Fabrizio De André
Fabrizio Cristiano De André (; 18 February 1940 – 11 January 1999) was an Italian singer-songwriter and the most-prominent cantautore of his time. His 40-year career reflects his interests in concept albums, literature, poetry, political protest, and French music. He is considered a prominent member of the Genoese School. Because of the success of his music in Italy and its impact on the Italian collective memory, many public places such as roads, squares, and schools in Italy are named for De André.

Biography 

Fabrizio De André was born in Pegli, Genoa, Italy, to an upper-class family. He had a warm, deep voice, and started playing guitar at the age of 14. His father gave him some Georges Brassens records, whose songs influenced the style of his first songs. Brassens also inspired  De André to become a libertarian and a pacifist, which was influential in his music and later, more-sophisticated productions.

1960s
When he was a student in February 1961, De André debuted, singing two songs in a theater in Genoa. The two songs were later recorded as his first single, "Nuvole barocche" b/w "E fu la notte", which was released in 1961 and was an imitation of Domenico Modugno. In his following recordings in the early 1960s, De André found a more personal style, mixing literature with traditional songs—in particular Medieval ones), presenting himself as a contemporary troubador and storyteller. His narrative centered on the stories of marginalized people and antiheroes. He later recorded protest songs such as La ballata del Miché ("Mickey's Ballad"), which he co-wrote with his friend Clelia Petracchi; La Guerra di Piero ("Piero's War"), an anti-war song, with contributions from Vittorio Centenaro and others. Some of the songs were inspired by his city, Genoa, such as La Città Vecchia ("The old (side of the) city"), which he co-wrote with Elvio Monti; and Via del Campo, with the music of Enzo Jannacci. He has also wrote two songs with his long-life friend Paolo Villaggio, Il Fannullone and Carlo Martello (ritorna dalla battaglia di Poitiers) ("Charles Martel Returns from the Battle of Poitiers"), in 1963.

In 1962, his first son Cristiano De André was born to his first wife Enrica "Puny" Rignon, who married in the same year.

His first song to find commercial success was La canzone di Marinella ("The song of Marinella") in 1967, thanks to a television performance by Mina. In 1984, Joan Baez sang "Marinella" during an Italian television program. Following this first success, it was released in 1967 on his first album of new songs Volume 1. The album opens with "Preghiera in Gennaio", which is dedicated to De André's friend the singer Luigi Tenco, who committed suicide before the album's release during  De André's participation in the Sanremo Festival. Despite the popularity of this festival, De André refused to participate in any song competition by principle, and rarely appeared on television. In 1966,  De André's first compilation Tutto Fabrizio De André was released.

In 1968, De André released Tutti morimmo a stento, a concept album sung in Italian, with orchestral arrangements of Gian Piero Reverberi—a first for De André. The lyrics of the first song Il Cantico dei Drogati ("Junkies' Canticle") were co-written with poet Riccardo Mannerini, one of the most-significant persons in De André's life. De André and Mannerini also co-wrote lyrics for the 1968 album of the band New Trolls, Senza orario Senza bandiera. In 1969, he released the album Volume 3; due to their lyrics, some of his songs were censored by the national Italian television channel but were broadcast by Vatican Radio.

1970s

In 1970 was released the song Il pescatore ("The Fisherman"). The same year, he released La buona novella, another concept album that was inspired by the life of Jesus Christ as reported mainly by the Apocryphal gospels. It was followed in 1971 by Non al denaro non all'amore né al cielo which was inspired by the Spoon River Anthology, a collection of short poems from Edgar Lee Masters, with the collaboration of Nicola Piovani for the music and Giuseppe Bentivoglio for the lyrics. The album's booklet contains an interview from Fernanda Pivano, the Italian translator of Master's works. In 1973,  De André wrote the concept album Storia di un impiegato, which is about the protests of those years, also involving Piovani and Bentivoglio. In 1974, he released the album Canzoni, which includes re-recording of many old songs and new translations of songs of Brassens, Leonard Cohen ("Suzanne" and "Joan of Arc"), and Bob Dylan ("Desolation Row"), thanks to the collaboration of Francesco De Gregori). In 1975, the experimental album Volume/8 was a collaboration with the songwriter Francesco De Gregori, and includes a translation of a song by Leonard Cohen ("Seems so long ago, Nancy").

In 1975, De André made his concert debut at "La Bussola" in Viareggio. Before that event, De André refused to perform live concerts because he considered himself more a songwriter than a performer. In the same period, he moved Genoa to Sardinia. In 1978, his new concept album Rimini, which he co-wrote with singer-songwriter Massimo Bubola was released; it includes a translation of Bob Dylan's "Romance in Durango" (Avventura a Durango). For the first time, he wrote a song in Gallurese, a local variant of the Sardinian language, Zirichiltaggia ("Lizard Den"), inspired by the Ballu tundu, beginning to show his passion for minority languages and music traditions.

In 1977, his daughter Ludovica Vittoria (nicknamed simply Luvi) was born to his partner Dori Ghezzi. Between December 1978 and Juanuary 1979, De André toured with the Italian progressive rock band Premiata Forneria Marconi (PFM), from which two live albums (In Concerto - Arrangiamenti PFM, vol. 1 and 2) were released. Many years ago, in 2020 was found and published as DVD a video taken from that tour, under the title "Fabrizio De André e PFM - Il concerto ritrovato".

On the 27th August 1979, De André and Dori Ghezzi were kidnapped in Sardinia. They were released only on December.

1980s

Together with Sergio Bardotti De André translated the song "Famous Blue Raincoat" with the title La Famosa Volpe Azzurra, which was performed by Ornella Vanoni on her album Ricetta di donna (1980).

In 1981, De André and Massimo Bubola released the single Una storia sbagliata, which was dedicated to Pier Paolo Pasolini and appeared as an opening theme to an Italian television program. Later in 1981, De André released an album without a title, also known as L'Indiano (The Indian) due to the cover reproducing the painting The Outlier by Frederic Remington. The album is more inspired by rock music than his earlier ones, partly because of his collaboration in songwriting with Bubola. The arrangements were done by the American-born musician Mark Harris, who also sings Ave Maria in Sardinian. The track Hotel Supramonte was inspired by De André's kidnapping experience. In 1982, De André, who disliked traveling, went on his first and only European tour of Austria, Germany, and Switzerland.

In 1984 was released the album Crêuza de mä, a collaboration with the multi-instrumentalist Mauro Pagani, a former member of PFM. This album is very unusual: its music was inspired by the Mediterranean one played with instruments from local traditions, resulting in a special kind of world music and entirely sung in Genoese. David Byrne, talking to Rolling Stone, named the album one of the most-important releases of the decade. In 1985, he cowrote the song Faccia di Cane however unofficially, which was performed by the New Trolls at the Sanremo Music Festival 1985, where it placed third and won the Prize of the Critic.

In 1985, De André promised his dying father to stop his abuse of alcohol but he continued to be a heavy smoker. In 1989, De André married Dori Ghezzi. Their marriage testimony was actor and long-life friend Beppe Grillo. In the same year, his brother Mauro, a corporate lawyer and who also helped Fabrizio with his career, died.

1990s
In 1990 De André released Le nuvole, a collaboration with Pagani. The album was arranged by Piero Milesi. The first half of the album (side A) is sung in Italian while the second half (side B) is sung in Sardinian, Genoese, and Neapolitan. The album is also credited to Francesco Baccini for some verses of the song Ottocento; Baccini later recorded a duo with De André named Genova Blues. In 1991, De André toured released the double live album 1991 Concerti.

De André also collaborated with the band Tazenda, singing a song in Sardinian (Etta Abba Chelu) and co-writing the song Pitzinnos in sa gherra ("Children in the War"), both of which were included on their 1992 album Limba. He sang in Old Occitan with the band Troubaires de Coumboscuro (Mis Amour) in 1995. In 1994, he performed the song Cielito Lindo in Spanish as an opening theme for an Italian television show of the same name.

In 1996 he released his last album Anime Salve, a concept album about solitude, in collaboration with Ivano Fossati. The arrangements are by Milesi. Fossati also duets with De André on two of the songs, the tile track and Â cùmba. The first song on the album, Prinçesa, is inspired by the autobiography of the transsexual Fernanda Farias De Albuquerque. This song was awarded the Targa Tenco as Song of the Year. The last song of the album Smisurata preghiera summarizes the work of writer Álvaro Mutis; De André also released a Portuguese version of the song titled Desmedida plegaria, which was included in the score of the film Ilona Arrives with the Rain. The song was awarded the Lunezia Prize.

Also in 1996, De André co-wrote his only novel Un destino ridicolo with writer Alessandro Gennari; in 2008, this novel inspired the film Amore che vieni, amore che vai. In 1997, he recorded a new version of Marinella, this time as a duo with Mina, which is included in the compilation Mi innamoravo di tutto. During the period 1997–1998, De André went on the longest tour of his career, playing in arenas, open spaces, and theaters. Some of the summer dates were opened by poet and songwriter Oliviero Malaspina, with whom he was planning a collaboration for his next studio album. This long tour had to be interrupted because of the first signs of health problems. Then, he was diagnosed with lung cancer.

Fabrizio De André died in Milan on the 11 January 1999. Two days later, a public funeral took place in the Basilique of Santa Maria Assunta in Carignano, Genoa, in front of a large audience. De André was buried in the family chapel in the Monumental Cemetery of Staglieno.

Discography

Albums
 Volume 1 (1967)
 Tutti morimmo a stento (1968)
 Volume 3 (1968)
 La buona novella (1970)
 Non al denaro non all'amore né al cielo (1971)
 Storia di un impiegato (1973)
 Canzoni (1974)
 Volume 8 (1975)
 Rimini (1978)
 Fabrizio De André (1981)
 Crêuza de mä (1984)
 Le nuvole (1990)
 Anime salve (1996)

Compilations
 Tutto Fabrizio De André (1966)
 La canzone di Marinella (1968)
 Nuvole barocche (1968)
 Fabrizio De André (also known as the Black Anthology) (1976)
 Fabrizio De André (also known as the Blue Anthology) (1986)
 Il viaggio (1991)
 La canzone di Marinella (1995, reissue)
 Mi innamoravo di tutto (1997)
 Da Genova (1999)
 Peccati di gioventù (2000)
 In direzione ostinata e contraria (2005)
 In direzione ostinata e contraria 2 (2006)
 Effedia: Sulla mia cattiva strada (2008)

Live albums
 Fabrizio De André in Concerto (1979)
 Fabrizio De André in Concerto vol. 2 (1980)
 1991 concerti (1991)
 In concerto (1999) (A selection of songs from De André's last-ever filmed concerts, released in their entirety on the same-titled 2004 DVD)
 Ed avevamo gli occhi troppo belli (2001)
 In concerto volume II (2001) (The remaining songs from the 1998 In Concerto final shows) 
 Fabrizio De André & PFM in concerto (2007) (Newly mixed and "de-mastered" reissue of the PFM-led live albums from 1979 and 1980)

Tributes 
 Canti randagi (1995)
 Äia da respiâ - Genova canta De André (1999)
 Faber, amico fragile (2003) (2 CDs)
 Non più i cadaveri dei soldati (Un omaggio a Fabrizio De André) (2003)
 Mille papaveri rossi (2003)
 Non al denaro non all'amore nè al cielo (Morgan) (2005)
 2004 Creuza de mä (Mauro Pagani) (2004)
 PFM canta De André (2008) (CD + DVD)
 De André canta De André (2009) by Cristiano De André
 De André canta De André - vol.2 (2010) by Cristiano De André
 Sogno n° 1 (2011), London Symphony Orchestra directed by Geoff Westley
 De André canta De André vol. 3 (2017) by Cristiano De André
 Faber nostrum (2019)

Singles
 "Nuvole barocche"/"E fu la notte" (1960)
 "La ballata del Michè"/"La ballata dell'eroe" (1961)
 "Il fannullone"/"Carlo Martello ritorna dalla battaglia di Poitiers" (1963)
 "Il testamento"/"La ballata del Michè" (1963)
 "La guerra di Piero"/"La ballata dell'eroe" (1964)
 "Valzer per un amore"/"La canzone di Marinella" (1964)
 "Per i tuoi larghi occhi"/"Fila la lana" (1965)
 "La città vecchia"/"Delitto di paese" (1965)
 "La canzone dell'amore perduto"/"La ballata dell'amore cieco (o della vanità)" (1966)
 "Geordie"/"Amore che vieni, amore che vai" (1966)
 "Preghiera in Gennaio"/"Si chiamava Gesù" (1967)
 "Via del Campo"/"Bocca di rosa" (1967)
 "Caro amore"/"Spiritual" (1967)
 "La canzone di Barbara"/"Carlo Martello ritorna dalla battaglia di Poitiers" (1968)
 "La canzone di Marinella"/"Amore che vieni, amore che vai" (1968)
 "Il gorilla"/"Nell'acqua della chiara fontana" (1969)
 "Leggenda di Natale"/"Inverno" (1969)
 "Il pescatore"/"Marcia nuziale" (1970)
 "La stagione del tuo amore"/"Spiritual" (1970)
 "Nuvole barocche"/"E fu la notte" (1971, reissue)
 "Un matto (Dietro ogni scemo c'è un villaggio)"/"Un giudice" (1971)
 "Suzanne"/"Giovanna d'Arco" (1972)
 "La cattiva strada"/"Amico fragile" (1974)
 "Il pescatore"/"Carlo Martello ritorna dalla battaglia di Poitiers" (1978)
 "Una storia sbagliata"/"Titti" (1980)

Box-sets
 I concerti (16 CDs) (2012)

Videography

Music videos 
 La domenica delle salme (1990) - Directed by Gabriele Salvatores
 Mégu megún (1990) - Directed by Gabriele Salvatores, starring: Claudio Bisio
 Ho visto Nina volare (1997) - Directed by Pietro Follini

Concerts 
 Fabrizio De André in Concerto (2004)
 Fabrizio De André e PFM - Il concerto ritrovato (2020)

Documentaries 
 Effedia: Sulla mia cattiva strada (2008)
 Dentro Faber (2011) - (8 DVDs on different subjects each)
 Faber in Sardegna & L'ultimo concerto di Fabrizio De André, directed by Gianfranco Cabiddu, 2015

Tributes 
 Omaggio a Fabrizio De André (2006) (Tribute concert performed in the Roman Amphitheatre of Cagliari on the 10th of July, 2005)
 PFM canta De André (2008)

Inspired movies 
 Amore che vieni, amore che vai (2008) - Directed by Daniele Costantini
 Fabrizio De André - Principe libero (2018) - Directed by Luca Facchini

Novels

Diaries

Interviews

Biographies

Essayes 
 Fondazione Fabrizio De Andrè, Bruno Bigoni, Romano Giuffrida,  Accordi eretici, La Nave di Teseo, 2021,

Photobooks

Comics

Notes and references

Further reading

External links

 
 

 
1940 births
1999 deaths
Musicians from Genoa
People of Piedmontese descent
Anarcho-pacifists
Italian anarchists
Italian libertarians
Italian pacifists
Left-libertarians
Deaths from cancer in Lombardy
Kidnapped Italian people
20th-century Italian male singers
Critics of the Catholic Church