 Complete the following phrase:  During the High Middle Ages in Europe there was full-scale persecution of Jews in many places, with blood libels, expulsions, forced conversions and massacres. An underlying source of prejudice against Jews in Europe was religious. Jews were frequently massacred and exiled from various European countries. The persecution reached its first peak during the Crusades. In the First Crusade 1096, flourishing communities on the Rhine and the Danube were utterly destroyed, a prime example being the Rhineland massacres. In the Second Crusade 1147 the Jews in France were subject to frequent massacres. The Jews were also subjected to attacks by the Shepherds Crusades of 1251 and 1320. The Crusades were followed by expulsions, including in 1290, 