 Complete the following phrase:  The EAS can only be used to relay audio messages that preempt all programming; as the intent of an Emergency Action Notification is to serve as a last-ditch effort to get a message out if the president cannot get to the media, it can easily be made redundant by the immediate and constant coverage that major weather events and other newsworthy situationssuch as, most prominently, the September 11 attacks in 2001receive from television broadcasters and news channels. Following the attacks, then-FCC chairman Michael K. Powell cited the ubiquitous media environment as justification for not using the EAS in their immediate aftermath. Glenn Collins of The New York Times acknowledged these limitations, noting that no president has ever used the current EAS system or its technical predecessors in the last 50 years, despite the Soviet missile crisis, a 