Blitz-class aviso
The  class was a pair of avisos built for the German  (Imperial Navy) in the early 1880s. The ships,  and , were the first steel-hulled ships of any kind built by the German Navy, were among the first torpedo cruiser type warships in the world, and were the progenitors of the later light cruisers of the . They were armed with a  gun and one  torpedo tube as their principal armament, and were capable of a top speed in excess of . They were very successful warships, remaining in active service for more than three decades.

 and  served extensively in various roles; Blitz spent much of her career as a flotilla leader for torpedo boats, while  served with the training squadron and the main fleet.  was deployed to German East Africa in 1889 to suppress the Abushiri revolt, returning to Germany in 1890. Throughout the 1890s, the ships served with the fleet, conducting a yearly routine of exercises and training cruises. They served in a variety of additional roles during the 1890s and 1900s, including as tenders, fishery protection vessels, and training ships. They operated as dedicated tenders to the battle squadrons of the High Seas Fleet by the mid-1900s, filling that role through the start of World War I.  took part in Operation Albion in the Baltic Sea in late 1917 and  was later used as a training ship for U-boat crews. The ships were discarded in the early 1920s and broken up for scrap.

Design
Designed in 1879, the design specifications for the -class avisos called for a top speed of  from about , though the finalized design had a top speed of a knot less. The ships marked a significant advance in naval technology for the German fleet; they were the first steel-hulled vessels, and they were the first cruiser-type vessels to abandon traditional sailing masts. Their armament—a torpedo tube and a battery of light guns—reflected the growing importance of the torpedo as a weapon, since the torpedo tube served as its primary offensive armament and the guns were necessary to defend against the increasingly powerful torpedo boats of the period.

At the time of their completion, they were among the earliest torpedo cruisers in the world. The -class avisos were the first step toward creating the modern, steel-hulled light cruiser, and their modern appearance presaged later developments. Development of the aviso type would ultimately come to fruition in the  light cruisers, built a decade later. The  design proved to be an effective one, as evidenced by the fact that  remained in active service for thirty-five years.

General characteristics

The -class ships were  long at the waterline and  long overall. They had a beam of  and a maximum draft of  forward. The ships displaced  as designed and up to  at full combat load. The ships' hulls were constructed with transverse and longitudinal steel frames, and contained eleven watertight compartments. A double bottom was located beneath the ships' engine rooms.

 and  had a crew of 7 officers and 127 enlisted men, though this number was later revised to 6 officers and 135 sailors. When serving as torpedo boat flotilla leaders, the ships had an additional 3 officers and 16 enlisted men. The ships carried several smaller boats, including one picket boat, one yawl, and one dinghy. Later in their careers, a cutter, another yawl, and another dinghy were added.

Machinery
The ships' propulsion system consisted of two horizontal 2-cylinder double expansion engines in a single engine room. The engines drove a pair of 3-bladed screws. Steam for the engines was provided by eight coal-fired locomotive boilers. After refits in the early 1890s, the ships' boilers were replaced with newer, more efficient models;  received eight transverse cylindrical boilers, while  had eight cylindrical boilers installed. The ships were supplied with electrical power with a single  generator that operated at 67 volts. As built, the ships were fitted with a schooner rig with a sail area of  to supplement her steam engines, but this was later reduced to a rig of auxiliary sails with an area of , and the sails were removed entirely by 1900.

The propulsion system was rated at , for a top speed of . Neither ship reached this speed on trials;  managed , and  made . The ships carried up to  of coal, which allowed them to steam for approximately  at a cruising speed of . Steering was controlled with one rudder.

Armament

As built, the -class avisos were armed with one  K L/23 gun placed in a pivot mount atop the bow. The gun was supplied with 100 rounds of ammunition. The ships were also equipped with four 8.7 cm K L/23 guns in single mounts and one  torpedo tube mounted in the bow above the waterline. In 1891 and 1892, the ships were rearmed with six 8.8 cm SK L/30 guns in single mounts; these were carried one on the bow, one on the stern, and two amidships on either broadside. They also received three 35 cm torpedo tubes, one in the bow and one on each broadside, all submerged in the hull. The ships did not carry any armor protection.

Ships

Service history

Upon entering service,  served as the flotilla leader for I Torpedo-boat Flotilla; at the time, Alfred von Tirpitz, the future architect of the High Seas Fleet, directed the operations of the navy's torpedo craft, and  was involved in evaluations of torpedo boat capabilities in the early 1880s. These included tests to demonstrate the ability of the boats to operate away from sheltered, coastal waters and weapons tests.  initially served with the training squadron until late 1889, when she was deployed to German East Africa to help suppress the Abushiri revolt. She helped to enforce a blockade of the colony and also took part in operations against rebel forces, sending men ashore and bombarding enemy troops. In the 1890s, both ships operated with the fleet,  with the torpedo boats and  as a scout for the capital ships. During this period, they routinely took part in the yearly training routine that consisted of flotilla and squadron exercises and culminated in the annual fleet maneuvers held every August and September. They also frequently escorted members of the royal family, including Kaiser Wilhelm II, who cruised aboard his yacht .

By the mid-1890s, both ships began to take on secondary duties, including fishery protection patrols to prevent foreign fishing boats from violating German territorial waters, acting as tenders, and serving as training ships, although they continued to serve as active units in the fleet. The ships were involved in a number of accidents over the course of their careers, each sinking a merchant ship in accidental collisions. Both ships were assigned as dedicated tenders to I Squadron and II Squadron in the mid-1900s, and in this capacity, they accompanied the fleet's battleships on long-range cruises and continued to participate in the annual maneuvers.

 and  continued to serve as tenders during World War I, though s activities during the war are unclear, as one historian reports her initially being used for coastal defense patrols, though another source states that she remained a tender through 1917, when she was sent to participate in Operation Albion against Russian forces in the Baltic Sea; she was reportedly also slated to take part in Operation Schlußstein in August 1918, also directed against Russia, but the plan was cancelled. , meanwhile, was also used to train U-boat crews.  and  were ultimately struck from the naval register in 1921 and 1922, respectively, before being broken up.

Notes

References