Delegates at U.N. talks in Ghana mentioned that a planned U.N. treaty to combat global warming might cap new greenhouse gases that are emitted in the production of flat-screen televisions or certain refrigerants. These gases, such as nitrogen trifluoride and fluorinated ethers, make up a small percentage of emissions compared to conventional greenhouse gases emitted by wealthy nations, but their emissions are rapidly increasing. Yvo de Boer, head of the U.N. Climate Change Secretariat, expressed support for adding these new gases to the list of gases already capped by the U.N.'s Kyoto Protocol in order to address global warming. During the talks in Ghana to discuss a new treaty to combat global warming, it was suggested to address all gases contributing to climate change. Including a broader range of gases would give countries more flexibility in determining how to reduce emissions. De Boer emphasized that it is ultimately up to governments to make decisions on this matter. Over 190 nations have committed to developing a new agreement to replace the Kyoto Protocol in order to prevent the negative impacts of rising temperatures. Initially, the European Union had advocated for limiting the treaty to carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels. The speaker mentioned that while carbon dioxide is the main gas emitted, accounting for 80 percent of emissions, the addition of five other gases like industrial nitrous oxide or methane from livestock and rotting vegetation in landfills have also contributed to Kyoto. New gases like nitrogen trifluoride are used in making semiconductors, while fluorinated ethers have been used as replacements for ozone layer-damaging refrigerants. Other new gases, like iodotrifluoromethane and methyl chloroform, are used in the electronics industry or are by-products of industrial processes. A technical report presented to delegates states that there is limited knowledge about the sources, current and future emissions, and atmospheric levels of certain gases. It is believed that emissions were close to zero in 1990 but are now increasing rapidly. Annual emissions are estimated to be less than 50 million tonnes of carbon dioxide, which is a small fraction of greenhouse gas emissions in wealthy nations. The report suggests that adding these gases to carbon markets could potentially boost demand for tradable units under the Kyoto Protocol, but there are drawbacks such as high monitoring costs and potential diversion of attention from more critical gases. Harald Dovland, a Norwegian official leading a group in Accra examining new commitments from supporters of Kyoto, stated, "I'm pushing this issue to gain a better understanding." Kyoto requires 37 wealthy nations to reduce emissions by 5 percent below 1990 levels by 2008-12. Dovland mentioned that while there are currently not large quantities of these new gases being emitted, many parties are aiming to prevent any increases.