According to UN scientists, there will likely be an increase in heat waves and other extreme weather events such as heavier rainfall, floods, cyclones, landslides, and droughts across the globe this century due to climate change. The IPCC is urging countries to create disaster management plans to adapt to these risks. The report states that there are varying probabilities for these events based on future greenhouse gas emissions, but overall, extreme weather is expected to become more frequent. The report emphasizes that warm daily temperature extremes are almost certain to increase globally in the 21st century, with warm spells, or heat waves, becoming longer, more frequent, and more intense. According to one emissions scenario, a hottest day that currently has a 1-in-20 chance of occurring is projected to become a 1-in-2 year event by the end of the 21st century in most regions. Exceptions to this trend are expected in very high latitudes. Heat waves are anticipated to increase in intensity, with temperatures rising by 1 to 3 degrees Celsius by the mid-21st century and by 2 to 5 degrees Celsius by the late-21st century, depending on the region and emissions scenario. Delegates from nearly 200 countries will convene in South Africa starting on Nov. 28 for climate talks, with the most likely outcome being modest steps towards a broader agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the fight against climate change. Despite global efforts to reduce carbon emissions, experts warn that current pledges are insufficient to prevent global temperatures from rising beyond 2 degrees Celsius, a threshold that could lead to more frequent extreme weather events and challenges in food production. Global carbon emissions increased significantly last year, setting a new record after a period of economic downturn. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that heavy precipitation will likely become more frequent in the 21st century, particularly in high latitudes and tropical regions. The IPCC defines "likely" as a two-thirds chance or greater. The report also suggests there is a medium level of confidence that this trend will result in increased local flooding in certain areas, although the impact on river floods remains uncertain due to their complex causes. Additionally, the IPCC anticipates that tropical cyclones will either become less frequent or maintain their current frequency, but they are expected to become more intense. "According to the report, the likelihood of heavy rainfalls from tropical cyclones is expected to rise due to ongoing warming. The report also highlighted concerns about the increasing average maximum wind speed of tropical cyclones, as well as the rising sea levels that pose a threat to small island states. Additionally, the report noted that droughts, which are a major concern for a growing global population, are projected to worsen. The global population recently reached 7 billion and is forecasted to reach 9 billion by 2050, according to UN data." It is predicted with medium confidence that droughts will become more severe in the 21st century. This is due to either decreased precipitation or increased evapotranspiration in various regions such as southern Europe, the Mediterranean region, central Europe, central North America, Central America, Mexico, northeast Brazil, and southern Africa. Additionally, there is a high likelihood of landslides being caused by shrinking glaciers and permafrost as a result of climate change.