 Complete the following phrase:  Between 1960 and 1970, Soviet agriculture output increased by 3 annually. Industry also improved: during the Eighth Five-Year Plan 19661970, the output of factories and mines increased by 138 compared to 1960. While the Politburo became aggressively anti-reformist, Kosygin was able to convince both Brezhnev and the politburo to leave the reformist communist leader János Kádár of the Hungarian Peoples Republic alone because of an economic reform entitled New Economic Mechanism NEM, which granted limited permission for the establishment of retail markets. In the Polish Peoples Republic, another approach was taken in 1970 under the leadership of Edward Gierek; he believed that the government needed Western loans to facilitate the rapid growth of heavy industry. The Soviet leadership gave its approval for this, as the Soviet Union could not afford to maintain its massive subsidy for the Eastern Bloc in the form of cheap oil and gas exports. The Soviet Union did not accept all kinds of reforms, an example being the Warsaw Pact 