 Complete the following phrase:  In his 1995 book, the early climatologist Hubert Lamb said that in many years, snowfall was much heavier than recorded before or since, and the snow lay on the ground for many months longer than it does today. In Lisbon, Portugal, snowstorms were much more frequent than today, and one winter in the 17th century produced eight snowstorms. Many springs and summers were cold and wet but with great variability between years and groups of years. That was particularly evident during the Grindelwald Fluctuation 15601630; the rapid cooling phase was associated with more erratic weather, including increased storminess, unseasonal snowstorms, and droughts. Crop practices throughout Europe had to be altered to adapt to the shortened and less reliable growing season, and there were many years of dearth and famine. One was the 