Bertina Lopes
Bertina Lopes (July 11, 1924 – February 10, 2012) was a Mozambican-born, Italian painter and sculptor. Lopes' work displays a deep African sensibility with saturated colours and bold compositions of mask-like figures and geometric forms. She has been acknowledged for highlighting 'the social criticism and nationalistic fervour that influenced other Mozambican artists of her time'.

Personal life 
Lopes was born in Maputo (formerly known as Lourenço Marques), Mozambique, on July 11, 1924, to an African mother, whose family was locally known, and a Portuguese father, who was a fieldworker. She was educated in Maputo, but after her second year of senior high school, she relocated to Lisbon to complete secondary school, where she studied painting and drawing with Lino António and Celestino Alves and earned a degree in painting and sculpture. Around that time she met artists such as Marcelino Vespeira, Carlos Botelho, Albertina Mantua, Costa Pinheiro, Júlio Pomar and Nuno Sampayo. In 1953 Lopes returned to Mozambique, where she married poet Virgilio de Lemos, with whom she had twin sons. Lopes taught Artistic Drawing at General Machado Girls’ Technical School for nine years. Although she was appreciated for her innovative teaching skills, these would occasionally enter in conflict with the school ruling system. In 1955 de Lemos published an anti-colonial poem that resulted in a trial for desecration of the Portuguese flag. He subsequently joined the Mozambican Resistance (1954–61) and was arrested for subversion. The events reinforced Lopes' sympathy for the weak and oppressed fringes of the population  – a subject that would often recur in her art. During this period of her life, cultural nationalism became a large influence for both her artwork and personal ideology.

In 1956, Lopes painted a mural called "Pavilhão da Evocação Històrica" which was inaugurated on the occasion of an official visit of António de Oliveira Salazar to Maputo. Three years later, she was nominated president of the “Nùcleo de Arte” of Maputo and Vice President of “Direcção” of “Nùcleo de Arte”. Due to her association with de Lemos, and with the outbreak of the Mozambican War of Independence in sight, Lopes was forced to leave Mozambique in 1961. After a short period of time in Lisbon, she moved to Rome. In 1964 she married Francesco Confaloni, a computer engineer and art lover. During those times she befriended some of the protagonists of the Italian art scene, including Marino Marini, Renato Guttuso, Carlo Levi and Antonio Scordia. In 1965, Lopes obtained Italian citizenship. 

She died in Rome in 2012 at the age of 86. Mozambican President Armando Guebuza described Lopes as 'a humble, creative, combative and generous woman, who always demanded of herself that she surpass her previous achievements'.

Work 
Lopes' work was influenced by multiple sources, including Mozambican art and Portuguese modernism. Between 1946 and 1956, she embraced the art of Western painters and South American graffiti artists. Following Picasso's death in 1973, Lopes paid tribute to him with an intense painting that symbolized political repression in Spain. Once Lopes grew closer to antifascist circles, she started opposing the idea of "arte negra (black art) and found inspiration in the poetry of José Craveirinha and Noémia de Sousa, incorporating social themes into her work.

Lopes’ work was also deeply influenced by the political events that affected her home country, in particular during the period that followed the independence and the civil war between FRELIMO and RENAMO. Much of Lopes' work featured African fairy tales and stories that relate to the political events occurring at the time of production.

In 2022 the Richard Saltoun Gallery in Rome held a retrospective of Lopes' work.

In 2023 her work was included in the exhibition Action, Gesture, Paint: Women Artists and Global Abstraction 1940 -1970 at the Whitechapel Gallery in London.

Her work Sto Sognando? La Città è questa? is in the collection of the National Museum of African Art, in Washington, D.C.

Bibliography 
Nello Ponente, Bertina Lopes, Skema Centro d'Arte e Cultura, Rome, 1978
Enrico Crispolti, Lungo viaggio di Bertina Lopes, Palazzo Venezia, Rome, 1986
Pino Nazio, Bertina Lopes: Il cerchio della vita, Museo Campano, Capua, 2007
Claudio Crescentini, Bertina Lopes: Tutto (o quasi), Palombi Editori, Rome, 2013
Claudio Crescentini, Bertina Lopes: Arte e Antagonismo, Erreciemme Edizioni, Rome, 2017
Lucia Carrera, Dal Mozambico all'Italia, la storia artistica di Bertina Lopes: analisi e nuove prospettive [tesi di laurea], Università degli Studi di Padova, 2023.

References

Further reading 
 Lopes biography on Archives of Women Artists, Research and Exhibitions
 Tribute and The Modernist Constellations of Bertina Lopes by Nancy Dantas on MoMA's post site.
 https://www.academia.edu/104791506/Dal_Mozambico_allItalia_la_storia_artistica_di_Bertina_Lopes_analisi_e_nuove_prospettive_parte_1_?source=swp_share by Lucia Carrera

External links 
 images of Lopes' work on ArtNet

1924 births
2012 deaths
20th-century Mozambican painters
21st-century Mozambican painters
20th-century women artists
21st-century women artists
Mozambican people of Portuguese descent
Immigrants to Italy
Mozambican emigrants
People from Maputo
Mozambican women artists
Mozambican women painters
Italian women artists
Italian contemporary artists
Mozambican sculptors
Mozambican women sculptors
20th-century sculptors
21st-century sculptors
Mozambican expatriates in Portugal