 Complete the following phrase:  Born on 16 June 1898 in Brooklyn, New York, he was the son of Russian Jewish immigrants. He attended the City College of New York, graduating with a BA in English in 1918. He then completed an MA at Columbia University in 1919. He intended to study international law and travelled to France in 1921 to study it at the University of Paris while also learning French. His previous pacifism turned to pessimism when 