Pépé le Moko
Pépé le Moko () is a 1937 French film directed by Julien Duvivier starring Jean Gabin, based on a novel of the same name by Henri La Barthe and with sets by Jacques Krauss. An example of the 1930s French movement known as poetic realism, it recounts the trapping of a gangster on the run in Algiers, who believes that he is safe from arrest in the Casbah.

Plot
Pépé le Moko (Jean Gabin) is a notorious thief who has been hiding in the labyrinthine Casbah for nearly two years. Despite the police's awareness of his presence, they have been unable to capture him due to the community's support and intricate layout. Pépé's life in the Casbah becomes monotonous, but leaving would result in his arrest. Inspector Slimane (Lucas Gridoux) forms an unusual relationship with Pépé and vows to arrest him if he ever tries to leave.

One night, Pépé meets the Parisienne, Gaby (Mireille Balin), and falls for her. Meanwhile, Régis, a Casbah resident, collaborates with the police and proposes a plan to use Pépé's friend Pierrot as bait to lure him out of the Casbah. Slimane also realizes Pépé's attraction to Gaby and brings her and her group to the Casbah to see Pépé.

Tension between Pépé and Régis boils over when Pierrot goes missing, and Pépé confronts Régis. Gaby and Pépé meet in the Casbah again and spend a night together. However, when Pierrot dies, Régis is killed, and Gaby leaves without saying goodbye. Pépé spirals into a nervous breakdown, but Ines keeps him in the Casbah by lying about Gaby's whereabouts.

Pépé later finds Gaby in the Casbah and they have a passionate encounter. They agree to see each other again the next day. However, Slimane intervenes and tells Gaby's fiancé that it is dangerous for her to visit the Casbah, hoping that Pepe will come looking for her if she doesn't show for their rendez-vous. Despite this warning, Gaby chooses to ignore her fiancé and meet with Pepe again. But Slimane tells Gaby that Pepe is dead.

Pépé writes a letter to Gaby, which he gives to Carlos and asks him to deliver it to her hotel. When Pépé is later informed that Gaby is leaving Algiers after being told he was dead by Slimane, he leaves the Casbah to find her. Ines tells Slimane about Pepe's plan, leading to his arrest at the harbor. Pepe watches the ship take Gaby away and commits suicide with a knife.

Cast
 Jean Gabin as Pépé le Moko
 Gabriel Gabrio as Carlos
 Mireille Balin as Gaby Gould, the beautiful Parisienne
 Saturnin Fabre as Le Grand Père
 Fernand Charpin as Régis
 Lucas Gridoux as Inspecteur Slimane
 Gilbert Gil as Pierrot
 Marcel Dalio as L'Arbi
 Charles Granval as Maxime
 Gaston Modot as Jimmy
 René Bergeron as Inspecteur Meunier
 Paul Escoffier as Chief Inspecteur Louvain
 Roger Legris as Max
 Jean Témerson as Gravèr
 Robert Ozanne as Gendron
 Philippe Richard as Janvier
 Georges Péclet as Barsac
 Line Noro as Inès
 Fréhel as Tania
 Olga Lord as Aïcha
 Renée Carl as La mère Tarte

Production
Principal photography for the film was shot at a replica of the Casbah at Joinville-le-Pont, near Paris, and only exterior shots were filmed in Algiers. Lead actress Mireille Balin never set foot in Algeria during the making of the film.

The set design that Jacques Krauss created for the film established the setting in the Casbah. With little to no location shooting, Krauss' work was central to the production of the film. At that time in French cinema, shooting on sets was preferred to location shooting because of the artistic control it gave to designers such as Krauss. 

Duvivier utilized multiple methods of creating a sense of realism despite filming on a set. He introduced the setting of the Casbah with documentary style footage. This included longer establishing shots of the Casbah in its entirety along with shorter shots that showed the chaotic atmosphere. Also, Duvivier included longer shots when focusing on characters. This technique made scenes feel like they were happening in real time. 

Another element of the production was the film noir style. Multiple shots include the shadow of venetian blinds or other pieces of Krauss' set design that obscure characters with shadows, which is a common effect used in the genre of film noir. 

Dialogue was important to French filmmaking at the time Pépé le Moko was made because of the recent introduction of sound. The screenplay and dialogue were written separately for this film with Henri La Barthe, Julien Duvivier, and Jacques Constant credited for writing the screenplay, and Henri Jeanson for the dialogue.

Jean Gabin was a skilled singer and there are multiple moments in the film when he sings songs that are relevant to his character and the story. Fréhel, another skilled singer, also sings during the film as her character.

Critical reception

Negative reviews of "Pépé le Moko" are fairly rare, with critics generally praising the film for its direction, performances, and themes. Most critics and scholars mark the film to be a crucial and noteworthy work of early French cinema. However, as with most works of art, there are differing opinions and interpretations, with some viewers and critics not responding to the film as positively as others.

Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 100% based on 31 reviews, with an average rating of 8.65/10. Metacritic reports a score of 98, based on 12 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".

English author Graham Greene in a review of the film for The Spectator asserted: "One of the most exciting and moving films I can remember seeing". It succeeds in "raising the thriller to a poetic level". According to a BBC documentary, it served as inspiration for Greene's screenplay for The Third Man. It has many similarities with the American film Casablanca, which was released a few years later.

In a frenchfilms.org review, writer James Travers states that the 1937 film could be considered the "most evocative of the early American film noir". Due to the arrival of the Second World War and the dark nature of the film, French authorities grew increasingly concerned over the "demoralizing influence" and eventually decided to bar citizens from viewing the film. 

Though the American opening of the film had been delayed for roughly four years by Walter Wagner, director of Algiers, (U.S. release date March 3, 1941 compared to the French release in 1937) due to his purchase of the rights to the film within America, the film was well-received as reported by the New York Times.

Remakes
The film was remade in America in 1938 as Algiers, starring Hedy Lamarr and Charles Boyer, and again in 1948 as Casbah, a musical starring Tony Martin, Märta Torén, Yvonne de Carlo, and Peter Lorre. The title character's French accent and womanizing, as portrayed by Charles Boyer in the 1938 remake, inspired the name and comic premise of the Looney Tunes cartoon character, Pepé Le Pew, introduced in 1945.

References

External links
 
 
 
 
 
 Pépé le Moko an essay by Michael Atkinson at the Criterion Collection

1937 films
1937 romantic drama films
1937 crime drama films
French romantic drama films
French crime drama films
1930s French-language films
French black-and-white films
French gangster films
Films based on French novels
Films set in Algiers
Films directed by Julien Duvivier
Films produced by Robert and Raymond Hakim
1930s French films