है।


'Phenomenal year' for Humboldt penguins at Isle of Man wildlife park

Summary: The birth of 10 Humboldt penguin chicks caps a "phenomenal year" for the birds at a Manx wildlife park, a keeper has said.

The penguins, which are threatened by overfishing, are classed as vulnerable by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. It is the third year in a row chicks have successfully hatched at the Curraghs Wildlife Park. Keeper Bernie Cannan said it was a "very special time" at the park. He said it was the largest brood to successfully hatch at the park in a decade, which made it "a phenomenal year". Park manager Kathleen Graham said the new arrivals were a "major success story" for the park's breeding programme and for her team, "who have worked so hard throughout lockdown". The park is part of an international programme to conserve several species around the world, run by the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria.

एक रक्षक ने कहा है कि 10 हम्बोल्ट पेंगुइन चूजों का जन्म एक मैनक्स वन्यजीव उद्यान में पक्षियों के लिए एक "अभूतपूर्व वर्ष" है।


Quiz: Match the MP and their dog

Summary: MPs and their hounds have braved inclement weather to take part in the 20th annual Westminster dog show.

By Ed LowtherBBC News The field was dominated by Conservative MPs once again, and despite the best efforts of a smattering of Lib Dem and Labour MPs, the "dog of the year" accolade was handed to Tory MP Charlie Elphicke. Dog welfare charities Dogs Trust and the Kennel Club are the brains behind the contest. "Westminster dog of the year is a light-hearted way to encourage discussion on serious dog welfare issues needing urgent attention," the Kennel Club's Caroline Kisko has said.

20वें वार्षिक वेस्टमिंस्टर डॉग शो में भाग लेने के लिए सांसदों और उनके हाउंड्स ने खराब मौसम का सामना किया है।


Second murder charge over injured Bristol man's death

Summary: A second man has been charged with murder after a 39-year-old who was found with serious injuries died.

Dego Ahmed was found with head and neck injuries at a property in Stapleton Road, Bristol, on 22 October and died in hospital on 6 November. Mohammed Farah, 39, of Stapleton Road, Bristol, appeared before magistrates on Tuesday and was remanded for a hearing at the city's crown court on Thursday. A 42-year-old man has also been charged with murder. Aden Mohamoud, of Stapleton Road, who was originally charged with wounding has been remanded into custody by Bristol Crown Court for a hearing on 10 January next year.

गंभीर रूप से घायल एक 39 वर्षीय व्यक्ति की मृत्यु के बाद दूसरे व्यक्ति पर हत्या का आरोप लगाया गया है।


Man with axe raids Co-op supermarket in Wolverhampton

Summary: A masked man armed with an axe has raided a Co-op store in Wolverhampton.

Police said it happened at the supermarket in Stafford Road in the Oxley area of the city at about 10:00 BST. The raider demanded money from staff and took a a quantity of cash before leaving the store, West Midlands Police said. No-one was injured inside the shop, police said, although people were left shaken. Armed officers and a police helicopter were called to the scene. Police are appealing for witnesses to come forward. Related Internet Links West Midlands Police

कुल्हाड़ी से लैस एक नकाबपोश व्यक्ति ने वॉल्वरहैम्प्टन में एक सहकारी दुकान पर छापा मारा है।


First-time house buyers helped by RCT improvement scheme

Summary: First-time buyers are benefitting from a pilot scheme breathing new life into empty homes, a council has said.

Homeowners can receive up to £20,000, plus £5,000 for renewable energy measures, as part of the initiative in Rhondda Cynon Taf, to transform empty buildings into liveable homes. Between September last year and March this year, the council received 173 applications and handed out £2.4m. The aim is to tackle poor housing stock and eyesores. The council said the Welsh Government scheme had also helped alleviate anti-social behaviour hotspots as well as enabling first-time buyers to get on the property ladder. The second part of the scheme continues until March 2021.

एक परिषद ने कहा है कि पहली बार खरीदार एक पायलट योजना से लाभान्वित हो रहे हैं जो खाली घरों में नई जान फूंक रही है।


Coronavirus: Putting the spotlight on the global wildlife trade

Summary: Conservation experts say the coronavirus pandemic, which likely originated at a market selling wild animals in China, is a watershed moment for curbing the global wildlife trade, which can drive extinction and spread disease.

By Helen BriggsEnvironment correspondent When Adam Peyman walked into a restaurant in Vietnam to order a meal he was shocked to find wild animals, including threatened species, on the menu, alongside traditional rice, noodles and seafood. Sting ray, porcupine, softshell turtle, wild pig and wild goat were all on offer. "It was a bit of a surprise to see these foods," says the wildlife manager for the animal welfare organisation, Humane Society International. "But, these kinds of wild foods are considered something of a luxury." Feasting on exotic game has become a sign of status and wealth in some Asian countries. The desire for wildlife as food or medicine drives a trade in wild animals, some procured illegally, creating a breeding ground for disease and the chance for viruses to leap to humans. "The consumption of wild animals, especially wild mammals, which can carry diseases that can cross the species barrier, does pose a real threat to human health," says Mr Peyman. "It's hard to tell whether these animals are taken from the wild legally or not, some of them could have been smuggled in and then sold on these wet markets, as they're called." Wet markets Wet markets have become a familiar sight in many countries in Southeast Asia, particularly mainland China. Selling live fish, chickens and wildlife, as well as fresh fruit and vegetables, they get their name from the melting ice used to preserve goods, as well as to wash the floors clean of blood from butchered animals. Wet markets can be "timebombs" for epidemics, says Prof Andrew Cunningham, deputy director of science at the Zoological Society of London (ZSL). "This sort of way that we treat... animals as if they're just our commodities for us to plunder - it comes back to bite us and it's no surprise." Leap to humans The current coronavirus pandemic, which has claimed tens of thousands of lives, likely originated in the Wuhan seafood market. Despite its name, the market was selling a lot more than fish, including snakes, porcupine and deer, according to one report. After an initial cluster of cases connected to the market, the virus began spreading dramatically inside China, before reaching much of the world. The origins of the novel virus are unknown, but it most likely emerged in a bat, then made the leap to humans via another wild animal host. Scientists have for decades been drawing attention to outbreaks of human diseases that have originated in animals, including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (Sars), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (Mers) and Ebola. The message from the New York-based Wildlife Conservation Society is clear: ban live animal markets that trade in wildlife, stop illegal trafficking and poaching of wild animals. "Not only will this help prevent the spread of disease, it will address one of the major drivers of species extinction," says the society. In the wake of the initial outbreak in Wuhan, China introduced a ban on all farming and consumption of live wildlife, which is expected to become law later this year. Thousands of wildlife farms raising animals such as porcupines, civets and turtles have been shut down. However, loopholes remain, such as the trade in wild animals for medicine, pets and scientific research. Then there is the traditional Chinese medicines industry, which also uses wildlife products. Only recently, the Chinese government appears to have approved the use of an injection - ironically as a coronavirus treatment - that contains bear bile. Campaigners worry these exemptions could pave way for illegal trade on wildlife meat, as it did in the past with, for instance, tiger and leopard body parts. So pangolin meat could still be available as the animal's scales can be used for medicine and its nails as ornaments. All eyes, therefore, are on the soon-to-be amended wildlife protection law - whether and how it would address those loopholes. In neighbouring Vietnam, the government is rushing through legislation to clamp down on illegal wildlife trade at street markets and online. But some say it won't be easy to change cultural attitudes or to enforce bans, when wet markets are part of the local culture, with the belief that the meat sold there is fresh and cheap. Supply and demand Prof Dirk Pfeiffer of City University of Hong Kong says the real issue is demand. "The people who are providing them, whether that's farmed wild animals or animals from the wild, that's an important source of income for them. Pushing it underground, that's not the solution, so it needs to be a phased process." This isn't the first time a pandemic has put the spotlight on wildlife trade. The 2002 Sars outbreak, which started in China and claimed more than 700 lives, was linked to bats and mongoose-like civets, although the source was never confirmed. Prof Cunningham says if we're to stop another pandemic in the future, we must focus on causes as well as effects. At the root of the problem is the destruction of nature, bringing animals and humans into conflict. "Even in protected forests, the forests are still there, but the wildlife's gone from within them because they have ended up in markets," he says. ".And it's easy to finger point, but it's not just happening in China, it's happening in many other countries and even in the western world. We like to have exotic pets and many of those are wild caught and we ought to be putting our own house in order too." Additional reporting Navin Singh Khadka Follow Helen on Twitter.

संरक्षण विशेषज्ञों का कहना है कि कोरोनावायरस महामारी, जो संभवतः चीन में जंगली जानवरों को बेचने वाले बाजार में उत्पन्न हुई थी, वैश्विक वन्यजीव व्यापार पर अंकुश लगाने के लिए एक निर्णायक क्षण है, जो विलुप्त होने और बीमारी फैलाने का कारण बन सकता है।


Why I went public about being raped, 67 years later

Summary: Prominent Ghanaian journalist, BBC columnist and former government minister Elizabeth Ohene recently wrote about her experience of being sexually abused more than 60 years ago, when she was just seven years old. Here she explains why she decided to go public after such a long time.

I am not quite sure I had considered what the effect would be if I went public with the story of my having been sexually molested. Last Wednesday, I told that story in the weekly column I write for Ghana's largest circulation newspaper, the Daily Graphic. I am a 74-year-old woman and I was recounting something that happened 67 years ago. One of my best friends - male - asked why I had chosen to unburden myself onto the rest of them. The story, I am told, makes difficult reading. Therefore, if I have been able to keep it to myself for 67 years, why was I now telling it, why did I not take it to my grave? Warning: This article contains details which some readers may find distressing My story I am not sure I wanted to unload my burden onto an unsuspecting public. I had decided ages ago that I had a responsibility to tell this story in the hope a young girl somewhere would be protected from suffering what I went through. Maybe I should first tell the story and then I will attempt to see if I can explain why I have told it. Back in 1952, I was a seven-year-old, happy child living with my grandmother in our village. One day, a man, who was a family relation who lived next door to us, dragged me into his room and sexually molested me. I have a difficulty with the terminology to describe what happened to me. At the time, I cannot say that I knew what he had done, I did not have a name for what he had done, I did not even have a name for the part of my body that had been violated. All I know is that he pushed his very rough fingers and cracked finger nails into my vagina. I don't remember what, if anything he said, it is the overpowering smell of his body and his rough fingers and cracked fingernails that stay with me to this day, 67 years after the event. Today I know what he did and one of the frustrations I have is that social norms do not allow me to describe exactly what happened and I am reduced to saying I was defiled or sexually molested. My grandmother nursed me back to health, at least physical health. I did not tell her what had happened. The morning after the event, when she was giving me a bath, she noticed there was pus coming from my vagina and decided I had an infection. She did not ask me if anything had happened, she simply set about repairing and bringing me back to health. It might well be she did not imagine anything untoward could have happened to her favourite granddaughter. Years later when I was a grown-up and was trying to make sense of the incident, this was the conclusion I came to. It was the easier scenario. The next thing happened when I was 11. I was raped, it was violent and it was the same man. There, I have got it out. I cannot say that I understood the second incident any better, but it was a bigger burden and I think I was in danger of what I now would call psychological trauma. But I suppose it is fair to say I survived and I don't think I was irretrievably damaged by these experiences. I have made what would be considered a reasonable success of my life as a journalist, a writer, and a public official. I am 74 years old and if I should die today, in the Ghanaian scheme of things, my obituary notice would be titled Celebration of Life, or Call to Glory. In other words, it would be considered that I have led a full life. So, I have been asked, why bring it up now, this most unpleasant and dirty subject? I feel strongly that there is a scandalous acceptance of the sexual molestation of children in our society as part of life. Little girls especially are at risk from grown men. It is not a subject we are willing to talk about. You may also be interested in: Recently there have been attempts to tackle the phenomenon, but it is an uphill task. If a child is defiled and some brave person dares to report the matter to the police, the person comes under a lot of pressure from the police to withdraw the case, for it "to be settled at home". If you persist in trying to get the molester prosecuted, you run the risk of being ostracised in the family. Thus, very few of these cases ever come to court or are prosecuted successfully. I fear that there are other seven-year-olds and even three-year-olds who are being subjected to what I experienced so long ago. Outrage at gay people, but not child molesters I believe that this situation will persist unless we are ready to talk about these matters. There is great reluctance to talk about sex generally unless it is to express outrage at homosexuality. It would appear there is a consensus across the board that Ghanaians don't want to tolerate LGBTQ people in their society. A Pew Research survey found that just 3% of the population say homosexuality should be accepted, there is a strong resistance to admitting existence of LGBTQ people in our society. The religious community is united as one and there seems to be a suspicion that sex education in primary schools is not only against our culture and "un-Ghanaian", but an attempt to introduce homosexuality into our society through the back door. The country was recently thrown into a veritable mass hysteria when a story emerged that there was an attempt to introduce something called Comprehensive Sexuality Education into the school curriculum. It took a statement from the president disclaiming any intention to introduce any such thing to calm down things. But it is difficult to raise any such passions about abuse in heterosexual relationships especially where the balance of power is weighted against the female. If I have helped anyone, I'm humbled The reaction so far to my story has been overwhelming. Everybody is uncomfortable with the story. It is an uncomfortable story and telling it is uncomfortable and I am not surprised if reading it is uncomfortable. Some have said I am brave to have gone public with the story. It has taken me 67 years to summon the courage to tell the story and so I'm not sure about the bravery bit. Some have said it is unfair to pour out such filth into the public space. I have no comment on that. Many people, mostly women, have thanked me and said it has given them the courage to deal with their own personal demons. I am humbled. If this will lead to more openness in talking about sexual practices and maybe equip and empower children to deal with abuse, I would go to my grave a happy woman. Victims of abuse in Ghana can directly reach the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection (MoGCSP) through toll-free numbers 0800 800 800 and 0800 900 900. Text messages can be sent on a free short code 8020 on all mobile networks. More from Elizabeth Ohene:

घाना की प्रमुख पत्रकार, बीबीसी स्तंभकार और पूर्व सरकारी मंत्री एलिजाबेथ ओहने ने हाल ही में 60 साल से अधिक समय पहले यौन शोषण के अपने अनुभव के बारे में लिखा, जब वह सिर्फ सात साल की थीं। यहाँ वह बताती हैं कि उन्होंने इतने लंबे समय के बाद सार्वजनिक रूप से जाने का फैसला क्यों किया।


Five ways the US heatproofs 50C cities

Summary: Much of the US is baking this weekend. As American cities continue getting hotter, the people who live in them have begun efforts to heatproof their homes and neighbourhoods in order to stave off the impending rise in global temperatures, writes Lucy Sherriff.

The number of extreme heat days will rocket across the US, according to a new climate change report which predicts hundreds of cities experiencing month-long temperatures above 100F (38C) by 2050. Roughly 80% of Americans live in cities, equating to around 262 million people. Cities are almost always hotter than the surrounding rural areas, thanks to the urban heat island effect. These heat islands are caused by numerous factors, such as trapped waste heat, concrete structures and pavements absorbing the sun and tall buildings blocking the wind. All of these components contribute to air temperatures in cities that can be up to 22F hotter than neighbouring regions with less urban development. A warming planetary climate means temperatures in heat island areas will continue to rise, with desert states such as Texas, Nevada and Arizona particularly affected. Tree planting in Phoenix, Arizona In 2017, heat killed 172 people in Maricopa County, according to local health officials. The 9,000 square-mile region - which includes the city of Phoenix and miles of desert - contains 60% of Arizona's population. The region is one of the most heat-vulnerable areas in the US. To combat this, The Nature Conservancy (TNC) environmentalist group launched a programme to engage communities in tree planting in order to provide cooling shade to vulnerable residents. The programme aims to bring equality to the city. Affluent neighbourhoods can finance trees themselves, often have air conditioning units, and are less likely to use public transport. In low-income areas, residents are more likely to work outside, use public transport and generally are more vulnerable to the heat due to their lack of economic resources. "We are creating green corridors around the city," says Maggie Messerschmidt, urban conservation program manager at the TNC. TNC is starting by targeting low-income neighbourhoods where urban heat islands are more prevalent due to these areas having fewer open spaces, more concrete surfaces and less trees. Shaded parking in Austin, Texas This Texas city has been working for a number of years to fight the heat. For all but one day this past week, temperatures in Austin hit 100F. Once humidity is taken into account, Austin's summer weather is even more intense - with temperatures feeling closer to 110F. One city ordinance in place requires 50% canopy coverage in all car parks by 2030. Not only that, but 80% of the trees have to be large shade-producing varieties from a designated list of native shade trees, and be planted within 50ft (15m) of parking spaces. The idea behind providing a specific list of trees is to ensure a diversified and sustainable urban forest, as well as preserving native species. Cool roofs in Albuquerque, New Mexico In Albuquerque, difference in temperature between rural and city areas can reach almost 10F at night. Climate campaigners have been advocating the use of white-coloured roofs in order to help mitigate the heat, as a traditional dark roof can reach temperatures of up to 150F, and can be up to 50F hotter than white roofs. Donna Griffin, a member of the Sierra Club's New Mexico chapter, changed her flat black roof to white and says the difference has been "amazing". There are several buildings in the city already with white roofs, but Griffin is hoping the tactic will be rolled out across the city to include residential homes, particularly those with low income tenants. Another tactic is implementing "green roofs" - plants and gardens on top of roofs that use vegetation to help trap heat in a process called evapotranspiration. Although this has been championed by local scientists and urban planners, it has yet to make it into city policy. "We don't have a citywide policy on using green roofs," says Kelsey Rader, sustainability officer for the city of Albuquerque, in an interview with BBC News. "But we have adopted a roofing specification for all city government building roof contracts to require reflective roof." Stopping sprawl in Las Vegas, Nevada Las Vegas is among the fastest warming cities in the US, warming more than 5.76F degrees since 1970. A car-centred city, Vegas is implementing alternative transport options to try to break the cycle between heat and air pollution. Pollutants contribute to temperature rise, but are also made worse by heat which can make air pollutants more toxic and leads to smog. The city has developed new standards for planning to reduce urban sprawl, create more open spaces and increase bicycle routes by 450 miles. Almost all of the city's vehicle fleet run on alternative fuels, and electric charging stations have been installed at a number of garages and community centres for public use. As part of the city's "Master 2050 Plan" - which aims to overhaul planning and zoning - public transportation routes will be extended, renewable energy vehicles prioritised and bike and pedestrian facilities made more accessible. White streets in Los Angeles, California The concrete jungle of LA gets up to 6F hotter than the surrounding desert, with 2019 already setting records for hottest ever days, according to the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. LA Mayor Eric Garcetti aims to cool the city down by 3F by 2035. One of the city's tactics is using a light-coloured material over one street in each of the 15 council districts, in order to test out the impact. The material, known as "cool pavement", reflects rather than absorbs the sun and so remains cooler than typical black roads. However, it is more expensive and doesn't yet meet safety standards for wider, busier streets in the city, hence the demo phase. One "cool street" in Canoga Park measured 70F shortly after being laid, as opposed to 93F found on a nearby intersection road. City officials also hope the cool pavements will help cool the insides of nearby buildings and lessen air pollution. You may also be interested in:

लुसी शेरिफ लिखती हैं कि अमेरिका का अधिकांश हिस्सा इस सप्ताह के अंत में पक रहा है। जैसे-जैसे अमेरिकी शहर गर्म होते जा रहे हैं, उनमें रहने वाले लोगों ने वैश्विक तापमान में आसन्न वृद्धि को रोकने के लिए अपने घरों और आस-पड़ोस में गर्मी से बचाव के प्रयास शुरू कर दिए हैं।


Coronavirus: Two charged over lockdown breach and PC assault

Summary: Two teenagers have been charged with assaulting a police officer and breaching coronavirus lockdown rules on public gatherings.

Police officers were on patrol in Brixton, south London, on Friday when the incident is said to have occurred. A 17-year-old boy and Jamar Jackman, 19, from Brixton, have been charged over the assault of an emergency worker and obstructing a police constable. They are both due before Croydon Magistrates' Court. Both teenagers were also charged with contravening a requirement to not participate in a gathering in public of more than two people under the Coronavirus Regulations 2020.

दो किशोरों पर एक पुलिस अधिकारी पर हमला करने और सार्वजनिक समारोहों में कोरोनावायरस लॉकडाउन नियमों का उल्लंघन करने का आरोप लगाया गया है।


Mali refugees seek exit from Mauritania camp life

Summary: Tens of thousands of Malians, mainly ethnic Tuaregs, fled into Mauritania last year after a mixture of separatists and jihadi groups seized control of their home towns. The militants have since been ousted by a French-led campaign and the refugees are starting to plan their return home, as the BBC's Thomas Fessy reports from Mberra camp.

Mohammad Ag Mohammed Hamma is growing impatient. His face almost entirely covered by a washed blue turban, the village chief of Tin-Telout, on the outskirts of Timbuktu, cannot bear this "undignified life" any more. "Living here has been humiliating," he complains. "The food rations they give us aren't enough and we feel like beggars asking for more all the time." He has been back to his village three times since he fled last year, and he is planning on crossing the border again by the end of this week, this time for good. Only about 500 refugees have decided to leave the camp so far. Aid agencies believe that if northern Mali shows signs of stability in the months to come, the first real waves of returns could start to be seen some time in 2014. For now, for all the desire to return, instability remains. A peace deal is one thing, but a lasting agreement is another. On Saturday, two suspected Islamist militants drove a car-bomb into the Malian army camp in Timbuktu and blew themselves up, while on Sunday Tuareg rebels exchanged fire with government troops in the remote town of Kidal. Painting a piece of leather made out of a goat skin that she will sell at the market, Zouda Walett Infa says she does not intend to go back home until she can be certain that peace has been achieved. The 25-year-old mother of three only arrived seven months ago and fears potential inter-communal attacks. Too late In the meantime, other tensions are palpable inside Mberra camp. At the main health centre, two-year-old Mohammed requires full attention. He has got cerebral malaria, which can kill fast. His eyes are glazed and he is clearly struggling to breathe as his mother watches over him. Doctors say he needs an urgent blood transfusion, and order his evacuation to the nearby town of Bassikounou, where international organisations have set up their bases. The little boy is hurried into an ambulance, unresponsive. His mother and family members cram into the back of the car. But despite the doctors' best efforts, the transfusion and treatment come too late. Children always suffer the most in refugee camps and Mberra is no exception. Malaria and malnutrition are preying on the young and vulnerable. Dr Fabien Kabongo from Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF, Doctors Without Borders) - which warned of "appalling" conditions in the camp earlier this year - says that a lot more needs to be done to improve standards here. "Shelters have been seriously damaged by the rains and with the upcoming colder season, we will see many lung infections if they are not replaced," he says. "And too many refugees still have no shelter at all." There are also issues with registering for food handouts. Some of the refugees who were given food on arrival claim that they have now been taken off the distribution lists. "On my fourth distribution, I queued up but I was sent away with nothing," Ms Infa says. She hands me her registration documents that are no longer accepted by the UN refugee agency. "The same thing happened during the distributions that followed each month." Countering criticism of their management of Mberra camp, the UN refugee agency, UNHCR, says it is introducing a new biometric registration process. "Refugees have been informed," Hovig Etyemezian, who runs the agency's operations here, explains. "Most of them have come for the new enrolment where they were given a new document," "It's blue and that's the one they must use for the distributions." "Those who have missed the enrolment can come to our litigation centre." Refugee leaders claim that up to 6,000 are in the same situation as Ms Infa. Mr Etyemezian rejects such a figure. UN sources say that the refugee agency is under pressure from donor countries to fund smaller scale operations at Mberra camp. Yet, angry refugees trashed a registration centre at the camp in early September, prompting the UNHCR to suspend its activities for two weeks. It has only just resumed. Signs of hope Inside the camp, some are busy filling jerry cans of water while others play an improvised board game on the sand with pieces of wood. These refugees came here because they did not trust either the rebels or the government army in Mali. They are now willing to believe that the newly-elected president does want to create a safe environment for their return home. But they will need guarantees that all Malians will be able to live as a united people - one reason why so many ethnic Tuaregs fled is that after the separatists took up arms, there were reports of attacks on Tuareg civilians by members of other communities. "Personally, I am confident I can go back because I know my neighbours," says Mr Hamma. "We're no stranger to one another, we all know what's happened." "I am sure the governor, the army zone commander and the police chief of where I am from can be trusted when they say that we will live together."

अलगाववादियों और जिहादी समूहों के मिश्रण द्वारा अपने गृह नगरों पर कब्जा करने के बाद पिछले साल हजारों माली, मुख्य रूप से जातीय तुआरेग, मॉरिटानिया में भाग गए। तब से उग्रवादियों को फ्रांसीसी नेतृत्व वाले अभियान द्वारा बेदखल कर दिया गया है और शरणार्थियों ने अपने घर लौटने की योजना बनाना शुरू कर दिया है, जैसा कि बीबीसी के थॉमस फेसी ने मबेर्रा शिविर से रिपोर्ट किया है।


EU referendum: David Cameron's benefit ban options

Summary: David Cameron's proposal to ban migrants from claiming in-work benefits for four years is proving to be a major sticking point as he seeks to renegotiate Britain's membership of the EU ahead of a referendum. The prime minister is now said to be open to other ideas aimed at cutting immigration "pull factors" - but what are they?

An "emergency brake" on benefits How it would work: Details are still being worked out but it is thought that the UK, or any other member state, could apply to the European Commission for a temporary ban on in-work benefits for new arrivals. The European Commission would perform tests on whether a brake in benefit payments was acceptable. The member state would have to prove that its welfare system was being placed under intolerable strain by excessive immigration. Will the EU accept it: Central European member states would probably rather have no possibility of in-work benefits curbs, but may swallow this as a price of keeping the UK in the EU. It would be something that would be available to all member states, not just the UK. And the "emergency brake" would have to be agreed by a majority of the 27 other member states before being applied. What critics will say: British Eurosceptics will not wear the proposal currently being discussed. John Redwood said it "insult to the UK" and not a serious offer". He said Britain would have to beg other countries in certain circumstances to impose a temporary halt on benefits, a plan he dismissed as a "bad joke". Targeting the unemployed How it would work: Banning first time EU jobseekers from claiming out-of-work benefits. Cutting the length of time EU migrants can claim benefits when they lose their job. At the moment, EU citizens working in the UK for three years are entitled to Jobseekers Allowance and housing benefit for six months. The IPPR think tank has suggested this Housing Benefit limit should be cut to three months - something that the EU is already considering. Will the EU accept it: The Poles and other EU nations opposed to Mr Cameron's existing plans could go for this. It would not, in theory, threaten the principle of free movement because it only applies to jobless migrants. It could also be done without treaty change. What critics will say: Mr Cameron's plan to ban migrants from claiming in-work benefits and child benefit for four years is a Tory manifesto commitment. So he would be accused of breaking a promise to the electorate. A shorter benefits ban How it could work: The length of time migrant workers have to pay into the system before they can claim tax credits and other in-work benefits could be reduced from four years. The Labour Party called for a two year ban at the general election, although Britain's top civil servant, Sir Jeremy Heywood, has warned ministers any ban lasting longer than six months could be discriminatory and it may have to be cut to a "few weeks or months". Will the EU accept it: It would be tough to get agreement from the East European nations, who would still view it as direct discrimination against their citizens. What critics will say: See above - they would accuse Mr Cameron of a humiliating climb down. Restrictions on British expatriates How it would work: British citizens returning from abroad after a certain number of years would be subject to the same in-work benefit restrictions as EU migrant workers in the UK. Will the EU accept it: The European Commission has responded positively to the suggestion, according to the Telegraph. What critics will say: Mr Cameron will be accused by Eurosceptics of watering down his demands to save his floundering EU negotiations - and unfairly targeting expats, who might have paid into the system before moving to another EU nation. 'Emergency brake' on immigration How it would work: Temporary controls on EU migration if the flow is judged to be too large. Will the EU accept it: Potentially. Brakes in other EU policy areas have been allowed and the Eastern European countries are reportedly open to the idea. What critics will say: Unlikely to reassure Eurosceptics, who will say Britain still does not have control of its own borders, particularly if the "emergency brake" is policed by the EU. UK officials are reported by the FT to be sceptical about the idea, seeing it as an attempt by EU officials to muddy the immigration debate. Cutting benefits for all How it could work: The four-year ban on claiming in-work benefits, such as tax credits, could be extended to all UK benefit applicants from the age of 18. In practice this would mean British young people would not be able to claim until they were 22. Downing Street ruled out this option after analysis that it would lead to 300,000 Britons losing benefit entitlement. Will the EU accept it: It would not be viewed as discrimination by other EU countries, who are reported to have told Mr Cameron it is the only way they would accept his four-year ban. What critics will say: The government would be accused of unfairly targeting British young people. The idea was originally suggested by Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond as a joke, according to The Guardian, but documents seen by the BBC suggest it was being seriously considered. A residency test How it could work: In-work benefit claimants would have to prove they have lived in the UK for four years. Analysis suggests this would affect 50,000 British claimants. Will the EU accept it: Possibly. What critics will say: Some ministers are said to be against any compromise that waters down the Conservatives' manifesto commitment. UK's EU referendum in-depth Q&A: What Britain wants from Europe Guide to the UK's planned in-out EU referendum BBC News EU referendum special report

डेविड कैमरन का प्रवासियों को चार साल के लिए कार्य लाभ का दावा करने से प्रतिबंधित करने का प्रस्ताव एक प्रमुख अड़चन साबित हो रहा है क्योंकि वह एक जनमत संग्रह से पहले यूरोपीय संघ में ब्रिटेन की सदस्यता पर फिर से बातचीत करना चाहते हैं। अब कहा जाता है कि प्रधान मंत्री आप्रवासन "पुल फैक्टर्स" में कटौती करने के उद्देश्य से अन्य विचारों के लिए खुले हैं-लेकिन वे क्या हैं?


Ceara Thacker: Why didn't someone tell us our daughter was in trouble?

Summary: Ceara Thacker's parents believe she "fell through the cracks" between various mental health services while at university. Speaking after a coroner ruled their daughter killed herself, they say they hope lessons can be learned from her death.

By George BowdenBBC News The end of Ceara Thacker's first year at the University of Liverpool was just weeks away. She seemed upbeat and happy when she returned home for the Easter break, her father Iain recalled. The 19-year-old was excited about a big family party and to see her boyfriend Sam - and his dog - who still lived in Yorkshire. Things appeared to have been going well for Ceara. The philosophy student had always been a voracious reader and a deep thinker and the course seemed like a good fit for her. She had loved the atmosphere of Liverpool when she visited on an open day, and had made good friends. Yet just a few weeks after she returned to Liverpool after that Easter break at home, Ceara was found dead in her halls room. A coroner ruled she died by suicide. It is the stunned silence Iain Thacker remembers most about the moment he and Ceara's mother Lorraine were told, just hours after their daughter had died, that she had previously attempted suicide. "Straight away we looked aghast at each other and thought, 'How can we not know this?' 'How can we not be told this?'" he said. Ceara had struggled with her mental health since she was 13 and first showed her mother a self-inflicted cut on her hand. Throughout her early teenage years, Ceara was helped by Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, commonly known as CAMHS, and had always been fairly open about her mental health with her parents. She also seemed able to seek professional help when she felt she needed it, Iain said. Ceara declared her mental health problems on both her university application, and it was followed up by the University of Liverpool. "I remember she couldn't wait for us to leave," Iain said of the day he dropped her off at the halls of residence. Yet over the next eight months, unknown to her parents, Ceara would seek help for mental health problems several times before she died, the inquest heard. Just a few weeks after her arrival in Liverpool, Ceara attended A&E and told a mental health nurse she was struggling. She later attended a GP appointment and was prescribed anti-depressants. Into the new year, Ceara continued to struggle. On 21 February 2018, the coroner heard she had texted a friend to say she had taken a number of tablets. The friend took Ceara to the reception in the halls of residence and told the staff member there. They ordered her a taxi to get to A&E but nobody escalated the incident to other parts of the university, including its mental health team. After being treated for the overdose at the Royal Liverpool Hospital, Ceara was assessed by two mental health nurses. The inquest was told how records of that assessment were incomplete and not sent to Ceara's GP. One of the nurses, Lindsay Cleary, told the inquest she was sorry for the error, which came after a busy shift. The day after, Ceara sent an email of her own accord to the university's mental health team requesting an appointment. She did not receive a response for almost two months due to what the university said were "exceptional circumstances" - including a strike by staff at its mental health advice service. Ceara was eventually offered an appointment, her first with the campus mental health team, but none of the plan put together to help her at the meeting was acted upon. She died two weeks later on 11 May 2018. The University of Liverpool said it had since "conducted a thorough review of the support Ceara was offered" and had also recruited more staff at its mental health advice service. After her death, a letter from Ceara's GP practice was found in her room, asking her to get in touch. A handwritten note on the page urged "do it!!" underlined and in capital letters. "We don't know why Ceara didn't feel able to tell us what was going on. However, we feel very strongly that someone in a position of responsibility needed to ask her if she wanted us to be told," Iain said. "If we had been told what was happening with Ceara we would have made a difference." 'Progress being made' Rosie Tressler, the chief executive of mental health charity Student Minds, told the BBC she was optimistic about the progress being made by the higher education sector with innovative schemes being tried and tested by institutions. At Bristol University, where about a dozen students died through suspected suicide in a short period, all students are asked to "opt-in" to a policy which automatically informs a parent or guardian if there are concerns for their wellbeing in the future. "We can't rest on our laurels. With so many challenges, we can't stop working on student mental health. It will require partnership between universities, NHS services and the student voice," Ms Tressler added. What did the coroner say? Liverpool area coroner Anita Bhardwaj concluded that Ceara died by suicide. She said Ceara experienced an "unacceptable delay" in accessing the university's mental health service and there were several missed opportunities to refer her for mental health support. Mrs Bhardwaj said there was no record of discussions between medical professionals and Ceara about contacting her family. She added: "It is difficult and unclear whether Ceara would have had a different outcome had she had additional mental health appointments, been given an urgent appointment, and had family involvement." What did the University of Liverpool say? Gavin Brown, of the University of Liverpool, said it had "instigated a number of improvements to mental health support services" with a £500,000 investment and new guidance on asking students about sharing information. He said some students might not want to inform family and that in those cases staff would work with students to "identify alternative support networks". The university has chosen not to adopt a campus-wide "opt-in" policy to automatically inform parents of concerns for a student's wellbeing. Information and advice If you or someone you know is struggling with issues raised by this story, find support through BBC Action Line.

सिएरा थाकर के माता-पिता का मानना है कि वह विश्वविद्यालय में रहते हुए विभिन्न मानसिक स्वास्थ्य सेवाओं के बीच "दरारों से गुजर गई"। एक मृत्यु समीक्षक के फैसले के बाद बोलते हुए कि उनकी बेटी ने आत्महत्या कर ली, वे कहते हैं कि उन्हें उम्मीद है कि उसकी मृत्यु से सबक सीखा जा सकता है।


Analysis: What does Nato want from Trump?

Summary: This meeting of Nato defence ministers is the first formal alliance get-together since the arrival of the Trump administration in Washington. Mr Trump's initial suggestion that Nato was in some sense "obsolete", along with his stated desire to do deals with Moscow, set alarm bells ringing in many capitals, where Russia is seen as a re-emerging strategic threat.

Jonathan MarcusDiplomatic correspondent@Diplo1on Twitter Many in Europe see elements in the Trump administration as having an in-built antipathy towards multilateral institutions. There were also fears about certain officials' closeness to Moscow - a worry that the US might seek a strategic dialogue with Russia over Europeans' heads. Accordingly, the resignation of the president's controversial National Security Adviser Michael Flynn will not prompt many tears in Europe. America's European allies will, though, at least to some extent, have been reassured by the subsequent noises that have come out of Washington. But they will want to hear direct reassurance from Gen James Mattis - Mr Trump's new defence secretary - that the alliance retains its centrality in US security thinking. They will also want confirmed that all of the steps that the Obama administration took to reinforce deterrence in Europe - the deployment of additional combat brigades and an intensive series of exercises - will continue under the new man in the White House. Of course Gen Mattis will come with some messages of his own. President Trump - indeed the US Congress - wants to see the European allies shoulder more of the cost of their own defence. Washington has shown that it is willing to stump up troops and equipment, but while collective Nato expenditure is rising, too many Nato governments have been sluggish in bringing their expenditure up to the agreed target of 2% of GDP. According to the latest Nato figures only five allies, Estonia, Greece, Poland, the UK and the United States met or exceeded the 2% benchmark in 2016. The demand from Washington that its allies spend more on their collective defence has been a consistent one over recent years. As a former Nato commander, Gen Mattis knows the alliance well and he has heard all of the excuses before. He will deliver the familiar message with more punch and with a clear implication that this time the US administration expects to see prompt action. Gen Mattis also wants to see Nato become more agile and better at decision-making especially at times of crisis. Washington wants to see the alliance playing a greater role in international efforts to defeat terror and to help prop up failing states. This is a difficult area which causes divisions among the alliance's European members as much as between European capitals and Washington. Iraq - where Nato has already agreed to conduct a small amount of training - could become a test case. The Americans are already thinking about what will happen after Mosul is fully re-captured. As the situation on the ground transitions from all-out war-fighting, there will be a continuing need to build Iraqi capabilities. Here there are lots of things that the US believes Nato countries could do - training for border patrolling, instituting defence reforms and so on. So far the response among allies to the small-scale effort in Iraq has been, shall we say, limited. As far as Washington is concerned, Nato countries don't just need to spend more - they need to significantly enhance their capabilities and be relevant to the sort of real-world tasks in which the US wants its partners to be engaged. Nato's response to a more assertive Russia is all very well but it threatens to open up fissures between northern and eastern allies, on the one hand, who directly face Russia's modernising forces and countries on Nato's Mediterranean flank, on the other, who confront a very different set of challenges. As the paroxysms in Syria and Libya have shown, the migrant or refugee crisis has repercussions throughout the Middle East and much of Europe. At this meeting, Nato ministers want to apply a small corrective to enhance the focus on threats from the south. It's a modest start - a small command hub at the joint forces headquarters in Naples whose job will be to explore what Nato can contribute to dealing with the complex security challenges on its southern flank. But as well as a demand for a more dynamic Nato agenda the US is eager to reassure its allies. A senior US Congressional delegation is visiting the Nato headquarters this week. The Nato meeting is followed by Europe's premier annual security event - the Munich conference - after which the US vice-president himself will also be stopping by at Nato. It is all something of a curtain-raiser for the US president's own first visit to the alliance which will take place in late May. That looks set to be a fairly brief event - little more than a lunch - in Nato's brand new headquarters building, which inconveniently will not be finished in time for the summit. By then it is hoped that Mr Trump will have fully made his peace with Nato. If not, a reduced scale summit in an unfinished building holds risks as well as opportunities. The headline writers could have a field day. The hope is that this Nato ministerial meeting will set the course for more harmonious relations between the alliance and its most important, albeit mercurial member.

नाटो के रक्षा मंत्रियों की यह बैठक वाशिंगटन में ट्रम्प प्रशासन के आने के बाद पहली औपचारिक गठबंधन बैठक है। श्री ट्रम्प का प्रारंभिक सुझाव कि नाटो कुछ अर्थों में "अप्रचलित" था, साथ ही मास्को के साथ सौदे करने की उनकी कथित इच्छा ने कई राजधानियों में खतरे की घंटी बजाई, जहां रूस को एक फिर से उभरते रणनीतिक खतरे के रूप में देखा जा रहा है।


Isle of Man church buildings go on sale

Summary: Three church-owned buildings have gone on sale in the Isle of Man with a collective asking price of almost £2m.

The island parsonages at Andreas, Bride and Patrick have been described by the church as "surplus to requirements". The properties, which are situated in the north and west of the Isle of Man, are expected to sell for £395,000, £595,000 and £875,000 respectively. A spokesman from the Diocese of Sodor and Man said they are too expensive for the church to maintain and repair.

आइल ऑफ मैन में चर्च के स्वामित्व वाली तीन इमारतों की बिक्री लगभग 2 मिलियन पाउंड की सामूहिक कीमत के साथ शुरू हुई है।


Why South African mayor offers virgin scholarships

Summary: A scheme which offers female students scholarships to girls in rural South Africa if they can prove they are virgins has been condemned by human rights groups. The BBC's Nomsa Maseko visited the town to find out more.

Thubelihle Dlodlo is nervous about leaving home in Emcitsheni village in rural KwaZulu-Natal. The 18-year-old has won a prized scholarship, but there is a catch: she only qualifies for the funding if she keeps her virginity. "Remaining a virgin is my only chance to get an education because my parents can't afford to take me to school," she says. To continue receiving her funding, Ms Dlodlo has to undergo regular virginity tests but she says she does not mind. "Virginity testing is part of my culture, it is not an invasion of my privacy and I feel proud after I'm confirmed to be pure." The age of consent in South Africa is 16 years, though there is an exception which makes it legal for those older than 12 and younger than 16 to have sex with each other. Even with a strict interpretation of the law, Ms Dlodlo is already more than two years over the age of consent, but is only just starting her university career. But activists argue these tests are intrusive and that it is not fair to link opportunity to education and sex in this way: "What is really worrying is that they are only focusing on the girl child and this is discriminatory and will not address problems with teenage pregnancy and HIV infection rates," says Palesa Mpapa from campaign group People Opposing Women Abuse. "It's not only the girl that is to blame," she says. uThukela municipality mayor Dudu Mazibuko, who introduced this special category dedicated to virgin girls, disagrees. "The scholarship is not a reward but a lifelong investment in the life of a girl, we are also not condemning those who've made different choices because we accommodate them in other scholarships," she said. The council offers more than 100 scholarships, 16 of which have been given to virgin female students. Culture and tradition In this part of the country, virginity testing is common practice. In Zulu culture, virginity testing is done by elderly women. It qualifies Zulu maidens to participate in the annual reed dance which takes place every September at Zulu King Goodwill Zwelithini's royal palace. This practice is not against the law in South Africa but it has to be done with consent. Community leader Dudu Zwane has made it her mission to encourage young girls to abstain from sex. Affectionately known as "Mum Dudu", the 58-year-old gives talks at schools. "It's very important for these girls to focus on their studies and stay away from boys," she says. The retired nurse also conducts virginity tests on young women. She agrees that her methods are not scientific but says she looks out for certain signs to prove that the girl has not had sex. "The social standing of young women who remain virgins increases and many girls take pride in their results after being tested," she said. Social Development Minister Bathabile Dlamini recently questioned the merits of virginity testing. The practice "complements other harmful practices such as female genital mutilation", she said in a statement which upset traditionalists. In rural parts of KwaZula-Natal, virginity is celebrated and remaining "pure" is a source of pride for families. Ms Dlodlo says her friends are also virgins and envy her for being awarded the scholarship. She says she does not have a boyfriend, as she doesn't want to find herself in a position where she is pressured to have sex. "I want to be a role model", she says. Teenage pregnancy in South Africa Source: Human Sciences Research Council, World Bank; Stats SA 2013 Investigation Virginity testing is seen by some as the answer to stop the increasing numbers of teenage pregnancy and HIV and Aids. Teenage pregnancy is on the rise in South Africa. In 2013, a survey released by Stats SA as part of its General Household found that teen pregnancies had risen to nearly 100,000, up from 68,000 just two years earlier. The South African Council for Educators and the education department labelled the figures an unprecedented crisis. This is despite the fact that the country's schools offer sex education and that free maternal care is also available nationwide. South Africa already has the highest number of people living with HIV in the world, but what is even more alarming is that the highest new HIV infections are amongst young women aged 15-24. Following the outcry, the South African Human Rights Commission has said it will investigate whether the scholarships are against the constitution.

एक योजना जो ग्रामीण दक्षिण अफ्रीका में लड़कियों को छात्रवृत्ति प्रदान करती है यदि वे यह साबित कर सकती हैं कि वे कुंवारी हैं, मानवाधिकार समूहों द्वारा इसकी निंदा की गई है। बीबीसी की नोम्सा मासेको ने अधिक जानने के लिए शहर का दौरा किया।


Norwich Castle rhino horn theft bid: Second man charged

Summary: A third man arrested over the attempted theft of a rhino horn from Norwich Castle Museum has been charged.

Patrick Kiely, 29, of Eleanor Street, Bow, east London, has been charged over the incident in February. Nihad Mahmod, 19, of no fixed address, was last month jailed for two-and-a-half years for attempted theft. Mr Kiely is due to appear before Cambridge magistrates on 10 August. A 21-year-old from Newham, east London, remains on bail. The museum has since replaced the rhino horn with a replica. On the black market, rhino horns can sell for about £50,000 per kilo.

नॉर्विच कैसल संग्रहालय से गैंडे के सींग की चोरी के प्रयास के आरोप में गिरफ्तार किए गए तीसरे व्यक्ति पर आरोप लगाया गया है।