 Complete the following phrase:  The Papal States covered central Italy and were expanded by warrior popes such as Julius II. Italy, although divided in several states, saw a period of great prosperity during the Renaissance. In 1420, Pope Martin V re-established Rome as the sole seat of the Catholic Church and put an end to the Western Schism. Between 1494 and the second half of the 16th century, Italy was the battleground of Europe. Competing monarchs, including Popes, clashed for European supremacy in Italy. In the late 1500s and early 1600s, the Papacy led the Counter-reformation effort. Pontiffs such as Paul III and Pius V, exercised great diplomatic influence in Europe. Popes mediated the Peace of Nice 1538 between the Holy Roman Empire and France, as well as the Peace of Vervins 1598 between France and Spain. In the new world, thousands were converted to Catholicism by missionaries. Many European and Italian states such as the Republic of Venice and the Republic of Genoa were brought by the Papacy into Holy Leagues to defeat the Ottoman Empire: defeats occurred in Rhodes 1522, Preveza 1538, Budapes 1541, Algiers 1541, whereas victories took place at Vienna 1529, Tunis 1535, 