That hat-in-hand approach can now be put on hold. As bush fires have ravaged Australia, celebrities, business moguls and horrified people around the world have inundated the country’s fire services and other nonprofit organisations with tens of millions of dollars in donations. This outpouring has presented new challenges for a country more accustomed to handing out largesse to needier nations than to being the recipient of it. Suddenly, Australia has found itself trying to efficiently distribute huge sums of money and to decipher donors’ sometimes vague intentions. “This is a seminal moment in Australia when it comes to philanthropy and giving,” said Krystian Seibert, a fellow at the Centre for Social Impact at Swinburne University of Technology in Melbourne. “I haven’t seen something like it before.” One after another, celebrities have announced large donations or money-collection efforts. A Facebook fundraiser for the New South Wales Rural Fire Service that was started by Australian comedian Celeste Barber has amassed $34 million, or 51 million Australian dollars. It is the largest fundraiser ever on the platform. Fire brigades have received money from Nicole Kidman and her husband, Keith Urban, as well as from Metallica and Kylie Jenner. Leonardo DiCaprio donated to wildlife organisations. Writers are auctioning off signed books, musicians are hosting concerts, and athletes like Serena Williams have pledged to direct their winnings to bush-fire relief. 
 
 Susan Pulis, who runs a wildlife shelter, feeds kangaroos on Raymond Island in Australia, Jan 6, 2020. The New York Times 

Since September, the fires have incinerated an area about the size of West Virginia and at least 25 people have died. Ecologists have estimated that 1 billion animals have perished, with some species threatened to the point of extinction. At least 3,000 homes have been ravaged in dozens of towns, and the economic damage from the fires could be as much as $3.5 billion.  Susan Pulis, who runs a wildlife shelter, feeds kangaroos on Raymond Island in Australia, Jan 6, 2020. The New York Times  “We don’t normally get phone calls from people who want to give $1 million and beyond,” said Belinda Dimovski, the director of engagement at the Australian Red Cross. She said the organisation, which is providing disaster relief, had raised about $67 million from individuals, groups and companies since July 1. By comparison, it raised about $7.5 million during a drought appeal last year. The New South Wales Rural Fire Service has also seen a dramatic jump in giving, as the world has watched the courageous actions of Australian volunteers called on to fight monstrous blazes. In the period between mid-2017 and mid-2018, the fire service raised $525,000, and the largest single donation was about $17,000. Now, it is flush with the tens of millions of dollars it has received from the Facebook fundraiser and other sources. In the Facebook effort, Barber’s initial goal was to raise about $20,000 for a trust that helps fire brigades in New South Wales with equipment and other needs. “Please help anyway you can. This is terrifying,” she wrote in the appeal. As the funds have swelled to 1,700 times the original target, questions have been raised about whether the more than 1 million individual donors knew that they were contributing to a single state’s fire service. Legal experts said it would most likely be up to the Rural Fire Service, rather than Barber, to decide whether to distribute money to other organisations. It is a “nice challenge,” said the Rural Fire Service commissioner, Shane Fitzsimmons. He added that the organisation was considering sending money to funds benefiting victims of the blazes and to fire services in other states. “We will need to target the money to where people intended it to go,” he said. The donations received so far could be enough to fund state-supported fire services in New South Wales for decades. But that would not provide immediate disaster relief. “This money comes with expectations,” said Michael Eburn, an associate professor at the Australian National University who specialises in emergency management law. “It’s a dilemma.” The federal government has announced a $1.4 billion national wildfire recovery fund, and has offered a list of established charities holding bush-fire appeals. The state of Victoria has asked the public to donate to groups that provide “practical” relief. Australians affected by the fires said they were heartened to know that people at home and abroad had been moved to help. But some who have lost homes say they have received minimal compensation so far from government agencies and nonprofit organisations, though the federal government says it has been processing claims at record speeds. Informing potential donors about the causes they are considering and directing their assistance to the intended recipients are the biggest challenges in crisis relief, said Maurie Stack, chairman of the Stacks Law Firm, which deals with charity law. “To get the money to the people who need it, you really need boots on the ground,” he said. Stack is raising money himself for his Rotary Club in Taree, where more than 100 homes in the area have been lost to fires. The club has raised $220,000, far outpacing its goal of $30,000, he said. Over the past decade, Australians have been the fourth-most generous givers in the world, according to the 2019 Charities Aid Foundation World Giving Index. In recent weeks, Australians have flooded fire stations, town governments and nonprofit organisations with contributions of food, clothes and other goods. The groups are now imploring people not to send any more. The most efficient way to give during a disaster is to donate cash directly to charities, said Gary Johns, commissioner of the Australian Charities and Not-for-Profits Commission. “Think about what you want to support and give directly to a charity doing that work,” he said in a statement. Beyond the searing images of burning houses and singed wildlife, the attention that the wildfires have brought to the effects of climate change may be motivating people to donate. “We’ve been primed to do something about climate change,” said Matthew Sisco, a doctoral candidate and data scientist at Columbia University who does research on responses to climate change. “Now, this is an event linked directly to it and pulling at our heart strings.” Animals, too, have been a major focus of charitable donations. WIRES, a wildlife rescue group in New South Wales, raised $9.6 million in one fundraiser alone. “Kangaroos and koalas are highly charismatic,” Sisco said. “We can feel empathy for them” — a high predictor of charitable behaviour. The success of groups like WIRES, though, may have crowded out other organisations in need. By the time the crisis hit Victoria, the blazes had already raged in New South Wales, and international awareness of WIRES was high, said Megan Davidson, chief executive of Wildlife Victoria. Some people, she added, mistakenly viewed WIRES as a catchall for helping the nation’s animals. Her group has since worked to rectify that perception, and it has raised $4.8 million. “Everybody is competing for the donor dollar, and people want to donate because it makes them feel good,” said Eburn, the Australian National University professor. “It makes them feel like they are contributing — and they are.” © 2019 New York Times News Service