High quality, low molecular weight shrimp and crab chitosans obtained by short‐time holistic high‐power microwave technology.pdf
Vol.:(0123456789) SN Applied Sciences           (2023) 5:365   | https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05602-6 Research Article High quality, low molecular weight shrimp and crab chitosans  obtained by short‑time holistic high‑power microwave technology Alaa Ewais1 · R. A. Saber1 · A. Abdel Ghany1 · A. Sharaf1 · Mahmoud Sitohy2  Received: 9 February 2023 / Accepted: 8 November 2023 © The Author(s) 2023    OPEN Abstract The study sought to investigate the impact of a holistic high-power microwave technology during all stages of the extrac- tion on the quality, time of extraction, and degree of deacetylation (DD) of shrimp chitosan (SC) and crab chitosan (KC).  The demineralization and deproteinization stages took 7 and 8 min, at 750 and 875 W, respectively. The deacetylation  process was conducted at two powers, 875 W and 1250 W, for 10, 15, and 20 min. It only took 25 min at 875 W to suc- cessfully prepare chitosan with a high DD and 30 min to reach the maximum DD. The highest DDs by the potentiomet- ric titration method, FTIR, and 1H NMR of SC were 86.6%, 86.7%, and 83%, compared to 83.8%, 82.7%, and 80% for KC,  respectively. Extracted SC had 79% solubility, 14.125 kDa, a 46.57% crystallinity index, 705.40% WBC, and 434.60% FBC,  against 74.5%, 16.982 kDa, 74.14%, 689.82%, and 413.20% for KC, respectively. The study proved that 30 min of holistic  high-power microwave at 875 W produced low-molecular-weight chitosan with relatively high deacetylation and low  content of viscosity, crystallinity, and protein residue. The technique can provide a feasible alternative to the commercial  production of low-molecular-weight chitosan in less time and energy. Article Highlights •	 High-power (875 W) microwave irradiation at 15 min- deacetylation produced Chitosan’s maximum deacety- lation degree (DD). •	 Holistic microwave irradiation (MW) can successfully  produce high DD chitosan, and low molecular weight  in 30 min. •	 The chemical structure of MW-extracted chitosan was  confirmed by FTIR and 1H NMR and low crystallinity by  X-ray. Keywords  Low-molecular-weight chitosan · Microwave technology · Deacetylation degree · X-ray · FTIR · 1H NMR Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s42452-​023-​ 05602-6.  *  Mahmoud Sitohy, mzsitohy@hotmail.com | 1Biochemistry Branch, Soil and Water Science Department, Faculty of Technology  and Development, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt. 2Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University,  Zagazig 44511, Egypt. Vol:.(1234567890) Research Article	 SN Applied Sciences           (2023) 5:365   | https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05602-6 1  Introduction Generally, optimizing the preparation conditions of  biologically active macromolecules is a useful approach  to getting the intended product under the least dras- tic and most favorable conditions for good yield while  taking into consideration all the influencing factors [1,  2]. Since a variety of processing agents affect chitosan’s  physical and chemical properties, it appears that produc- ing highly deacetylated chitosan in the shortest possible  time by a simple and economical method on a commer- cial scale is a hard task. Chitosan is a linear amino-polysaccharide derived  from the alkaline deacetylation of biopolymer-chitin at  high temperatures. During deacetylation, N-acetyl-D- glucosamine units are transformed into D-glucosamine  units, including free amino groups that have a positive  ionic charge. The free amino groups turn chitosan into  a cationic form, with possibly valuable antiviral or anti- bacterial activities like cationic proteins, being reported  as antiviral [3, 4] and antibacterial activities [5, 6]. The  positive ionic charge of chitosan allows it to chemically  bind to fats, and bile acids, and target the bacterial nega- tive cytoplasmic bacterial membrane. This property is  the major factor that makes it a versatile tool for a wide  range of applications [7, 8]. Additionally, low molecu- lar weight chitosan has been proven to possess high  biological activity, allowing it to be employed in many  applications such as pharmaceuticals, medical fields,  aquaculture, food technology, and water treatment [9]. Several scientists offered various strategies for the  production of chitosan through chitin deacetylation;  most of these were based on the use of strong solutions  of sodium hydroxide at high temperatures, including  alkaline high-temperature treatments at high pressures,  ultrasound deacetylation, and enzymatic deacetylation.  Chitosan was generally developed using traditional  heating methods that required a great deal of time and  energy. Many authors are currently dealing with chitin  and chitosan extraction time problems [10]. Chitosan extraction takes a lot of time and takes a lot  of energy by using conventional methods. Microwave  technology is considered to be a great alternative to con- ventional methods because it allows for faster reactions,  shorter reaction times, reduction of energy consump- tion, and fewer side reactions. Microwave irradiation is  gaining traction as a renewable energy source capable of  completing chemical transformations in minutes rather  than hours or days [10, 11]. Mostly, microwave irradiation  was used in the final phase of the chitosan extraction  process, converting chitin to chitosan [12]. In addition,  the previous studies extracted high molecular chitosan  using a low microwave power at the deacetylation step.  To get low molecular chitosan the previous methods  needed to undergo a subsequent step (depolymeriza- tion), extending the time of preparation, and raising the  total costs. This study assumes that using a holistic high- power microwave technique to extract chitosan at all  stages of the extraction process will result in high-qual- ity chitosan with a high degree of deacetylation (DD) in  a short amount of time. Therefore, this work aimed to obtain chitosan of good  quality in a very short time using holistic high-power  microwave technology. Developing the process of chi- tosan extraction via using a holistic high-power microwave  technology may lead to new products with probably low  molecular weight and upgraded physicochemical prop- erties. Thus, it is possible to obtain highly solubilized chi- tosan in the least amount of time and at the lowest cost  without using the depolymerization stage. 2  Materials and methods 2.1  Raw materials The shrimp shells (Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius)) and  crab exoskeletons (Portunus pelagicus) were collected from  seafood restaurants in Zagazig, El-Sharkiya Governorate,  Egypt. The shrimp shells were collected during the same  week while crab exoskeletons samples were collected dur- ing the same day. All samples were frozen until further  processing. After removing the residual meat, shells were  cleaned with tap water and subsequently distilled water,  then left to dry at 65 ºC to a constant weight. The dried  material was ground and sifted through a 250 µm sieve,  then stored in a freezer until use. 2.2  Chemical reagents All the chemicals and solvents utilized in this investigation  were purchased at the highest analytical grade or extra  purity. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and acetic acid ­(CH3COOH)  were purchased from SD Fine-Chem Limited, India. Sodium  Hydroxide pellets (NaOH), Acetone ­(CH3COCH3), Ethyl alco- hol ­(C2H5OH 95%), and commercial chitosan (75%) were  purchased from Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd. for High-Grade  Laboratory Reagents and Fine Chemicals Mumbai, India. Vol.:(0123456789) SN Applied Sciences           (2023) 5:365   | https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05602-6	 Research Article References 	 1.	 Sitohy M, Taha S, Osman A, Abdel-Hamid M, Hamed A, Abdel- backi A (2020) Antiviral action of native and methylated lactofer- rin and β-lactoglobulin against potato virus Y (PVY) infected into  potato plants grown in an open field. 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Title: High quality, low molecular weight shrimp and crab chitosans obtained by short-time holistic high-power microwave technology ​
Authors: Alaa Ewais, R. A. Saber, A. Abdel Ghany, A. Sharaf, Mahmoud Sitohy ​
Publisher: Springer Nature ​
Date: 2023-11-08 00:00:00
Abstract: The study sought to investigate the impact of a holistic high-power microwave technology during all stages of the extraction on the quality, time of extraction, and degree of deacetylation (DD) of shrimp chitosan (SC) and crab chitosan (KC). ​ The demineralization and deproteinization stages took 7 and 8 min, at 750 and 875 W, respectively. ​ The deacetylation process was conducted at two powers, 875 W and 1250 W, for 10, 15, and 20 min. ​ It only took 25 min at 875 W to successfully prepare chitosan with a high DD and 30 min to reach the maximum DD. ​ The highest DDs by the potentiometric titration method, FTIR, and 1H NMR of SC were 86.6%, 86.7%, and 83%, compared to 83.8%, 82.7%, and 80% for KC, respectively. ​ Extracted SC had 79% solubility, 14.125 kDa, a 46.57% crystallinity index, 705.40% WBC, and 434.60% FBC, against 74.5%, 16.982 kDa, 74.14%, 689.82%, and 413.20% for KC, respectively. ​ The study proved that 30 min of holistic high-power microwave at 875 W produced low-molecular-weight chitosan with relatively high deacetylation and low content of viscosity, crystallinity, and protein residue. ​ The technique can provide a feasible alternative to the commercial production of low-molecular-weight chitosan in less time and energy.