Johann Knüpfer
Johann Knüpfer (1866–1910) was a schizophrenic outsider artist and one of the "schizophrenic masters" profiled by Hans Prinzhorn in his field-defining work Artistry of the Mentally Ill.

Knüpfer was a baker's apprentice for three years as a youth before moving to a large city where he worked in a cement factory and learned the trade of locksmithing. His friends persuaded him to marry, but the union was unhappy from the start. He was an alcoholic and an abusive husband, and mistrusted not only his wife but everyone he knew. He attempted suicide in 1902 and was committed soon afterwards.

It became evident that he had been having paranoiac delusions for years, and visions in which Christ explained why he was being persecuted. He told psychiatrists that "no one had suffered as much, not even Christ" (Prinzhorn 1972, p. 172).

His works can be divided into two categories, the formal religious images covered with oracular inscriptions and the paintings of memories from his youth. Both categories display a preoccupation with symmetry and a fascination with circles.

Knüpfer believes he is a martyr, making religion the main theme of his work. He depicts raw, ecstatic crucified figures. His drawings are accompanied by hearts with arrows through them, probably in reference to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, and comments, often written in circles. Religious symbolism became an obsession for Knüpfer. Johann Knüpfer also produced drawings on the theme of childhood, in which birds play a prominent role.

Resources

 Écrits d’Art Brut. Graphomanes extravagants, Lucienne Peiry, Paris, Le Seuil, 2020.  ()
 Prinzhorn, Hans. Artistry of the mentally ill: a contribution to the psychology and psychopathology of configuration. Trans. Eric von Brockdorff.   New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1972. .

1866 births
1910 deaths
Outsider artists
People with schizophrenia
19th-century German painters
19th-century German male artists
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
German male painters