 Complete the following phrase:  Mani Ratnam made his directorial debut, without formal training or education in filmmaking, with the Kannada film Pallavi Anu Pallavi 1983. The critically acclaimed film, which he also wrote, won him the Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay. His first Tamil film Pagal Nilavu 1985 was a commercial failure, but immediately followed Idaya Kovil 1985 found theatrical success. The following year, he made the romantic drama Mouna Ragam, which narrated the story of a young woman who is forced into an arranged marriage by her family. The critical and commercial success of the film established him as a leading filmmaker in Tamil cinema. His next release Nayakan, starring Kamal Haasan, was inspired by the life of the Bombay-based gangster Varadarajan Mudaliar. The film was submitted by India as its official entry for the 60th Academy Awards. Later in 2005, Nayakan was included in Times All-Time 100 Movies list. Mani Ratnam followed this with the tragic romance Geethanjali 1989, which marked his Telugu cinema debut; the tragedy Anjali 1990, which narrated the story of an autistic child; and the crime drama Thalapathi 1991, loosely adapted from the Indian epic Mahabharata. In 1992, he made the romantic thriller Roja for Kavithalayaa Productions. The film was dubbed into many Indian languages, including Hindi, and its widespread success brought national recognition to Mani Ratnam. Three years later, he made Bombay 1995, which was based on the 