A traumatic neuroma  is a type of neuroma which results from trauma to a nerve, usually during a surgical procedure.  The most common oral locations are on the tongue and near the mental foramen of the mouth. They are relatively rare on the head and neck.

Pathophysiology 
An essential step in the formation of a traumatic neuroma is injury to the perineurium. The perineum directs the growth of axons by acting as a surface that the axons cannot go through. If the perineurium is compromised, the axons may escape into the extraperineural space and arborize in an unregulated fashion. From animal studies it is thought that the neuroinflammatory cascade may play an important role in neuroma formation as transection or crush injuries alone did not reliably produce a neuroma, but loose litigation of rat sciatic nerves did.

Prevention 
Many surgeries have nerve injury as an unavoidable consequence such as limb amputation, nerve resections, or radical prostatectomy. Consequently, surgical techniques to reduce accidental nerve injury (nerve sparing techniques) and reduce the likelihood to develop traumatic neuromas have been researched. Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) is a promising technique used clinically that has significantly improved various benchmarks of quality of life such as pain free patients, residual limb pain, phantom limb pain, opioid use, and ambulation. TMR involves the transfer of proximal nerve stumps to nearby muscle and was originally developed to improve prosthetic control. A newer, related technique is taking a muscle graft and moving it to the divided end of the peripheral nerve, called a regenerative peripheral nerve interface (RPNI). RPNI also significantly reduces the incidence of neuroma formation for amputation.

See also 
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

External links 

Diseases of oral cavity, salivary glands and jaws
Neurocutaneous conditions
Nervous system neoplasia