No L 225/6 Official Journal of the European Communities 20. 8. 90 COUNCIL DIRECTIVE of 23 July 1990 on the common system of taxation applicable in the case of parent companies and subsidiaries of different Member States (90/435/EEC) THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, . Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, and in particular  Article 100 thereof, Having regard to the proposal of the Commission (%), Having. regard to the opinion of the European Parliament (2), Having regard to-the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee (3), Whereas the grouping together of companies of different Member States may be necessary in order to create within the Community conditions analogous to those of an -internal market and in order thus to ensure the establishment and effective functioning of the common market; whereas such operations ought not to- be hampered by restrictions, disadvantages or distortions arising in particular from the tax provisions of the: Member States; whereas it is therefore necessary to introduce with respect to such grouping together . of companies of different Member States, tax rules which are neutral from the point of view of competition, in order to allow enterprises to adapt to the requirements of the common market, to increase their productivity and to improve their competitive strength at'the international level;- Whereas such grouping together may result in the formation of groups of parent companies and subsidiaries; Whereas- the existing tax provisions which govern the relations between parent companies and subsidiaries of - different Member States vary appreciably from one Member State to another and are generally less advantageous than- those applicable to parent companies and subsidiaries of the same - Member State; whereas cooperation between companies of different Member States is thereby- disadvantaged -in comparison - with- cooperation between companies of the same Member State; whereas it is necessary to eliminate this disadvantage by the introduction of a- common system in order to facilitate the grouping together of companies; Whereas where a parent.company by virtue of its association with its subsidiary receives distributed profits, the State of the parent company must: — either refrain from taxing such profits, (1) OJ No C 39, 22. 3. 1969, p..7 and Amendment transmitted on "~ 5 July 1985. (3) O] No C 51, 29. 4. 1970, p. 6. (*) O] No C 100, 1. 8. 1969, p. 7. — or tax such profits while authorizing the parent company to deduct from the amount of tax due that fraction of the corporation tax paid by the subsidiary which relates to those profits; Whereas it is furthermore necessary, in order to ensure fiscal neutrality, that the profits which a subsidiary distributes to its parent company be exempt from withholding tax; whereas, however, the Federal Republic of Germany and the Hellenic Republic, by reason of the particular nature of their corporate tax systems, and the Portuguese Republic, for . budgetary reasons, should be authorized to maintain temporarily a withholding tax, HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE: Article 1 1.  Each Member State shall apply this Directive: — to distributions of profits received by companies of that State which come from their subsidiaries of other Member States, — to distributions of profits by companies of that State to companies of other Member States of which they are subsidiaries. 2.  This Directive shall not preclude the application of domestic or agreement-based provisions required for the prevention of fraud or abuse. Article 2 For the purposes of this Directive ‘company of a Member State’ shall mean any company which: (a) takes one of the forms listed in the Annex hereto; (b) according to the tax laws of a Member -State is considered to be resident in that State for tax purposes. and, under the terms of a double taxation agreement concluded with a third State, is not considered to be resident for tax purposes outside the Community; (c) moreover, is subject to one of the following taxes, without the possibility of an -option or of being exempt: — impdt des sociétés/vennootschapsbelasting in Belgium, — selskabsskat in Denmark, — Korperschaftsteuer in the Federal Republic of Germany,