11th millennium BC
The 11th millennium BC spanned the years 11,000 BC to 10,001 BC (c. 13 ka to c. 12 ka). This millennium is during the Upper Paleolithic period. It is impossible to precisely date events that happened during this millennium, and all dates associated with this millennium are estimates mostly based on geological analysis, anthropological analysis, and radiometric dating.

According to the faunal information from stratum 2 at Aetokremnos, molluscs, sea birds, and reptiles were endemic to the island throughout this millennium. Evidence of seasonal exploitation and occupancy may date back to the 11th millennium BC. The Brommian civilization came in Lithuania in the first half of the 11th millennium BC, with the earliest known pottery, masseboth, and settlements in the Middle East.

Nature

Animals

The faunal information from stratum 2 at Aetokremnos shows a familiarity with molluscs, sea birds, and reptiles, indicating that such animals were indigenous to the island in this millennium. There is an aurochs skull on a wall of a 'public building', a row of three wild sheep skulls in a public space and a snake carved from bone already at Hallan Çemi in Turkey during this millennium. There was a domestication of herbivores in this millennium.

Environmental changes

There is material evidence for the build up of the Mediterranean islands that is pointing to such activity as early as the 12–11th millennium BC. Current evidence from the Mediterranean islands indicates that seasonal exploitation and occupation may have occurred as early as this millennium. It solidly establishes a human presence on Cyprus, making it one of the oldest inhabited Mediterranean islands during this millennium. 

The largest central European volcanic event of the Late Pleistocene is estimated to have occurred in approximately 10,900 BC at the Laacher See in Germany. There was a Katla eruption in southern Iceland that produced pumice which probably happened between about the 11th millennium BC and the late 8th millennium BC. The geochemistry of Katla and the archaeological pumice is also similar to that of the Vedde Ash, which was deposited in north-western Europe during this millennium. 

In some locations in Europe, obsidian suddenly appeared in deposits in this millennium, though the earliest artefacts made of obsidian date from a much later period. In the Aegean sea, the earliest evidence of Melian obsidian comes from Franchthi Cave, in late Upper Paleolithic levels during this millennium. This was originally demonstrated by handfuls of obsidian found at the Franchthi Cave during this millennium and linked to Melos by elemental characterization. At Franchthi Cave on the Greek mainland, there have been discovered stratified deposits that date to this millennium.

In England, Ridges of Aeolian sand had formed over some earth deposits on the eastern side of the Vale of York at the foot of the Wolds. It was recorded in a test-pit at Low Grange Farm, Shiptonthorpe, and dated to 11,873–11,216 BC.

Sea level had risen to about  below its present level during this millennium. The Ice Age began to come to an end in this millennium. In Asia Minor, copper artifacts have been used since this millennium.

Human culture

Humans

The first inhabitants were discovered on the eastern shore of the Baltic sea in this millennium. There were inhabitants in the Franchthi Cave during this millennium. In the Pre-Neolithic period, there is indirect evidence of seafaring from Franchthi Cave in this millennium. Humans were occupying Guitarrero Cave and the shelter of Pachamachay during this millennium. At least since this millennium, people have lived on Cyprus.

There was a recent discovery of earlier cultures that were before the Clovis culture. The freezing north also shows signs of human activity during this millennium. Archaeological accounts of the hunter-gatherer and agricultural groups that settled on Cyprus' southern shores between the mid-11th and mid-9th millennium BC are numerous and vivid, particularly when it comes to the motivations behind their migration from the mainland to a new land that required a 60-mile sea route.

The oldest inhabitants in Lithuania are representatives of the Brommian culture that arrived at The Lake Titnas flint mining sites in roughly the first half of this millennium. That is the allerød period when the temps were just a few degrees cooler than they are today. They also dig for lint and knapped it at this location.

Technology, agriculture, and pottery

The frequency of occurrence of fundamental tool groups such as end-scrapers, burins, truncated pieces, backed pieces, perforators, and combination tools in Moravian inventory is most closely matched and is dated to the late 13th - early 11th millennium BC. From the 17th to the 9th millennium BC, no surface pressure flaking technology is known to have existed in Europe. Since this millennium, there has been an archeologically proven marine tradition. Early coastal foragers were present at Aetokremnos on Cyprus, which suggests that the Eastern Mediterranean had marine technology during this millennium. In some prehistoric sites in Syria and Iraq, the earliest mills discovered date from this millennium. Early on, men were drawn to Anatolia because of its natural fertility, and the region's rivers, together with the advent of agriculture in the 11th millennium BC, brought about a major transformation in human existence that gave rise to the first enduring permanent settlements. The world's earliest known pottery, from Japan, dates to this millennium.

Other cultural developments

The earliest known masseboth was constructed during this millennium. There was a formation of settled villages in the Middle East during this millennium. Abu Hureyra was settled during this millennium, as evidenced by numerous pits and post- holes. Settlement at Mureybet began at the end of the Natufian period, around the end of this millennium. The nearest dated Paleoindian component is the Hiscock site, near Tonawanda, New York, in the present-day United States, dated to this millennium. 

According to radiocarbon dating, Tower 5 is the fifth oldest tower in the world during this millennium. Tower 5 may be a shrine and/or "common house". In reality, the types of settlements chosen between the 11th and 9th millennium BC range from simple rockshelters (Akrotiri) to semi-permanent special purpose sites (Asprokremnos) to sedentary villages (Klimonas), undoubtedly indicating a variety of interactions between group members and, consequently, definitions of social relations and means. It didn't take long for discussions about the nature and duration of the site, its sequence, and the daily activities of its occupants to take over from the initial shock of the early date for the group that crossed to the southern shores of the island and used Akrotiri Aetokremnos as a shelter, sometime around the mid-11th millennium BC. The Hallan Çemi Tepesi site dates to this millennium. 

As early as this millennium, the majority of ancient civilizations were located around rivers like the Jordan, Euphrates, Tigris, Nile, Indus, and Yellow River. The Ust-Karenga site's records date back to this millennium. The Körtik Tepe site has been occupied continuously, according to human isotope research, and archaeological evidence suggests that this was the case as early as the 11th millennium BC.

Notes

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Millennia
11th millennium BC