"People here suffer from respiratory and health
problems," he said. "At night, noise and shaking caused by the local
power plant disturb people's sleep." Narayanganj city - a major industrial hub just to the south
of Dhaka that produces most of the country's knitwear exports - has the
third-worst air quality in Bangladesh, according to a survey last year by
Stamford University. Manufacturing and construction, meanwhile, account for 58%
of the city's planet-warming emissions, showed an assessment by the South Asia
branch of ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability, an international body
that helps cities with green policies. Major sources of pollution include the city's seven cement
factories, 70 to 80 illegal brick kilns and a number of steel mills, said
Moinul Islam, town planner for Narayanganj City Corporation. Narayanganj Mayor Salina Hayat Ivy, the first woman to head
a city corporation in Bangladesh, told the Thomson Reuters Foundation she had
asked cement and lime factories to relocate away from residential
neighbourhoods. In April, the city corporation approved an action plan for
low-carbon, climate-resilient development, supported by ICLEI, making
Narayanganj the first Bangladeshi city to adopt such a plan, said Jubaer
Rashid, Bangladesh representative for ICLEI South Asia. “We assessed the vulnerability of the climate-impacted urban
systems like energy, water supply, waste management and so on, and came up with
realistic recommendations for the city to implement,” he said. The city administration has already set up air-quality
monitoring systems with help from ICLEI to detect and measure polluting gases
like carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide, as well as
particulate matter, with real-time data displayed on public screens. ICLEI has also encouraged renewable energy adoption in the
city and has set up rooftop solar power systems at some public facilities
including a public library and a hospital. But cities have limited authority over policies and actions
to tackle climate change in Bangladesh, where central government agencies are
charged with delivering public services nationwide. Municipalities need backing from central government to roll
out their plans, said Rafiur Rabbi, leader of the Citizens’ Committee, a local
movement working on social and environmental issues. The Department of Environment, for instance, enforces
regulations on emissions and effluent management, while district deputy
commissioners allocate land to factories. WATER WORKS Narayanganj industrialised rapidly in the last 100 years
owing to its strategic location on the 113 km-long Shitalakhya River, which
meets the Dhaleshwari River near the city, according to local journalist Golam
Rabbani. Jute, hosiery and garment industries developed in the city
as the goods could be transported along the Shitalakhya. In addition, Narayanganj has more than two dozen canals for
water transport and stormwater drainage to prevent flooding. But in recent decades, there has been sustained encroachment
on the river and canals, hampering run-off of stormwater and causing water-logging
in some areas, said activist Rabbi. The city corporation has been working to restore 26 canals
in phases, which is expected to stop bad odours, boost vegetation and enable
inhabitants to get around more easily. “Water bodies also reduce the heat island effects in urban
areas through evaporation,” said environmental engineer Dipak Bhowmick, ICLEI’s
project officer in Narayanganj. The Shitalakhya, however, has been damaged by dumping of
untreated industrial effluents and municipal waste in its water, decimating
biodiversity and making it “biologically almost dead”, said journalist Rabbani. This has hurt local people too. Manoranjan Goswami, 73, a
leader of the fisher community in eastern Narayanganj, lamented the loss of
fish and erosion of traditional livelihoods. "There are around 100 fisherman families here, but the
fish stock in the river is mostly gone," he said. Smaller businesses usually lack funding to install and
operate effluent treatment plants, said activist Rabbi, urging the government
to set up central treatment plants to serve industry clusters. The city corporation is working to build eco-parks -
ecological zones including forests, wetlands and recreational green spaces -
along the banks of the main river and canals to protect water bodies and
address climate change, said Mayor Ivy. Reducing river and canal pollution could also help ease
growing pressure on underground aquifers as residents sink tube wells to
extract clean water for their own use, she added. MIGRANTS OVERLOOKED Mohammad Babul Hossain, 60, moved to the city from Chandpur
several years ago, and has worked as a taxi and rickshaw driver in Narayanganj
- a place he prefers as "there is too much hurly-burly and trouble over
there in Dhaka". At least three-quarters of Narayanganj's roughly 2.5
million-strong population are migrants from across Bangladesh. As one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change,
Bangladesh could see its internal climate migrants top 13 million by 2050,
according to a 2018 World Bank report. Boatmen like Mansur Gazi, 48, and Mahadeb, 45, who also left
their flood-prone riverine district of Chandpur for Narayanganj, ferry people
across the Shitalakhya for a few cents a journey. Most of the manual and electric rickshaws that serve as
popular transport in the city are also driven by migrants. But their presence can cause social tensions, as “newcomers
often settle down as roadside hawkers, causing congestion”, noted Rabbi. Despite growing migration, Narayanganj - like the vast
majority of cities - lacks a formal strategy to deal with the challenges, while
migration as a way of adapting to climate change pressures is not included in
its ICLEI-backed climate action plan. FUNDING SHORTFALL Insufficient finance is the key constraint to Narayanganj's
efforts to pursue a climate-smart development model, said Mayor Ivy. The city corporation's annual budget for 2021-22 is about
$80 million, while in Rajshahi - which has less than half the population but is
the main city of its administrative division northwest of Dhaka - it is more
than $120 million. “We need a larger budget,” said Ivy, noting Narayanganj's
outsized contribution to the national economy. ICLEI is working closely with the city corporation to
formulate project proposals that include climate concerns and pitch them to
global development organisations for funding, said ICLEI South Asia project
officer Bhowmick. The World Bank, Japanese government and Asian Development
Bank are among those that have funded projects in the city. Town planner Islam urged other government organisations
working there, such as the Department of Environment and the Bangladesh Inland
Water Transport Authority, to coordinate their activities with the city's
sustainable development aims. ICLEI country head Rashid said Narayanganj would serve as a
pilot for low-emissions urban development in Bangladesh. Rajshahi is the second
city to approve and start implementing a climate action plan, but there are no
others as yet, he noted. The southwestern port city of Mongla, meanwhile, has made
some progress, with Bangladeshi organisations helping it craft a strategy for
infrastructure to prevent flooding, as well as opportunities for climate
migrants. "The example of Narayanganj will demonstrate how local
governments could play a role in realising the goals of the Paris Agreement on
climate change," Rashid said.

(Editing by Megan Rowling)
