Delegates at U.N. talks in Ghana suggested that new greenhouse gases produced during the manufacturing of flat-screen televisions or refrigerants could be limited under a planned U.N. treaty to address global warming. The emissions of these newly developed industrial gases, such as nitrogen trifluoride and fluorinated ethers, make up a small percentage of emissions from traditional greenhouse gases in wealthy nations, but their levels are increasing rapidly. Yvo de Boer, head of the U.N. Climate Change Secretariat, expressed support for including these gases in the group of six already restricted by the Kyoto Protocol in order to combat global warming. He stated during talks in Ghana that it is logical to address all gases that contribute to climate change in order to work out the details of a new treaty to combat global warming. Covering more gases provides countries with greater flexibility to determine the best ways to reduce emissions. He emphasized that it is the responsibility of governments to make decisions. Over 190 nations have agreed to create a new pact to replace Kyoto as part of efforts to prevent the negative impacts of rising temperatures. Originally, the European Union had pushed for the Kyoto treaty to only focus on carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels. Livestock emissions contribute to greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide and five other gases such as industrial nitrous oxide and methane. These gases, along with new gases like nitrogen trifluoride and fluorinated ethers, have strengthened Kyoto. Carbon dioxide is the primary gas, accounting for 80 percent of emissions, while other new gases like iodotrifluoromethane and methyl chloroform are used in the electronics industry or as by-products of industry. Fluorinated ethers have been used as replacements for ozone-damaging gases in some refrigerants. According to a technical report presented to delegates, there is limited knowledge about the sources, current and future emissions, and atmospheric levels of these gases. The report stated that emissions in 1990 were assumed to be minimal but are now increasing rapidly. It was estimated that current annual emissions were equivalent to less than 50 million tonnes of carbon dioxide, which is only 0.3 percent of greenhouse gas emissions from wealthy nations. The report also mentioned that the impact of adding new gases to carbon markets is uncertain but could potentially increase the demand for tradable units under the Kyoto Protocol. However, setting up new monitoring systems could be expensive and may divert attention from more critical gases. Harald Dovland, a Norwegian official leading a group in Accra that is examining new commitments by supporters of the Kyoto Protocol, stated that he is pushing the issue in order to gain a better understanding. The Kyoto Protocol requires 37 wealthy nations to reduce emissions by 5 percent below 1990 levels by 2008-12. Dovland mentioned that although there are currently not large amounts of these new gases being emitted, many parties are eager to prevent any increases.