20. 8. 90 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 225/1 (Acts whose publication is not obligatory) COUNCIL COUNCIL DIRECTIVE of 23 July 1990 on the common system of taxation applicable to mergers, divisions, transfers of assets and exchanges of shares concerning companies of different Member States (90/434/EEC) THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN . COMMUNITIES, Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, and-in particular Article 100 thereof, Having regard to the proposal of the Commission (!), Having regard to the opinion of the European Parliament (2), ' Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social - Committee (3), Whereas  mergers, divisions, transfers of assets and exchanges of shares concerning companies of different Member States may be necessary in order to create within the Community conditions analogous to those of an internal market and in order thus to ensure the establishment and effective functioning of the common market; whereas such operations ought not to. be hampered by restrictions, disadvantages or distortions arising in particular from the tax provisions of the Member States; whereas to that end it is necessary to introduce with respect to such operations tax rules which are neutral from the point of view of competition, in order to allow enterprises to adapt to the requirements of the common market; to increase their productivity and to improve their competlnve strength at the international level; - Whereas tax provisions disadvantage such operations, in comparison with those concerning companies of the same Member State; whereas it is necessary to remove such disadvantages; (") OJ No C 39, 22. 3. 1969, p. 1. (2) OJ No C 51, 29. 4. 1970, p. 12. (?) OJ No C 100, 1. 8. 1969, p. 4 Whereas it is not possible to attain this objective by an extension at the Community level of the systems presently in force in the Member States, since differences between these systems tend to produce distortions; whereas only a common tax system is able to provide a satisfactory solution in this respect; Whereas the common tax system ought to avoid the imposition of tax in connection with mergers, divisions, transfers of assets or exchanges of shares, while at the same time safeguarding the financial interests of the State of the transferring or acquired company; Whereas in respect. of mergers, divisions or transfers of assets,  such operations normally result either in the transformation of the transferring company into. a permanent establishment of the company receiving the assets or in the assets becoming -connected with a permanent establishment of the latter company; Whereas the system of deferral of the taxation of the capital gains relating to the assets transferred until their actual disposal, applied to such of those assets as are transferred to that permanent establishment; permits exemption - from - taxation of the corresponding capital gains, while at the same time ensuring their ultimate taxation by the State of the transferring company at the date of their disposal; Whereas it is -also. necessary to- define the tax regime applicable to certain provisions, reserves or losses of the transferring company and to- solve the tax problems occurring where one of the two compames has a holding in the capital of the other; Whereas the allotment to the shareholders of the transferring company of securities of the receiving or acquiring company would not in itself give rise to any taxation in the hands of such shareholders;