 Complete the following phrase:  Historians have judged the Qing dynastys vulnerability to western imperialism in the 19th century as being due primarily to its naval weakness; centuries of deliberate isolation meant the Qings maritime forces were woefully outmatched against their European counterparts. In contrast, the Qing achieved some military success against westerners fighting on land. Historian Edward L. Dreyer stated, Chinas nineteenth-century humiliations were strongly related to her weakness and failure at sea. At the start of the 