The promises made by governments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are insufficient to prevent a temperature increase exceeding 2 degrees Celsius, which is considered a critical threshold for severe heat waves, heavy rainfall, and rising sea levels. A report by organizations such as Christian Aid, Oxfam, the International Trade Union Confederation, and WWF International stated that the major developed countries' efforts do not meet their fair share of the responsibility. This report coincides with the beginning of discussions among nearly 200 nations in Bonn, Germany, to finalize an agreement in December in Paris to address climate change after 2020. While around 150 nations have submitted their plans to combat climate change as part of the Paris agreement, there is no established method to compare the level of ambition of each nation. According to Monday's report, wealthy countries have the financial means to transition from fossil fuels to cleaner energy sources, and they have a greater responsibility to do so since they have benefited from using coal, oil, and natural gas since the Industrial Revolution. The report estimated that the United States and the European Union have pledged around 20% of their "fair shares," while Japan has promised about 10%. In contrast, emerging economies are meeting or surpassing their fair share commitments, with China and Brazil leading the way. Brandon Wu of ActionAid criticized wealthy countries for not bringing enough emission reductions and financial support to the negotiating table. Tasneem Essop from WWF International suggested that Paris should establish mechanisms that allow actions to become stronger over time through regular science and equity reviews. Both Beijing and Washington, the top emitters, claim that their plans are ambitious. China aims to reach peak greenhouse gas emissions around 2030, while the United States plans to reduce greenhouse emissions by 26-28 percent by 2025 compared to 2005 levels. The report released on Monday indicated that if current trends continue, temperatures are projected to increase by 3 degrees C (5.4F) or more above pre-industrial levels by 2100, significantly surpassing the agreed maximum of 2C.