Heracleum sphondylium
Heracleum sphondylium, commonly known as hogweed or common hogweed, is a herbaceous perennial plant in the carrot family Apiaceae, which includes fennel, cow parsley, ground elder and giant hogweed. It is native to most of Europe, western Asia and northern Africa, but is introduced in North America and elsewhere. Other common names include cow parsnip (not to be confused with Heracleum maximum of North America) or eltrot (which may refer to other species). The flowers provide a great deal of nectar for pollinators.

Description

 

Heracleum sphondylium is a herbaceous, flowering plant. It is a tall, roughly hairy plant reaching up to  in height. The hollow, ridged stem with bristly hairs arises from a large tap root. The leaves can reach   in length. They are once or twice pinnate, hairy and serrated, divided into 3–5 lobed segments.

Heracleum sphondylium is most commonly a polycarpic perennial plant, not a biennial as sometimes claimed. The flowers are arranged in umbels, either flat or slightly convex, 4–25 cm in diameter, usually with 10–20 hairy, somewhat unequal rays. each 2–12 cm long. Each flower has five white or rarely pinkish-white to purplish petals. The central flowers of the umbel have radial symmetry (actinomorphic), while the flowers around the perimeter of the umbel have bilateral symmetry (zygomorphic) since the outermost petals are enlarged. The winged fruits are flattened schizocarps, elliptical to rounded and glabrous, about 1 cm long.

The characteristic 'farm yardy' smell or the observation that pigs would eat the foliage and roots of hogweed is perhaps the origin of its common name.

Heracleum sphondylium is smaller than Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed) and Heracleum sosnowskyi (Sosnowsky's hogweed). It contains some of the same phytophototoxic compounds (furanocoumarins), albeit at lower concentrations, and there is evidence that the sap from common hogweed can also produce phytophotodermatitis (burns and rashes) when contaminated skin is exposed to sunlight.

Similar species
Heracleum sphondylium is often confused with Heracleum sibiricum, also known as Heracleum sphondylium subsp. sibiricum. The latter is similar to the typical subsp. sphondylium except that it has yellowish-green flowers that are actinomorphic throughout the umbel arrangement.

Taxonomy
Heracleum sphondylium is one of five species of Heracleum described by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1753 (the other four being H. alpinum, H. austriacum, H. panaces, and H. sibiricum).

Subspecies
Since the morphology of Heracleum sphondylium is highly variable throughout its range, many infraspecies have been described. , the following names at subspecific rank are accepted by the indicated authorities:

, Plants of the World Online (POWO) recognizes subsp. carpaticum, subsp. cyclocarpum, and subsp. sibiricum at species rank:

 Heracleum carpaticum 
 Heracleum cyclocarpum 
 Heracleum sibiricum 

Moreover, POWO recognizes subsp. flavescens as a synonym of Heracleum sibiricum. In 1971, Brummitt lumped Heracleum lanatum of North America into subsp. montanum, but today these taxa are known as Heracleum maximum  and subsp. elegans, respectively.

Other infraspecies
, other infraspecific names are in use:

Etymology
The species name sphondylium, meaning "vertebrate", refers to the shape of the segmented stem.

Distribution and habitat
Heracleum sphondylium is native to most of Europe, western Asia and northern Africa. The species has been introduced into North America. In particular, it has been introduced to eastern Canada, but reports of H. sphondylium in Canada are rare. Some authorities claim that Heracleum sphondylium subsp. sibiricum (a synonym of Heracleum sibiricum) has been introduced in the United States, but in New England, botanists have been unable to identify the taxon to subspecies rank.

The plant is common in grassland, herb-rich meadows, in hedges, meadows and woods, road verges and railway embankments, waste and cultivated ground.  It grows especially well on moist, improved nitrogen-rich soils. It can occur in mountain areas up to  of altitude.

Ecology
In Europe, the primary flowering season of Heracleum sphondylium subsp. sphondylium extends from June to September, with peak flowering and seed ripening occurring in July and August, respectively. In Great Britain, seed dispersal occurs during late September and early October, which usually coincides with the winds of the September equinox.

The flowers are pollinated by insects such as beetles, wasps and especially flies. As its name suggests, the small picture-winged fly Euleia heraclei is found on hogweed. The leaves are commonly mined by the larvae of the leaf miner Phytomyza spondylii.

Heracleum sphondylium was rated in the top 10 for most nectar production (nectar per unit cover per year) in a UK plants survey conducted by AgriLand, a project supported by the UK Insect Pollinators Initiative.

Uses
In the 18th century, people on the Kamchatka Peninsula distilled a spirit called raka from a "sweet grass" that was most likely H. sphondylium. The raka was flavored with blue-berried honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea).

Borscht derives from an ancient soup originally cooked from pickled stems, leaves and umbels of common hogweed. The young shoots are considered excellent eating by many foragers.

In eastern European countries and especially Romania, H. sphondylium is used as an aphrodisiac and to treat gynecological and fertility problems and impotence. It is also sometimes recommended for epilepsy. However, there are no clinical studies to prove its efficacy at treating any of these problems.

The seeds can be dried and used as a spice, with a flavour similar to that of cardamom.

See also
 Heracleum, the genus
 Other non-invasive Heracleum species: Heracleum maximum
 Tall invasive Heracleum species: Heracleum mantegazzianum, Heracleum sosnowskyi, and Heracleum persicum
 Species that can be mistaken for Heracleum sphondylium: wild parsnip, garden angelica, wild angelica

References

Bibliography

External links

 

Apioideae
Medicinal plants of Asia
Medicinal plants of Europe
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus