Weimar Triangle
The "Weimar Triangle" (French: Triangle de Weimar; German: Weimarer Dreieck; Polish: Trójkąt Weimarski) is a regional alliance of France, Germany, and Poland created in 1991 in the German city of Weimar. The group is intended to promote co-operation between the three countries in cross-border and European issues. 

It exists mostly in the form of summit meetings between the leaders of the three countries, and of their foreign ministers. The collaboration between member states includes inter-parliamentary contacts, military, scientific and cultural co-operation. The most recent summit of leaders occurred in Paris on 12 June 2023.

History 
The Weimar Triangle was established in the German city of Weimar in 1991, aimed at assisting Poland's emergence from Communist rule. Attending the meeting were the Foreign Ministers of each state: Roland Dumas of France, Hans-Dietrich Genscher of Germany, and Krzysztof Skubiszewski of Poland. Genscher chose Weimar for the inaugural meeting because it was situated in former East Germany.

At the 1992 meeting of the Weimar Triangle in France, Poland won agreement from Germany and France that it should have special association status at the Western European Union, the European arm of NATO.

At the 2011 summit hosted by President Bronisław Komorowski of Poland and attended by President Nicolas Sarkozy (France) and Chancellor Angela Merkel (Germany), the three leaders discussed issues of renewing regular Weimar Triangle meetings and improving relations with Russia (among other topics). Both Germany and France urged Poland to join the Pact for Competitiveness.

On 5 July 2011, France, Germany, and Poland signed an agreement in Brussels to put together a unit of 1,700 soldiers under Polish command, called the Weimar Battlegroup, that was to be ready to deploy in crisis zones starting in 2013. The operational command centre was to be based in Mont Valerien, located in a Paris suburb. 

Shortly after the referendum on the status of Crimea held on 16 March 2014, the chairpersons of the Weimar Triangle parliament's committees on foreign affairs – Elisabeth Guigou of France, Norbert Röttgen of Germany and Grzegorz Schetyna of Poland – visited Kyiv to express their countries’ firm support of the territorial integrity and the European integration of Ukraine. This was the first time that parliamentarians of the Weimar Triangle had ever made a joint trip to a third country.

In April 2016, Poland's foreign minister Witold Waszczykowski told daily newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza that the Weimar Triangle had lost its relevance for his country.

On 28 August 2016, representatives of the three countries vowed to "reinvigorate" the Weimar Triangle. German foreign minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier said the group would meet before the end of 2016, and French foreign minister Jean-Marc Ayrault said France would host a summit in November 2016. The stated reasoning for this reinvigoration were the decision of the United Kingdom to leave the European Union, as well as the ongoing European migrant crisis.

On 8 February 2022, the meeting between Presidents Emmanuel Macron, Andrzej Duda and Chancellor Olaf Scholz took place in Berlin to discuss security cooperation in the face of the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian crisis. This was the first such trilateral meeting between the three heads of states in many years and was seen as a step towards strengthening the Weimar Triangle format. At a joint press conference President Duda appealed for unity among European leaders saying that "We must show that we speak in one voice". The German Chancellor stressed that any violation of Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity was "unacceptable" and would have "far-reaching consequences for Russia in political, economic and geo-strategic dimensions" while President Macron reinforced France's determination to use diplomatic efforts which he said were "the only path to end the conflict around Ukraine."

On 12 June 2023, the leaders of the Weimar Triangle, Scholz, Macron and Duda met at the group's summit held in Paris to discuss a number of foreign policy issues the most important of which was the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The leaders reaffirmed their "unwavering support" for Ukraine and declared to assist the country in its defence efforts against Russia’s aggression politically, with humanitarian aid, financially and also by supplying arms. Among the topics discussed was also Ukraine’s future membership in the European Union and the NATO alliance.

Formations (government)

Ministers of Foreign Affairs

 28–29 August 1991 in Weimar, Germany: Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Roland Dumas, Krzysztof Skubiszewski
 23–24 April 1992 in Bergerac, France: Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Roland Dumas, Krzysztof Skubiszewski
 11–12 November 1993 in Warsaw, Poland: Klaus Kinkel, Alain Juppé, Andrzej Olechowski
 14–15 September 1994 in Bamberg, Germany: Klaus Kinkel, Alain Juppé, Andrzej Olechowski
 26 October 1995 in Paris, France: Klaus Kinkel, Hervé de Charette, Władysław Bartoszewski
 19 December 1996 in Warsaw, Poland: Klaus Kinkel, Hervé de Charette, Dariusz Rosati
 19 November 1997 in Frankfurt/Oder, Germany: Klaus Kinkel, Hubert Védrine, Dariusz Rosati
 6 January 1999 in Paris, France: Joschka Fischer, Hubert Védrine, Bronisław Geremek
 30 August 1999 in Weimar, Germany: Joschka Fischer, Hubert Védrine, Bronisław Geremek
 7 June 2000 in Kraków, Poland: Joschka Fischer, Hubert Védrine, Bronisław Geremek
 23 April 2002 in Paris, France: Joschka Fischer, Hubert Védrine, Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz
 16 January 2004 in Berlin, Germany: Joschka Fischer, Dominique de Villepin, Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz
 27 June 2005 in Warsaw, Poland: Joschka Fischer, Philippe Douste-Blazy, Adam Daniel Rotfeld 
 17 June 2008 in Paris, France: Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Bernard Kouchner, Radoslaw Sikorski 
 26–27 April 2010 in Bonn, Germany: Guido Westerwelle, Bernard Kouchner, Radoslaw Sikorski (with Kostyantyn Gryshchenko from Ukraine as guest)
 23 June 2010 in Paris, France: Guido Westerwelle, Bernard Kouchner, Radoslaw Sikorski (with Sergey Lavrov from Russia as guest)
 20 May 2011 in Bydgoszcz, Poland: Guido Westerwelle, Alain Juppé, Radoslaw Sikorski
 29 February 2012 in Berlin, Germany: Guido Westerwelle, Alain Juppé, Radoslaw Sikorski
 20 February 2014 in Kyiv, Ukraine: Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Laurent Fabius, Radoslaw Sikorski
 31 March-1 April 2014 in Berlin and Weimar, Germany: Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Laurent Fabius, Radoslaw Sikorski
 24 October 2014 in La Celle-Saint-Cloud, France: Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Laurent Fabius and Grzegorz Schetyna
 3 April 2015 in Wrocław, Poland: Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Laurent Fabius and Grzegorz Schetyna
 28–29 August 2016 in Weimar and Berlin, Germany: Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Jean-Marc Ayrault, Witold Waszczykowski
 15 October 2020 in Paris, France: Heiko Maas, Jean-Yves Le Drian, Zbigniew Rau
 10 September 2021 in Weimar, Germany: Heiko Maas, Jean-Yves Le Drian, Zbigniew Rau
 1 March 2022 in Łódź, Poland: Annalena Baerbock, Jean-Yves Le Drian, Zbigniew Rau

Heads of state and government

 21 September 1993 in Gdańsk, Poland: Richard von Weizsäcker, François Mitterrand, Lech Wałęsa
 21 February 1998 in Poznań, Poland: Helmut Kohl, Jacques Chirac, Aleksander Kwaśniewski
 7 May 1999 in Nancy, France: Gerhard Schröder, Jacques Chirac, Aleksander Kwaśniewski
 27 February 2001 in Hambach, Germany: Gerhard Schröder, Jacques Chirac, Aleksander Kwaśniewski
 9 May 2003 in Wrocław, Poland (held a few days before the referendum on the entry of Poland in the European Union): Gerhard Schröder, Jacques Chirac, Aleksander Kwaśniewski
 19 May 2005 in Nancy, France: Gerhard Schröder, Jacques Chirac, Aleksander Kwaśniewski
 5 December 2006 in Mettlach, Germany: Angela Merkel, Jacques Chirac, Lech Kaczynski
 7 February 2011 in Warsaw, Poland: Angela Merkel, Nicolas Sarkozy, Bronisław Komorowski
 6 March 2013 in Warsaw, Poland: Angela Merkel, François Hollande, Donald Tusk (jointly with leaders of the Visegrád Group)
 8 February 2022 in Berlin, German: Olaf Scholz, Emmanuel Macron, Andrzej Duda
 12 June 2023 in Paris, France: Olaf Scholz, Emmanuel Macron, Andrzej Duda

Summit on 3 July 2006 in Weimar, Germany was postponed due to alleged indisposition of the Polish president Lech Kaczyński.

Ministers of European Affairs
 26 May 2003 in Warsaw, Poland: Hans Martin Bury, Noëlle Lenoir, Danuta Hübner
 22 October 2004 in Warsaw, Poland: Hans Martin Bury, Claudie Haigneré, Jarosław Pietras
 7 November 2008 in Paris, France: Günter Gloser, Pierre Lellouche, Mikołaj Dowgielewicz
 1 February 2010 in Warsaw, Poland: Werner Hoyer, Jean-Pierre Jouyet, Mikołaj Dowgielewicz
 22 September 2011 in Berlin, Germany: Werner Hoyer, Jean Leonetti, Mikołaj Dowgielewicz
 16 March 2012 in Antibes, France: Michael Georg Link, Jean Leonetti, Mikołaj Dowgielewicz
 1 October 2012 in Warsaw, Poland: Michael Georg Link, Thierry Repentin, Piotr Serafin
 16 July 2013 in Bad Wimpfen, Germany: Michael Georg Link, Bernard Cazeneuve, Piotr Serafin
 10 July 2014 in Warsaw, Poland: Michael Roth, Harlem Désir, Piotr Serafin
 26 September 2014 in Herleshausen, Germany: Michael Roth, Harlem Désir, Rafał Trzaskowski
 30 September 2015 in Paris, France: Michael Roth, Harlem Désir, Rafał Trzaskowski
 14 June 2016 in Warsaw, Poland: Michael Roth, Harlem Désir, Konrad Szymański
 21 January 2020 in Lens, Pas-de-Calais, France: Michael Roth, Amélie de Montchalin, Konrad Szymański
 15–16 September 2022 in Poznań, Poland: Anna Lührmann, Laurence Boone, Konrad Szymański
 11 May 2023 in Eltville, Germany: Anna Lührmann, Laurence Boone, Szymon Szynkowski vel Sęk
 17–18 July 2023 in Skopje, North Macedonia: Anna Lührmann, Laurence Boone, Szymon Szynkowski vel Sęk

Ministers of Defence
 12 February 1999 in Kraków, Poland: Rudolf Scharping, Alain Richard, Janusz Onyszkiewicz
 29 September 2004 in Heiligendamm, Germany: Peter Struck, Michèle Alliot-Marie, Jerzy Szmajdziński
 25 July 2006 in Wieliczka, Poland: Franz Josef Jung, Michèle Alliot-Marie, Radoslaw Sikorski
 18 December 2007 in Berlin, Germany
 31 March 2015 in Berlin, Germany: Ursula von der Leyen, Jean-Yves Le Drian, Tomasz Siemoniak

Ministers of Finance
 18 July 2003 in Berlin, Germany: Hans Eichel, Francis Mer, Andrzej Raczko
 6 July 2015 in Warsaw, Poland: Wolfgang Schäuble, Michel Sapin, Mateusz Szczurek
 19 January 2016 in Berlin, Germany: Wolfgang Schäuble, Michel Sapin, Paweł Szałamacha
 22 February 2017 in Paris, France: Wolfgang Schäuble, Michel Sapin, Mateusz Morawiecki
 28 June 2023 in Weimar, Germany: Christian Lindner, Bruno Le Maire, Magdalena Rzeczkowska

Ministers of Internal Affairs
 24 July 2013 in Kraków, Poland: Hans-Peter Friedrich, Manuel Valls, Bartłomiej Sienkiewicz

Ministers of the Environment
 15 July 2013 in Warsaw, Poland: Peter Altmaier, Philippe Martin, Marcin Korolec
 26 February 2014 in Berlin, Germany: Barbara Hendricks, Philippe Martin, Maciej Grabowski

Ministers for Economic Affairs
 7 February 2014 in Kraków, Poland: Sigmar Gabriel, Arnaud Montebourg, Janusz Piechociński
 4 July 2019 in Poznań, Poland: Peter Altmaier, Bruno Le Maire, Jadwiga Emilewicz
 5 May 2021 in Paris, France: Peter Altmaier, Bruno Le Maire, Jarosław Gowin

Ministers of Agriculture
 2 September 2014 in Bonn, Germany: Christian Schmidt, Stéphane Le Foll, Marek Sawicki
 31 August 2015 in Berlin, Germany: Christian Schmidt, Stéphane Le Foll, Marek Sawicki
 7 October 2019 in Warsaw, Poland: Julia Klöckner, Didier Guillaume, Jan Krzysztof Ardanowski

Formations (parliament)

Committees on Defence
 9 June 2011 in Berlin, Germany

Committees on European Affairs
 2012 in Paris, France
 2013 in Gdańsk, Poland
 14 November 2014 in Berlin, Germany
 13 May 2019 in Berlin, Germany

See also
 Visegrád Group
 Benelux
 Lublin Triangle
Weimarer Dreieck - Komitee zur Förderung der Deutsch-Französisch-Polnischen Zusammenarbeit e.V.

References

Organizations established in 1991
Politics of Europe
France–Poland relations
Germany–Poland relations
France–Germany relations
History of Weimar
Bottom-up regional groups within the European Union