Transportation management system
A Transportation Management System (TMS) is a subset of supply chain management concerning transportation operations, which may be part of an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system.

A TMS typically acts as an intermediary between an ERP or legacy order processing and warehouse/distribution module. In this setup, the TMS Planning Module evaluates both inbound (procurement) and outbound (shipping) orders, providing the user with suggested routing solutions. The user reviews these suggestions and selects the most reasonable option, which is then passed to the transportation provider analysis module. This module determines the best mode of transportation and the most cost-effective solution. Once the optimal option is chosen, an electronic load tendering and track/trace system is used to execute the shipment through the selected carrier. The TMS also supports  freight audit and payment processes. Integration with ERP systems (once orders are transformed into shipments) and sometimes with Warehouse Management System  (WMS) programs are also commonly linked to ERP.

Licensing
These systems have been offered with different types of licensing arrangements. The four main offerings are:
 On-premises licensing (traditionally purchased license)
 Hosted licensing (remote, SaaS, Cloud)
 On-premises hosted licensing (a blend of 1 and 2)
 Hosted – TMS free of licensing (same as 2 but free with no license requirements)

Additionally, some software providers were either acquired or merged with supply chain management consultancies and started offering shippers "blended" managed and software services as an outsourced process. Primary Tier 1 TMS providers are still independent, carrier and 3PL neutral, and ERP neutral. While ERP providers are moving to improve their on-premises transportation management offerings by adding TMS modules to their existing, implemented base, the advent of Software-as-a-Service or "SaaS" delivery resulted in a surge of emerging TMS providers.

Functionalities
Transportation management systems manage four key processes of transportation management:
 Planning and decision making – TMS will define the most efficient transport schemes, according to the given parameters, which have a lower or higher importance of various factors according to the user policy: transport cost, shorter lead-time, fewer stops possible to ensure quality, flows regrouping coefficient, etc.
 Transportation Execution – TMS will allow for the execution of the transportation plan, such as carrier rate acceptance, carrier dispatching, and EDI.
 Transport follow-up – TMS will allow the following any physical or administrative operation regarding transportation: traceability of transport events by event (shipping from A, arrival at B, customs clearance, etc.), editing of reception, customs clearance, invoicing and booking documents, sending of transport alerts such as delay, accident, non-forecast stops.
 Measurement – TMS have or need to have a logistics key performance indicator (KPI) reporting function for transport.

Various functions of a TMS include:
 Planning and optimizing terrestrial transport rounds
 Inbound and outbound transportation mode and transportation provider selection
 Management of motor carrier, rail, air, and maritime transport
 Real-time transportation tracking
 Service quality control in the form of KPIs (see below)
 Vehicle Load and Route optimization
 Transport costs and scheme simulation
 Shipment batching of orders
 Freight Negotiation
 Cost control, KPI (Key Performance Indicators) reporting and statistics
 Freight Audit
 Typical KPIs include, but are not limited to:
 % of On-Time Pick-Up or Delivery Performance relative to requested
 Cost Per Metric – mile; km; weight; cube; pallet
 Productivity in monetary terms, e.g., cost per unit weight or shipping unit
 Productivity in operational terms, e.g., shipping units/order or weight/load

However, all the above logistical functions need to be scrutinized as to how each parameter functions.

Market 
Gartner predicts the global transportation management system market to grow 60% from $1.3 billion in 2019 to $2.1 billion in 2024.

References

Freight transport
Transport software