The Australian report stated that global warming is happening at a faster rate than originally anticipated due to rapid economic growth leading to higher greenhouse gas emissions since 2000. According to the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), emissions from burning fossil fuels have been increasing by about 3 percent annually since 2000, compared to 1 percent during the 1990s. CSIRO scientist Mike Raupach explained that the accelerated growth in emissions is due to the fact that more carbon is being burned per dollar of wealth created globally. This has resulted in climate change progressing more quickly than previously predicted by studies conducted in the 1990s and early 2000s. Raupach collaborated with an international team of experts to analyze global carbon emissions and fossil fuel consumption through the Global Carbon Project. According to the report, nearly 8 billion metric tons of carbon were released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide globally in 2005, compared to just 6 billion metric tons in 1995. Raupach explained that as countries go through industrial development, they go through a phase of heavy and often inefficient use of fossil fuels. Efficiency improves as development progresses, but eventually levels off. Developed countries like Australia and the US have reached this leveling-off stage, while developing countries like China are still in the intensive development stage. The report from CSIRO stated that since the industrial revolution, the United States and Europe have contributed over 50 percent of global emissions over two centuries, while China's contribution is less than 8 percent. The report stated that the 50 least-developed countries have contributed less than 0.5 percent of global emissions over the span of 200 years. The average carbon emissions per person annually in Australia and the United States exceeds 5 tons, while in China, it is 1 ton. Raupach emphasized the importance of considering both current and historical emissions when negotiating global emissions reductions. He stressed that emissions reductions must be achievable and fair to be effective. The CSIRO report discovered that Australia has one of the highest per capita emissions in the world, mainly due to the country's heavy reliance on fossil-fuel generated electricity and the use of cars and trucks for transportation. According to Raupach, this indicates that Australia still has a long way to go in terms of reducing emissions to achieve CO2 stabilization. The report also noted that Australia's improvements in energy efficiency have not been as rapid as those in other developed countries. Like the United States, Australia has not signed the Kyoto Protocol, arguing that it is not effective as it does not include binding targets for big developing nations like India and China. Both countries have called for a global scheme to replace the Kyoto Protocol. China is the second largest producer of carbon dioxide in the world, following the United States. Talks on the next phase of the Kyoto Protocol have not yet begun in earnest, as India and China are against mandatory targets and are calling for wealthy nations, particularly the United States, to make significant cuts in emissions.