The presidents of France and Brazil emphasized the need for wealthy nations to increase aid to developing countries in order to combat global warming and secure a climate agreement in Copenhagen. Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, following a climate summit in Manaus, stated that while progress has been made with commitments from China and the United States to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, more assistance is required for poorer nations to address climate change and meet their goals. Lula stressed the importance of supporting developing countries without compromising their sovereignty, highlighting Brazil's creation of an investment fund for Amazon rainforest conservation that will not be influenced by donor countries. Norway has been the most generous donor so far in the effort to address global warming. Climate negotiators have not made much progress in determining how wealthy nations can assist poorer nations in combating this issue. French President Nicolas Sarkozy emphasized the importance of providing financial support from developed countries to developing countries at the Copenhagen conference. Sarkozy stressed that action needs to be taken immediately. Sarkozy expressed his approval of the emissions reduction target set by Washington for 2020. The European Union estimates that aiding developing nations in fighting global warming will cost around $100 billion per year. Developing countries believe that wealthy nations should contribute between 0.5 percent and 1 percent of their GDP. Brazil has committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 36.1 to 38.9 percent by 2020 and is pushing for a stronger presence in climate discussions, particularly in forming a united front with other Amazon countries for the upcoming Copenhagen summit. However, only one other South American president, Bharrat Jagdeo of Guyana, attended the recent Manaus summit.