Extendable high gain low current high pulse modifed quadratic–SEPIC converter for water treatment applications.pdf
1 Vol.:(0123456789) Scientific Reports |         (2024) 14:4899   | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55708-z www.nature.com/scientificreports Extendable high gain low  current/high pulse modified  quadratic–SEPIC converter  for water treatment applications P. Sumathy 1, J. Divya Navamani 1*, Jagabar Sathik Mohamed Ali 1, A. Lavanya 1,  Pradeep Vishnuram 1, Mohit Bajaj 2,3,4,5*, Shir Ahmad Dost Mohammadi 6* & Lukas Prokop 7 Substantial attention has been drawn over the past few years by high step-up dc-dc converters owing  to their applications in a wide range. Apart from renewable energy applications, high voltage/ high  pulse converters are efficiently used in water treatment applications. The converter suggested a  combination of Quadratic and SEPIC converters with a diode-capacitor cell. This topology generates  high-voltage repetitive pulses with a single semiconductor switch and reduced component count.  The stress across the components is less than the high-gain converters reported in the literature.  The topology has an extendable feature by increasing the number of diode-capacitor cells without  affecting the stress. The superiority of the high pulse generating topology is validated with a similar  converter in the literature. This paper discusses the nL5 simulator results for the proposed rated  topology required for water treatment. A scaled-down 50 W prototype is tested for various input  voltages to generate high voltage pulse, and the analytical study is validated. Keywords  Water treatment, High voltage pulse, High gain, Multiplier cell, HPSQB Abbreviations GV	 Voltage gain GI	 Current gain M	 Number of Multiplier cell CDVM	 Capacitor–diode voltage multiplier PEF 	 Pulsed Electric Field PFN	 Pulse Forming Network D	 Duty Cycle Vg	 Input voltage Vo	 Output voltage VGate	 Gate pulse VC	 Capacitor voltage VL	 Inductor voltage RL	 Internal resistance of the inductor RO	 Load resistance CCM	 Continuous conduction mode HPSQB	 High pulse SEPIC–Quadratic Boost OPEN 1Department of Electrical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai,  India. 2Department of Electrical Engineering, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun  248002,  India. 3Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan. 4Graphic  Era Hill University, Dehradun 248002, India. 5Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University,  Amman  11937, Jordan. 6Department of Electrical and Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Alberoni University,  Kapisa, Afghanistan. 7ENET Centre, VSB—Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic. *email:  divyanaj@srmist.edu.in; thebestbajaj@gmail.com; sh_ahmad.dm@au.edu.af 2 Vol:.(1234567890) Scientific Reports |         (2024) 14:4899  |  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55708-z www.nature.com/scientificreports/ The necessity for water treatment is increasing due to various reasons like water pollution, climatic changes result- ing from global warming, drinking water shortage, mainly due to the growing population, etc. Water treatment  is crucial in protecting the terrestrial environment from contaminated water from industrial chemicals. The  common methods for elimination of microbial contamination in water are chemical ­treatment1–4, application  of intense ­heat5, filtration by ­UV6,7, ­electrodialysis8 and reverse osmosis ­process9. Conventional water treatment  techniques have harmful chemical by-products during their processing. The appropriate solution to overcome  the demerits of old water treatment techniques is the implementation of power electronic pulse generators, which  can be used effectually for bacterial decontamination in water treatment applications. Three key water treatment  techniques are involved: Electrolysis, Pulse discharging power technique and Pulse Electric field technique. The  electrolysis technique used in wastewater treatment is based on the electrochemical reaction. Pulsed electric  field techniques with high-voltage pulses are used to sterilize drinking water. Pulse discharge water treatment  is utilized for sewage water treatment. The applications of these techniques in various water treatment sectors  are illustrated in Fig. 1. High gain conversion is generally achieved by increasing the multiplier cell stages. Topologies discussed in the  literature include a modular bipolar high-voltage pulse generator capable of generating bipolar pulses with high  voltage and output ­flexibility10–13. A two-stage high-voltage pulse generator converter topology with key features  like scalability, modularity, and redundancy is used for electroporation applications is ­discussed14. Sequential  pulse generators producing repetitive pulses were discussed as suitable for disinfection ­applications15. Pulsed  Electric Field (PEF) method has had promising applications in several fields in the last few years. Pathogenic  bacteria and other antibiotic–resistant microorganisms are treated with the high pulse of the electric field. For  water treatment applications, pulsed arc discharge and underwater pulsed streamer corona discharge are the  two main types of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) ­treatments16,17. The effect of microorganisms and their removal by  comparing the two methods is presented ­in17. It is also observed from the literature that the underwater pulsed  streamer corona discharge requires lesser power compared to pulsed arc discharge. The application of bipolar  pulses is even more effective compared to its counterpart. Even though electroporation successfully applies pulsed  electric fields, permanent cell membrane damage is caused by the electric voltage of very ­high18–20. Generally, the  pulse generation for water treatment based on power electronic switches can be classified into two types precisely  classical and solid-state pule generation methodology. Different pulse generation methodologies are depicted in  Fig. 2. The Chopper and Marx circuits generate pulses with capacitor storage in classical methods. In Magnetic  Pulse Compressor (MPC), a storage capacitor and a magnetic switch is employed for pulse generation. PFL is a  crucial method to generate high-power short pulses of the nanoseconds pulse width. For generating rectangular  pulses with a pulse width greater than 500 ns, PFL is unsuitable; therefore, Pulse Forming Network (PFN) is used.  Small and medium power pulses are generated in a dual resonant Tesla transformer circuit. In solid-state pulse generation methodology, solid-state switches generate definite pulses. DC-DC isolated and  non-isolated converters generate high-voltage pulses with single or multiple controls. This methodology can be  used wherever high-voltage pulses are required in water treatment applications. Capacitor–diode voltage multipli- ers (CDVMs) are also used in electric pulse generators which are highly reliable, efficient, lightweight, and smaller  in ­size19. However, they pose a risk of increasing voltage ripples of capacitors and falling output pulse frequency.  Low pulsed dc voltages effectively deactivating microbes generally found diffused in water from dead animals  Pulse  Generating  techniques -                     Water  treatment Leather  Factory Printing   Industry 2.Electrolysis 1.Pulse  Discharging  Power Sewage  Sludge Sewage  Pharmaceutic al Sewage  Domestic Sewage  Municipal Drinking  water Fresh water 3.Pulse  Electric Field   Dyeing  Industry Paper  Industry Figure 1.   Water treatment techniques. 18 Vol:.(1234567890) Scientific Reports |         (2024) 14:4899  |  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55708-z www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Data availability The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reason- able request. Received: 14 January 2024; Accepted: 27 February 2024 References 	 1.	 Bergeron, S., Raj, B., Nathaniel, R., Corbin, A. & LaFleur, G. Presence of antibiotic resistance genes in raw source water of a drink- ing water treatment plant in a rural community of USA. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 124, 3–9 (2017). 	 2.	 Escobar-Hoyos, L. F. et al. Genotoxic and clastogenic effects of monohaloacetic acid drinking water disinfection by-products in  primary humanm lymphocytes. Water Res. 47(10), 3282–3290 (2013). 	 3.	 Gorito, A. M., Ribeiro, A. R., Gomes, C. R., Almeida, C. M. R. & Silva, A. M. T. Constructed wetland microcosms for the removal  of organic micropollutants from freshwater aquaculture effluents. Sci. Total Environ. 10(644), 1171–1180 (2018). 	 4.	 Yuan, Q. B., Guo, M. T. & Yang, J. Fate of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes during wastewater chlorination: Implication for  antibiotic resistance control. PLoS One 10(3), e0119403 (2015). 	 5.	 Cao, Y., Æsay, V. & Liang, Q. Green ballast water treatment utilizing waste heat recovery, OCEANS 2016 - Shanghai, pp. 1–7 (2016). 	 6.	 Rizzo, L. et al. Effect of solar simulated N-doped TiO2 photocatalysis on the inactivation and antibiotic resistance of an E. coli  strain in biologically treated urban wastewater. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 144, 369–378 (2014). 	 7.	 Saien, J., Osali, M. & Soleymani, A. R. UV/persulfate and UV/hydrogen peroxide processes for the treatment of salicylic acid:  Effect ofoperating parameters, kinetic, and energy consumption. Desalin. WaterTreat. 56(11), 3087–095 (2015). 	 8.	 Abhishek, L., Karthick, R. A., Kumar, K. D. & Sivakumar, G. Efficient water treatment using smart materials. Int. Conf. Smart Struct.  Syst. 2014, 94–99 (2014). 	 9.	 Tiwari, J., Singh, A. K., Yadav, A., & Jha, R. K. Sustainable power production and purification of water. In 2014 International  Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI) pp. 2258–2263 (2014). 	10.	 Barcelon, L., Landicho, J., Lim, C., Tampis, D., Magwili, G. & Garcia, R. Implementation of multi-module high voltagepulse  generator based on DC-DC boost converter and capacitor-diode voltage multipliers for elimination of Escherichia coli O157:H7  inwater. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2045. (2018) 	11.	 Malviya, D. & Veerachary, M. A boost converter-based high-voltage pulsed-power supply. IEEE Trans. IndustryAppl. 56(5), 5222– 5233 (2020). 	12.	 Elserougi, A., Massoud, A. & Ahmed, S. Multimodule boost-converter-based pulse generators: Design and operation. IEEETrans.  Plasma Sci. 48(1), 219–227 (2020). 	13.	 Navamani, D., Krishnasamy, V. & Jegatheesan, R. Non-isolated high gain DC-DC converter by quadraticboost converter and  voltage multiplier cell. Ain Shams Eng. J. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​asej.​2016.​09.​007 (2016). 	14.	 Delshad, M. R., Rezanejad, M. & Sheikholeslami, A. A new modular bipolar high-voltage pulse generator. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.  64(2), 1195–1203 (2017). 	15.	 Elgenedy, M. A., Massoud, A. M., Ahmed, S., Williams, B. W. & High-Gain, A. High-voltage pulse generator using sequentially  chargedmodular multilevel converter submodules, for water disinfection applications. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron.  6(3), 1394–1406 (2018). Table 11.   Specification of voltage considered for testing the sample. Sl.no Real time treatment conditions Simulation and prototype obtained pulsed voltages 360 V (prototype output) 5 kV (simulation output) 1 Frequency of Pulses 500 Hz 500 Hz 2 Pulse width 168 μs 169 μs 3 Distance between the electrodes 9.87 mm 9.87 mm 4 Current 0.4 A 0.1 A 5 Treatment time 6 min 6 min 6 Type of electrode Stainless steel Stainless steel 7 Sample description Raw water Raw water 8 Place of collection Kitchen Kitchen 9 Treatment temperature 26 °C 29 °C 10 Treatment chamber Static Static Table 12.   Microbes identified in the sample and the test results. Sl.no Microbes identified Sample-raw water (Municipality water collected from kitchen) Before treatment Treated under 360 V pulsed DC Treated under 5000 V pulsed DC 1 Coliform bacteria 10 cfu/gm 02 cfu/gm Absent 2 Staphylococcus auerus/gm 06 cfu/gm Absent Absent 3 Salmonella 02 cfu/gm Absent Absent 4 Escherichia coli 08 cfu/gm Absent Absent 19 Vol.:(0123456789) Scientific Reports |         (2024) 14:4899  |  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55708-z www.nature.com/scientificreports/ 	16.	 Dang, T. H., Denat, A., Lesaint, O. & Teissedre, G. Pulsed electrical discharges in water for removal of organic pollutants: A com- parative study. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 47(2), 1–7 (2009). 	17.	 Yang, Y. Plasma discharge in water and its application for industrial cooling water treatment, PhD Thesis, Drexel University, (2011). 	18.	 Elserougi, A., Ahmed, S., & Massoud, A. High-voltage pulse generator based on capacitor-diode voltage multiplier centrally fed  from dc-dc boost converter. In 8th IET International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2016),  Glasgow, UK, pp. 1–4 (2016). 	19.	 Elserougi, A., Ahmed, S., Massoud, A. High voltage pulse generator based on DC-to-DC boost converter with capacitor-diode  voltage multipliers for bacterial decontamination, In IECON 2015 - 41st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics  Society, pp. 000322–000326 (2015). 	20.	 Elserougi, A., Abdel-Khalik, A. S., Ahmed, S., & Massoud, A. M. AC-powered multi-module high-voltage pusle-generator with  sinusoidalinput current for water treatment via underwater pulsed arc discharge. In 2017 11th IEEE International Conference on  Compatibility, PowerElectronics and Power Engineering (CPE-POWERENG), Cadiz, Spain, pp. 163–168 (2017). 	21.	 Tirono, M., Hananto, F. S. & Abtokhi, A. Pulse voltage electrical stimulation for bacterial inactivation and wound healing in mice  with diabetes. Avicenna J. Med. Biotechnol. 14(1), 95–101. https://​doi.​org/​10.​18502/​ajmb.​v14i1.​8175 (2022). 	22.	 Zhu, N. et al. Inactivation of Pichia rhodanensis in relation to membrane and intracellular compounds due to microchip pulsed  electric field (MPEF) treatment. PLoS One 13(6), e0198467. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1371/​journ​al.​pone.​01984​67.​PMID:​29939​985;​ PMCID:​PMC60​16922 (2018). 	23.	 Wu, M. et al. High-voltage, pulsed electric fields eliminate Pseudomonas aeruginosa stable infection in a mouse burn model. Adv.  Wound Care (New Rochelle) 10(9), 477–489. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1089/​wound.​2019.​1147 (2021). 	24.	 Malviya, D., & Veerachary, M. A novel boost converter based high-voltage pulsed-power supply. In 2019 IEEE international  conference on sustainable energy technologies and systems (ICSETS), Bhubaneswar, India, pp. 353–358 (2019). 	25.	 Nami, A., Sakamoto, T., Akiyama, M., & Akiyama, H. Development of a boost converter topology for a high repetition pulsed  power generator. In 2011 IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Chicago, IL, USA, pp. 1336–1341 (2011) 	26.	 Veerachary, M. Design and analysis of a new quadratic boost converter. In 2017 National Power Electronics Conference (NPEC),  Pune, India, pp. 307–313 (2017) 	27.	 Yu, C. H., Jang, S. R., Kim, H. S., Bae, J. S., & Kim, S. Pulse Generator with fast switching speed and short pulse width based on  semiconductor switches for wide applications. In IECON 2018-44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.  IEEE, pp. 1418–1423. doi: https://​doi.​org/​10.​1109/​IECON.​2018.​85926​88 (2018). 	28.	 Babaei, E., Mashinchi Maheri, H., Sabahi, M. & Hosseini, S. H. Extendable nonisolated high gain DC–DC converter based on  active–passive inductor cells. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 65(12), 9478–9487 (2018). 	29.	 Shanthi, T., Prabha, S. U. & Sundaramoorthy, K. Non-isolated n-stage high step-up DC-DC converter for low voltage DC source  integration. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 36(3), 1625–1634 (2021). 	30.	 Elserougi, A., Massoud, A. M., Ibrahim, A. M. & Ahmed, S. A high voltage pulse-generator based on DC-to-DC converters and  capacitor-diode voltage multipliers for water treatment applications. IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insulation 22(6), 3290–3298.  https://​doi.​org/​10.​1109/​TDEI.​2015.​005376 (2015). 	31.	 Abadi, M. R. Q. R., Marzebali, M. H., Abolghasemi, V. & Anisi, M. H. High-voltage pulse generators for electroporation applica- tions: A systematic review. IEEE Access 10, 64933–64951 (2022). 	32.	 Gu, Y., Zhang, C., Bian, W., Wu, S. & Xu, Z. A novel modular pulse generator with high voltage gain and reduced number of  capacitors. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 50(2), 394–400 (2022). 	33.	 Sumathy, P. et al. PV powered high voltage pulse converter with switching cells for food processing application. Energies 16, 1010  (2023). 	34.	 Lavanya, A., Divya Navamani, J., Nihal, A., Narain, A., & Aashi. Novel High Voltage Pulse Generator Structure for Water Treatment  Applications. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-​981-​19-​7728-2_8. (2023). 	35.	 Koç, Y., Birbir, Y. & Bodur, H. Non-isolated high step-up DC/DC converters—An overview. Alex. Eng. J. 61, 1091–1132 (2021). 	36.	 Li, Z., Liu, H., Jiang, S., Guo, L. & Rao, J. A high-current all solid-state pulse generator based on Marx structure. IEEE Trans. Plasma  Sci. 48(10), 3629–3636 (2020). 	37.	 Rahimi, T., Ding, L., Gholizadeh, H., Shahrivar, R. S. & Faraji, R. An ultrahigh step-up DC–DC converter based on the boost, Luo,  and voltage doubler structure: Mathematical expression, simulation, and experimental, IEEE. Access 9, 132011–132024 (2021). 	38.	 Subhani, N. et al. An improved non-isolated quadratic DC-DC boost converter with ultra high gain ability. IEEE Access 11,  11350–11363 (2023). Acknowledgements This article has been produced with the financial support of the European Union under the REFRESH – Research  Excellence For Region Sustainability and High-tech Industries project number CZ.10.03.01/00/22_003/0000048  via the Operational Programme Just Transition and paper was supported by the following project TN02000025  National Centre for Energy II. Author contributions S.P., D.N.J., J.S.M.A., L.A.: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Investigation, Writing-  Original draft preparation. P.V.: Data curation, Validation, Supervision, Resources, Writing—Review & Editing.  M.B., L.P. and S.A.D.M.: Project administration, Supervision, Resources, Writing—Review & Editing. Competing interests  The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to J.D.N., M.B. or S.A.D.M. Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints. Publisher’s note  Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and  institutional affiliations. 20 Vol:.(1234567890) Scientific Reports |         (2024) 14:4899  |  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55708-z www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Open Access   This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International  License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or  format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the  Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this  article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the  material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not  permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from  the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://​creat​iveco​mmons.​org/​licen​ses/​by/4.​0/. © The Author(s) 2024
Title: Extendable high gain low current/high pulse modified quadratic–SEPIC converter for water treatment applications ​
Authors: P. Sumathy, J. Divya Navamani, Jagabar Sathik Mohamed Ali, A. Lavanya, Pradeep Vishnuram, Shir Ahmad Dost Mohammadi, Lukas Prokop, Mohit Bajaj ​
Publisher: Nature Scientific Reports ​
Date: 2024-02-27 00:00:00
Abstract: Substantial attention has been drawn over the past few years by high step-up dc-dc converters owing to their applications in a wide range. ​ Apart from renewable energy applications, high voltage/high pulse converters are efficiently used in water treatment applications. ​ The converter suggested a combination of Quadratic and SEPIC converters with a diode-capacitor cell. ​ This topology generates high-voltage repetitive pulses with a single semiconductor switch and reduced component count. ​ The stress across the components is less than the high-gain converters reported in the literature. ​ The topology has an extendable feature by increasing the number of diode-capacitor cells without affecting the stress. ​ The superiority of the high pulse generating topology is validated with a similar converter in the literature. ​ This paper discusses the nL5 simulator results for the proposed rated topology required for water treatment. ​ A scaled-down 50 W prototype is tested for various input voltages to generate high voltage pulse, and the analytical study is validated. ​