 Complete the following phrase:  In their attempts to suppress the resistance, German and Italian Fascist forces especially the SS, Gestapo, and paramilitary militias such as Xa MAS and Black Brigades committed war crimes, including summary executions and systematic reprisals against civilian population. Resistance captives and suspects were often tortured and raped. Some of the most notorious mass atrocities included the Ardeatine massacre 335 Jewish civilians and political prisoners executed without a trial in a reprisal operation after a resistance bomb attack in Rome, the 