John Kirtland Ritchie's Fabulae Faciles A First Latin Reader 
 
 
 PREFACE Pg 1 
 Some time ago a fellow-teacher brought the _Fabulae Faciles_ to my 
 notice, and I have since used two of them each year with my class of 
 beginners in Latin with increasing appreciation. Indeed, I know nothing 
 better to introduce the student into the reading of connected narrative, 
 and to bridge the great gulf between the beginner's book of the 
 prevailing type and the Latinity of Caesar or Nepos. They are adapted to 
 this use not merely by reason of their simplicity and interest, but more 
 particularly by the graduating of difficulties and the large use of 
 Caesarian words and phrases to which Mr. Ritchie calls attention in his 
 preface. 
   
 Doubtless many American teachers have become familiar with portions of 
 the _Fabulae_, for they have been freely drawn upon in several Latin 
 readers recently published in this country. I venture to hope that those 
 who have made the acquaintance of the work in this way will welcome a 
 complete edition. 
   
 In England the little book has had a large use. Its pedagogical 
 excellencies are well summed up in a letter addressed to Mr. Ritchie by 
 the Very Rev. E.C. Wickham, formerly Head-Master of Wellington College, 
 the well-known editor of Horace:-- 
   
 "It launches the student at once in ancient life. The old classical 
 stories, simply told, seem to me much the best material for early Latin 
 reading. They are abundantly interesting; they are taken for granted in 
 the real literature of the language; and they can be told without 
 starting the beginner on a wrong track by a barbarous mixture of ancient 
 and modern ideas. 
   
 "It combines, if I may say so, very skilfully, the interest of a 
 continuous story, with the gradual and progressive introduction of 
 constructions and idioms. These seem to me to be introduced at the right 
 moment, and to be played upon long enough to make them thoroughly 
 familiar." 
   
 In revising Mr. Ritchie's book for the use of American schools it has 
 seemed best to make extensive changes. Long vowels have been marked 
 throughout, and the orthography of Latin words has been brought into 
 conformity with our practice. Many liberties have been taken with the 
 text itself, especially in the latter part, in the way of making it 
 approximate more closely to our rather strict notions of the standards of 
 model prose. A few words and uses of words not found in the prose writers 
 of the republic have been retained, but nothing, it is hoped, that will 
 seriously mislead the young student. 
 
 
 
 PREFACE Pg 2 
 I shall welcome any criticism that 
 may lead to further changes in the text in future editions. 
   
 The notes are entirely new, and are intended for students who have but 
 just finished the beginner's book or have not yet finished it. Some notes 
 may appear at first sight unnecessary or unnecessarily hard, but the 
 reason for their insertion should be evident when the student begins the 
 reading of classical Latin, the difficulties of which will be less likely 
 to appal the beginner if some of them have been already conquered. I 
 believe it a mistake to postpone all treatment of the uses of the 
 subjunctive, for instance, or of the constructions of indirect discourse 
 until the study of Nepos or Caesar is begun. Besides, it is easier to 
 neglect notes than to supply them, and the teacher who prefers to do the 
 first reading without much attention to the more difficult constructions 
 will only need to tell his students to disregard certain of my notes--or 
 all of them. 
   
 There are no references to the grammars, but syntax has been given such 
 treatment as seemed needed to supplement its treatment in the beginner's 
 book. Teachers will therefore be able to postpone the use of a formal 
 manual of grammar, if they so desire. Those who wish their classes to 
 begin the reading of Latin at the earliest possible moment will find it 
 feasible to use this book as soon as the inflections and the more 
 elementary principles of syntax have been mastered. 
   
 In the vocabulary, the derivation or composition and the original meaning 
 of words have been indicated wherever these seemed likely to prove 
 helpful. Principal parts and genitives have been given in such a way as 
 to prevent misunderstanding, and at the same time emphasize the 
 composition of the verb or the suffix of the noun: for example, _abscídó, 
 -cídere, -cídí, -císus; aetás, -tátis_. 
   
 The lists of works of English literature and of art in which the myths 
 are treated are only suggestive. Occasional readings from the one and 
 exhibitions of representations of the other, either in the form of 
 photographs or by the stereopticon, will not only stimulate interest in 
 the Latin text but aid also in creating in the student a taste for 
 literature and for art. 
   
 I planned at first to add some exercises for retranslation, but after 
 careful consideration it has seemed not worth while. Most teachers will 
 prefer not to base composition upon the Latin read at this stage, and 
 those who wish to do so will find it an easy matter to prepare their own 
 exercises, or can draw upon the copious exercises prepared by Mr. Ritchie 
 and published separately under the title _Imitative Exercises in Easy 
 Latin Prose_. 
   
 In the reading of proof I have had generous help from Dr. F.K. Ball of 
 The Phillips Exeter Academy, Mr. J.C. Flood of St. Mark's School, and Mr. 
 A.T. Dudley of Noble and Greenough's School, Boston. The proof-sheets 
 have been used with the beginner's class in this Academy, and I have thus 
 been able to profit by the criticism of my associate Mr. G.B. Rogers, and 
 to test the work myself. The assistance of my wife has greatly lightened 
 the labor of verifying the vocabulary. 
   
 
 
 
 THE MYTHS IN ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 PERSEUS 
   
 Hawthorne, _A Wonder-Book: The Gorgon's Head_. 
 Kingsley, _The Heroes: Perseus_. 
 Cox, _Tales of Ancient Greece: Medusa, Danae, Perseus, Andromeda, 
    Akrisios_. 
 Francillon, _Gods and Heroes: The Adventures of Perseus_. 
 Kingsley, _Andromeda_. 
 William Morris, _The Earthly Paradise: The Doom of King Acrisius_. 
 Lewis Morris, _The Epic of Hades: Andromeda_. 
 Dowden, _Andromeda_. 
 Shelley, _On the Medusa of Leonardo da Vinci_. 
 G. Rossetti, _Aspecta Medusa_. 
 
   
   
 HERCULES 
   
 Hawthorne, _A Wonder-Book: The Three Golden Apples_. 
 Cox, _Tales of Ancient Greece: The Toils of Herakles_. 
 Francillon, _Gods and Heroes: The Hero of Heroes_. 
 William Morris, _The Earthly Paradise: The Golden Apples_. 
 Lewis Morris, _The Epic of Hades: Deianeira_. 
 Lang's translation of Theocritus, _Idyls_ xxiv, xxv. 
   
   
 THE ARGONAUTS 
   
 Apollonius of Rhodes, _The Tale of the Argonauts_, translated by Way. 
 D.O.S. Lowell, _Jason's Quest_. 
 Hawthorne, _Tanglewood Tales: The Golden Fleece_. 
 Kingsley, _The Heroes: The Argonauts_. 
 Cox, _Tales of Ancient Greece: Phrixos and Helle, Medeia_. 
 Church, _Heroes and Kings: The Story of the Ship Argo_. 
 Francillon, _Gods and Heroes: The Golden Fleece_. 
 William Morris, _The Life and Death of Jason_. 
 Bayard Taylor, _Hylas_. 
 John Dyer, _The Fleece_. 
 Lang's translation of Theocritus, several of the _Idyls_. 
   
   
 ULYSSES 
   
 Homer, _The Odyssey_, translated by Bryant (verse), William Morris 
    (verse), Palmer (prose), Butcher and Lang (prose). 
 Lamb, _The Adventures of Ulysses_. 
 Hawthorne, _Tanglewood Tales: Circe's Palace_. 
 Cox, _Tales of Ancient Greece: The Lotos-Eaters, Odysseus and Polyphemos, 
    Odysseus and Kirké_. 
 Church, _Stories from Homer: The Cyclops, The Island of Aeolus, Circé_. 
 Tennyson, _The Lotos-Eaters_. 
 Matthew Arnold, _The Strayed Reveler_. 
 Dobson, _The Prayer of the Swine to Circe_. 
   
 
 
 
 THE MYTHS IN ART 
 Burne-Jones, _Perseus and the Graeae_. 
 Caravaggio, _Head of Medusa_. 
 Leonardo da Vinci, _Head of Medusa_. 
 Canova, _Perseus_. 
 Benvenuto Cellini, _Perseus_, and _Perseus saving Andromeda_. 
 Piero di Cosimo, _Perseus and Andromeda_. 
 Charles Antoine Coypel, _Perseus and Andromeda_. 
 Domenichino, _Perseus and Andromeda_. 
 Rubens, _Perseus and Andromeda_. 
 Giovanni da Bologna, _Hercules and the Centaur_. 
 Bandinelli, _Hercules and Cacus_. 
 Guido Reni, _Dejanira and the Centaur Nessus_. 
 Canova, _Hercules and Lichas_. 
 Sichel, _Medea_. 
 Genelli, _Jason and Medea capturing the Golden Fleece_. 
 Burne-Jones, _Circe_. 
 Chalon, _Circe and the Companions of Ulysses_. 
 
 Rivière, _Circe and the Companions of Ulysses_. 
   
 Photographs and lantern-slides of all the works mentioned above may be 
 obtained of the Soule Art Company, Boston. The list might have been made 
 much longer, but it seemed likely to prove most helpful if limited to 
 works of which reproductions are so easily obtainable. For the treatment 
 of the myths in ancient art, the teacher is referred to the numerous 
 pertinent illustrations in Baumeister's _Denkmäler des klassischen 
 Altertums_, or the same editor's _Bilder aus dem griechischen und 
 römischen Altertum für Schüler_, the latter of which contains the cuts of 
 the larger work, and is so cheap and so useful that it ought to lie on 
 the desk of every teacher of Greek or Latin. 
   
 
 
 
 INTRODUCTORY NOTE Pg 3 
 The _Fabulae Faciles_, or 'Easy Stories.' are four Greek myths retold in 
 Latin, not by a Roman writer, however, but by an Englishman, who believed 
 that they would afford interesting and pleasant reading for young folks 
 who were just beginning the study of the Latin language. By myth is meant 
 an imaginative tale that has been handed down by tradition from remote 
 antiquity concerning supernatural beings and events. Such tales are 
 common among all primitive peoples, and are by them accepted as true. 
 They owe their origin to no single author, but grow up as the untutored 
 imagination strives to explain to itself the operations of nature and the 
 mysteries of life, or amuses itself with stories of the brave exploits of 
 heroic ancestors. 
   
 The most beautiful and delightful of all myths are those that have come 
 down to us in the remains of the literature and the art of ancient Greece 
 and Rome; they are also the most important to us, for many of the great 
 masterpieces of English literature and of modern art have been inspired 
 by them and cannot be understood and appreciated by one ignorant of 
 classical mythology. 
   
 Of this mythology the _Fabulae Faciles_ give but a small part. If you 
 wish to know more of the subject, you should read Gayley's _The Classic 
 Myths in English Literature_, Guerber's _Myths of Greece and Rome_, or 
 the books by Kingsiey, Cox, Church, and Francillon mentioned earlier.  
 
 
 
 PERSEUS 
 _Acrisius, an ancient king of Argos, had been warned by an oracle that he 
 should perish by the hand of his grandson. On discovering, therefore, 
 that his daughter Danae had given birth to a son, Acrisius endeavored to 
 escape his fate by setting both mother and child adrift on the sea. They 
 were saved, however, by the help of Jupiter; and Perseus, the child, grew 
 up at the court of Polydectes, king of Seriphos, an island in the Aegean 
 Sea. On reaching manhood, Perseus was sent by Polydectes to fetch the 
 head of Medusa, one of the Gorgons. This dangerous task he accomplished 
 with the help of Apollo and Minerva, and on his way home he rescued 
 Andromeda, daughter of Cepheus, from a sea-monster. Perseus then married 
 Andromeda, and lived some time in the country of Cepheus. At length he 
 returned to Seríphos, and turned Polydectes to stone by showing him the 
 Gorgon's head; he then went to the court of Acrisius, who fled in terror 
 at the news of his grandson's return. The oracle was duly fulfilled, for 
 Acrisius was accidentally killed by a quoit thrown by Perseus_. 
   
   
 _THE ARK_ 
 
   
 Haec nárrantur á poétís dé Perseó. Perseus fílius erat Iovis, máximí 
 deórum; avus éius Acrisius appellábátur. Acrisius volébat Perseum nepótem 
 suum necáre; nam propter óráculum puerum timébat. Comprehendit igitur 
 Perseum adhúc infantem, et cum mátre in arcá lígneá inclúsit. Tum arcam 
 ipsam in mare coniécit. Danaé, Perseí máter, mágnopere territa est; 
 tempestás enim mágna mare turbábat. Perseus autem in sinú mátris 
 dormiébat. 
   
 _JUPITER SAVES HIS SON_ 
 
   
 Iuppiter tamen haec omnia vídit, et fílium suum serváre cónstituit. 
 Tranquillum igitur fécit mare, et arcam ad ínsulam Seríphum perdúxit. 
 Húius ínsulae Polydectés tum réx erat. Postquam arca ad lítus appulsa 
 est, Danaé in haréná quiétem capiébat. Post breve tempus á piscátóre 
 quódam reperta est, et ad domum régis Polydectis adducta est. Ille mátrem 
 et puerum benígné excépit, et iís sédem tútam in fínibus suís dedit. 
 Danaé hóc dónum libenter accépit, et pró tantó benefició régí grátiás 
 égit. 
   
 _PERSEUS IS SENT ON HIS TRAVELS_ 
 
   
 Perseus igitur multós annós ibi habitábat, et cum mátre suá vítam beátam 
 agébat. At Polydectés Danaén mágnopere amábat, atque eam in mátrimónium 
 dúcere volébat. Hóc tamen cónsilium Perseó minimé grátum erat. Polydectés 
 igitur Perseum dímittere cónstituit. Tum iuvenem ad sé vocávit et haec 
 díxit: "Turpe est hanc ígnávam vítam agere; iam dúdum tú aduléscéns es. 
 Quó úsque híc manébis? Tempus est arma capere et virtútem praestáre. Hinc 
 abí, et caput Medúsae mihi refer." 
   
 _PERSEUS GETS HIS OUTFIT_ 
 
   
 Perseus ubi haec audívit, ex ínsulá discessit, et postquam ad continentem 
 vénit, Medúsam quaesívit. Diú frústrá quaerébat; namque nátúram locí 
 ígnórábat. Tandem Apolló et Minerva viam démónstrávérunt. Prímum ad 
 Graeás, sorórés Medúsae, pervénit. Ab hís tálária et galeam magicam 
 accépit. Apolló autem et Minerva falcem et speculum dedérunt. Tum 
 postquam tálária pedibus induit, in áera ascendit. Diú per ácra volábat; 
 tandem tamen ad eum locum vénit ubi Medúsa cum céterís Gorgonibus 
 habitábat. Gorgonés autem mónstra erant specié horribilí; capita enim 
 eárum anguibus omnínó contécta erant. Manús etiam ex aere factae erant. 
   
 _THE GORGON'S HEAD_ 
 
   
 Rés difficillima erat caput Gorgonis abscídere; éius enim cónspectú 
 homines in saxum vertébantur. Propter hanc causam Minerva speculum Perseó 
 dederat. Ille igitur tergum vertit, et in speculum ínspiciébat; hóc modó 
 ad locum vénit ubi Medúsa dormiébat. Tum falce suá caput éius únó íctú 
 abscídit. Céterae Gorgonés statim é somnó excitátae sunt, et ubi rem 
 vídérunt, írá commótae sunt. Arma rapuérunt, et Perseum occídere 
 volébant. Ille autem dum fugit, galeam magicam induit; et ubi hóc fécit, 
 statim é cónspectú eárum évásit. 
   
 _THE SEA-SERPENT_ 
 
   
 Post haec Perseus in fínís Aethiopum vénit. Ibi Cépheus quídam illó 
 tempore régnábat. Híc Neptúnum, maris deum, ólim offenderat; Neptúnus 
 autem mónstrum saevissimum míserat. Hóc cottídié é marí veniébat et 
 hominés dévorábat. Ob hanc causam pavor animós omnium occupáverat. 
 Cépheus igitur óráculum deí Hammónis cónsuluit, atque á deó iússus est 
 fíliam mónstró trádere. Éius autem fília, nomine Andromeda, virgó 
 fórmósissima erat. Cépheus ubi haec audívit, mágnum dolórem percépit. 
 Volébat tamen cívís suós é tantó perículó extrahere, atque ob eam causam 
 imperáta Hammónis facere cónstituit. 
   
 _A HUMAN SACRIFICE_ 
 
   
 Tum réx diem certam díxit et omnia parávit. Ubi ea diés vénit, Andromeda 
 ad lítus déducta est, et in cónspectú omnium ad rúpem adligáta est. Omnés 
 fátum éius déplórábant, nec lacrimás tenébant. At subitó, dum mónstrum 
 exspectant, Perseus accurrit; et ubi lacrimás vídit, causam dolóris 
 quaerit. Illí rem tótam expónunt et puellam démónstrant. Dum haec 
 geruntur, fremitus terribilis audítur; simul mónstrum horribilí specié 
 procul cónspicitur. Éius cónspectus timórem máximum omnibus iniécit. 
 Mónstrum mágná celeritáte ad lítus contendit, iamque ad locum 
 appropinquábat ubi puella stábat. 
   
 _THE RESCUE_ 
 
   
 At Perseus ubi haec vídit, gladium suum édúxit, et postquam tálária 
 induit, in áera sublátus est. Tum désuper in mónstrum impetum subitó 
 fécit, et gladió suó collum éius graviter vulnerávit. Mónstrum ubi sénsit 
 vulnus, fremitum horribilem édidit, et sine morá tótum corpus in aquam 
 mersit. Perseus dum circum lítus volat, reditum éius exspectábat. Mare 
 autem intereá undique sanguine ínficitur. Post breve tempus bélua rúrsus 
 caput sustulit; mox tamen á Perseó íctú gravióre vulneráta est. Tum 
 iterum sé in undás mersit, neque posteá vísa est. 
   
 _THE REWARD OF VALOR_ 
 
   
 Perseus postquam ad lítus déscendit, prímum tálária exuit; tum ad rúpem 
 vénit ubi Andromeda vincta erat. Ea autem omnem spem salútis déposuerat, 
 et ubi Perseus adiit, terróre paene exanimáta erat. Ille víncula statim 
 solvit, et puellam patrí reddidit. Cépheus ob hanc rem máximó gaudió 
 adfectus est. Meritam grátiam pró tantó benefició Perseó rettulit; 
 praetereá Andromedam ipsam eí in mátrimónium dedit. Ille libenter hóc 
 dónum accépit et puellam dúxit. Paucós annós cum uxóre suá in eá regióne 
 habitábat, et in mágnó honóre erat apud omnís Aethiopés. Mágnopere tamen 
 mátrem suam rúrsus vidére cupiébat. Tandem igitur cum uxóre suá é régnó 
 Cépheí discessit. 
   
 _POLYDECTES IS TURNED TO STONE_ 
 
   
 Postquam Perseus ad ínsulam návem appulit, sé ad locum contulit ubi máter 
 ólim habitáverat, sed domum invénit vacuam et omnínó désertam. Trís diés 
 per tótam ínsulam mátrem quaerébat; tandem quartó dié ad templum Diánae 
 pervénit. Húc Danaé refúgerat, quod Polydectem timébat. Perseus ubi haec 
 cógnóvit, írá mágná commótus est; ad régiam Polydectis sine morá 
 contendit, et ubi eó vénit, statim in átrium inrúpit. Polydectés mágnó 
 timóre adfectus est et fugere volébat. Dum tamen ille fugit, Perseus 
 caput Medúsae mónstrávit; ille autem simul atque hóc vídit, in saxum 
 versus est. 
   
 _THE ORACLE FULFILLED_ 
 
   
 Post haec Perseus cum uxóre suá ad urbem Acrisí rediit. Ille autem ubi 
 Perseum vídit, mágnó terróre adfectus est; nam propter óráculum istud 
 nepótem suum adhúc timébat. In Thessaliam igitur ad urbem Lárísam statim 
 refúgit, frústrá tamen; neque enim fátum suum vítávit. Post paucós annós 
 réx Lárísae lúdós mágnós fécit; núntiós in omnís partís dímíserat et diem 
 édíxerat. Multí ex omnibus urbibus Graeciae ad lúdós convénérunt. Ipse 
 Perseus inter aliós certámen discórum iniit. At dum discum conicit, avum 
 suum cású occídit; Acrisius enim inter spectátórés éius certáminis forte 
 stábat. 
   
 
 
 
 HERCULES 
 _Hercules, a Greek hero celebrated for his great strength, was pursued 
 throughout his life by the hatred of Juno. While yet an infant, he 
 strangled some serpents sent by the goddess to destroy him. During his 
 boyhood and youth he performed various marvelous feats of strength, and 
 on reaching manhood succeeded in delivering the Thebans from the 
 oppression of the Minÿae. In a fit of madness sent upon him by Juno, he 
 slew his own children; and on consulting the Delphic oracle as to how he 
 should cleanse himself from this crime, he was ordered to submit himself 
 for twelve years to Eurystheus, king of Tiryns, and to perform whatever 
 tasks were appointed him. Hercules obeyed the oracle, and during the 
 twelve years of his servitude accomplished twelve extraordinary feats 
 known as the Labors of Hercules. His death was caused unintentionally by 
 his wife Dejanira. Hercules had shot with his poisoned arrows a centaur 
 named Nessus, who had insulted Dejanira. Nessus, before he died, gave 
 some of his blood to Dejanira, and told her it would act as a charm to 
 secure her husband's love. Some time after, Dejanira wishing to try the 
 charm soaked one of her husband's garments in the blood, not knowing 
 that it was poisoned. Hercules put on the robe, and after suffering 
 terrible torments died, or was carried off by his father Jupiter_. 
   
   
 _THE HATRED OF JUNO_ 
 
   
 Herculés, Alcménae fílius, ólim in Graeciá habitábat. Híc omnium hominum 
 validissimus fuisse dícitur. At Iúnó, régína deórum, Alcménam óderat et 
 Herculem adhúc ínfantem necáre voluit. Mísit igitur duás serpentís 
 saevissimás; hae mediá nocte in cubiculum Alcménae vénérunt, ubi Herculés 
 cum frátre suó dormiébat. Nec tamen in cúnís, sed in scútó mágnó 
 cubábant. Serpentés iam appropinquáverant et scútum movébant; itaque 
 puerí é somnó excitátí sunt. 
   
 _HERCULES AND THE SERPENTS_ 
 
   
 Íphiclés, fráter Herculis, mágná vóce exclámávit; sed Herculés ipse, 
 fortissimus puer, haudquáquam territus est. Parvís manibus serpentís 
 statim prehendit, et colla eárum mágná ví compressit. Tálí modó serpentés 
 á pueró interfectae sunt. Alcména autem, máter puerórum, clámórem 
 audíverat, et marítum suum é somnó excitáverat. Ille lúmen accendit et 
 gladium suum rapuit; tum ad puerós properábat, sed ubi ad locum vénit, 
 rem míram vídit, Herculés enim rídébat et serpentís mortuás mónstrábat. 
   
 _THE MUSIC-LESSON_ 
 
   
 Herculés á pueró corpus suum díligenter exercébat; mágnam partem diéí in 
 palaestrá cónsúmébat; didicit etiam arcum intendere et téla conicere. Hís 
 exercitátiónibus vírés éius cónfírmátae sunt. In músicá etiam á Linó 
 centauró érudiébátur (centaurí autem equí erant sed caput hominis 
 habébant); huic tamen artí minus díligenter studébat. Híc Linus Herculem 
 ólim obiúrgábat, quod nón studiósus erat; tum puer írátus citharam subitó 
 rapuit, et omnibus víribus caput magistrí ínfélícis percussit. Ille íctú 
 próstrátus est, et pauló post é vítá excessit, neque quisquam posteá id 
 officium suscipere voluit. 
   
 _HERCULES ESCAPES SACRIFICE_ 
 
   
 Dé Hercule haec etiam inter alia nárrantur. Ólim dum iter facit, in fínís 
 Aegyptiórum vénit. Ibi réx quídam, nómine Búsíris, illó tempore régnábat; 
 híc autem vir crúdélissimus hominés immoláre cónsuéverat. Herculem igitur 
 corripuit et in vincula coniécit. Tum núntiós dímísit et diem sacrifició 
 édíxit. Mox ea diés appetébat, et omnia ríte paráta sunt. Manús Herculis 
 caténís ferreís vinctae sunt, et mola salsa in caput éius ínspersa est. 
 Mós enim erat apud antíquós salem et fár capitibus victimárum impónere. 
 Iam victima ad áram stábat; iam sacerdós cultrum súmpserat. Subitó tamen 
 Herculés mágnó cónátú vincula perrúpit; tum íctú sacerdótem próstrávit; 
 alteró régem ipsum occídit. 
   
 _A CRUEL DEED_ 
 
   
 Herculés iam aduléscéns Thébís habitábat. Réx Thébárum, vir ígnávus, 
 Creón appellábátur. Minyae, géns bellicósissima, Thébánís fínitimí erant. 
 Légátí autem á Minyís ad Thébánós quotannís mittébantur; hí Thébás 
 veniébant et centum bovés postulábant. Thébání enim ólim á Minyís 
 superátí erant; tribúta igitur régí Minyárum quotannís pendébant. At 
 Herculés cívís suós hóc stípendió líberáre cónstituit; légátós igitur 
 comprehendit, atque aurís eórum abscídit. Légátí autem apud omnís gentís 
 sánctí habentur. 
   
 _THE DEFEAT OF THE MINYAE_ 
 
   
 Ergínus, réx Minyárum, ob haec vehementer írátus statim cum omnibus 
 cópiís in fínís Thébánórum contendit. Creón adventum éius per 
 explórátórés cógnóvit. Ipse tamen púgnáre nóluit, nam mágnó timóre 
 adfectus erat; Thébání igitur Herculem imperátórem creávérunt. Ille 
 núntiós in omnís partís dímísit, et cópiás coégit; tum proximó dié cum 
 mágnó exercitú profectus est. Locum idóneum délégit et aciem ínstrúxit. 
 Tum Thébání é superióre locó impetum in hostís fécérunt. Illí autem 
 impetum sustinére nón potuérunt; itaque aciés hostium pulsa est atque in 
 fugam conversa. 
   
 _MADNESS AND MURDER_ 
 
   
 Post hóc proelium Herculés cópiás suás ad urbem redúxit. Omnés Thébání 
 propter victóriam máximé gaudébant; Creón autem mágnís honóribus Herculem 
 decorávit, atque fíliam suam eí in mátrimónium dedit. Herculés cum uxóre 
 suá beátam vítam agébat; sed post paucós annós subitó in furórem incidit, 
 atque líberós suós ipse suá manú occídit. Post breve tempus ad sánitátem 
 reductus est, et propter hóc facinus mágnó dolóre adfectus est; mox ex 
 urbe effúgit et in silvás sé recépit. Nólébant enim cívés sermónem cum eó 
 habére. 
   
 _HERCULES CONSULTS THE ORACLE_ 
 
   
 Herculés tantum scelus expiáre mágnopere cupiébat. Cónstituit igitur ad 
 óráculum Delphicum íre; hóc enim óráculum erat omnium celeberrimum. Ibi 
 templum erat Apollinis plúrimís dónís órnátum. Hóc in templó sedébat 
 fémina quaedam, nómine Pýthia et cónsilium dabat iís quí ad óráculum 
 veniébant. Haec autem fémina ab ipsó Apolline docébátur, et voluntátem 
 deí hominibus énúntiábat. Herculés igitur, quí Apollinem praecipué 
 colébat, húc vénit. Tum rem tótam exposuit, neque scelus célávit. 
   
 _THE ORACLE'S REPLY_ 
 
   
 Ubi Herculés fínem fécit, Pýthia prímó tacébat; tandem tamen iussit eum 
 ad urbem Tíryntha íre, et Eurystheí régis omnia imperáta facere. Herculés 
 ubi haec audívit, ad urbem illam contendit, et Eurystheó régí sé in 
 servitútem trádidit. Duodecim annós crúdélissimó Eurystheó serviébat, et 
 duodecim labórés, quós ille imperáverat, cónfécit; hóc enim únó modó 
 tantum scelus expiárí potuit. Dé hís labóribus plúrima á poétís scrípta 
 sunt. Multa tamen quae poétae nárrant vix crédibilia sunt. 
   
 _FIRST LABOR: THE NEMEAN LION_ 
 
   
 Prímum ab Eurystheó iússus est Herculés leónem occídere quí illó tempore 
 vallem Nemeaeam reddébat ínféstam. In silvás igitur in quibus leó 
 habitábat statim sé contulit. Mox feram vídit, et arcum, quem sécum 
 attulerat, intendit; éius tamen pellem, quae dénsissima erat, tráicere 
 nón potuit. Tum clává mágná quam semper gerébat leónem percussit, frústrá 
 tamen; neque enim hóc modó eum occídere potuit. Tum démum collum mónstrí 
 bracchiís suís complexus est et faucís éius omnibus víribus compressit. 
 Hóc modó leó breví tempore exanimátus est; núlla enim respírandí facultás 
 eí dabátur. Tum Herculés cadáver ad oppidum in umerís rettulit; et 
 pellem, quam détráxerat, posteá pró veste gerébat. Omnés autem quí eam 
 regiónem incolébant, ubi fámam dé morte leónis accépérunt, vehementer 
 gaudébant et Herculem mágnó honóre habébant. 
   
 _SECOND LABOR: THE LERNEAN HYDRA_ 
 
   
 Pauló post iússus est ab Eurystheó Hydram necáre. Hóc autem mónstrum erat 
 cui novem erant capita. Herculés igitur cum amícó Ioláó profectus est ad 
 palúdem Lernaeam, in quá Hydra habitábat. Mox mónstrum invénit, et 
 quamquam rés erat mágní perículí, collum éius sinistrá prehendit. Tum 
 dextrá capita novem abscídere coepit; quotiéns tamen hóc fécerat, nova 
 capita exoriébantur. Diú frústrá labórábat; tandem hóc cónátú déstitit. 
 Deinde arborés succídere et ígnem accendere cónstituit. Hóc celeriter 
 fécit, et postquam lígna ígnem comprehendérunt, face árdente colla 
 adússit, unde capita exoriébantur. Nec tamen sine mágnó labóre haec 
 fécit; vénit enim auxilió Hydrae cancer ingéns, quí, dum Herculés capita 
 abscídit, crúra éius mordébat. Postquam mónstrum tálí modó interfécit, 
 sagittás suás sanguine éius imbuit, itaque mortiferás reddidit. 
   
 _THIRD LABOR: THE CERYNEAN STAG_ 
 
   
 Postquam Eurystheó caedés Hydrae núntiáta est, mágnus timor animum éius 
 occupávit. Iussit igitur Herculem cervum quendam ad sé referre; nóluit 
 enim virum tantae audáciae in urbe retinére. Híc autem cervus, cúius 
 cornua aurea fuisse tráduntur, incrédibilí fuit celeritáte. Herculés 
 igitur prímó vestígiís eum in silvá persequébátur; deinde ubi cervum 
 ipsum vídit, omnibus víribus currere coepit. Úsque ad vesperum currébat, 
 neque nocturnum tempus sibi ad quiétem relinquébat, frústrá tamen; núlló 
 enim modó cervum cónsequí poterat. Tandem postquam tótum annum cucurrerat 
 (ita tráditur), cervum cursú exanimátum cépit, et vívum ad Eurystheum 
 rettulit. 
   
 _FOURTH LABOR: THE ERYMANTHIAN BOAR_ 
 
   
 Tum véró iússus est Herculés aprum quendam capere quí illó tempore agrós 
 Erymanthiós vástábat et incolás húius regiónis mágnopere terrébat. 
 Herculés rem suscépit et in Arcadiam profectus est. Postquam in silvam 
 paulum prógressus est, apró occurrit. Ille autem simul atque Herculem 
 vídit, statim refúgit; et timóre perterritus in altam fossam sé próiécit. 
 Herculés igitur laqueum quem attulerat iniécit, et summá cum difficultáte 
 aprum é fossá extráxit. Ille etsí fortiter repúgnábat, núlló modó sé 
 líberáre potuit; et ab Hercule ad Eurystheum vívus relátus est. 
   
 _HERCULES AT THE CENTAUR'S CAVE_ 
 
   
 Dé quartó labóre, quem suprá nárrávimus, haec etiam tráduntur. Herculés 
 dum iter in Arcadiam facit, ad eam regiónem vénit quam centaurí 
 incolébant. Cum nox iam appeteret, ad spéluncam dévertit in quá centaurus 
 quídam, nómine Pholus, habitábat. 
   
 Ille Herculem benígné excépit et cénam parávit. At Herculés postquam 
 cénávit, vínum á Pholó postulávit. Erat autem in spéluncá mágna amphora 
 vínó optimó repléta, quam centaurí ibi déposuerant. Pholus igitur hóc 
 vínum dare nólébat, quod reliquós centaurós timébat; núllum tamen vínum 
 praeter hóc in spéluncá habébat. "Hóc vínum," inquit, "mihi commissum 
 est. Sí igitur hóc dabó, centaurí mé interficient." Herculés tamen eum 
 inrísit, et ipse póculum víní dé amphorá hausit. 
   
 _THE FIGHT WITH THE CENTAURS_ 
 
   
 Simul atque amphora aperta est, odor iúcundissimus undique diffúsus est; 
 vínum enim suávissimum erat. Centaurí nótum odórem sénsérunt et omnés ad 
 locum convénérunt. 
   
 Ubi ad spéluncam pervénérunt, mágnopere írátí erant quod Herculem 
 bibentem vídérunt. Tum arma rapuérunt et Pholum interficere volébant. 
 Herculés tamen in aditú spéluncae cónstitit et impetum eórum fortissimé 
 sustinébat. Facés árdentís in eós coniécit; multós etiam sagittís suís 
 vulnerávit. Hae autem sagittae eaedem erant quae sanguine Hydrae ólim 
 imbútae erant. Omnés igitur quós ille sagittís vulneráverat venénó statim 
 absúmptí sunt; reliquí autem ubi hóc vídérunt, terga vertérunt et fugá 
 salútem petiérunt. 
   
 _THE FATE OF PHOLUS_ 
 
   
 Postquam reliquí fúgérunt, Pholus ex spéluncá égressus est, et corpora 
 spectábat eórum quí sagittís interfectí erant. Mágnopere autem mírátus 
 est quod tam leví vulnere exanimátí erant, et causam éius reí quaerébat. 
 Adiit igitur locum ubi cadáver cúiusdam centaurí iacébat, et sagittam é 
 vulnere tráxit. Haec tamen síve cású síve cónsilió deórum é manibus éius 
 lapsa est, et pedem leviter vulnerávit. Ille extempló dolórem gravem per 
 omnia membra sénsit, et post breve tempus ví venéní exanimátus est. Mox 
 Herculés, quí reliquós centaurós secútus erat, ad spéluncam rediit, et 
 mágnó cum dolóre Pholum mortuum vídit. Multís cum lacrimís corpus amící 
 ad sepultúram dedit; tum, postquam alterum póculum víní exhausit, somnó 
 sé dedit. 
   
 _FIFTH LABOR: THE AUGEAN STABLES_ 
 
   
 Deinde Eurystheus Herculí hunc labórem graviórem imposuit. Augéás quídam, 
 quí illó tempore régnum in Élide obtinébat, tria mília boum habébat. Hí 
 in stabuló ingentis mágnitúdinis inclúdébantur. Stabulum autem inluvié ac 
 squálóre erat obsitum, neque enim ad hóc tempus umquam púrgátum erat. Hóc 
 Herculés intrá spatium úníus diéí púrgáre iússus est. Ille, etsí rés erat 
 multae operae, negótium suscépit. Prímum mágnó labóre fossam duodévígintí 
 pedum dúxit, per quam flúminis aquam dé montibus ad múrum stabulí 
 perdúxit. Tum postquam múrum perrúpit, aquam in stabulum immísit et tálí 
 modó contrá opíniónem omnium opus cónfécit. 
   
 _SIXTH LABOR: THE STYMPHALIAN BIRDS_ 
 
   
 Post paucós diés Herculés ad oppidum Stymphálum iter fécit; imperáverat 
 enim eí Eurystheus ut avís Stymphálidés necáret. Hae avés róstra aénea 
 habébant et carne hominum véscébantur. Ille postquam ad locum pervénit, 
 lacum vídit; in hóc autem lacú, quí nón procul erat ab oppidó, avés 
 habitábant. Núlla tamen dabátur appropinquandí facultás; lacus enim nón 
 ex aquá sed é límó cónstitit. Herculés igitur neque pedibus neque lintre 
 prógredí potuit. 
   
 Ille cum mágnam partem diéí frústrá cónsúmpsisset, hóc cónátú déstitit et 
 ad Volcánum sé contulit, ut auxilium ab eó peteret. Volcánus (quí ab 
 fabrís máximé colébátur) crepundia quae ipse ex aere fabricátus erat 
 Herculí dedit. Hís Herculés tam ácrem crepitum fécit ut avés perterritae 
 ávolárent. Ille autem, dum ávolant, mágnum numerum eárum sagittís 
 tránsfíxit. 
   
 _SEVENTH LABOR: THE CRETAN BULL_ 
 
   
 Tum Eurystheus Herculí imperávit ut taurum quendam ferócissimum ex ínsulá 
 Crétá vívum referret. Ille igitur návem cónscendit, et cum ventus idóneus 
 esset, statim solvit. Cum tamen ínsulae iam appropinquáret, tanta 
 tempestás subitó coorta est ut návis cursum tenére nón posset. Tantus 
 autem timor animós nautárum occupávit ut paene omnem spem salútis 
 dépónerent. Herculés tamen, etsí návigandí imperítus erat, haudquáquam 
 territus est. 
   
 Post breve tempus summa tranquillitás cónsecúta est, et nautae, quí sé ex 
 timóre iam recéperant, návem incolumem ad terram appulérunt. Herculés é 
 náví égressus est, et cum ad régem Crétae vénisset, causam veniendí 
 docuit. Deinde, postquam omnia paráta sunt, ad eam regiónem contendit 
 quam taurus vástábat. Mox taurum vídit, et quamquam rés erat mágní 
 perículí, cornua éius prehendit. Tum, cum ingentí labóre mónstrum ad 
 návem tráxisset, cum praedá in Graeciam rediit. 
   
 _EIGHTH LABOR: THE MAN-EATING HORSES OF DIOMEDE_ 
 
   
 Postquam ex ínsulá Crétá rediit, Herculés ab Eurystheó in Thráciam missus 
 est, ut equós Diomédis redúceret. Hí equí carne hominum véscébantur; 
 Diomédés autem, vir crúdélissimus, illís obiciébat peregrínós omnís quí 
 in eam regiónem vénerant. Herculés igitur mágná celeritáte in Thráciam 
 contendit et ab Dioméde postulávit ut equí sibi tráderentur. Cum tamen 
 ille hóc facere nóllet, Herculés írá commótus régem interfécit et cadáver 
 éius equís obicí iussit. 
   
 Ita míra rérum commútátió facta est; is enim quí anteá multós cum 
 cruciátú necáverat ipse eódem supplició necátus est. Cum haec núntiáta 
 essent, omnés quí eam regiónem incolébant máximá laetitiá adfectí sunt et 
 Herculí meritam grátiam referébant. Nón modo máximís honóribus et 
 praemiís eum decorávérunt sed órábant etiam ut régnum ipse susciperet. 
 Ille tamen hóc facere nólébat, et cum ad mare rediisset, návem occupávit. 
 Ubi omnia ad návigandum paráta sunt, equós in náví conlocávit; deinde, 
 cum idóneam tempestátem nactus esset, sine morá é portú solvit, et pauló 
 post equós in lítus Argolicum exposuit. 
   
 _NINTH LABOR: THE GIRDLE OF HIPPOLYTE_ 
 
   
 Géns Amázonum dícitur omnínó ex mulieribus cónstitisse. Hae summam 
 scientiam reí mílitáris habébant, et tantam virtútem adhibébant ut cum 
 virís proelium committere audérent. Hippolyté, Amázonum régína, balteum 
 habuit celeberrimum quem Márs eí dederat. Adméta autem, Eurystheí fília, 
 fámam dé hóc balteó accéperat et eum possidére vehementer cupiébat. 
 Eurystheus igitur Herculí mandávit ut cópiás cógeret et bellum Amázonibus 
 ínferret. Ille núntiós in omnís partís dímísit, et cum mágna multitúdó 
 convénisset, eós délégit quí máximum úsum in ré mílitárí habébant. 
   
 _THE GIRDLE IS REFUSED_ 
 
   
 Hís virís Herculés persuásit, postquam causam itineris exposuit, ut sécum 
 iter facerent. Tum cum iís quibus persuáserat návem cónscendit, et cum 
 ventus idóneus esset, post paucós diés ad óstium flúminis Thermódontis 
 appulit. Postquam in fínís Amázonum vénit, núntium ad Hippolytam mísit, 
 quí causam veniendí docéret et balteum pósceret. Ipsa Hippolyté balteum 
 trádere volébat, quod dé Herculis virtúte fámam accéperat; reliquae tamen 
 Amázonés eí persuásérunt ut negáret. At Herculés, cum haec núntiáta 
 essent, bellí fortúnam temptáre cónstituit. 
   
 Proximó igitur dié cum cópiás édúxisset, locum idóneum délégit et hostís 
 ad púgnam évocávit. Amázonés quoque cópiás suás ex castrís édúxérunt et 
 nón mágnó interválló ab Hercule aciem ínstrúxérunt. 
   
 _THE BATTLE_ 
 
   
 Palús erat nón mágna inter duo exercitús; neutrí tamen initium tránseundí 
 facere volébant. Tandem Herculés sígnum dedit, et ubi palúdem tránsiit, 
 proelium commísit. 
   
 Amázonés impetum virórum fortissimé sustinuérunt, et contrá opíniónem 
 omnium tantam virtútem praestitérunt ut multós eórum occíderint, multós 
 etiam in fugam coniécerint. Virí enim novó genere púgnae perturbábantur 
 nec mágnam virtútem praestábant. Herculés autem cum haec vidéret, dé suís 
 fortúnís déspéráre coepit. Mílités igitur vehementer cohortátus est ut 
 prístinae virtútis memoriam retinérent neu tantum dédecus admitterent, 
 hostiumque impetum fortiter sustinérent; quibus verbís animós omnium ita 
 éréxit ut multí etiam quí vulneribus cónfectí essent proelium sine morá 
 redintegrárent. 
   
 _THE DEFEAT OF THE AMAZONS_ 
 
   
 Diú et ácriter púgnátum est; tandem tamen ad sólis occásum tanta 
 commútátió rérum facta est ut mulierés terga verterent et fugá salútem 
 peterent. Multae autem vulneribus défessae dum fugiunt captae sunt, in 
 quó numeró ipsa erat Hippolyté. Herculés summam clémentiam praestitit, et 
 postquam balteum accépit, líbertátem omnibus captívís dedit. Tum véró 
 sociós ad mare redúxit, et quod nón multum aestátis supererat, in 
 Graeciam proficíscí mátúrávit. Návem igitur cónscendit, et tempestátem 
 idóneam nactus statim solvit; antequam tamen in Graeciam pervénit, ad 
 urbem Tróiam návem appellere cónstituit, frúmentum enim quod sécum 
 habébat iam déficere coeperat. 
   
 _LAOMEDON AND THE SEA-MONSTER_ 
 
   
 Láomedón quídam illó tempore régnum Tróiae obtinébat. Ad hunc Neptúnus et 
 Apolló annó superióre vénerant, et cum Tróia nóndum moenia habéret, ad 
 hóc opus auxilium obtulerant. Postquam tamen hórum auxilió moenia 
 cónfecta sunt, nólébat Láomedón praemium quod próposuerat persolvere. 
   
 Neptúnus igitur et Apolló ob hanc causam írátí mónstrum quoddam mísérunt 
 specié horribilí, quod cottídié é marí veniébat et homines pecudésque 
 vorábat. Tróiání autem timóre perterrití in urbe continébantur, et pecora 
 omnia ex agrís intrá múrós compulerant. Láomedón hís rébus commótus 
 óráculum cónsuluit, ac deus eí praecépit ut filiam Hésionem mónstró 
 obiceret. 
   
 _THE RESCUE OF HESIONE_ 
 
   
 Láomedón, cum hóc respónsum renúntiátum esset, mágnum dolórem percépit; 
 sed tamen, ut cívís suós tantó perículó líberáret, óráculó párére 
 cónstituit et diem sacrifició díxit. Sed síve cású síve cónsilió deórum 
 Herculés tempore opportúnissimó Tróiam attigit; ipsó enim temporis punctó 
 quó puella caténís vincta ad lítus dédúcébátur ille návem appulit. 
 Herculés é náví égressus dé rébus quae gerébantur certior factus est; tum 
 írá commótus ad régem sé contulit et auxilium suum obtulit. Cum réx 
 libenter eí concessisset ut, sí posset, puellam líberáret, Herculés 
 mónstrum interfécit; et puellam, quae iam omnem spem salútis déposuerat, 
 incolumem ad patrem redúxit. Láomedón mágnó cum gaudió fíliam suam 
 accépit, et Herculí pró tantó benefició meritam grátiam rettulit. 
   
 _TENTH LABOR: THE OXEN OF GERYON_ 
 
   
 Tum véró missus est Herculés ad ínsulam Erythíam, ut bovés Géryonis 
 arcesseret. Rés erat summae difficultátis, quod bovés á quódam Eurytióne 
 et á cane bicipite custódiébantur. Ipse autem Géryón speciem horribilem 
 praebébat; tria enim corpora inter sé coniúncta habébat. Herculés tamen 
 etsí intellegébat quantum perículum esset, negótium suscépit; ac postquam 
 per multás terrás iter fécit, ad eam partem Libyae pervénit quae Európae 
 proxima est. Ibi in utróque lítore fretí quod Európam á Libyá dívidit 
 columnás cónstituit, quae posteá Herculis Columnae appellábantur. 
   
 _THE GOLDEN SHIP_ 
 
   
 Dum híc morátur, Herculés mágnum incommodum ex calóre sólis accipiébat; 
 tandem igitur írá commótus arcum suum intendit et sólem sagittís petiit. 
 Sól tamen audáciam virí tantum admírátus est ut lintrem auream eí 
 dederit. Herculés hóc dónum libentissimé accépit, núllam enim návem in 
 hís regiónibus inveníre potuerat. Tum lintrem dédúxit, et ventum nactus 
 idóneum post breve tempus ad ínsulam pervénit. Ubi ex incolís cógnóvit 
 quó in locó bovés essent, in eam partem statim profectus est et á rége 
 Géryone postulávit ut bovés sibi tráderentur. Cum tamen ille hóc facere 
 nóllet, Herculés et régem ipsum et Eurytiónem, quí erat ingentí 
 mágnitúdine corporis, interfécit. 
   
 _A MIRACULOUS HAIL-STORM_ 
 
   
 Tum Herculés bovés per Hispániam et Liguriam compellere cónstituit; 
 postquam igitur omnia paráta sunt, bovés ex ínsulá ad continentem 
 tránsportávit. Ligurés autem, géns bellicósissima, dum ille per fínís 
 eórum iter facit, mágnás cópiás coégérunt atque eum longius prógredí 
 prohibébant. Herculés mágnam difficultátem habébat, barbarí enim in locís 
 superióribus cónstiterant et saxa télaque in eum coniciébant. Ille quidem 
 paene omnem spem salútis déposuerat, sed tempore opportúnissimó Iuppiter 
 imbrem lapidum ingentium é caeló démísit. Hí tantá ví cecidérunt ut 
 mágnum numerum Ligurum occíderint; ipse tamen Herculés (ut in tálibus 
 rébus accidere cónsuévit) nihil incommodí cépit. 
   
 _THE PASSAGE OF THE ALPS_ 
 
   
 Postquam Ligurés hóc modó superátí sunt, Herculés quam celerrimé 
 prógressus est et post paucós diés ad Alpís pervénit. Necesse erat hás 
 tránsíre, ut in Ítaliam bovés ageret; rés tamen summae erat 
 difficultátis. Hí enim montés, quí últeriórem á citerióre Galliá 
 dívidunt, nive perenní sunt téctí; quam ob causam neque frúmentum neque 
 pábulum in hís regiónibus invenírí potest. Herculés igitur antequam 
 ascendere coepit, mágnam cópiam frúmentí et pábulí comparávit et hóc 
 commeátú bovés onerávit. Postquam in hís rébus trís diés cónsúmpserat, 
 quartó dié profectus est, et contrá omnium opíniónem bovés incolumís in 
 Ítaliam trádúxit. 
   
 _CACUS STEALS THE OXEN_ 
 
   
 Breví tempore ad flúmen Tiberim vénit. Tum tamen núlla erat urbs in eó 
 locó, Róma enim nóndum condita erat. Herculés itinere fessus cónstituit 
 ibi paucós diés morárí, ut sé ex labóribus recreáret. Haud procul á valle 
 ubi bovés páscébantur spélunca erat, in quá Cácus, horribile mónstrum, 
 tum habitábat. Híc speciem terribilem praebébat, nón modo quod ingentí 
 mágnitúdine corporis erat, sed quod ígnem ex óre exspírábat. Cácus autem 
 dé adventú Herculis fámam accéperat; noctú igitur vénit, et dum Herculés 
 dormit, quattuor pulcherrimórum boum abripuit. Hós caudís in spéluncam 
 tráxit, né Herculés é vestígiís cógnóscere posset quó in locó célátí 
 essent. 
   
 _HERCULES DISCOVERS THE THEFT_ 
 
   
 Posteró dié simul atque é somnó excitátus est, Herculés fúrtum 
 animadvertit et bovés ámissós omnibus locís quaerébat. Hós tamen núsquam 
 reperíre poterat, nón modo quod locí nátúram ígnórábat, sed quod 
 vestígiís falsís déceptus est. Tandem cum mágnam partem diéí frústrá 
 cónsúmpsisset, cum reliquís bóbus prógredí cónstituit. At dum proficíscí 
 parat, únus é bóbus quós sécum habuit múgíre coepit. Subitó ií quí in 
 spéluncá inclúsí erant múgítum reddidérunt, et hóc modó Herculem 
 certiórem fécérunt quó in locó célátí essent. Ille vehementer írátus ad 
 spéluncam quam celerrimé sé contulit, ut praedam reciperet. At Cácus 
 saxum ingéns ita déiécerat ut aditus spéluncae omnínó obstruerétur. 
   
 _HERCULES AND CACUS_ 
 
   
 Herculés cum núllum alium introitum reperíre posset, hóc saxum ámovére 
 cónátus est, sed propter éius mágnitúdinem rés erat difficillima. Diú 
 frústrá labórábat neque quicquam efficere poterat; tandem tamen mágnó 
 cónátú saxum ámóvit et spéluncam patefécit. Ibi ámissós bovés mágnó cum 
 gaudió cónspéxit; sed Cácum ipsum vix cernere potuit, quod spélunca 
 repléta erat fúmó quem ille móre suó évomébat. Herculés inúsitátá specié 
 turbátus breve tempus haesitábat; mox tamen in spéluncam inrúpit et 
 collum mónstrí bracchiís complexus est. Ille etsí multum repúgnávit, 
 núlló modó sé líberáre potuit, et cum núlla facultás respírandí darétur, 
 mox exanimátus est. 
   
 _ELEVENTH LABOR: THE GOLDEN APPLES OF THE HESPERIDES_ 
 
   
 Eurystheus postquam bovés Géryonis accépit, labórem úndecimum Herculí 
 imposuit, graviórem quam quós suprá nárrávimus. Mandávit enim eí ut aurea 
 póma ex hortó Hesperidum auferret. Hesperidés autem nymphae erant quaedam 
 fórmá praestantissimá, quae in terrá longinquá habitábant, et quibus 
 aurea quaedam póma á Iúnóne commissa erant. Multí hominés aurí cupiditáte 
 inductí haec póma auferre iam anteá cónátí erant. Rés tamen difficillima 
 erat, namque hortus in quó póma erant múró ingentí undique circumdatus 
 erat; praetereá dracó quídam cui centum erant capita portam hortí 
 díligenter custódiébat. Opus igitur quod Eurystheus Herculí imperáverat 
 erat summae difficultátis, nón modo ob causás quás memorávimus, sed etiam 
 quod Herculés omnínó ígnórábat quó in locó hortus ille situs esset. 
   
   
 _HERCULES ASKS AID OF ATLAS_ 
 
   
 Herculés quamquam quiétem vehementer cupiébat, tamen Eurystheó párére 
 cónstituit, et simul ac iússa éius accépit, proficíscí mátúrávit. Á 
 multís mercátóribus quaesíverat quó in locó Hesperidés habitárent, nihil 
 tamen certum reperíre potuerat. Frústrá per multás terrás iter fécit et 
 multa perícula subiit; tandem, cum in hís itineribus tótum annum 
 cónsúmpsisset, ad extrémam partem orbis terrárum, quae proxima est 
 Óceanó, pervénit. Híc stábat vir quídam, nomine Atlás, ingentí 
 mágnitúdine corporis, quí caelum (ita tráditum est) umerís suís sustinébat, 
 né in terram décideret. Herculés tantás vírís mágnopere mírátus statim in 
 conloquium cum Atlante vénit, et cum causam itineris docuisset, auxilium 
 ab eó petiit. 
   
 _HERCULES BEARS UP THE HEAVENS_ 
 
   
 Atlás autem Herculí máximé pródesse potuit; ille enim cum ipse esset 
 pater Hesperidum, certó scívit quó in locó esset hortus. Postquam igitur 
 audívit quam ob causam Herculés vénisset, "Ipse," inquit, "ad hortum íbó 
 et fíliábus meís persuádébó ut póma suá sponte trádant." Herculés cum 
 haec audíret, mágnopere gávísus est; vim enim adhibére nóluit, sí rés 
 aliter fierí posset. Cónstituit igitur oblátum auxilium accipere. Atlás 
 tamen postulávit ut, dum ipse abesset, Herculés caelum umerís sustinéret. 
 Hóc autem negótium Herculés libenter suscépit, et quamquam rés erat summí 
 labóris, tótum pondus caelí continuós complúrís diés sólus sustinébat. 
   
 _THE RETURN OF ATLAS_ 
 
   
 Atlás intereá abierat et ad hortum Hesperidum, quí pauca mília passuum 
 aberat, sé quam celerrimé contulerat. Eó cum vénisset, causam veniendí 
 exposuit et fíliás suás vehementer hortátus est ut póma tráderent. Illae 
 diú haerébant; nólébant enim hóc facere, quod ab ipsá Iúnóne (ita ut ante 
 dictum est) hóc múnus accépissent. Atlás tamen aliquandó iís persuásit ut 
 sibi párérent, et póma ad Herculem rettulit. Herculés intereá cum plúrís 
 diés exspectávisset neque úllam fámam dé reditú Atlantis accépisset, hác 
 morá graviter commótus est. Tandem quíntó dié Atlantem vídit redeuntem, 
 et mox mágnó cum gaudió póma accépit; tum, postquam grátiás pró tantó 
 benefició égit, ad Graeciam proficíscí mátúrávit. 
   
 _TWELFTH LABOR: CERBERUS THE THREE-HEADED DOG_ 
 
   
 Postquam aurea póma ad Eurystheum reláta sunt, únus modo relinquébátur é 
 duodecim labóribus quós Pýthia Herculí praecéperat. Eurystheus autem cum 
 Herculem mágnopere timéret, eum in aliquem locum mittere volébat unde 
 numquam redíre posset. Negótium igitur eí dedit ut canem Cerberum ex Orcó 
 in lúcem traheret. Hóc opus omnium difficillimum erat, némó enim umquam 
 ex Orcó redierat. Praetereá Cerberus iste mónstrum erat horribilí specié, 
 cui tria erant capita serpentibus saevís cincta. Antequam tamen dé hóc 
 labóre nárrámus, nón aliénum vidétur, quoniam dé Orcó mentiónem fécimus, 
 pauca dé eá regióne própónere. 
   
 _CHARON'S FERRY_ 
 
   
 Dé Orcó, quí ídem Hádés appellábátur, haec tráduntur. Ut quisque dé vítá 
 décesserat, mánés éius ad Orcum, sédem mortuórum, á deó Mercurió 
 dédúcébantur. Húius regiónis, quae sub terrá fuisse dícitur, réx erat 
 Plútó, cui uxor erat Próserpina, Iovis et Cereris fília. Mánés igitur á 
 Mercurió déductí prímum ad rípam veniébant Stygis flúminis, quó régnum 
 Plútónis continétur. Hóc tránsíre necesse erat antequam in Orcum veníre 
 possent. Cum tamen in hóc flúmine núllus póns factus esset, mánés 
 tránsvehébantur á Charonte quódam, quí cum parvá scaphá ad rípam 
 exspectábat. Charón pró hóc offició mercédem postulábat, neque quemquam, 
 nisi hóc praemium prius dedisset, tránsvehere volébat. Quam ob causam mós 
 erat apud antíquós nummum in óre mortuí pónere eó cónsilió, ut cum ad 
 Stygem vénisset, pretium tráiectús solvere posset. Ií autem quí post 
 mortem in terrá nón sepultí erant Stygem tránsíre nón potuérunt, sed in 
 rípá per centum annós erráre coáctí sunt; tum démum Orcum intráre licuit. 
   
 _THE REALM OF PLUTO_ 
 
   
 Ut autem mánés Stygem hóc modó tránsierant, ad alterum veniébant flúmen, 
 quod Léthé appellábátur. Ex hóc flúmine aquam bibere cógébantur; quod cum 
 fécissent, rés omnís in vítá gestás é memoriá dépónébant. Dénique ad 
 sédem ipsíus Plútónis veniébant, cúius introitus á cane Cerberó 
 custódiébátur. Ibi Plútó nigró vestítú indútus cum uxóre Próserpiná in 
 solió sedébat. Stábant etiam nón procul ab eó locó tria alia solia, in 
 quibus sedébant Mínós, Rhadamanthus, Aeacusque, iúdicés apud ínferós. Hí 
 mortuís iús dícébant et praemia poenásque cónstituébant. Boní enim in 
 Campós Élysiós, sédem beátórum, veniébant; improbí autem in Tartarum 
 mittébantur ac multís et variís suppliciís ibi excruciábantur. 
   
 _HERCULES CROSSES THE STYX_ 
 
   
 Herculés postquam imperia Eurystheí accépit, in Lacóniam ad Taenarum 
 statim sé contulit; ibi enim spélunca erat ingentí mágnitúdine, per quam, 
 ut trádébátur, hominés ad Orcum déscendébant. Eó cum vénisset, ex incolís 
 quaesívit quó in locó spélunca illa sita esset; quod cum cógnóvisset, 
 sine morá déscendere cónstituit. Nec tamen sólus hóc iter faciébat, 
 Mercurius enim et Minerva sé eí sociós adiúnxerant. Ubi ad rípam Stygis 
 vénit, Herculés scapham Charontis cónscendit, ut ad últeriórem rípam 
 tránsíret. Cum tamen Herculés vir esset ingentí mágnitúdine corporis, 
 Charón solvere nólébat; mágnopere enim verébátur né scapha sua tantó 
 pondere oneráta in medió flúmine mergerétur. Tandem tamen minís Herculis 
 territus Charón scapham solvit, et eum incolumem ad últeriórem rípam 
 perdúxit. 
   
 _THE LAST LABOR IS ACCOMPLISHED_ 
 
   
 Postquam flúmen Stygem hóc modó tránsiit, Herculés in sédem ipsíus 
 Plútónis vénit; et postquam causam veniendí docuit, ab eó petívit ut 
 Cerberum auferre sibi licéret. Plútó, quí dé Hercule fámam accéperat, eum 
 benígné excépit, et facultátem quam ille petébat libenter dedit. 
 Postulávit tamen ut Herculés ipse, cum imperáta Eurystheí fécisset, 
 Cerberum in Orcum rúrsus redúceret. Herculés hóc pollicitus est, et 
 Cerberum, quem nón sine mágnó perículó manibus prehenderat, summó cum 
 labóre ex Orcó in lúcem et ad urbem Eurystheí tráxit. Eó cum vénisset, 
 tantus timor animum Eurystheí occupávit ut ex átrió statim refúgerit; cum 
 autem paulum sé ex timóre recépisset, multís cum lacrimís obsecrávit 
 Herculem ut mónstrum sine morá in Orcum redúceret. Síc contrá omnium 
 opíniónem duodecim illí labórés quós Pýthia praecéperat intrá duodecim 
 annós cónfectí sunt; quae cum ita essent, Herculés servitúte tandem 
 líberátus mágnó cum gaudió Thébás rediit. 
   
 _THE CENTAUR NESSUS_ 
 
   
 Posteá Herculés multa alia praeclára perfécit, quae nunc perscríbere 
 longum est. Tandem iam aetáte próvectus Déianíram, Oeneí fíliam, in 
 mátrimónium dúxit; post tamen trís annós accidit ut puerum quendam, cui 
 nómen erat Eunomus, cású occíderit. Cum autem mós esset ut sí quis 
 hominem cású occídisset, in exsilium íret, Herculés cum uxóre suá é 
 fínibus éius cívitátis exíre mátúrávit. Dum tamen iter faciunt, ad flúmen 
 quoddam pervénérunt in quó núllus póns erat; et dum quaerunt quónam modó 
 flúmen tránseant, accurrit centaurus Nessus, quí viátóribus auxilium 
 obtulit. Herculés igitur uxórem suam in tergum Nessí imposuit; tum ipse 
 flúmen tránávit. Nessus autem paulum in aquam prógressus ad rípam subitó 
 revertébátur et Déianíram auferre cónábátur. Quod cum animadvertisset 
 Herculés, írá graviter commótus arcum intendit et pectus Nessí sagittá 
 tránsfíxit. 
   
 _THE POISONED ROBE_ 
 
   
 Nessus igitur sagittá Herculis tránsfíxus moriéns humí iacébat; at né 
 occásiónem suí ulcíscendí dímitteret, ita locútus est: "Tú, Déianíra, 
 verba morientis audí. Sí amórem marítí tuí cónserváre vís, hunc sanguinem 
 quí nunc é pectore meó effunditur súme ac repóne; tum, sí umquam in 
 suspíciónem tibi vénerit, vestem marítí hóc sanguine ínficiés." Haec 
 locútus Nessus animam efflávit; Déianíra autem nihil malí suspicáta 
 imperáta fécit. Pauló post Herculés bellum contrá Eurytum, régem 
 Oechaliae, suscépit; et cum régem ipsum cum fíliís interfécisset, Iolén 
 éius fíliam captívam sécum redúxit. Antequam tamen domum vénit, návem ad 
 Cénaeum prómunturium appulit, et in terram égressus áram cónstituit, ut 
 Ioví sacrificáret. Dum tamen sacrificium parat, Licham comitem suum domum 
 mísit, quí vestem albam referret; mós enim erat apud antíquós, dum 
 sacrificia facerent, albam vestem gerere. At Déianíra verita né Herculés 
 amórem ergá Iolén habéret, vestem priusquam Lichae dedit, sanguine Nessí 
 ínfécit. 
   
 [Illustration: HERCULES, NESSUS, AND DEJANIRA] 
   
 _THE DEATH OF HERCULES_ 
 
   
 Herculés nihil malí suspicáns vestem quam Lichás attulerat statim induit; 
 pauló post tamen dolórem per omnia membra sénsit, et quae causa esset 
 éius reí mágnopere mirábátur. Dolóre paene exanimátus vestem détrahere 
 cónátus est; illa tamen in corpore haesit, neque úlló modó abscindí 
 potuit. Tum démum Herculés quasi furóre impulsus in montem Octam sé 
 contulit, et in rogum, quem summá celeritáte exstrúxit, sé imposuit. Hóc 
 cum fécisset, eós quí circumstábant órávit ut rogum quam celerrimé 
 succenderent. Omnés diú recúsábant; tandem tamen pástor quídam ad 
 misericordiam inductus ígnem subdidit. Tum, dum omnia fúmó obscúrantur, 
 Herculés dénsá núbe vélátus á Iove in Olympum abreptus est.  
 
 
 
 THE ARGONAUTS 
 _The celebrated voyage of the Argonauts was brought about in this way. 
 Pelias had expelled his brother Aeson from his kingdom in Thessaly, and 
 had determined to take the life of Jason, the son of Aeson. Jason, 
 however, escaped and grew up to manhood in another country. At last he 
 returned to Thessaly; and Pelias, fearing that he might attempt to 
 recover the kingdom, sent him to fetch the Golden Fleece from Colchis, 
 supposing this to be an impossible feat. Jason with a band of heroes set 
 sail in the ship Argo (called after Argus, its builder), and after many 
 adventures reached Colchis. Here Aeétes, king of Colchis, who was 
 unwilling to give up the Fleece, set Jason to perform what seemed an 
 impossible task, namely to plough a field with certain fire-breathing 
 oxen, and then to sow it with dragon's teeth. Medéa, however, the 
 daughter of the king, assisted Jason by her skill in magic, first to 
 perform the task appointed, and then to procure the Fleece. She then fled 
 with Jason, and to delay the pursuit of her father, sacrificed her 
 brother Absyrtus. After reaching Thessaly, Medéa caused the death of 
 Pelias and was expelled from the country with her husband. They removed 
 to Corinth, and here Medéa becoming jealous of Glauce, daughter of Creon, 
 caused her death by means of a poisoned robe. She was afterward carried 
 off in a chariot sent by the sun-god, and a little later Jason was 
 accidentally killed_. 
   
   
 _THE WICKED UNCLE_ 
 
   
 Erant ólim in Thessaliá duo frátrés, quórum alter Aesón, Peliás alter 
 appellábátur. Aesón prímó régnum obtinuerat; at post paucós annós Peliás 
 régní cupiditáte adductus nón modo frátrem suum expulit, sed etiam in 
 animó habébat Iásonem, Aesonis fílium, interficere. Quídam tamen ex 
 amícís Aesonis, ubi sententiam Peliae cógnóvérunt, puerum é tantó 
 perículó éripere cónstituérunt. Noctú igitur Iásonem ex urbe abstulérunt, 
 et cum posteró dié ad régem rediissent, eí renúntiávérunt puerum mortuum 
 esse. Peliás cum hóc audívisset, etsí ré vérá mágnum gaudium percipiébat, 
 speciem tamen dolóris praebuit et quae causa esset mortis quaesívit. Illí 
 autem cum bene intellegerent dolórem éius falsum esse, nesció quam 
 fábulam dé morte puerí finxérunt. 
   
 _A FATEFUL ACCIDENT_ 
 
   
 Post breve tempus Peliás, veritus né régnum suum tantá ví et fraude 
 occupátum ámitteret, amícum quendam Delphós mísit, quí óráculum 
 cónsuleret. Ille igitur quam celerrimé Delphós sé contulit et quam ob 
 causam vénisset démónstrávit. Respondit óráculum núllum esse in 
 praesentiá perículum; monuit tamen Peliam ut sí quis únum calceum geréns 
 veníret, eum cavéret. Post paucís annís accidit ut Peliás mágnum 
 sacrificium factúrus esset; núntiós in omnís partís dímíserat et certam 
 diem conveniendí díxerat. Dié cónstitútá mágnus hominum numerus undique 
 ex agrís convénit; in hís autem vénit etiam Iásón, quí á pueritiá apud 
 centaurum quendam habitáverat. Dum tamen iter facit, únum é calceís in 
 tránseundó nesció quó flúmine ámísit. 
   
 _THE GOLDEN FLEECE_ 
 
   
 Iásón igitur cum calceum ámissum núlló modó recipere posset, únó pede 
 núdó in régiam pervénit. Quem cum Peliás vídisset, subitó timóre adfectus 
 est; intelléxit enim hunc esse hominem quem óráculum démónstrávisset. Hóc 
 igitur cónsilium iniit. Réx erat quídam Aeétés, quí régnum Colchidis illó 
 tempore obtinébat. Huic commissum erat vellus illud aureum quod Phrixus 
 ólim ibi relíquerat. Cónstituit igitur Peliás Iásoní negótium dare ut hóc 
 vellere potírétur; cum enim rés esset mágní perículí, eum in itinere 
 peritúrum esse spérábat. Iásonem igitur ad sé arcessívit, et eum 
 cohortátus quid fierí vellet docuit. Ille etsí intellegébat rem esse 
 difficillimam, negótium libenter suscépit. 
   
 _THE BUILDING OF THE GOOD SHIP ARGO_ 
 
   
 Cum tamen Colchis multórum diérum iter ab eó locó abesset, sólus Iásón 
 proficíscí nóluit. Dímísit igitur núntiós in omnís partís, quí causam 
 itineris docérent et diem certam conveniendí dícerent. Intereá, postquam 
 omnia quae sunt úsuí ad armandás návís comportárí iussit, negótium dedit 
 Argó cuidam, quí summam scientiam nauticárum rérum habébat, ut návem 
 aedificáret. In hís rébus circiter decem diés cónsúmptí sunt; Argus enim, 
 quí operí praeerat, tantam díligentiam adhibébat ut né nocturnum quidem 
 tempus ad labórem intermitteret. Ad multitúdinem hominum tránsportandam 
 návis pauló erat látior quam quibus in nostró marí útí cónsuévimus, et ad 
 vim tempestátum perferendam tóta é róbore facta est. 
   
 _THE ANCHOR IS WEIGHED_ 
 
   
 Intereá is diés appetébat quem Iásón per núntiós édíxerat, et ex omnibus 
 regiónibus Graeciae multí, quós aut reí novitás aut spés glóriae movébat, 
 undique conveniébant. Tráditum est autem in hóc numeró fuisse Herculem, 
 dé quó suprá multa perscrípsimus, Orpheum, citharoedum praeclárissimum, 
 Théseum, Castorem, multósque aliós quorum nómina sunt nótissima. Ex hís 
 Iásón quós arbitrátus est ad omnia perícula subeunda parátissimós esse, 
 eós ad numerum quínquágintá délégit et sociós sibi adiúnxit; tum paucós 
 diés commorátus, ut ad omnís cásús subsidia comparáret, návem dédúxit, et 
 tempestátem ad návigandum idóneam nactus mágnó cum plausú omnium solvit. 
   
 _A FATAL MISTAKE_ 
 
   
 Haud multó post Argonautae (ita enim appellábantur quí in istá náví 
 vehébantur) ínsulam quandam, nómine Cyzicum, attigérunt; et é náví 
 égressí á rége illíus regiónis hospitió exceptí sunt. Paucás hórás ibi 
 commorátí ad sólis occásum rúrsus solvérunt; sed postquam pauca mília 
 passuum prógressí sunt, tanta tempestás subitó coorta est ut cursum 
 tenére nón possent, et in eandem partem ínsulae unde núper profectí erant 
 mágnó cum perículó déicerentur. Incolae tamen, cum nox esset obscúra, 
 Argonautás nón ágnóscébant, et návem inimícam vénisse arbitrátí arma 
 rapuérunt et eós égredí prohibébant. Ácriter in lítore púgnátum est, et 
 réx ipse, quí cum aliís décucurrerat, ab Argonautís occísus est. Mox 
 tamen, cum iam dílúcésceret, sénsérunt incolae sé erráre et arma 
 abiécérunt; Argonautae autem cum régem occísum esse vidérent, mágnum 
 dolórem percépérunt. 
   
 _THE LOSS OF HYLAS_ 
 
   
 Postrídié éius diéí Iásón tempestátem satis idóneam esse arbitrátus 
 (summa enim tranquillitás iam cónsecúta erat), ancorás sustulit, et pauca 
 mília passuum prógressus ante noctem Mýsiam attigit. Ibi paucás hórás in 
 ancorís exspectávit; á nautís enim cógnóverat aquae cópiam quam sécum 
 habérent iam déficere, quam ob causam quídam ex Argonautís in terram 
 égressí aquam quaerébant. Hórum in numeró erat Hylás quídam, puer fórmá 
 praestantissimá. Quí dum fontem quaerit, á comitibus paulum sécesserat. 
 Nymphae autem quae fontem colébant, cum iuvenem vídissent, eí persuádére 
 cónátae sunt ut sécum manéret; et cum ille negáret sé hóc factúrum esse, 
 puerum ví abstulérunt. 
   
 Comités éius postquam Hylam ámissum esse sénsérunt, mágnó dolóre adfectí 
 diú frústrá quaerébant. Herculés autem et Polyphémus, quí vestígia puerí 
 longius secútí erant, ubi tandem ad lítus rediérunt, Iásonem solvisse 
 cógnóvérunt. 
   
 _DIFFICULT DINING_ 
 
   
 Post haec Argonautae ad Thráciam cursum tenuérunt, et postquam ad oppidum 
 Salmydéssum návem appulérunt, in terram égressí sunt. Ibi cum ab incolís 
 quaesíssent quis régnum éius regiónis obtinéret, certiórés factí sunt 
 Phíneum quendam tum régem esse. Cógnóvérunt etiam hunc caecum esse et 
 díró quódam supplició adficí, quod ólim sé crúdélissimum in fíliós suós 
 praebuisset. Cúius supplicí hóc erat genus. Missa erant á Iove mónstra 
 quaedam specié horribilí, quae capita virginum, corpora volucrum 
 habébant. Hae volucrés, quae Harpýiae appellábantur, Phíneó summam 
 molestiam adferébant; quotiéns enim ille accubuerat, veniébant et cibum 
 appositum statim auferébant. Quó factum est ut haud multum abesset quín 
 Phíneus famé morerétur. 
   
 _THE DELIVERANCE OF PHINEUS_ 
 
   
 Rés igitur male sé habébat cum Argonautae návem appulérunt. Phíneus autem 
 simul atque audívit eós in suós fínís égressós esse, mágnopere gávísus 
 est. Sciébat enim quantam opíniónem virtútis Argonautae habérent, nec 
 dubitábat quín sibi auxilium ferrent. Núntium igitur ad návem mísit, quí 
 Iásonem sociósque ad régiam vocáret. Eó cum vénissent, Phíneus 
 démónstrávit quantó in perículó suae rés essent, et prómísit sé mágna 
 praemia datúrum esse, sí illí remedium repperissent. Argonautae negótium 
 libenter suscépérunt, et ubi hóra vénit, cum rége accubuérunt; at simul 
 ac céna apposita est, Harpýiae cénáculum intrávérunt et cibum auferre 
 cónábantur. Argonautae prímum gladiís volucrés petiérunt; cum tamen 
 vidérent hóc nihil pródesse, Zétés et Calais, quí álís erant ínstrúctí, 
 in áera sé sublevávérunt, ut désuper impetum facerent. Quod cum 
 sénsissent Harpýiae, reí novitáte perterritae statim aufúgérunt, neque 
 posteá umquam rediérunt. 
   
 _THE SYMPLEGADES_ 
 
   
 Hóc factó Phíneus, ut pró tantó benefició meritam grátiam referret, 
 Iásoní démónstrávit quá ratióne Symplégadés vítáre posset. Symplégadés 
 autem duae erant rúpés ingentí mágnitúdine, quae á Iove positae erant eó 
 cónsilió, né quis ad Colchida perveníret. Hae parvó interválló in marí 
 natábant, et sí quid in medium spatium vénerat, incrédibilí celeritáte 
 concurrébant. Postquam igitur á Phíneó doctus est quid faciendum esset, 
 Iásón sublátís ancorís návem solvit, et léní ventó próvectus mox ad 
 Symplégadés appropinquávit. Tum in prórá stáns columbam quam in manú 
 tenébat émísit. Illa réctá viá per medium spatium volávit, et priusquam 
 rúpés cónflíxérunt, incolumis évásit caudá tantum ámissá. Tum rúpés 
 utrimque discessérunt; antequam tamen rúrsus concurrerent, Argonautae, 
 bene intellegentés omnem spem salútis in celeritáte positam esse, summá 
 ví rémís contendérunt et návem incolumem perdúxérunt. Hóc factó dís 
 grátiás máximás égérunt, quórum auxilió é tantó perículó éreptí essent; 
 omnés enim sciébant nón sine auxilió deórum rem tam félíciter événisse. 
   
 _A HEAVY TASK_ 
 
   
 Breví intermissó spatió Argonautae ad flúmen Phásim vénérunt, quod in 
 fínibus Colchórum erat. Ibi cum návem appulissent et in terram égressí 
 essent, statim ad régem Aeétem sé contulérunt et ab eó postulávérunt ut 
 vellus aureum sibi tráderétur. Ille cum audívisset quam ob causam 
 Argonautae vénissent, írá commótus est et diú negábat sé vellus 
 tráditúrum esse. Tandem tamen, quod sciébat Iásonem nón sine auxilió 
 deórum hóc negótium suscépisse, mútátá sententiá prómísit sé vellus 
 tráditúrum, sí Iásón labórés duós difficillimós prius perfécisset; et cum 
 Iásón díxisset sé ad omnia perícula subeunda parátum esse, quid fierí 
 vellet ostendit. Prímum iungendí erant duo taurí specié horribilí, quí 
 flammás ex óre édébant; tum hís iúnctís ager quídam arandus erat et 
 dentés dracónis serendí. Hís audítís Iásón etsí rem esse summí perículí 
 intellegébat, tamen, né hanc occásiónem reí bene gerendae ámitteret, 
 negótium suscépit. 
   
 _THE MAGIC OINTMENT_ 
 
   
 Médéa, régis fília, Iásonem adamávit, et ubi audívit eum tantum perículum 
 subitúrum esse, rem aegré ferébat. Intellegébat enim patrem suum hunc 
 labórem próposuisse eó ipsó cónsilió, ut Iásón morerétur. Quae cum ita 
 essent, Médéa, quae summam scientiam medicínae habébat, hóc cónsilium 
 iniit. Mediá nocte ínsciente patre ex urbe évásit, et postquam in montís 
 fínitimós vénit, herbás quásdam carpsit; tum súcó expressó unguentum 
 parávit quod ví suá corpus aleret nervósque cónfírmáret. Hóc factó Iásoní 
 unguentum dedit; praecépit autem ut eó dié quó istí labórés cónficiendí 
 essent corpus suum et arma máne oblineret. Iásón etsí paene omnibus 
 hominibus mágnitúdine et víribus corporis antecellébat (víta enim omnis 
 in vénátiónibus atque in studió reí mílitáris cónsúmébátur), tamen hóc 
 cónsilium nón neglegendum esse cénsébat. 
   
 _THE SOWING OF THE DRAGON'S TEETH_ 
 
   
 Ubi is diés vénit quem réx ad arandum agrum édíxerat, Iásón ortá lúce cum 
 sociís ad locum cónstitútum sé contulit. Ibi stabulum ingéns repperit, in 
 quó taurí erant inclúsí; tum portís apertís taurós in lúcem tráxit, et 
 summá cum difficultáte iugum imposuit. At Aeétés cum vidéret taurós nihil 
 contrá Iásonem valére, mágnopere mírátus est; nesciébat enim fíliam suam 
 auxilium eí dedisse. Tum Iásón omnibus aspicientibus agrum aráre coepit, 
 quá in ré tantam díligentiam praebuit ut ante merídiem tótum opus 
 cónfécerit. Hóc factó ad locum ubi réx sedébat adiit et dentís dracónis 
 postulávit; quós ubi accépit, in agrum quem aráverat mágná cum díligentiá 
 sparsit. Hórum autem dentium nátúra erat tális ut in eó locó ubi sémentés 
 factae essent virí armátí míró quódam modó gígnerentur. 
   
 _A STRANGE CROP_ 
 
   
 Nóndum tamen Iásón tótum opus cónfécerat; imperáverat enim eí Aeétés ut 
 armátós virós quí é dentibus gígnerentur sólus interficeret. Postquam 
 igitur omnís dentís in agrum sparsit, Iásón lassitúdine exanimátus quiétí 
 sé trádidit, dum virí istí gígnerentur. Paucás hórás dormiébat, sub 
 vesperum tamen é somnó subitó excitátus rem ita événisse ut praedictum 
 esset cógnóvit; nam in omnibus agrí partibus virí ingentí mágnitúdine 
 corporis gladiís galeísque armátí mírum in modum é terrá oriébantur. Hóc 
 cógnitó Iásón cónsilium quod dedisset Médéa nón omittendum esse putábat. 
 Saxum igitur ingéns (ita enim Médéa praecéperat) in mediós virós 
 coniécit. Illí undique ad locum concurrérunt, et cum quisque sibi id 
 saxum nesció cúr habére vellet, mágna contróversia orta est. Mox strictís 
 gladiís inter sé púgnáre coepérunt, et cum hóc modó plúrimí occísí 
 essent, reliquí vulneribus cónfectí á Iásone núlló negótió interfectí 
 sunt. 
   
 _THE FLIGHT OF MEDEA_ 
 
   
 Réx Aeétés ubi Iásonem labórem própositum cónfécisse cógnóvit, írá 
 graviter commótus est; id enim per dolum factum esse intellegébat; nec 
 dubitábat quín Médéa eí auxilium tulisset. Médéa autem cum intellegeret 
 sé in mágnó fore perículó sí in régiá manéret, fugá salútem petere 
 cónstituit. Omnibus rébus igitur ad fugam parátís mediá nocte ínsciente 
 patre cum frátre Absyrtó évásit, et quam celerrimé ad locum ubi Argó 
 subducta erat sé contulit. Eó cum vénisset, ad pedés Iásonis sé próiécit, 
 et multís cum lacrimís eum obsecrávit né in tantó discrímine mulierem 
 désereret quae eí tantum prófuisset. Ille quod memoriá tenébat sé per 
 éius auxilium é mágnó perículó évásisse, libenter eam excépit, et 
 postquam causam veniendí audívit, hortátus est né patris íram timéret. 
 Prómísit autem sé quam prímum eam in náví suá ávectúrum. 
   
 _THE SEIZURE OF THE FLEECE_ 
 
   
 Postrídié éius diéí Iásón cum sociís suís ortá lúce návem dédúxit, et 
 tempestátem idóneam nactí ad eum locum rémís contendérunt, quó in locó 
 Médéa vellus célátum esse démónstrábat. Cum eó vénissent, Iásón in terram 
 égressus est, et sociís ad mare relictís, quí praesidió náví essent, ipse 
 cum Médéá in silvás sé contulit. Pauca mília passuum per silvam 
 prógressus vellus quod quaerébat ex arbore suspénsum vídit. Id tamen 
 auferre erat summae difficultátis; nón modo enim locus ipse égregié et 
 nátúrá et arte erat múnítus, sed etiam dracó quídam specié terribilí 
 arborem custódiébat. Tum Médéa, quae, ut suprá démónstrávimus, medicínae 
 summam scientiam habuit, rámum quem dé arbore proximá déripuerat venénó 
 ínfécit. Hóc factó ad locum appropinquávit, et dracónem, quí faucibus 
 apertís éius adventum exspectábat, venénó sparsit; deinde, dum dracó 
 somnó oppressus dormit, Iásón vellus aureum dé arbore déripuit et cum 
 Médéá quam celerrimé pedem rettulit. 
   
 _THE RETURN TO THE ARGO_ 
 
   
 Dum autem ea geruntur, Argonautae, quí ad mare relictí erant, ánxió animó 
 reditum Iásonis exspectábant; id enim negótium summí esse perículí 
 intellegébant. Postquam igitur ad occásum sólis frústrá exspectávérunt, 
 dé éius salúte déspéráre coepérunt, nec dubitábant quín aliquí cásus 
 accidisset. Quae cum ita essent, mátúrandum sibi cénsuérunt, ut ducí 
 auxilium ferrent; sed dum proficíscí parant, lúmen quoddam subitó 
 cónspiciunt mírum in modum intrá silvás refulgéns, et mágnopere mírátí 
 quae causa esset éius reí ad locum concurrunt. Quó cum vénissent, Iásoní 
 et Médéae advenientibus occurrérunt, et vellus aureum lúminis éius causam 
 esse cógnóvérunt. Omní timóre sublátó mágnó cum gaudió ducem suum 
 excépérunt, et dís grátiás máximás égérunt quod rés tam félíciter 
 événisset. 
   
 _THE PURSUIT_ 
 
   
 Hís rébus gestís omnés sine morá návem rúrsus cónscendérunt, et sublátís 
 ancorís prímá vigiliá solvérunt; neque enim satis tútum esse arbitrátí 
 sunt in eó locó manére. At réx Aeétés, quí iam ante inimícó in eós fuerat 
 animó, ubi cógnóvit fíliam suam nón modo ad Argonautás sé recépisse sed 
 etiam ad vellus auferendum auxilium tulisse, hóc dolóre gravius exársit. 
 Návem longam quam celerrimé dédúcí iussit, et mílitibus impositís 
 fugientís ínsecútus est. Argonautae, quí rem in discrímine esse bene 
 sciébant, omnibus víribus rémís contendébant; cum tamen návis quá 
 vehébantur ingentí esset mágnitúdine, nón eádem celeritáte quá Colchí 
 prógredí poterant. Quó factum est ut minimum abesset quín á Colchís 
 sequentibus caperentur, neque enim longius intererat quam quó télum adicí 
 posset. At Médéa cum vídisset quó in locó rés essent, paene omní spé 
 dépositá ínfandum hóc cónsilium cépit. 
   
 _A FEARFUL EXPEDIENT_ 
 
   
 Erat in náví Argonautárum fílius quídam régis Aeétae, nómine Absyrtus, 
 quem, ut suprá démónstrávimus, Médéa ex urbe fugiéns sécum abdúxerat. 
 Hunc puerum Médéa interficere cónstituit eó cónsilió, ut membrís éius in 
 mare coniectís cursum Colchórum impedíret; certó enim sciébat Aeétem, cum 
 membra fílí vídisset, nón longius prósecútúrum esse. Neque opínió Médéam 
 fefellit, omnia enim ita événérunt ut spéráverat. Aeétés ubi prímum 
 membra vídit, ad ea conligenda návem tenérí iussit. Dum tamen ea 
 geruntur, Argonautae nón intermissó rémigandí labóre mox é cónspectú 
 hostium auferébantur, neque prius fugere déstitérunt quam ad flúmen 
 Éridanum pervénérunt. Aeétés nihil sibi prófutúrum esse arbitrátus sí 
 longius prógressus esset, animó démissó domum revertit, ut fílí corpus ad 
 sepultúram daret. 
   
 _THE BARGAIN WITH PELIAS_ 
 
   
 Tandem post multa perícula Iásón in eundem locum pervénit unde profectus 
 erat. Tum é náví égressus ad régem Peliam, quí régnum adhúc obtinébat, 
 statim sé contulit, et vellere aureó mónstrátó ab eó postulávit ut régnum 
 sibi tráderétur; Peliás enim pollicitus erat, sí Iásón vellus 
 rettulisset, sé régnum eí tráditúrum. Postquam Iásón quid fierí vellet 
 ostendit, Peliás prímó nihil respondit, sed diú in eádem trístitiá 
 tacitus permánsit; tandem ita locútus est: "Vidés mé aetáte iam esse 
 cónfectum, neque dubium est quín diés suprémus mihi appropinquet. Liceat 
 igitur mihi, dum vívam, hóc régnum obtinére; cum autem tandem décesseró, 
 tú mihi succédés." Hác órátióne adductus Iásón respondit sé id factúrum 
 quod ille rogásset. 
   
 _MAGIC ARTS_ 
 
   
 Hís rébus cógnitís Médéa rem aegré tulit, et régní cupiditáte adducta 
 mortem régí per dolum ínferre cónstituit. Hóc cónstitútó ad fíliás régis 
 vénit atque ita locúta est: "Vidétis patrem vestrum aetáte iam esse 
 cónfectum neque ad labórem régnandí perferendum satis valére. Vultisne 
 eum rúrsus iuvenem fierí?" Tum fíliae régis ita respondérunt: "Num hóc 
 fierí potest? Quis enim umquam é sene iuvenis factus est?" At Médéa 
 respondit: "Mé medicínae summam habére scientiam scítis. Nunc igitur 
 vóbis démónstrábó quó modó haec rés fierí possit." Postquam fínem 
 loquendí fécit, arietem aetáte iam cónfectum interfécit et membra éius in 
 váse aéneó posuit, atque ígní suppositó in aquam herbás quásdam infúdit. 
 Tum, dum aqua effervésceret, carmen magicum cantábat. Mox ariés é váse 
 exsiluit et víribus refectís per agrós currébat. 
   
 _A DANGEROUS EXPERIMENT_ 
 
   
 Dum fíliae régis hóc míráculum stupentés intuentur, Médéa ita locúta est: 
 "Vidétis quantum valeat medicína. Vós igitur, sí vultis patrem vestrum in 
 aduléscentiam redúcere, id quod fécí ipsae faciétis. Vós patris membra in 
 vás conicite; ego herbás magicás praebébó." Quod ubi audítum est, fíliae 
 régis cónsilium quod dedisset Médéa nón omittendum putávérunt. Patrem 
 igitur Peliam necávérunt et membra éius in vás aéneum coniécérunt; nihil 
 autem dubitábant quín hóc máximé eí prófutúrum esset. At rés omnínó 
 aliter événit ac spéráverant, Médéa enim nón eásdem herbás dedit quibus 
 ipsa úsa erat. Itaque postquam diú frústrá exspectávérunt, patrem suum ré 
 vérá mortuum esse intelléxérunt. Hís rébus gestís Médéa sé cum coniuge 
 suó régnum acceptúram esse spérábat; sed cívés cum intellegerent quó modó 
 Peliás periisset, tantum scelus aegré tulérunt. Itaque Iásone et Médéá é 
 régnó expulsís Acastum régem creávérunt. 
   
 _A FATAL GIFT_ 
 
   
 Iásón et Médéa é Thessaliá expulsí ad urbem Corinthum vénérunt, cúius 
 urbis Creón quídam régnum tum obtinébat. Erat autem Creontí fília úna, 
 nómine Glaucé. Quam cum vídisset, Iásón cónstituit Médéae uxórí suae 
 núntium mittere eó cónsilió, ut Glaucén in mátrimónium dúceret. At Médéa 
 ubi intelléxit quae ille in animó habéret, írá graviter commóta iúre 
 iúrandó cónfírmávit sé tantam iniúriam ultúram. Hóc igitur cónsilium 
 cépit. Vestem parávit summá arte textam et variís colóribus ínfectam; 
 hanc mortiferó quódam venénó tinxit, cúius vís tális erat ut sí quis eam 
 vestem induisset, corpus éius quasi ígní úrerétur. Hóc factó vestem ad 
 Glaucén mísit; illa autem nihil malí suspicáns dónum libenter accépit, et 
 vestem novam móre féminárum statim induit. 
   
 _MEDEA KILLS HER SONS_ 
 
   
 Vix vestem induerat Glaucé cum dolórem gravem per omnia membra sénsit, et 
 pauló post crúdélí cruciátú adfecta é vítá excessit. Hís rébus gestís 
 Médéa furóre atque ámentiá impulsa fíliós suós necávit; tum mágnum sibi 
 fore perículum arbitráta sí in Thessaliá manéret, ex eá regióne fugere 
 cónstituit. Hóc cónstitútó sólem órávit ut in tantó perículó auxilium 
 sibi praebéret. Sól autem hís precibus commótus currum mísit cui erant 
 iúnctí dracónés álís ínstrúctí. Médéa nón omittendam tantam occásiónem 
 arbitráta currum ascendit, itaque per áera vecta incolumis ad urbem 
 Athénás pervénit. Iásón ipse breví tempore míró modó occísus est. Accidit 
 síve cású síve cónsilió deórum ut sub umbrá návis suae, quae in lítus 
 subducta erat, dormíret. Mox návis, quae adhúc érécta steterat, in eam 
 partem ubi Iásón iacébat subitó délapsa virum ínfélícem oppressit. 
 
 
 
 ULYSSES 
 _Ulysses, a famous Greek hero, took a prominent part in the long siege of 
 Troy. After the fall of the city, he set out with his followers on his 
 homeward voyage to Ithaca, an island of which he was king; but being 
 driven out of his course by northerly winds, he was compelled to touch at 
 the country of the Lotus-eaters, who are supposed to have lived on the 
 north coast of Africa. Some of his comrades were so delighted with the 
 lotus fruit that they wished to remain in the country, but Ulysses 
 compelled them to embark again and continued his voyage. He next came to 
 the island of Sicily, and fell into the hands of the giant Polyphémus, 
 one of the Cyclópes. After several of his comrades had been killed by 
 this monster, Ulysses made his escape by stratagem and reached the 
 country of the winds. Here he received the help of Aeolus, king of the 
 winds, and having set sail again, arrived within sight of Ithaca; but 
 owing to the folly of his companions, the winds became suddenly adverse 
 and he was again driven back. He then touched at an island which was the 
 home of Circe, a powerful enchantress, who exercised her charms on his 
 companions and turned them into swine. By the help of the god Mercury, 
 Ulysses not only escaped this fate himself, but also forced Circe to 
 restore her victims to human shape. After staying a year with Circe, he 
 again set out and eventually reached his home_. 
   
   
 _HOMEWARD BOUND_ 
 
   
 Urbem Tróiam á Graecís decem annós obsessam esse satis cónstat; dé hóc 
 enim belló Homérus, máximus poétárum Graecórum, Íliadem opus nótissimum 
 scrípsit. Tróiá tandem per ínsidiás captá, Graecí longó belló fessí domum 
 redíre mátúrávérunt. Omnibus rébus igitur ad profectiónem parátís návís 
 dédúxérunt, et tempestátem idóneam nactí mágnó cum gaudió solvérunt. Erat 
 inter prímós Graecórum Ulixés quídam, vir summae virtútis ac prúdentiae, 
 quem dícunt nónnúllí dolum istum excógitásse quó Tróiam captam esse 
 cónstat. Híc régnum ínsulae Ithacae obtinuerat, et pauló antequam cum 
 reliquís Graecís ad bellum profectus est, puellam fórmósissimam, nómine 
 Pénelopén, in mátrimónium dúxerat. Nunc igitur cum iam decem annós quasi 
 in exsilió cónsúmpsisset, mágná cupiditáte patriae et uxóris videndae 
 árdébat. 
   
 _THE LOTUS-EATERS_ 
 
   
 Postquam tamen pauca mília passuum á lítore Tróiae progressí sunt, tanta 
 tempestás subitó coorta est ut núlla návium cursum tenére posset, sed 
 aliae aliás in partís disicerentur. Návis autem quá ipse Ulixés vehébátur 
 ví tempestátis ad merídiem déláta decimó dié ad lítus Libyae appulsa est. 
 Ancorís iactís Ulixés cónstituit nónnúllós é sociís in terram expónere, 
 quí aquam ad návem referrent et quális esset nátúra éius regiónis 
 cógnóscerent. Hí igitur é náví égressí imperáta facere parábant. Dum 
 tamen fontem quaerunt, quibusdam ex incolís obviam factí ab iís hospitió 
 acceptí sunt. Accidit autem ut máior pars víctús eórum hominum in míró 
 quódam frúctú quem lótum appellábant cónsisteret. Quam cum Graecí 
 gustássent, patriae et sociórum statim oblítí cónfírmávérunt sé semper in 
 eá terrá mánsúrós, ut dulcí illó cibó in perpetuum véscerentur. 
   
 _THE RESCUE_ 
 
   
 Ulixés cum ab hórá septimá ad vesperum exspectásset, veritus né socií suí 
 in perículó versárentur, nónnúllós é reliquís mísit, ut quae causa esset 
 morae cógnóscerent. Hí igitur in terram exposití ad vícum quí nón longé 
 aberat sé contulérunt; quó cum vénissent, sociós suós quasi vínó ébriós 
 repperérunt. Tum ubi causam veniendí docuérunt, iís persuádére cónábantur 
 ut sécum ad návem redírent. Illí tamen resistere ac manú sé défendere 
 coepérunt, saepe clámitantés sé numquam ex eó locó abitúrós. Quae cum ita 
 essent, núntií ré ínfectá ad Ulixem rediérunt. Hís rébus cógnitís ipse 
 cum omnibus quí in náví relictí erant ad locum vénit; et sociós suós 
 frústrá hortátus ut suá sponte redírent, manibus eórum post terga vinctís 
 invítós ad návem reportávit. Tum ancorís sublátís quam celerrimé é portú 
 solvit. 
   
 _THE ONE-EYED GIANT_ 
 
   
 Postquam eá tótá nocte rémís contendérunt, postrídié ad terram ígnótam 
 návem appulérunt. Tum, quod nátúram éius regiónis ígnórábat, ipse Ulixés 
 cum duodecim é sociís in terram égressus loca explóráre cónstituit. 
 Paulum á lítore prógressí ad spéluncam ingentem pervénérunt, quam 
 habitárí sénsérunt; éius enim introitum et nátúrá locí et manú múnítum 
 esse animadvertérunt. Mox, etsí intellegébant sé nón sine perículó id 
 factúrós, spéluncam intrávérunt; quod cum fécissent, mágnam cópiam lactis 
 in vásís ingentibus conditam invénérunt. Dum tamen mírantur quis in eá 
 séde habitáret, sonitum terribilem audívérunt, et oculís ad portam tortís 
 mónstrum horribile vídérunt, húmáná quidem specié et figúrá, sed ingentí 
 mágnitúdine corporis. Cum autem animadvertissent mónstrum únum oculum 
 tantum habére in mediá fronte positum, intelléxérunt hunc esse únum é 
 Cyclópibus, dé quibus fámam iam accéperant. 
   
 _THE GIANT'S SUPPER_ 
 
   
 Cyclópés autem pástórés erant quídam quí ínsulam Siciliam et praecipué 
 montem Aetnam incolébant; ibi enim Volcánus, praeses fabrórum et ígnis 
 repertor, cúius serví Cyclópés erant, officínam suam habébat. 
   
 Graecí igitur simul ac mónstrum vídérunt, terróre paene exanimátí in 
 interiórem partem spéluncae refúgérunt et sé ibi abdere cónábantur. 
 Polyphémus autem (síc enim Cyclóps appellábátur) pecus suum in spéluncam 
 compulit; deinde, cum saxó ingentí portam obstrúxisset, ígnem in mediá 
 spéluncá fécit. Hóc factó, oculó omnia perlústrábat, et cum sénsisset 
 hominés in interióre parte spéluncae esse abditós, mágná vóce exclámávit: 
 "Quí hominés estis? Mercátórés an latrónés?" Tum Ulixés respondit sé 
 neque mercátórés esse neque praedandí causá vénisse; sed á Tróiá 
 redeuntís ví tempestátum á réctó cursú dépulsós esse. Órávit etiam ut 
 sibi sine iniúriá abíre licéret. Tum Polyphémus quaesívit ubi esset návis 
 quá vectí essent; sed Ulixés cum sibi máximé praecavendum esse bene 
 intellegeret, respondit návem suam in rúpís coniectam omnínó fráctam 
 esse. Polyphémus autem núlló respónsó dató duo é sociís manú corripuit, 
 et membrís eórum dívulsís carnem dévoráre coepit. 
   
 _A DESPERATE SITUATION_ 
 
   
 Dum haec geruntur, Graecórum animós tantus terror occupávit ut né vócem 
 quidem édere possent, sed omní spé salútis dépositá mortem praesentem 
 exspectárent. Polyphémus, postquam famés hác tam horribilí céná dépulsa 
 est, humí próstrátus somnó sé dedit. Quod cum vídisset Ulixés, tantam 
 occásiónem reí gerendae nón omittendam arbitrátus, in eó erat ut pectus 
 mónstrí gladió tránsfígeret. Cum tamen nihil temeré agendum exístimáret, 
 cónstituit explóráre, antequam hóc faceret, quá ratióne ex spéluncá 
 évádere possent. At cum saxum animadvertisset quó introitus obstrúctus 
 erat, nihil sibi prófutúrum intelléxit sí Polyphémum interfécisset. Tanta 
 enim erat éius saxí mágnitúdó ut né á decem quidem hominibus ámovérí 
 posset. Quae cum ita essent, Ulixés hóc cónátú déstitit et ad sociós 
 rediit; quí cum intelléxissent quó in locó rés essent, núllá spé salútis 
 oblátá dé fortúnís suís déspéráre coepérunt. Ille tamen né animós 
 démitterent vehementer hortátus est; démónstrávit sé iam anteá é multís 
 et mágnís perículís évásisse, neque dubium esse quín in tantó discrímine 
 dí auxilium látúrí essent. 
   
 _A PLAN FOR VENGEANCE_ 
 
   
 Ortá lúce Polyphémus iam é somnó excitátus idem quod hesternó dié fécit; 
 correptís enim duóbus é reliquís virís carnem eórum sine morá dévorávit. 
 Tum, cum saxum ámóvisset, ipse cum pecore suó ex spéluncá prógressus est; 
 quod cum Graecí vidérent, mágnam in spem sé post paulum évásúrós 
 vénérunt. Mox tamen ab hác spé repulsí sunt; nam Polyphémus, postquam 
 omnés ovés exiérunt, saxum in locum restituit. Reliquí omní spé salútis 
 dépositá lámentís lacrimísque sé dédidérunt; Ulixés véró, quí, ut suprá 
 démónstrávimus, vir mágní fuit cónsilí, etsí intellegébat rem in 
 discrímine esse, nóndum omnínó déspérábat. Tandem, postquam diú haec tótó 
 animó cógitávit, hóc cónsilium cépit. É lígnís quae in spéluncá reposita 
 erant pálum mágnum délégit. Hunc summá cum díligentiá praeacútum fécit; 
 tum, postquam sociís quid fierí vellet ostendit, reditum Polyphémí 
 exspectábat. 
   
 _A GLASS TOO MUCH_ 
 
   
 Sub vesperum Polyphémus ad spéluncam rediit, et eódem modó quó anteá 
 cénávit. Tum Ulixés útrem víní prómpsit, quem forte (id quod eí erat 
 salútí) sécum attulerat; et postquam mágnum póculum vínó complévit, 
 mónstrum ad bibendum próvocávit. Polyphémus, quí numquam anteá vínum 
 gustáverat, tótum póculum statim exhausit; quod cum fécisset, tantam 
 voluptátem percépit ut iterum et tertium póculum replérí iusserit. Tum, 
 cum quaesívisset quó nómine Ulixés appellárétur, ille respondit sé 
 Néminem appellarí; quod cum audívisset, Polyphémus ita locútus est: 
 "Hanc, tibi grátiam pró tantó benefició referam; té postrémum omnium 
 dévorábó." Hóc cum díxisset, cibó vínóque gravis recubuit et breví 
 tempore somnó oppressus est. Tum Ulixés sociís convocátís, "Habémus," 
 inquit, "quam petiimus facultátem; né igitur tantam occásiónem reí 
 gerendae omittámus." 
   
 _THE BLINDING OF POLYPHEMUS_ 
 
   
 Hác órátióne habitá, postquam extrémum pálum ígní calefécit, oculum 
 Polyphémí dormientis ferventí lígnó perfódit; quó factó omnés in díversás 
 spéluncae partís sé abdidérunt. At ille subitó illó dolóre oculí é somnó 
 excitátus clámórem terribilem sustulit, et dum per spéluncam errat, 
 Ulixem manú prehendere cónábátur; cum tamen iam omnínó caecus esset, 
 núlló modó hóc efficere potuit. Intereá reliquí Cyclópés clámóre audító 
 undique ad spéluncam convénérunt, et ad introitum adstantés quid 
 Polyphémus ageret quaesívérunt, et quam ob causam tantum clámórem 
 sustulisset. Ille respondit sé graviter vulnerátum esse et mágnó dolóre 
 adficí. Cum tamen posteá quaesívissent quis eí vim intulisset, respondit 
 ille Néminem id fécisse; quibus rébus audítís únus é Cyclópibus: "At sí 
 némó," inquit, "té vulnerávit, haud dubium est quín cónsilió deórum, 
 quibus resistere nec possumus nec volumus, hóc supplició adficiáris." Hóc 
 cum díxisset, abiérunt Cyclópés eum in ínsániam incidisse arbitrátí. 
   
 _THE ESCAPE_ 
 
   
 Polyphémus ubi sociós suós abiisse sénsit, furóre atque ámentiá impulsus 
 Ulixem iterum quaerere coepit; tandem cum portam invénisset, saxum quó 
 obstrúcta erat ámóvit, ut pecus in agrós exíret. Tum ipse in introitú 
 cónsédit, et ut quaeque ovis ad hunc locum vénerat, éius tergum manibus 
 tráctábat, né virí inter ovís exíre possent. Quod cum animadvertisset 
 Ulixés, intelléxit omnem spem salútis in doló magis quam in virtúte póní. 
 Itaque hóc cónsilium iniit. Prímum trís quás vidit pinguissimás ex ovibus 
 délégit, quás cum inter sé viminibus coniúnxisset, únum ex sociís suís 
 ventribus eárum ita subiécit ut omnínó latéret; deinde ovís hominem sécum 
 ferentís ad portam égit. Id accidit quod fore suspicátus erat. Polyphémus 
 enim postquam terga ovium manibus tráctávit, eás praeteríre passus est. 
 Ulixés ubi rem tam félíciter événisse vídit, omnís sociós suós ex órdine 
 eódem modó émísit; quó factó ipse novissimus évásit. 
   
 _OUT OF DANGER_ 
 
   
 Iís rébus ita cónfectís, Ulixés veritus né Polyphémus fraudem sentíret, 
 cum sociís quam celerrimé ad lítus contendit; quó cum vénissent, ab iís 
 quí náví praesidió relictí erant mágná cum laetitiá exceptí sunt. Hí enim 
 cum ánxiís animís iam trís diés continuós reditum eórum exspectávissent, 
 eós in aliquod perículum mágnum incidisse (id quidem quod erat) 
 suspicátí, ipsí auxiliandí causá égredí parábant. Tum Ulixés nón satis 
 tútum arbitrátus in eó locó manére, quam celerrimé profisíscí cónstituit. 
 Iussit igitur omnís návem cónscendere, et ancorís sublátís paulum á 
 lítore in altum próvectus est. Tum mágná vóce exclámávit: "Tú, Polyphéme, 
 quí iúra hospití spernis, iústam et débitam poenam immánitátis tuae 
 solvistí." Hác vóce audítá Polyphémus írá vehementer commótus ad mare sé 
 contulit, et ubi návem paulum á lítore remótam esse intelléxit, saxum 
 ingéns manú correptum in eam partem coniécit unde vócem veníre sénsit. 
 Graecí autem, etsí nón multum áfuit quín submergerentur, núlló damnó 
 acceptó cursum tenuérunt. 
   
 _THE COUNTRY OF THE WINDS_ 
 
   
 Pauca mília passuum ab eó locó prógressus Ulixés ad ínsulam Aeoliam návem 
 appulit. Haec patria erat ventórum, 
   
                "Híc vástó réx Aeolus antró 
    luctantís ventós tempestátésque sonórás 
    imperió premit ac vinclís et carcere frénat." 
   
 Ibi réx ipse Graecós hospitió excépit, atque iís persuásit ut ad 
 recuperandás vírís paucós diés in eá regióne commorárentur. Septimó dié 
 cum socií é labóribus sé recépissent, Ulixés, né anní tempore á 
 návigátióne exclúderétur, sibi sine morá proficíscendum statuit. Tum 
 Aeolus, quí sciébat Ulixem cupidissimum esse patriae videndae, eí iam 
 profectúró mágnum saccum é corió cónfectum dedit, in quó ventós omnís 
 praeter únum inclúserat. Zephyrum tantum solverat, quod ille ventus ab 
 ínsulá Aeoliá ad Ithacam návigantí est secundus. Ulixés hóc dónum 
 libenter accépit, et grátiís pró tantó benefició áctís saccum ad málum 
 adligávit. Tum omnibus rébus ad profectiónem parátís merídiánó feré 
 tempore é portú solvit. 
   
 _THE WIND-BAG_ 
 
   
 Novem diés secundissimó ventó cursum tenuérunt, iamque in cónspectum 
 patriae suae vénerant, cum Ulixés lassitúdine cónfectus (ipse enim 
 gubernábat) ad quiétem capiendam recubuit. At socií, quí iam dúdum 
 mírábantur quid in illó saccó inclúsum esset, cum ducem somnó oppressum 
 vidérent, tantam occásiónem nón omittendam arbitrátí sunt; crédébant enim 
 aurum et argentum ibi esse céláta. Itaque spé lucrí adductí saccum sine 
 morá solvérunt, quó factó ventí 
   
                        "velut ágmine factó 
    quá data porta ruunt, et terrás turbine perflant." 
   
 Híc tanta tempestás subitó coorta est ut illí cursum tenére nón possent 
 sed in eandem partem unde erant profectí referrentur. Ulixés é somnó 
 excitátus quó in locó rés esset statim intelléxit; saccum solútum, 
 Ithacam post tergum relictam vídit. Tum véró írá vehementer exársit 
 sociósque obiúrgábat quod cupiditáte pecúniae adductí spem patriae 
 videndae próiécissent. 
   
 _A DRAWING OF LOTS_ 
 
   
 Breví spatió intermissó Graecí ínsulae cuidam appropinquávérunt in quá 
 Circé, fília Sólis, habitábat. Quó cum návem appulisset, Ulixés in terram 
 frúmentandí causá égrediendum esse statuit; nam cógnóverat frúmentum quod 
 in náví habérent iam déficere. Sociís igitur ad sé convocátís quó in locó 
 rés esset et quid fierí vellet ostendit. Cum tamen omnés memoriá tenérent 
 quam crúdélí morte necátí essent ií quí núper é náví égressí essent, némó 
 repertus est quí hóc negótium suscipere vellet. Quae cum ita essent, rés 
 ad contróversiam déducta est. Tandem Ulixés cónsénsú omnium sociós in 
 duás partís dívísit, quárum alterí Eurylochus, vir summae virtútis, 
 alterí ipse praeesse. Tum hí inter sé sortítí sunt uter in terram 
 égrederétur. Hóc factó, Eurylochó sorte événit ut cum duóbus et vígintí 
 sociís rem susciperet. 
   
 _THE HOUSE OF THE ENCHANTRESS_ 
 
   
 Hís rébus ita cónstitútis ií quí sortítí erant in interiórem partem 
 ínsulae profectí sunt. Tantus tamen timor animós eórum occupáverat ut 
 nihil dubitárent quín mortí obviam írent. Vix quidem poterant ií quí in 
 náví relictí erant lacrimás tenére; crédébant enim sé sociós suós numquam 
 post hóc tempus vísúrós. Illí autem aliquantum itineris prógressí ad 
 víllam quandam pervénérunt summá mágnificentiá aedificátam, cúius ad 
 óstium cum adiissent, cantum dulcissimum audívérunt. Tanta autem fuit 
 éius vócis dulcédó ut núlló modó retinérí possent quín iánuam pulsárent. 
 Hóc factó ipsa Circé forás exiit, et summá cum benígnitáte omnís in 
 hospitium invítávit. Eurylochus ínsidiás sibi comparárí suspicátus forís 
 exspectáre cónstituit, sed reliquí reí novitáte adductí intrávérunt. 
 Cénam mágnificam omnibus rébus ínstrúctam invénérunt et iússú dominae 
 libentissimé accubuérunt. At Circé vínum quod serví apposuérunt 
 medicámentó quódam miscuerat; quod cum Graecí bibissent, graví somnó 
 subitó oppressí sunt. 
   
 _THE CHARM_ 
 
   
 Tum Circé, quae artis magicae summam scientiam habébat, baculó aureó quod 
 gerébat capita eórum tetigit; quó factó omnés in porcós subitó conversí 
 sunt. Intereá Eurylochus ígnárus quid in aedibus agerétur ad óstium 
 sedébat; postquam tamen ad sólis occásum ánxió animó et sollicitó 
 exspectávit, sólus ad návem regredí cónstituit. Eó cum vénisset, 
 sollicitúdine ac timóre tam perturbátus fuit ut quae vídisset vix 
 dílúcidé nárráre posset. Ulixés autem satis intelléxit sociós suós in 
 perículó versárí, et gladió correptó Eurylochó imperávit ut sine morá 
 viam ad istam domum démónstráret. Ille tamen multís cum lacrimís Ulixem 
 complexus obsecráre coepit né in tantum perículum sé committeret; sí quid 
 gravius eí accidisset, omnium salútem in summó discrímine futúram. Ulixés 
 autem respondit sé néminem invítum sécum adductúrum; eí licére, sí 
 mállet, in náví manére; sé ipsum sine úlló praesidió rem susceptúrum. Hóc 
 cum mágná vóce díxisset, é náví désiluit et núlló sequente sólus in viam 
 sé dedit. 
   
 _THE COUNTERCHARM_ 
 
   
 Aliquantum itineris prógressus ad víllam mágnificam pervénit, quam cum 
 oculís perlústrásset, statim intráre statuit; intelléxit enim hanc esse 
 eandem domum dé quá Eurylochus mentiónem fécisset. At cum in eó esset ut 
 límen intráret, subitó eí obviam stetit aduléscéns fórmá pulcherrimá 
 aureum baculum geréns. Híc Ulixem iam domum intrantem manú corripuit et, 
 "Quó ruis?" inquit. "Nónne scís hanc esse Circés domum? Híc inclúsí sunt 
 amící tuí ex húmáná specié in porcós conversí. Num vís ipse in eandem 
 calamitátem veníre?" Ulixés simul ac vócem audívit, deum Mercurium 
 ágnóvit; núllís tamen precibus ab ínstitútó cónsilió déterrérí potuit. 
 Quod cum Mercurius sénsisset, herbam quandam eí dedit, quam contrá 
 carmina multum valére dícébat. "Hanc cape," inquit, "et ubi Circé té 
 baculó tetigerit, tú strictó gladió impetum in eam vidé ut faciás." 
 Mercurius postquam fínem loquendí fécit, 
   
    "mortálís vísús medió sermóne relíquit, 
      et procul in tenuem ex oculís évánuit auram." 
   
 _THE ENCHANTRESS IS FOILED_ 
 
   
 Breví intermissó spatió Ulixés ad omnia perícula subeunda parátus iánuam 
 pulsávit, et foribus patefactís ab ipsá Circé benígné exceptus est. Omnia 
 eódem modó atque anteá facta sunt. Cénam mágnificé ínstrúctam vídit et 
 accumbere iússus est. Mox, ubi famés cibó dépulsa est, Circé póculum 
 aureum vínó replétum Ulixí dedit. Ille etsí suspicátus est venénum sibi 
 parátum esse, póculum exhausit; quó factó Circé postquam caput éius 
 baculó tetigit, ea verba locúta est quibus sociós éius anteá in porcós 
 converterat. Rés tamen omnínó aliter événit atque illa spéráverat. Tanta 
 enim vís erat éius herbae quam Ulixí Mercurius dederat ut neque venénum 
 neque verba quicquam efficere possent. Ulixés autem, ut eí praeceptum 
 erat, gladió strictó impetum in eam fécit et mortem minitábátur. Circé 
 cum artem suam nihil valére sénsisset, multís cum lacrimís eum obsecráre 
 coepit né sibi vítam adimeret. 
   
 _MEN ONCE MORE_ 
 
   
 Ulixés autem ubi sénsit eam timóre perterritam esse, postulávit ut sociós 
 suós sine morá in húmánam speciem redúceret (certior enim factus erat á 
 deó Mercurió eós in porcós conversós esse); nisi id factum esset, sé 
 débitás poenás súmptúrum ostendit. Circé hís rébus graviter commóta eí ad 
 pedés sé próiécit, et multís cum lacrimís iúre iúrandó cónfírmávit sé 
 quae ille imperásset omnia factúram. Tum porcós in átrium immittí iussit. 
 Illí dató sígnó inruérunt, et cum ducem suum ágnóvissent, mágnó dolóre 
 adfectí sunt quod núlló modó eum dé rébus suís certiórem facere poterant. 
 Circé tamen unguentó quódam corpora eórum únxit; quó factó sunt omnés 
 statim in húmánam speciem reductí. Mágnó cum gaudió Ulixés suós amícós 
 ágnóvit, et núntium ad lítus mísit, quí reliquís Graecís sociós receptós 
 esse díceret. Illí autem hís rébus cógnitís statim ad domum Circaeam sé 
 contulérunt; quó cum vénissent, úniversí laetitiae sé dédidérunt. 
   
 [Illustration: ULYSSES AND CIRCE] 
   
 _AFLOAT AGAIN_ 
 
   
 Postrídié éius diéí Ulixés ex hác ínsulá quam celerrimé discédere in 
 animó habébat. Circé tamen cum haec cógnóvisset, ex odió ad amórem 
 conversa omnibus precibus eum óráre et obtestárí coepit ut paucós diés 
 apud sé morárétur; quá ré tandem impetrátá tanta beneficia in eum 
 contulit ut facile eí persuásum sit ut diútius manéret. Postquam tamen 
 tótum annum apud Circén cónsúmpserat, Ulixés mágnó désíderió patriae 
 suae mótus est. Sociís igitur ad sé convocátís quid in animó habéret 
 ostendit. Ubi tamen ad lítus déscendit, návem suam tempestátibus tam 
 adflíctam invénit ut ad návigandum paene inútilis esset. Hác ré cógnitá 
 omnia quae ad návís reficiendás úsuí essent comparárí iussit, quá in ré 
 tantam díligentiam omnés adhibébant ut ante tertium diem opus 
 perfécerint. At Circé ubi omnia ad profectiónem paráta esse vídit, rem 
 aegré ferébat et Ulixem vehementer obsecrábat ut eó cónsilió désisteret. 
 Ille tamen, né anní tempore a návigátióne exclúderétur, mátúrandum sibi 
 exístimávit, et tempestátem idóneam nactus návem solvit. Multa quidem 
 perícula Ulixí subeunda erant antequam in patriam suam perveníret, quae 
 tamen hóc locó longum est perscríbere. 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 4 
 PERSEUS 
   
 _The numbers refer to the page of text and the line on the page 
 respectively_. 
   
   
 3.6. Danaé. Many proper names in this book are words borrowed by Latin 
 from Greek, and have forms not given in the regular Latin declensions. It 
 will not be necessary to learn the declension of such words. 
   
 enim. This word commonly stands second in its clause. 
 
   
 turbábat. Notice that this verb and dormiébat below are in the 
 
 imperfect tense to denote a state of things existing at the past time 
 indicated by territa est. 
   
 autem. This word has the same peculiarity of position as enim; so also 
 igitur, which occurs in line 11. 
   
 Seríphum. Notice that Latin says 'the island Seriphos,' but English 
 
 more often 'the island of Seriphos.' 
   
 appulsa est. Postquam is regularly followed by the perfect or present 
 
 indicative, but the English translation usually requires the pluperfect. 
   
 quódam. _Quídam_ means 'certain' as applied to some person or thing 
 
 not fully described, while _certus_ means 'certain' in the sense of 
 'determined.' 'sure,' 
   
 ad domum. This means 'to the house'; 'to be brought home' would be _domum 
 addúcí_, without the preposition. 
   
 Ille is often used, as here, when the subject is changed to a person 
 
 mentioned in the preceding sentence. In this use it is to be translated 
 'he.' 
   
 benefició. See the derivation of this word in the vocabulary. 
 
   
 multós annós. Duration of time is regularly expressed in the 
 
 accusative case. 
   
 eam. Latin has no pronoun of the third person, and _is_ often takes 
 
 the place of one; it is then to be translated 'he,' 'she,' 'it,' 'they,' 
 according to its form. 
   
 haec. The literal translation would be 'these things,' but we must 
 
 say 'thus' or 'as follows.' 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 5 
 1. es. With iam dúdum and similar expressions of duration, the present 
 
 indicative is often used to denote an action or state begun in the past 
 but continuing in the present. The English equivalent is the perfect. 
   
 híc, is not the pronoun, but an adverb. 
   
 mihi. This dative may be translated 'for me.' How would 'to me' with a 
 
 verb of motion be put? 
   
 refer. _Dícó, dúcó, fació_, and _feró_ have the imperative forms _díc, 
 
 dúc, fac_, and _fer_, instead of _díce_, etc. 
   
 Perseus. When the subordinate and the principal clause of a Latin 
 
 sentence have the same subject, this usually stands first, followed by 
 the subordinate clause. 
   
 haec. Here a different rendering is required from that suggested in the 
 note on 3, 25. What is it? Notice that it is necessary to know the 
 literal significance of the Latin words, but that the translation must 
 often be something quite different if it is to be acceptable English. The 
 rule for translation is: Discover the exact meaning of the original; then 
 express the same idea correctly and, if you can, elegantly in the 
 language into which you are translating. 
   
 continentem. What is the derivation of this word? 
 
   
 vénit. Is this present or perfect? How do you know? 
   
 Graeás. The Graeae were three old women who had one eye and one 
 
 tooth in common, and took turns in using them. 
   
 galeam. This belonged to Pluto, the god of the underworld of the dead, 
 
 and whosoever wore it was invisible. The story is that Perseus compelled 
 the Graeae to tell him how to obtain the helps to his enterprise by 
 seizing their tooth and eye. 
   
 pedibus, 'on his feet,' dative of indirect object. 
 
   
 induit. See the note on 3, 13. 
   
 áera. _Áér_ is borrowed from Greek, and keeps this Greek form for its 
 accusative. 
   
 volábat. Distinguish between _voló, voláre_, and _voló, velle_. 
 
   
 céterís. _Céterí_ is used to denote all not already named ('the 
 
 other'), while _alií_ denotes some of those who have not been already 
 named ('other'). 
   
 specié horribilí, 'of terrible appearance.' ablative of description. 
 
 A noun never stands alone in this construction, 
   
 eárum. See the note on 3, 22. 
   
 contécta. This and factae below are used as predicate adjectives, not 
 
 to form the pluperfect passive with erant. Translate, therefore, 'were 
 covered.' not 'had been covered.'  
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 6 
 vertébantur. The imperfect here denotes customary action, one of its 
 
 regular uses. 
   
 Ille. See the note on 3, 16. 
 
   
 hóc modó, ablative of manner. 
 
   
 vénit, dormiébat. The perfect simply expresses an action which took 
 
 place in past time, the imperfect tells of a state of things existing at 
 that past time. 
   
 fugit. When dum means 'while,' 'as,' it is followed by the present 
 
 indicative, even when used of past events. 
   
 fécit. Like _postquam_, ubi has the present or perfect indicative, 
 
 where English would use the pluperfect. 
   
 2. illó tempore, ablative of time. 
 
   
 régnábat. Observe the force of the tense, and try to find the reason for 
 each change of tense in this paragraph. 
   
 Híc. This must here be translated simply 'he.' Compare the use of Ille, 
 3, 16. 
   
 veniébat. See the note on 4, 18. 
 
   
 omnium, 'of all men.' or 'of all.' The adjective is used as a noun, as 
 
 in the second of the English expressions. 
   
 óráculum. It was believed in antiquity that the will of the gods and a 
 knowledge of future events might be learned at certain shrines, of which 
 the most famous were those of Apollo at Delphi, of Zeus or Jupiter at 
 Dodona, and of Hammon in Egypt. Hammon was really an Egyptian god, 
 represented as having the horns of a ram, but he was identified by the 
 Greeks with Zeus and by the Romans with Jupiter. 
   
 fíliam. Where there is no ambiguity, the possessive is often omitted 
 
 in Latin. 
   
 autem, often, as here, simply introduces an explanation ('now'), 
 
   
 nómine, 'by name.' 
   
 Cépheus. See the note on _Perseus_, 4, 4. 
 
   
 cívís suós, 'his subjects.' 
 
   
 certam. See the note on _quódam_, 3, 15. _Diés_ is regularly 
 
 masculine, but when used of an appointed day it is often feminine. 
   
 omnia, 'all things,' 'everything,' or 'all.' See the note on _omnium_, 
 line 6. 
   
 déplórábant, tenébant. Be careful to show the meaning of the tense by 
 
 your translation. 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 7 
 quaerit. The present is often used of a past action instead of the 
 
 perfect, to bring the action more vividly before us as if it were taking 
 place now. This is called the historical present. 
   
 haec geruntur, 'this is going on.' 
 
   
 horribilí. Here the adjective is made emphatic by being put before 
 
 its noun; in 4, 14 the same effect is gained by putting _horribilí_ last 
 in its clause. 
   
 omnibus, dative of indirect object after the compound verb 
 
 _(in+iació)_. Translate 'inspired in all,' but the literal meaning is 
 'threw into all.' 
   
 induit. See the note on 3, 13. 
 
   
 áera. See the note on 4, 11. 
   
 2. suó, éius. Distinguish carefully between these words. _Suus_ is 
 
 used of something belonging to the subject, _éius_ of something belonging 
 to some other person or thing just mentioned. 
   
 volat. See the note on 4, 25. 
 
   
 sustulit. Notice that the perfect forms of _tolló_ are the same as 
 
 those of _sufferó (sub + feró)_, 'endure.' 
   
 neque, here to be translated 'and ... not.' _Neque_ is thus used 
 
 regularly for _et nón_. 
   
 exanimáta, used here as a predicate adjective. 
 
   
 rettulit. 'To give thanks' or 'thank' is usually _grátiás agere_, as 
 
 in 3, 19; _grátiam referre_ means 'to show one's gratitude,' 'to 
 recompense' or 'requite.' 
   
 dúxit. This word came to mean 'marry,' because the bridegroom 'led' 
 
 his bride in a wedding procession to his own home. It will be seen, 
 therefore, that it can be used only of the man. 
   
 Paucós annós. See the note on 3, 20. 
   
 omnís. What does the quantity of the _i_ tell you about the form? 
 
   
 1. quod, not the relative pronoun, but a conjunction. 
 
   
 eó, the adverb. 
 
   
 in átrium. Although inrúpit means 'burst _into_,' the preposition is 
 nevertheless required with the noun to express the place into which he 
 burst. 
   
 ille. See the note on _Perseus_, 4, 4. 
 
   
 Acrisí. In Nepos, Caesar, Cicero, and Vergil, the genitive singular of 
 
 second-declension nouns in _-ius_ and _-ium_ ends in _í_, not _ií_; but 
 the nominative plural ends in _ií_, and the dative and ablative plural in 
 _iís_. 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 8 
 istud. Remember that _iste_ is commonly used of something connected 
 
 with the person addressed. Here the meaning may be 'that oracle I told 
 you of.' See 3, 4. 
   
 Lárísam. See the note on 3, 12. 
 
   
 neque enim, 'for ... not,' as if simply _nón enim_, but Latin uses _neque_ 
 to connect the clauses. 
   
 in omnís partís, 'in all directions' or 'in every direction.' 
 
   
 Multí. See the note on _omnium_, 5, 6. 
 
   
 discórum. The discus was a round, flat piece of stone or metal, and 
 
 the athletes tried to see who could throw it farthest. 
   
 cású. This is one of the ablatives of manner that do not take _cum_. 
 
   
 stábat. Notice the tense. 
 
   
   
 HERCULES 
   
 2. omnium hominum. This means 'all men' in the sense of 'all mankind.' 
 
   
 óderat. _Ódí_ is perfect in form, but present in meaning; and the 
 
 pluperfect has in like manner the force of an imperfect. 
 mediá nocte, 'in the middle of the night,' 'in the dead of night.' 
 
   
 Nec tamen, 'not ... however.' See the note on _neque enim,_ 7, 12. 
 
   
 movébant. Contrast this tense with appropinquáverant and excitátí 
 
 sunt. 
   
 Tálí modó = _hóc modó_, 4, 20. 
 
   
 á pueró, 'from a boy,' 'from boyhood.' 
 
   
 exercébat, the imperfect of customary action, as is also cónsúmébat. 
   
 autem. See the note on 5, 8. 
 
   
 artí, dative of indirect object with the intransitive verb studébat. 
 
   
 2. omnibus víribus, 'with all his might,' ablative of manner. 
 
   
 é vítá. Notice that the preposition denoting separation appears both 
 
 with the noun and in the verb. Compare _in átrium inrúpit_, 7, 3. 
   
 neque quisquam, 'and not any one,' _i.e_. 'and no one.' _Quisquam_ is 
 
 used chiefly in negative sentences. 
   
 voluit, 'was willing.' 
 
   
 7. facit. See the note on 4, 25.  
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 9 
 nómine. See the note on 5, 8. 
 
   
 vir crúdélissimus, not 'cruelest man,' but 'most cruel man.' The 
 
 superlative is often thus used to denote simply a high degree of the 
 quality. 
   
 cónsuéverat. Inceptive verbs end in _scó_ and denote the beginning of an 
 action or state. The perfect and pluperfect of such verbs often represent 
 the state of things resulting from the completion of the action, and are 
 then to be translated as present and imperfect respectively. So 
 _cónsuéscó_ = 'I am becoming accustomed,' _cónsuéví_ = 'I have become 
 accustomed' or 'am accustomed,' _cónsuéveram_ = 'I had become accustomed' 
 or 'was accustomed.' 
   
 sacrifició, 'for the sacrifice,' dative of purpose. 
 
   
 Why is diés feminine here? See the note on _certam_, 5, 13. 
 
   
 omnia. See the note on 5, 13. 
 
   
 capitibus, dative of indirect object after the compound verb _(in + 
 
 pónó)_. 
   
 iam. The omission of the conjunction that would naturally join this 
 
 clause with the preceding, and the repetition of _iam_, which thus in a 
 way connects the two clauses, reflect the imminence of the danger and 
 heighten our anxiety for the hero. Observe too how the tenses of the 
 verbs contribute to the vividness of the picture. We see Hercules at the 
 altar and the priest, knife in hand, about to give the fatal blow. 
   
 alteró. Supply _íctú_. 
 
   
 Thébís, locative case. Notice that some names of towns are plural in 
 
 form. 
   
 Thébánís, dative with the adjective fínitimí. 
 
   
 autem, 'now.' 
   
 Thébás. Names of towns are used without a preposition to express the 
 
 place to which. 
   
 veniébant, postulábant, imperfect of customary action. 
 
   
 cívís suós, 'his fellow-citizens.' Compare 5, 10. 
 
   
 hóc stípendió, ablative of separation. 
   
 atque. This conjunction adds an important statement by way of 
 
 supplement. Here the meaning is something like 'and not only that, but.' 
   
 11. conversa. _Est_ and _sunt_ are frequently not expressed with the 
 
 perfect participle. 
   
 suós ipse suá. Notice how the enormity of the crime is emphasized by 
 
 the use of all these words repeating the same idea.  
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 10 
 óráculum Delphicum. See the note on 5, 6. 
 
   
 hóc óráculum omnium = _hóc omnium óráculórum_. 
   
 Hóc in templó. Monosyllabic prepositions often stand between the 
 
 noun and an adjective modifying it. 
   
 1. quí. Remember that the relative pronoun agrees in gender, number, 
 
 and person with its antecedent; that its case depends upon its use. How 
 are the person and number of quí shown? 
   
 hominibus. See the note on 9, 2. 
 
   
 neque. See the note on 6, 8. 
 
   
 Tíryntha. This is a Greek accusative form. See the note on _áera_, 
 
 4, 11. 
   
 Duodecim annós, accusative of duration of time. 
 
   
 Eurystheó. The English verb 'serve' is transitive, but _servió_ ('be 
 
 subject to') is intransitive and takes an indirect object. 
   
 quae. See the note on line 1. What is the case of quae? 
 
   
 Prímum is chiefly used in enumeration, prímó (line 6) in contrasting 
 
 an action or state with one that follows it. 
   
 sécum. The preposition _cum_ follows and is joined to the reflexive 
 
 and personal pronouns, usually also to the relative pronoun. 
   
 neque enim. See the note on 7, 12. 
 
   
 respírandí, the genitive of the gerund. It modifies facultás. The 
 
 gerund corresponds to the English verbal noun in _-ing_. 
   
 5. Hóc. We might expect _haec_ referring to Hydram, but a 
 
 demonstrative pronoun is commonly attracted into the gender of the 
 predicate noun (here mónstrum). 
   
 cui erant, 'which had,' literally 'to which there were.' This 
 construction is found only with _sum_. It is called the dative of 
 possession. 
   
 rés. In rendering this word choose always with great freedom the most 
 
 suitable English word. 
   
 8. mágní perículí. We say 'one of great danger.' 
 
   
 éius. What possessive would be used to modify sinistrá? 
 
   
 hóc cónátú, ablative of separation. 
 
   
 comprehendérunt. See the note on 3, 13. 
 
   
 unde = _ex quibus_. 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 11 
 auxilió Hydrae, 'to the aid of the Hydra,' but literally for aid 
 
 (i.e. as aid) to the Hydra,' for Hydrae is dative. This is called the 
 double dative construction, auxilió the dative of purpose, and Hydrae the 
 dative of reference, i.e. the dative denoting the person interested. 
   
 abscídit. See the note on 4, 25. 
 
   
 mordébat, 'kept biting,' the imperfect of repeated action. 
   
 tálí modó. See the note on 9, 13. 
 
   
 interfécit. We have now had several verbs meaning 'kill.' _Interfició_ is 
 the most general of these; _necó_ (line 4) is used of killing by unusual 
 or cruel means, as by poison; _occídó_ (12, 23) is most commonly used of 
 the 'cutting down' of an enemy in battle. 
   
 reddidit, as well as imbuit, has sagittás for its object, but we must 
 
 translate as if we had _eás_ with reddidit. 
   
 ad sé. Compare this construction with the use of the dative in 4, 2. 
 
 Notice that sé does not refer to Herculem, the subject of referre, but to 
 Eurystheus, the subject of Iussit. When the reflexive thus refers to the 
 subject of the principal verb rather than to the subject of the 
 subordinate verb with which it s directly connected, it is called 
 indirect. 
   
 tantae audáciae. The genitive of description, like the ablative of 
 
 description, consists always of a noun with some modifying word. Compare 
 _specié horribilí_, 4, 14. 
   
 autem. Compare 5, 8 and 10, 21. 
   
 incrédibilí celeritáte, ablative of description. 
 
   
 vestígiís, ablative of means. 
 
   
 ipsum, contrasts cervum with vestígiís. 
 
   
 omnibus víribus. See the note on 10, 2. 
 
   
 1. currébat, 'he kept running.' 
 
   
 sibi, dative of reference. It need not be translated, 
   
 ad quiétem, 'for rest.' Purpose is frequently thus expressed by _ad_. 
   
 cucurrerat. The pluperfect is sometimes used with postquam when the 
 
 lapse of time is denoted. 
   
 cursú, ablative of cause. 
 
   
 exanimátum = _quí exanimátus erat_. The participle is often equivalent to 
 a relative clause. 
   
 rettulit. See the note on 13, 19. 
 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 12 
 rem. See the note on _rés_, 13, 8. 
 
   
 apró, dative of indirect object after the compound verb (_ob + 
 
 curró_). 
   
 tímóre perterritus. It is not necessary to translate both words. 
 
   
 iniécit, i.e. upon the boar. 
 
   
 summá cum difficultáte. Compare this with _omnibus víribus_, 13, 27, and 
 notice that _cum_ may be omitted with the ablative of manner when there 
 is an adjective. For the position of cum, see the note on 11, 25. 
   
 ad Eurystheum. We are told elsewhere that Eurystheus was so 
 
 frightened when he saw the boar that he hid in a cask. 
   
 vívus. Why have we the nominative here, but the accusative (vívum) in 
 line 5? 
   
 quartó. The capture of the Erymanthian boar is usually given as the 
 
 third labor and the capture of the Cerynean stag as the fourth. 
   
 nárrávimus. The writer sometimes uses the first person plural in speaking 
 of himself, instead of the first person singular. This is called the 
 plural of modesty, and is the same as the English usage. 
   
 in Arcadiam. How does this differ in meaning from _in Arcadiá_? 
 
   
 appeteret. The subjunctive introduced by cum, 'since,' may express 
 
 the reason for the action of the main verb. 
   
 Herculés. See the note on _Perseus_, 4, 4. 
 
   
 quod, conjunction, not pronoun. 
 
   
 reliquós centaurós, 'the rest of the centaurs,' 'the other centaurs.' 
 Compare _mediá nocte_, 9, 5. Notice that _reliquí_ means about the same 
 as _céterí_, and see the note on 4, 13. 
   
 inquit, historical present. This verb is used parenthetically with 
 
 direct quotations. 
   
 1. dabó. Notice that Latin is more exact than English in the use of 
 
 the future tense in subordinate clauses. In English we often use the 
 present in the subordinate clause and leave it to the principal verb to 
 show that the time is future. 
   
 pervénérunt. See the note on 4, 26. 
 
   
 cónstitit, from _cónsistó_, not _cónstó_. 
 
   
 fugá. Latin says 'by flight,' not 'in flight.' 
 
   
 ex spéluncá. See the note on 10, 3. 
 
   
 locum, the direct object of Adiit, which is here transitive. We might 
 
 also have _ad locum_ with _adeó_ used intransitively.  
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 13 
 4. Herculí. See the note on 10, 15. 
 
   
 labórem. This labor is usually given as the sixth, the destruction of the 
 Stymphalian birds as the fifth. 
   
 tria mília boum, 'three thousand cattle,' literally 'three thousands 
 
 of cattle.' The partitive genitive is the regular construction with the 
 plural _mília_, but the singular _mílle_ is commonly used as an 
 adjective, like English 'thousand.' Thus 'one thousand cattle' would be 
 _mílle bovés_. 
   
 ingentís mágnitúdinis. See the note on _tantae audáciae_, 13, 23. 
 
   
 neque enim umquam, 'for ... never.' See the note on _neque enim_, 7, 
 
 12. 
   
 multae operae. See the note on _mágní perículí_, 13, 8. 
 
   
 duodévígintí pedum, i.e. in width. 
 
   
 dúxit. This word is used with reference to the progress of work on a wall 
 or ditch from one end of it to the other. 
   
 opus. Compare this word with operae and labóre, line 12. _Labor_ is 
 
 used of heavy or exhausting labor, _opera_ of voluntary exertion or 
 effort, _opus_ of that upon which one labors or of the completed work. 
   
 imperáverat. This verb takes an indirect object to express the person 
 
 ordered (eí). The action commanded is expressed by the subjunctive in a 
 clause introduced by _ut_ and used as the object of _imperó_ (ut 
 necáret). Notice that this may be translated 'that he should kill' or 'to 
 kill.' Compare now the construction with _iubeó_, 13, 22, with which the 
 command is expressed by the accusative and infinitive (_Herculem 
 referre_). 
   
 carne. _Véscor_ is an intransitive verb and governs the ablative. 
 
   
 appropinquandí. See the note on 12, 26. 
 
   
 cónstitit, from _cónstó_. Compare 15, 10. 
 
   
 pedibus, 'on foot,' literally 'by his feet.' 
   
 consúmpsisset. The imperfect and pluperfect tenses of the subjunctive 
 
 are used with cum, 'when,' to describe the circumstances of the action of 
 the main verb. Compare 14, 20, and the note. 
   
 hóc cónátú. See the note on 13, 11. 
 
   
 peteret. The subjunctive is used with ut to express purpose. The best 
 
 translation is usually the infinitive ('to ask'), but the Latin 
 infinitive is not used in model prose to express purpose. 
   
 3. ávolárent. This is not subjunctive of purpose, but of result, as 
 
 is indicated by tam. 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 14 
 ex. Compare this with _ab_, 16, 21, and _dé_, 16, 13. We commonly 
 
 translate all of these 'from,' but the real meanings are 'out of,' 'away 
 from,' and 'down from' respectively. 
   
 Crétá. See the note on 3, 12. 
   
 esset. See the note on 14, 20. 
 
   
 ínsulae, dative with the compound verb (_ad_ + _propinquó_). 
 
   
 appropinquáret. See the note on 16, 25. 
   
 tanta ... ut. Notice how frequently the clause of result is connected 
 
 with a demonstrative word in the main clause. 
   
 návigandí imperítus, 'ignorant of navigation,' 'inexperienced in 
 
 sailing.' See the note on 12, 26. 
   
 cum, the conjunction. 
 
   
 ingentí labóre. See the note on _summá cum difficultáte_, 14, 13. 
   
 ut redúceret. See the note on 16, 27. 
 
   
 carne. See the note on 16, 19. 
 
   
 véscébantur, imperfect of customary action. 
   
 3. ut tráderentur. Notice that _postuló_, like _imperó_, takes an 
 
 object-clause introduced by _ut_ and having its verb in the subjunctive. 
   
 sibi, the indirect reflexive. See the note on 13, 22. 
   
 írá ... interfécit, 'became furiously angry and killed the king,' 
 
 literally 'moved by wrath killed the king.' The participle is frequently 
 best rendered by a finite verb. 
   
 4. cadáver. The subject of an infinitive stands in the accusative 
 
 case. We might translate here 'and gave orders that his body should be 
 thrown.' See the note on 16, 17. 
   
 míra rérum commútátió. When a noun has both an adjective and a 
 
 genitive modifier, this order of the words is common. 
   
 cum cruciátú, ablative of manner. 
 
   
 necáverat. See the note on _interfécit_, 13, 18. 
   
 referébant. See the note on 6, 16. 
 
   
 modo. This is the adverb, not a case of _modus_, the dative and ablative 
 singular of which would be _modó_. Make a practice of carefully observing 
 the quantity of vowels. 
   
 órábant. Notice that this verb, like _imperó_ and _postuló_, takes 
 
 _ut_ and the subjunctive.  
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 15 
 ad návigandum. See the note on _ad quiétem_, 14, 1. 
 
   
 post, here an adverb of time. 
 
   
 dícitur. Notice that the Latin construction is personal ('the nation 
 
 is said to have consisted'), while English commonly has the impersonal 
 construction ('it is said that the nation consisted'). 
   
 reí mílitáris, 'the art of war.' 
 
   
 mandávit. See the note on 16, 17. 
 
   
 Amázonibus, dative after the compound verb. 
 
   
 1. persuásit. Notice that this verb governs the same construction 
 
 that we have already found used with _imperó_ and _mandó_. 
   
 sécum. See the note on 12, 19. 
 
   
 appulit. Supply _návem_. 
 
   
 docéret. A clause of purpose is frequently introduced by a relative. 
 
 Translate like the _ut_-clause of purpose, here 'to make known,' 
 literally 'who was to make known.' 
   
 mágnó interválló, ablative of degree of difference. 
 
   
 nón mágna. The effect of the position of these words may be 
 
 reproduced by translating 'but not a large one.' 
   
 neutrí. The plural is used because the reference is to two parties, each 
 composed of several individuals. 'Neither' of two individuals would be 
 _neuter_. 
   
 volébant, dedit. Consider the tenses. Each army waited for some time 
 
 for the other to cross; finally Hercules gave the signal. 
   
 occíderint. The perfect subjunctive is sometimes used in result 
 
 clauses after a past tense in the principal clause. This is contrary to 
 the general principle of the sequence of tenses, which requires the 
 imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive after a past tense, the present or 
 perfect subjunctive after a present or future tense. 
   
 Virí. Compare this with _hominibus_, 12, 2. 
 
   
 praestábant. Compare the tense with praestitérunt, line 21. 
 
   
 neu. As _neque_ or _nec_ is used for 'and not,' so _néve_ or _neu_ 
 
 for 'and that not' in an object-clause or a clause of purpose. 
   
 1. quibus, 'and by these,' The relative is much used in Latin to 
 
 connect a new sentence with the one preceding. When so used, it is 
 generally best rendered by 'and' or 'but' and a demonstrative or personal 
 pronoun. 
   
 ita ... ut. See the note on 17, 9. 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 16 
 essent, most easily explained as the subjunctive of attraction. By 
 
 this is meant that the verb is attracted into the mood of the clause upon 
 which it depends. 
   
 púgnátum est, 'the battle raged' or 'they fought,' literally 'it was 
 
 fought,' Intransitive verbs are often thus used impersonally in the 
 passive, with the subject implied in the verb itself, as púgnátum 
 est = _púgna púgnáta est_. 
   
 aestátis, partitive genitive. Notice that multum is used as a noun. 
 
   
 nactus. The perfect active participle is wanting in Latin, but the 
 
 perfect participle of deponent verbs is active in meaning. 
   
 specié horribilí. See the note on 4, 14. 
 
   
 timóre perterrití. See the note on 14, 11. 
 
   
 continébantur, 'kept themselves shut up.' This is the so-called reflexive 
 use of the passive, in which the subject is represented as acting upon 
 itself. 
   
 pecora. This word is used of herds of cattle, pecudés (line 25) of single 
 animals, especially sheep. 
   
 commótus cónsuluit. See the note on 18, 4. 
 
   
 3. líberáret. See the note on 16, 27. 
 
   
 óráculó. Notice that párére is intransitive and has the dative of 
 indirect object, while 'obey' is transitive. It may help to understand 
 the Latin construction if you translate such verbs as _páreó_ by 
 intransitives, here 'to submit to.' 
   
 sacrifició. See the note on 10, 11. 
 
   
 ipsó temporis punctó quó, 'at the very moment when.' 
 
   
 égressus. See the note on 20, 13. 
 
   
 dé rébus ... factus est, 'was informed of the state of things,' literally 
 'was made more certain about the things which were being done.' In what 
 gender, number, person, and case is quae? Give a reason for each. 
   
 posset. The subjunctive is used because the words of the king are 
 
 quoted indirectly. He said _sí potes_, 'if you can.' 
   
 Ipse. Notice the use of this word in contrasts, frequently, as here, 
 
 of a person with that which belongs to him or with his subordinates. 
   
 inter sé, 'to one another.' 
 
   
 esset, subjunctive in an indirect question. The direct form would be 
 
 _Quantum perículum est_? ('How great is the danger?'). multás terrás, 
 just as we say 'many lands,' 
   
 Európae. Compare _Thébánís_, 10, 21. 
 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 17 
 in utróque lítore, 'on each shore,' 'on both shores.' 
 
   
 columnás. The ancients believed that the Rock of Gibraltar was the 
 
 pillar set up by Hercules on the European side. 
   
 4. tantum, an adverb. 
 
   
 dederit. See the note on 19, 22. 
 
   
 quó in locó. See the note on 11, 25. essent. See the note on 21, 22. 
 
   
 sibi, the indirect reflexive. 
 
   
 et ... et, 'both ... and.' 
 
   
 prógredí, 'from proceeding.' 
 
   
 prohibébant, 'attempted to prevent,' imperfect of attempted action. 
 
 Notice that the use of the imperfect to express customary, repeated, or 
 attempted action follows naturally from its use to denote action going on 
 in past time. The present, the tense which denotes action going on in 
 present time, has the same special uses. 
   
 barbarí. This word was used by the Greeks of all other peoples; by 
 
 the Romans it was used of all but the Greeks and themselves. 
   
 cecidérunt. Let the quantity of the _i_ tell you whether this comes 
 
 from _cadó_ or _caedó_. Is occíderint a compound of _cadó_ or _caedó_? 
   
 in tálibus rébus, _i.e_. when a god intervenes in behalf of his 
 
 favorite. 
   
 nihil incommodí, 'no harm,' literally 'nothing of harm'; incommodí is 
 
 partitive genitive. 
   
 2. quam celerrimé, 'as rapidly as possible.' _Quam_ with the 
 
 superlative expresses the highest possible degree. 
   
 Necesse, predicate adjective with erat, the subject being hás 
 
 tránsíre. 
   
 citerióre. The Romans called upper Italy _Gallia Citerior_, 'Hither 
 
 Gaul,' because it was occupied by Gallic tribes. 
   
 perenní. Learn the derivation of this word. The meaning of a word may 
 
 often be seen most easily and remembered most surely by noticing its 
 derivation, 
   
 téctí, used as predicate adjective. 
   
 cópiam. Notice carefully the meaning of this word. In what sense have 
 
 we found the plural _cópiae_ used? 
   
 rébus, 'preparations.' See the note on _rés_, 13, 8. 
 
   
 cónsúmpserat. See the note on 14, 3. 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 18 
 omnium opíniónem. Hitherto we have had _opíniónem omnium_, but here 
 
 _omnium_ is made emphatic by being placed first. 
   
 itinere, ablative of cause. 
 
   
 fessus, 'since he was weary.' Notice that a Latin adjective or participle 
 must often be expanded into a clause in the translation. 
   
 Haud = _nón_. It modifies a single word, usually an adjective or 
 
 adverb. 
   
 modo. See the note on 18, 10. 
 
   
 ingentí mágnitúdine. Compare _ingentis mágnitúdinis_, 16, 7. 
   
 boum. Learn the declension of this word from the vocabulary. 
 
   
 né. A negative clause of purpose is introduced by _né_. 
 
   
 2. omnibus locís. _Locus_ modified by an adjective is often used 
 
 without _in_ in the ablative of place. 
   
 núsquam. We say 'could not find anywhere,' but Latin prefers to 
 
 combine the negative with another word. 
   
 reliquís. See the note on _reliquós centaurós_, 14, 26. 
 
   
 é bóbus. Compare _boum_, 23, 23. With únus the ablative with _ex_ or 
 
 _dé_ is commonly used instead of the partitive genitive. 
   
 neque quicquam. See the note on 10, 4. 
 
   
 móre suó, 'according to his custom.' 
 
   
 turbátus, 'was confused ... and.' See the note on _íra ... interfécit_, 
 18, 4. 
   
 in. See the note on _in átrium_, 7, 3. 
 
   
 respírandí. See the note on 12, 26. 
 
   
 2. quam quós, for _quam eós quós_. 
 
   
 cui. See the note on _cui erant_, 13, 5. 
 
   
 Herculí imperáverat, 'had enjoined upon Hercules.' 
 
   
 Eurystheó. See the note on _óráculó_, 21, 3. 
 
   
 quaesíverat. With this verb the person of whom the question is asked 
 
 is expressed in the ablative with _ab, dé_, or _ex_. 
   
 orbis terrárum, 'of the world,' literally 'of the circle of lands.' 
 
   
 umerís suís, ablative of means, but we say 'on his shoulders.' 
 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 19 
 né. See the note on 23, 24. 
   
 décideret. Notice the force of the prefix _dé_. 
   
 mírátus, 'wondering at.' The perfect participle of deponent verbs is 
 
 often best rendered into English by a present participle. 
   
 3. Herculí, dative with pródesse. 
 
   
 ille. See the note on _Perseus_, 4, 4. 
   
 certó, the adverb. 
 
   
 vénisset. What would the form be in the direct question? 
 
   
 inquit. See the note on 14, 28. 
   
 fíliábus. To avoid confusion with the corresponding forms of 
 
 _deus_ and _fílius_, the dative and ablative plural of _dea_ and _fília_ 
 sometimes end in _ábus_. 
   
 sponte. This noun is practically confined to the ablative singular, in 
 prose usually with _meá, tuá_, or _suá_, 'of my, your, his own accord.' 
   
 posset, subjunctive because indirect. The thought of Hercules was _sí 
 
 potest_. 
   
 abesset. This also is indirect, quoting _absum_. 
 
   
 umerís. See the note on 25, 26. 
 
   
 pauca mília. Extent of space, like duration of time, is expressed by 
 
 the accusative, 
   
 passuum. See the note on 16, 6. 
   
 ita ut, 'as' 
 
   
 accépissent. Hitherto we have found the indicative in causal clauses 
 introduced by quod. The subjunctive indicates that the reason is quoted; 
 the Hesperides said _quod accépimus_. 
   
 grátiás égit. See the note on 6, 16. 
 
   
 2. é labóribus. See the note on 24, 7. 
 
   
 Herculí praecéperat = _Herculí imperáverat_, 25, 12. 
 
   
 posset, subjunctive because it quotes the thought of Eurystheus, 
 
 _poterit_. 
   
 ut ... traheret. This clause is not itself the object of dedit, but in 
 
 apposition with the object (Negótium). 
   
 omnium, partitive genitive. 
 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 20 
 nárrámus. The present is sometimes used with antequam to express 
 
 future action, as in English with 'before.' See the note on 15, 1. 
   
 aliénum, predicate adjective, the subject of vidétur being pauca ... 
 própónere. In the passive _videó_ may mean 'be seen,' but it usually 
 means 'seem.' 
   
 qui ídem, 'which also,' literally 'which the same.' 
 
   
 Ut, 'when.' 
 
   
 dédúcébantur, customary action. 
 
   
 Stygis flúminis. We say 'river Styx,' but 'Mississippi River.' 
 
   
 quó, ablative of means. 
   
 necesse. See the note on 23, 3. 
 
   
 possent. The subjunctive is used with antequam to denote that the action 
 is expected or intended. 
   
 in. We say 'over.' 
 
   
 prius. Notice that Latin is here more exact than English, using the 
 
 comparative because only two actions are spoken of. 
   
 dedisset, subjunctive because indirect. Charon said _nisi dederis_ 
 (future perfect), _nón tránsveham_, 'unless you first give (shall have 
 given), I will not carry you across.' 
   
 1. mortuí, used as a noun, 'of the dead man.' 
 
   
 eó cónsilió, 'with this purpose,' 'to this end.' The clause ut ... posset 
 is in apposition with cónsilió. 
   
 Ut. Compare 27, 14. 
 
   
 quod cum fécissent, 'and when they had done this.' See the note on 
 
 _quibus_, 20, 1. 
   
 Stábant, 'there stood.' What is its subject? 
 
   
 mortuís, dative of indirect object. 
 
   
 Notice that ambiguity is avoided by a change of conjunctions, et 
 
 connecting the clauses and -que connecting praemia and poenás. Of these 
 connectives, _et_ connects two ideas that are independent of each other 
 and of equal importance; _-que_ denotes a close connection, often of two 
 words that together express a single idea; while _ac_ or _atque_ (see 
 line 18) adds something of greater importance. 
   
 et. _Multí_ is often joined by _et_ to another adjective modifying 
 
 the same noun. 
   
 ex. Compare 25, 18. 
 
   
 sé sociós, direct object and predicate accusative respectively. 
 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 21 
 3. né. After verbs of fearing _né_ must be rendered 'that,' _ut_, 
 
 'that not.' Notice, however, that the negative idea is as clearly present 
 here as in the other clauses introduced by _né_ that we have met, for 
 Charon wishes that the thing may not happen. 
   
 fécisset, indirect for _féceris_. 
 
   
 refúgerit. See the note on 19, 22. 
 
   
 quae cum ita essent, 'and this being the case,' 'and so,' literally 
 
 'since which things were so.' 
   
 líberátus. See the note on _írá ... interfécit_, 18, 4. 
 
   
 quae, object of perscríbere, which is the subject of est; longum is 
 
 predicate adjective. 
   
 est. We say 'would be.' 
 
   
 aetáte, ablative of specification. Translate 'when he was now advanced in 
 age' (_i.e_. 'late in life'), and see the note on _fessus_, 23, 15. 
   
 1. accidit. This is one of several impersonal verbs which take for 
 
 their subject a clause of result (ut ... occíderit). 
   
 ut ... íret, a clause of result; used as the subject of esset, mós 
 
 being predicate. 
   
 quis. After _sí, nisi, né_, and _num_, this is not the interrogative, but 
 an indefinite pronoun ('any one'), 
   
 occídisset, indirect for _occíderit_, which would be the form used in the 
 laws; or it may be explained as subjunctive by attraction to íret. 
   
 tránseant, not 'they are crossing,' but 'they are to cross.' The 
 
 direct form would be _tránseámus ('How in the world are we to get 
 across?'), subjunctive because the question expresses doubt. This is 
 called the deliberative subjunctive. 
   
 prógressus, 'after advancing.' 
 
   
 revertébátur. This verb is deponent in the present, imperfect, and 
 
 future. 
   
 humí, locative, 'on the ground.' 
 
   
 né. See the note on 23, 24. 
   
 suí ulcíscendí, 'of avenging himself.' This is called the gerundive 
 construction. It is regularly used instead of the gerund when the gerund 
 would have an accusative object (_sé ulcíscendí_). Notice that the gerund 
 is a verbal noun; the gerundive a verbal adjective, agreeing with its 
 noun like any other adjective. 
   
 morientis, 'of a dying man.' Compare _mortuí_, 28, 1. 
 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 22 
 vís, from _voló_. 
 
   
 sí ... vénerit, 'if you ever suspect him.' What is the literal 
 
 meaning? Notice that we use the present, while Latin by the use of the 
 future perfect indicates that the action is to precede that of the main 
 clause. 
   
 inficiés. The future indicative is sometimes used, as in English, for 
 
 the imperative. 
   
 nihil malí. See the note on 22, 26. 
 
   
 suspicáta. See the note on 25, 27. 
   
 Iolén, fíliam, captívam, direct object, appositive, and predicate 
 
 accusative respectively. 
   
 domum. See the note on _ad domum_, 3, 15. 
 
   
 1. referret. See the note on 19, 6. 
 
   
 facerent, subjunctive by attraction. The verb of a clause dependent 
 
 upon an infinitive is put in the subjunctive when the two clauses are 
 closely connected in thought. We have already met this construction in 
 the case of dependence upon a subjunctive; see the note on 20, 2. 
   
 gerere. Compare 30, 3. Such phrases as _mós est_ may have as subject 
 either an infinitive or a clause of result. 
   
 verita. This participle is regularly rendered as present, 
 
   
 né. See the note on 29, 3. 
   
 vestem. Notice that the position of this word helps to make it clear 
 
 that it is the object of ínfécit as well as of dedit. 
   
 suspicáns. This does not differ appreciably in force from _suspicáta_, 
 
 30, 22. 
   
 exanimátus, 'beside himself.' 
 
   
 succenderent. Notice the force of the prefix _sub_ in this word and 
 
 in subdidit below. 
   
 inductus, 'moved.' 
 
   
   
 THE ARGONAUTS 
   
 1. alter ... alter, 'one ... the other.' Remember that this word is 
 
 used to denote one of two given persons or things. We have in this 
 passage an instance of the chiastic order, in which variety and emphasis 
 are gained by reversing the position of the words in the second of two 
 similar expressions. Here the two names are brought together by this 
 device. 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 23 
 régní, objective genitive, _i.e_. a genitive used to denote the object 
 
 of the feeling cupiditáte. 
   
 ex amícís. Quídam, like _únus_, commonly has _ex_ or _dé_ and the 
 
 ablative, instead of the partitive genitive. 
   
 puerum mortuum esse, 'that the boy was dead,' literally 'the boy to 
 
 be dead.' This is indirect for _Puer mortuus est_, 'The boy is dead.' 
 Notice carefully what changes Latin makes in quoting such a statement 
 indirectly, and what the changes are in English. We have already met two 
 constructions of indirect discourse, the subjunctive in indirect 
 questions, and the subjunctive in informal indirect discourse. By the 
 latter is meant a subordinate clause which, though not forming part of a 
 formal quotation, has the subjunctive to show that not the speaker or 
 writer but some other person is responsible for the idea it expresses 
 (see the notes on _dedisset_, 27, 25, and _occídisset_. 30, 3). In 
 indirect discourse, then, a statement depending upon a verb of saying, 
 thinking, knowing, perceiving, or the like has its verb in the infinitive 
 with the subject in the accusative; a command or question has its verb in 
 the subjunctive; and any clause modifying such a statement, command, or 
 question has its verb in the subjunctive. 
   
 13. intellegerent. See the note on 14, 20. 
 
   
 nesció quam fábulam, 'some story or other.' Notice that _nesció_ with 
 
 the interrogative pronoun is equivalent to an indefinite pronoun. 
   
 óráculum. Read again the description beginning at the bottom of 
 
 page 11. 
   
 quis. See the note on 30, 3. 
 
   
 Post paucís annís, 'a few years later,' literally 'later by a few years.' 
 Post is here an adverb, and paucís annís ablative of degree of 
 difference. The expression is equivalent to _post paucós annós_. 
   
 accidit. See the note on 30, 1. 
 
   
 factúrus, 'intending to make.' The future participle with a form of _sum_ 
 is used to express an intended or future action. This is called the 
 active periphrastic conjugation. 
   
 certam. See the note on 5, 13. 
 
   
 Dié cónstitútá, ablative of time. 
 
   
 á pueritiá. Compare _á pueró_, 9, 20. 
 
   
 2. tránseundó flúmine. See the note on _suí ulcíscendí_, 30, 16. 
 
   
 nesció quó. See the note on 33. 14. 
   
 únó pede núdó, 'with one foot bare,' the ablative absolute. This 
 
 construction consists of two parts, a noun, or pronoun corresponding to 
 the subject of a clause, and a participle corresponding to the verb of a 
 clause. A predicate noun or adjective may take the place of the 
 participle. In the latter case the use of the participle 'being' will 
 show the two parts in the relation of subject and predicate, 'one foot 
 being bare.' 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 24 
 34.6. démónstrávisset, subjunctive because subordinate in indirect 
 discourse. See the note on 33, 10. Pelias thought, _Híc est homó quem 
 óráculum démónstrávit_. 
   
 vellus aureum. Phrixus and his sister Helle were about to be put to 
 
 death, when they were rescued by a ram with fleece of gold, who carried 
 them off through the air. Helle fell from the ram's back into the strait 
 that separates Europe and Asia, called after her the Hellespont, 'Helle's 
 sea,' and known to us as the Dardanelles. Phrixus came safely to Colchis, 
 and here he sacrificed the ram and gave the fleece to Aeetes. Read Mr. 
 D.O.S. Lowell's _Jason's Quest_. 
   
 ut ... potírétur. See the note on 27, 6. 
 
   
 hóc vellere. _Potior_ takes the same construction as _véscor_, for which 
 see the note on 16, 19. 
   
 iter, accusative of extent. 
 
   
 úsuí, dative of purpose. We say 'of use' or 'useful.' 
 
   
 operí dative after the compound with _prae_. Notice that not all 
 
 verbs compounded with prepositions govern the dative. Many compounds of 
 _ad, ante, com_ (for _cum_), _in, inter, ob, post, prae, pró, sub_, and 
 _super_ do have the dative, and some compounds of _circum_. You will find 
 it profitable to keep a list of all such compound verbs governing the 
 dative that you meet in your reading. 
   
 né ... quidem, 'not ... even.' The word emphasized must stand between 
 
 _né_ and _quidem_. 
   
 ad labórem. See the note on _ad quiétem_, 14, 1. 
   
 Ad multitúdinem tránsportandam, used like _ad labórem_. The gerundive 
 
 in this use is very common. 
   
 quibus. The antecedent _eae_ is not expressed. Notice that _útor_ 
 
 governs the same case as _véscor_ and _potior_. Two other deponent verbs, 
 not found in this book, take this construction, namely _fruor_, 'enjoy,' 
 and _fungor_, 'perform.' 
   
 nostró marí, _i.e_. the Mediterranean. 
   
 cónsuévimus. See the note on _cónsuéverat_, 10, 9. 
   
 8. citharoedum. It was said that Orpheus made such sweet music on his 
 
 golden harp that wild beasts, trees, and rocks followed him as he moved. 
 By his playing he even prevailed upon Pluto to give back his dead wife 
 Eurydice. 
   
 Théseum, a mythical hero, whose exploits resemble and rival those of 
 Hercules. The most famous of them was the killing of the Minotaur. 
 Theseus was the national hero of Athens. 
   
 Castorem, the famous tamer of horses and brother of Pollux, the boxer. 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 25 
 Read Macaulay's _Lays of Ancient Rome, The Battle of the Lake Regillus_. 
   
 quós, the subject of esse. Its antecedent is eós, line 11. The 
 
 relative frequently precedes in Latin, but the antecedent must be 
 translated first. 
   
 Argonautae. Notice the composition of this word. 
 
   
 déicerentur, part of the result clause. 
 
   
 arbitrátí. See the note on 25, 27. 
 
   
 égredí. See the note on 22, 18. 
   
 púgnátum est. See the note on 20 4. 
 
   
 5. Postrídié éius diéí, 'the next day,' more literally 'on the day 
 
 following that day.' This idea may be expressed by _postrídié_ alone, and 
 the fuller expression is simply more formal. 
   
 in ancorís, 'at anchor.' 
 
   
 habérent. See the note on 34, 6. 
 
   
 ex Argonautís. See the note on 33, 6. 
 
   
 Quí, 'he.' See the note on _quibus_, 20, 1. 
 
   
 dum quaerit, 'while looking for.' The present indicative with _dum_ is 
 often to be translated by a present participle. 
   
 vídissent. We say 'saw,' but Latin makes it plain that the seeing 
 
 (and falling in love) came before the attempt to persuade. 
   
 eí. Keep a list of all intransitive verbs which are used with the dative. 
   
 negáret. This verb is commonly used instead of _dícó_ when a negative 
 
 statement follows; when thus used, it should be translated by 'say' with 
 the appropriate negative, here 'said that he would not.' 
   
 1. praebuisset, subjunctive in a subordinate clause of indirect 
 
 discourse. 
   
 supplicí. See the note on 7, 8. 
 
   
 accubuerat. The Romans reclined at table, supporting themselves on the 
 
 left arm and taking the food with the right hand. They naturally 
 represented others as eating in the same way. 
   
 appositum, 'that had been placed before him.' See the note on 
 _exanimátum_, 14, 4. 
   
 Quó ... morerétur, 'and so it came to pass that Phineus was nearly 
 
 dying of starvation,' literally 'that not much was wanting but that 
 Phineus would die.' Ut ... abesset is a clause of result, the subject of 
 factum est; quin ... morerétur is a form of subordinate clause with 
 subjunctive verb used after certain negative expressions; famé is 
 ablative of cause. Notice that _famés_ has a fifth-declension ablative, 
 but is otherwise of the third declension. 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 26 
 Rés male sé habébat, 'the situation was desperate.' What is the 
 
 literal meaning? 
   
 opíniónem virtútis, 'reputation for bravery.' 
 
   
 quín ferrent. Negative expressions of doubt are regularly followed by 
 
 _quín_ and the subjunctive. 
   
 quantó in perículó. See the note on 11, 25. 
 
   
 suae rés, 'his affairs.' See the note on _rés_, 13, 8. 
   
 repperissent. Phineus used the future perfect indicative. 
 
   
 nihil, used adverbially. 
 
   
 áera. See the note on 4, 11. 
 
   
 Hóc factó, 'when this had been accomplished.' See the note on 34, 4. 
 
 The ablative absolute is often used instead of a subordinate clause of 
 time, cause, condition, or the like. 
   
 1. referret. See the note on 6, 16. 
 
   
 eó cónsilió. See the note on 28, 1. 
 
   
 né quis, 'that no one.' 'Negative clauses of purpose and negative 
 
 clauses of result may be distinguished by the negative: _né, né quís_, 
 etc., for purpose; _ut nón, ut némó_, etc., for result. 
   
 parvó interválló, 'a short distance apart,' ablative absolute. See the 
 note on 34, 1. 
   
 in medium spatium, 'between them.' 
 
   
 quid faciendum esset, 'what was to be done.' The gerundive is used 
 
 with _sum_ to denote necessary action. This is called the passive 
 periphrastic conjugation. 
   
 sublátís ... solvit, 'weighed anchor and put to sea.' What is the 
 
 literal translation? The ablative absolute is often best translated by a 
 coördinate verb, and this requires a change of voice, for the lack of a 
 perfect active participle in Latin is the reason for the use of the 
 ablative absolute in such cases. If there were a perfect active 
 participle, it would stand in the nominative, modifying the subject, as 
 we have found the perfect participle of deponent verbs doing. 
   
 réctá ... spatium, 'straight between them.' 
 
   
 caudá tantum ámissá, 'having lost only its tail-feathers.' Notice 
 
 that we change the voice, as in line 8, and that the use of the ablative 
 absolute is resorted to here for the same reason as in that passage. Make 
 sure at this point that you know three ways in which the ablative 
 absolute may be translated, as in this passage, as in line 8, and as 
 suggested in the note on 37, 27. 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 27 
 concurrerent, 'could rush together.' See the note on _possent_, 27, 
 
 20. 
   
 intellegentés, equivalent to _cum intellegerent_. 
   
 dís, the usual form of the dative and ablative plural of _deus_, as 
 
 _dí_ of the nominative plural. 
   
 quórum, equivalent to _cum eórum_. A relative clause of cause, like a 
 _cum_-clause of cause, has its verb in the subjunctive. 
   
 negábat. See the note on 36, 16. 
 
   
 1. tráditúrum. In infinitives formed with participles _esse_ is often 
 
 omitted, 
   
 prius. See the note on 27, 25. 
   
 Prímum. See the note on 12, 16. 
 
   
 iungendí erant. See the note on 38, 7. 
 
   
 reí bene gerendae, 'of accomplishing his mission.' What is the literal 
 
 meaning? 
   
 rem aegré ferébat, 'she was greatly distressed.' What is the literal 
 
 meaning? 
   
 Quae ... essent. See the note on 29, 23. 
 
   
 medicínae, objective genitive. 
 
   
 Mediá nocte. See the note on 9, 5. 
 
   
 ínsciente patre, 'without the knowledge of her father,' ablative 
 absolute. 
   
 vénit. See the note on 3, 13. 
 
   
 quod ... cónfírmáret, a relative clause of purpose. 
 
   
 essent, subjunctive in informal indirect discourse, or by attraction 
 
 to oblineret. 
   
 hominibus. See the note on 34, 24. 
 
   
 mágnitúdine et víribus, ablative of specification. 
 
   
 2. nihil valére, 'prevailed not.' 
 
   
 quá in ré. See the note on 11, 25. 
 
   
 cónfécerit. See the note on 19, 22. 
 
   
 quós. See the note on _quíbus_, 20, 1. 
 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 28 
 autem. See the note on 5, 8. 
 
   
 essent, subjunctive by attraction. 
 
   
 quódam, 'some.' 
 
   
 gígnerentur, 'should be born.' With dum, 'until,' the subjunctive is 
 
 used of action anticipated, as with _antequam_ (see the note on 
 _possent_, 27, 20). 
   
 omnibus agrí partibus. See the note on 18, 6. 
 
   
 mírum in modum = _míró modó_. 
 
   
 nesció cúr, 'for some reason.' See the note on 33, 14. 
 
   
 núlló negótió, 'with no trouble,' 'without difficulty.' 
 
   
 3. quín tulisset. See the note on 37, 13. 
 
   
 quam prímum, 'as soon as possible.' See the note on 23, 2. 
 
   
 ávectúrum. See the note on _tráditúrum_, 39, 1. 
 
   
 Postrídié éius diéí. See the note on 36, 5. 
 
   
 locó. The antecedent is frequently thus repeated in the relative 
 
 clause. 
   
 quí ... essent, 'to guard the ship.' See the note on 13, 16. 
 
   
 ipse. See the note on 21, 19. 
 
   
 quídam. This word may sometimes be rendered by the indefinite 
 
 article. 
   
 démónstrávimus. See the note on _nárrávimus_, 14, 17. 
 
   
 5. dormit. See the note on _fugit_, 4, 25. 
 
   
 aliquí. Learn from the vocabulary the difference between _aliquís_ 
 
 and _aliquí_. 
   
 mátúrandum sibi, 'they ought to hasten,' more literally 'haste ought to 
 be made by them'; mátúrandum (_esse_) is the impersonal passive, and sibi 
 the so-called dative of the agent. With the gerundive the person who has 
 the thing to do is regularly expressed in the dative. 
   
 mírátí. See the note on 25, 27. 
 
   
 dís. See the note on 38, 17. 
 
   
 événisset. See the note on _accépissent_, 26, 21. 
 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 29 
 vigiliá. The Romans divided the day from sunrise to sunset into 
 
 twelve hours (_hórae_), the night from sunset to sunrise into four 
 watches (_vigiliae_). 
   
 neque enim. See the note on 7, 12. 
 
   
 inimícó animó, ablative of description. 
 
   
 2. hóc dolóre, 'this anger,' _i.e_. 'anger at this.' 
 
   
 Návem longam, 'war-galley,' 'man-of-war.' The adjective contrasts the 
 shape of the man-of-war with that of the merchantman. 
   
 fugientís, used as a noun, 'the fugitives.' 
 
   
 quá, ablative of means. 
 
   
 quá, 'as,' but in the same construction as eádem celeritáte. 
 
   
 Quo ... caperentur. See the note on 37, 7. 
 
   
 neque ... posset, 'for the distance between them was not greater than 
 
 a javelin could be thrown.' What is the literal translation? The clause 
 quó ... posset denotes result; the distance was not _so great that_ a 
 javelin could not be thrown from one ship to the other. 
   
 vídisset. See the note on 36, 15. 
 
   
 fugiéns, 'when she fled.' See the note on _fessus_, 23, 15. 
 
   
 fílí. See the note on 7, 8. 
 
   
 Neque ... fefellit, 'and Medea was not mistaken.' What is the literal 
 
 meaning? 
   
 ubi prímum, 'as soon as,' literally 'when first.' 
 
   
 prius, not to be rendered until quam is reached. The two words 
 
 together mean 'before,' more literally 'earlier than,' 'sooner than,' 
 They are sometimes written together (_priusquam_). 
   
 nihil ... esse, 'that it would be of no advantage to him.' 
 
   
 5. pollicitus erat. Verbs of promising do not usually take in Latin 
 
 the simple present infinitive, as in English, but the construction of 
 indirect discourse. 
   
 mihi. The dative of reference is often used in Latin where we should 
 
 use a possessive in English. Translate here as if the word were _meus_, 
 modifying diés. 
   
 Liceat mihi, 'permit me,' literally 'let it be permitted to me.' 
 
 Commands and entreaties in the third person are regularly expressed in 
 the subjunctive. 
   
 dum vívam, 'so long as I live.' The verb with _dum_ 'so long as' is not 
 restricted to the present, as with _dum_ 'while,' but any tense of the 
 indicative may be used. We have here the future indicative, or the 
 present subjunctive by attraction. 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 30 
 tú. The nominative of the personal pronouns is commonly expressed 
 
 only when emphatic. Here the use of the pronoun makes the promise more 
 positive. 
   
 rem aegré tulit, 'was vexed.' Compare 39, 10. 
 
   
 Vultisne, the verb _vultis_ and the enclitic _-ne_, which is used to 
 
 introduce a question, and is incapable of translation. Num (line 21) 
 introduces a question to which a negative answer is expected, and is 
 likewise not to be translated, except in so far as its effect is 
 reproduced by the form of the question or the tone of incredulity with 
 which the words are spoken. 
   
 effervésceret. See the note on 40, 16. 
 
   
 3. stupentés, 'in amazement.' 
 
   
 Vós. See the note on 44, 12. Vós and ego in the next sentence are 
 
 contrasted. 
   
 Quod ubi. See the note on 28, 8. 
 
   
 necávérunt. See the note on _interfécit_, 13, 18. 
 
   
 quíbus. For the case see the note on _quíbus_, 34, 27. 
 
   
 ré vérá, 'really.' 
 
   
 aegré tulérunt, 'were indignant at.' Compare 39, 10, and 44, 15. 
 
   
 Creontí. See the note on _cui erant_, 13, 5. 
 
   
 núntium, 'a notice of divorce.' 
 
   
 dúceret. See the note on _dúxit_, 6, 18. 
 
   
 ultúram. See the note on 39, 1. 
 
   
 1. Vestem. Compare the story of the death of Hercules, pp. 30, 31. 
 
   
 quis. See the note on 30, 3. 
 
   
 induisset, subjunctive by attraction. 
   
 nihil malí. See the note on 22, 26. 
 
   
 itaque, not the adverb _itaque_, but the adverb _ita_ and the 
 
 enclitic conjunction _-que_. 
   
 áera. See the note on 4, 11. 
   
 in eam partem, 'to that side.' 
 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 31 
 ULYSSES 
   
 4. ínsidiás. This refers to the story of the wooden horse. 
 
   
 quem, subject of excógitásse. The English idiom is 'who, some say, 
 
 devised.' Notice that excógitásse is contracted from _excógitávisse_. 
   
 quó, ablative of means. 
 
   
 aliae ... partís, 'some in one direction and some in another,' but 
 
 Latin compresses this into the one clause 'others in other directions.' 
   
 quá. See the note on 43, 6. 
 
   
 quibusdam, dative with obviam factí, 'having fallen in with,' 'having 
 
 met.' 
   
 Accidit. See the note on 30, 1. 
 
   
 2. gustássent, contracted from _gustávissent_. 
 
   
 patriae et sociórum. Verbs of remembering and forgetting take the 
 genitive or the accusative, but _oblívíscor_ prefers the former. 
   
 cibó. See the note on 16, 19. 
 
   
 hórá septimá. See the note on 42, 23. 
 
   
 docuérunt. See the note on 4, 26. 
 
   
 6. tantum, the adverb. 
 
   
 sé, 'they,' _i.e_. himself and his companions. 
 
   
 praedandí causá, 'to steal.' Purpose is frequently thus expressed by 
 _causá_ with the genitive of the gerund or gerundive. What other ways of 
 expressing purpose have you met in your reading? 
   
 á Tróiá. The preposition is sometimes used with names of towns, with 
 
 the meaning 'from the direction of' or 'from the neighborhood of.' 
   
 esse. It will help you to understand indirect discourse if you will 
 
 try to discover what words would be used to express the idea in the 
 direct form. Here, for instance, the exact words of Ulysses would have 
 been in Latin: _Neque mercátórés sumus neque praedandí causá vénimus; sed 
 á Tróiá redeuntés ví tempestátum á réctó cursú dépulsí sumus_. 
   
 ubi ... essent. The question of Polyphemus was _Ubi est návis quá 
 
 vectí estis_? 
   
 sibi ... esse, 'that he must be exceedingly careful.' See the note on 
 _mátúrandum sibi_, 42, 12. 
   
 in ... esse, 'had been driven on the rocks and entirely dashed to 
 
 pieces.' See the note on _írá ... interfécit_, 18, 4. 
   
 1. membrís eórum dívulsís, 'tearing them limb from limb.' 
 
   
 né ... quidem. See the note on 34, 25. 
 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 32 
 tam. Notice that the force of a second demonstrative word is lost in 
 
 the English rendering. So _híc tantus vir_, 'this great man,' etc. 
   
 humí. See the note on 30, 16. 
 
   
 próstrátus, 'throwing himself down.' See the note on _continébantur_, 
 20, 26. 
   
 reí gerendae, 'for action.' Compare 39, 8. 
 
   
 in eó ... tránsfígeret, 'was on the point of transfixing.' The clause 
 
 of result ut ... tránsfígeret is explanatory of in eó. 
   
 nihil sibi prófutúrum. See the note on 43, 25. 
 
   
 hóc cónátú. See the note on 13, 11. 
 
   
 núllá ... oblátá, 'since no hope of safety presented itself.' See the 
 
 note on _continébantur_, 20, 26. 
   
 et. See the note on 28, 18. 
 
   
 látúri essent, 'would bring,' more literally 'were going to bring.' 
 
 Notice that in subjunctive constructions the periphrastic form is 
 necessary to express future action clearly, since the subjunctive has no 
 future. 
   
 quod, object of the implied _fécerat_. 
 
   
 14. quó. See the note on 43, 7. 
 
   
 id ... salútí, 'and this was his salvation,' literally 'that which 
 
 was for safety to him.' For the datives see the note on 13, 16. 
   
 tertium, the adverb. 
 
   
 Néminem. Why is the accusative used? 
 
   
 inquit. See the note on 14, 28. 
 
   
 quam facultátem, for _facultátem quam_. The antecedent is often thus 
 
 attracted into the relative clause, 
   
 né omittámus, 'let us not neglect,' the hortatory subjunctive. 
   
 reí gerendae. See the note on 52, 8. 
 
   
 1. extrémum pálum, 'the end of the stake.' Other adjectives denoting 
 
 a part of the object named by the noun they modify are _medius_, 'the 
 middle of'; _céterus_, 'the rest of'; _reliquus_, 'the rest of'; 
 _prímus_, 'the first of'; _summus_, 'the top of'; _ímus_, 'the bottom 
 of.' 
   
 dum errat, 'wandering.' 
 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 33 
 pecus. Is this _pecus, pecoris_, or _pecus, pecudis_? See the note on 
 
 _pecora_, 20, 26. 
   
 vénerat. We say 'came,' but the Latin by the use of the pluperfect 
 
 denotes that this action preceded that of tráctábat. 
   
 1. quás. See the note on _quibus_, 20, 1. 
 
   
 inter sé. Compare 21, 20. 
   
 fore, 'would happen.' 
 
   
 aliquod. Compare 42, 12, and the note. 
 
   
 id ... erat, 'as was indeed the case.' 
 
   
 auxiliandí causá. See the note on 51, 23. 
 
   
 correptum coniécit, 'seized and threw.' 
 
   
 nón ... submergerentur. See the note on 37, 7. 
 
   
 4-6. These verses and those on p. 57 and p. 59 are quoted from 
 
 Vergil's Aeneid. 
   
 vinclís, for _vinculís_. 
 
   
 vírís. Let the quantity of the first _i_ tell you from what nominative 
 
 this word comes. 
   
 sibi proficíscendum. See the note on _mátúrandum sibi_, 42, 12. 
 
   
 iam profectúró, 'as he was now about to set out.' 
 
   
 návigantí, 'to one sailing.' 
 
   
 mírábantur, 'had been wondering.' With iam dúdum and similar 
 
 expressions the imperfect denotes action begun some time before and still 
 going on at the given past time. This is similar to the use of the 
 present already commented on (see the note on _es_, 4, 1). 
   
 céláta, plural because of the plural expression aurum et argentum. 
 
   
 1. ventí, subject of ruunt and perflant. 
 
   
 velut ágmine factó, 'as if formed in column.' 
 
   
 data. _Est_ is omitted. 
 
   
 próiécissent. See the note on _accépissent_, 26, 21. 
 
   
 in terram égrediendum esse, 'that a landing must be made.' 
 
   
 quam, an adverb modifying crúdélí. 
 
   
 essent, informal indirect discourse or subjunctive by attraction. 
 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 34 
 vellet, subjunctive of characteristic. This name is given to the 
 
 subjunctive when used in relative clauses to define or restrict an 
 indefinite or general antecedent. So here it is not 'no one was found,' 
 but 'no one willing to undertake this task was found.' 
   
 déducta est, 'came.' 
 
   
 praeesset, subjunctive of purpose. 
 
   
 événit. This verb takes the same construction as _accidit_, 30, 1. 
 
   
 1. nihil. See the note on 37, 22. 
 
   
 mortí. Compare 49, 26. 
 
   
 aliquantum itineris, 'some distance on the journey.' The two words are 
 
 accusative of extent of space and partitive genitive respectively. 
   
 sibi, 'for them,' dative of reference. 
 
   
 forís. This is translated like forás above, but the former was 
 
 originally locative and is therefore used with verbs of rest; the latter, 
 accusative of place whither and therefore used with verbs of motion. 
   
 accubuérunt. See the note on 37, 6. 
 
   
 perturbátus, used as a predicate adjective, 'agitated.' 
 
   
 correptó. See the note on 38, 8. 
 
   
 1. quid. See the note on _quis_, 30, 3. 
 
   
 gravius, 'serious.' 
   
 eí. The direct form of these two speeches would be: _Sí quid gravius tibi 
 acciderit, omnium salús in summó discrímine erit_; and _Néminem invítum 
 mécum addúcam; tibi licet, sí mávís, in náví manére; ego ipse sine úlló 
 praesidió rem suscipiam_. Notice that _ego_ is not used to represent _sé_ 
 of line 2, but is used for _sé_ of line 4 for the sake of the contrast 
 with _tibi_. 
   
 núlló. Instead of the genitive and ablative of _némó_, _núllíus_ and 
 
 _núlló_ are regularly used. 
   
 Alíquantum itinerís. See the note on 58, 5. 
 
   
 in eó ... intráret. See the note on 52, 9. 
 
   
 eí. Compare 49, 26, and 58, 2. 
 
   
 Circés, a Greek form of the genitive. 
 
   
 Num. See the note on 44, 20. Nónne (line 14) is used to introduce a 
 
 question to which an affirmative answer is expected. 
   
 núllís. See the note on 24, 3. 
 
   
 tetigerit. See the note on 30, 20. 
 
   
 
 
 
 NOTES Pg 35 
 tú ... faciás, 'see that you draw your sword and make an attack upon 
 her.' 
   
 vísús, 'sight,' The use of the plural is poetic. 
 
   
 tenuem ... auram. The order of the words here is poetic. 
 
   
 1. atque, 'as.' After adjectives and adverbs denoting likeness and 
 
 unlikeness, this use of _atque_ is regular. 
   
 dépulsa est. See the note on 4, 26. 
 
   
 sibi. See the note on 58, 11. 
 
   
 ut ... erat, 'as he had been instructed,' more literally 'as had been 
 
 enjoined upon him.' An intransitive verb must be used impersonally in the 
 passive, for it is the direct object of the active voice that becomes the 
 subject of the passive. If the intransitive verb takes a dative in the 
 active, this dative is kept in the passive. Notice that the corresponding 
 English verbs are transitive, and that the dative may therefore be 
 rendered as the object in the active construction and as the subject in 
 the passive. 
   
 sénsisset. See the note on _vídissent_, 36, 15. 
 
   
 sibi vítam adimeret, 'take her life.' The dative of reference is thus 
 
 used after some compound verbs to name the person from whom a thing is 
 taken. This construction is sometimes called the dative of separation. 
   
 timóre perterritam. See the note on 14, 11. 
 
   
 eí pedés, 'his feet.' See the note on 44, 10. 
 
   
 imperásset, contracted from _imperávisset_. 
 
   
 in átrium. See the note on 7, 3. 
 
   
 sunt, goes with reductí. 
 
   
 reliquís Graecís, indirect object of díceret. 
 
   
 Circaeam. Notice that this use of the adjective instead of the 
 
 genitive often cannot be imitated in the English rendering, but must be 
 translated by the possessive case or a prepositional phrase. 
   
 8. eí persuásum sit, 'he was persuaded.' See the note on 60, 11. The 
 
 clause ut ... manéret is the subject of persuásum sit; if the latter were 
 active, the clause would be its object. For the tense of persuásum sit 
 see the note on 19, 22. 
   
 cónsúmpserat. See the note on 14, 3. 
 
   
 patriae, objective genitive, to be rendered, as often, with 'for.' 
   
 úsuí. See the note on 34, 20. 
 
   
 antequam perveníret. We say 'before he could come.' See the note on 
 
 _possent_, 27, 20. 
   
 hóc locó. See the note on 24, 2. 
 
   
 longum est. We say '_would_ be tedious' or '_would_ take too long.' 
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 36 
 ABBREVIATIONS 
   
 abl. = ablative. 
 acc. = accusative. 
 act. = active. 
 adj. = adjective. 
 adv. = adverb. 
 comp. = comparative. 
 conj. = conjunction. 
 dat. = dative. 
 dem. = demonstrative. 
 = feminine. 
 
 freq. = frequentative. 
 gen. = genitive. 
 ger. = gerundive. 
 impers. = impersonal. 
 indecl. = indeclinable. 
 indef. = indefinite. 
 infin. = infinitive. 
 interrog. = interrogative. 
 loc. = locative. 
 = masculine. 
 = neuter. 
 
 part. = participle. 
 pass. = passive. 
 perf. = perfect. 
 pers. = personal. 
 plur. = plural. 
 prep. = preposition. 
 pron. = pronoun or pronominal. 
 rel. = relative. 
 sing. = singular. 
 superl. = superlative. 
   
 _The hyphen in initial words indicates the composition of the words_. 
   
   
 A 
   
 á or ab (the former never used before words beginning with a 
    vowel or _h_), prep. with abl., _away from, from; of; by_. 
 abditus, -a, -um [part of abdó], _hidden, concealed_. 
 ab-dó, -dere, -didí, -ditus, _put away, hide_. 
 ab-dúcó, -dúcere, -dúxí, -ductus, _lead_ or _take away_. 
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 37 
 ab-eó, -íre, -ií, -itúrus, _go away, depart_. 
 abició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [ab + iació], _throw away_. 
 abripió, -ripere, -ripuí, -reptus [ab + rapió], _snatch away, carry off_. 
 abscídó, -cídere, -cídí, -císus [abs = ab + caedó], _cut away_ or _off_. 
 ab-scindó, -scindere, -scidí, -scissus, _tear away_ or _off_. 
 ab-sum, abesse, áfuí, áfutúrus, _be away, be absent, be distant; be 
    wanting_. 
 ab-súmó, -súmere, -súmpsí, -súmptus, _take away, consume, destroy_. 
 Absyrtus, -í, m., _Absyrtus_. 
 ac, see atque. 
 Acastus, -í, m., _Acastus_. 
 accendó, -cendere, -cendí, -cénsus, _kindle, light_. 
 accidó, -cidere, -cidí [ad + cadó], _fall to_ or _upon; befall, happen_. 
 accipió, -cipere, -cépí, -ceptus [ad + capió], _take to oneself, receive, 
    accept; hear; suffer_. 
 accumbó, -cumbere, -cubuí, -cubitus, _lie down_ (at table). 
 accurró, -currere, -currí, -cursus [ad + curró], _run to, come up_. 
 ácer, ácris, ácre, _sharp, shrill_. 
 aciés, -éí, f., _line of battle_. 
 Acrisius, -í, m., _Acrisius_. 
 ácriter [ácer], adv., _sharply, fiercely_. 
 ad, prep. with acc., _to, toward; at, near; for_. 
 ad-amó, -amáre, -amáví, -amátus, _feel love for, fall in love with_. 
 ad-dúcó, -dúcere, -dúxí, -ductus, _lead to, bring, take; induce, 
    influence_. 
 ad-eó, -íre, -ií, -itus, _go to, approach_. 
 ad-feró, adferre, attulí, adlátus, _bear to, bring_. 
 adfició, -ficere, -fécí, -fectus [ad + fació], _do to, move, affect; 
    visit, afflict_. 
 ad-flígó, -flígere, -flíxi, -flíctus, _dash to, shatter_. 
 adhibeó, -hibére, -hibuí, -hibitus [ad + habeó], _hold to, employ, show_. 
 ad-húc, adv., _to this point, up to this time, yet, still_. 
 adició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [ad + iació], _throw to, throw, hurl_. 
 adimó, -imere, -émí, -émptus [ad + emó], _take to oneself, take away_. 
 aditus, -ús [adeó], m., _approach, entrance_. 
 ad-iungo, -iungere, -iúnxí, -iúnctus, _join to, join_. 
 ad-ligó, -ligáre, -ligáví, -ligátus, _bind to, bind_. 
 Adméta, -ae, f., _Admeta_. 
 ad-míror, -mírárí, -mírátus, _wonder at, admire_. 
 ad-mittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus, _send to, admit; allow_. 
 ad-stó, -stáre, -stití, _stand at_ or _near_. 
 aduléscéns, -entis, m., _youth, young man_. 
 aduléscentia, -ae [aduléscéns], f., _youth_. 
 ad-úró, -úrere, -ússí, -ústus, _set fire to, burn, scorch, sear_. 
 ad-venió, -veníre, -véní, -ventus, _come to_ or _toward, approach, 
    arrive_. 
 adventus, -ús [advenió], m., _approach, arrival_. 
 Aeacus, -í, m., _Aeacus_. 
 aedificó, -áre, -áví, -átus [aedis + fació], _make a building, build_. 
 aedis, -is, f., sing. _temple_, plur. _house_. 
 Aeétés, -ae, m., _Aeetes_. 
 aegré [aeger, _sick_], adv., _ill, with difficulty_. 
 Aegyptií,-órum, m. pl., _Egyptians_. 
 aéneus, -a, -um [aes], _of copper_ or _bronze_. 
 Aeolia, -ae [Aeolus], f., _Aeolia_. 
 Aeolus, -í, m., _Aeolus_. 
 áér, áeris, m., _air_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 38 
 aes, aeris, n., _copper, bronze_. 
 Aeson, -onis, m., _Aeson_. 
 aestás, -tátis, f., _summer_. 
 aetás, -tátis, f., _age_. 
 Aethiopés, -um, m. plur., _Ethiopians_. 
 Aetna, -ae, f., _Etna_. 
 ager, agri, m., _field, land_. 
 ágmen, -minis [ago], n., _band, column_. 
 ágnóscó, -gnóscere, -gnóví, -gnitus [ad + (g)nóscó, _come to know], 
    recognize_. 
 agó, agere, égí, áctus, _drive; do; pass, lead_; grátiás agere, see 
    grátia. 
 ala, -ae, f., _wing_. 
 albus, -a, -um, _white_. 
 Alcména, -ae, f., _Alcmena_. 
 aliénus, -a, -um [alius], _belonging to another, out of place_. 
 ali-quandó, adv., _at some time or other; finally, at length_. 
 ali-quantum, -quantí, n., _somewhat_. 
 ali-quí, -qua, -quod, indef. pron. adj., _some, any_. 
 ali-quis, -quid, indef. pron., _someone, any one, something, anything, 
    some, any_. 
 aliter [alius], adv., _in another way, otherwise, differently_. 
 alius, -a, -ud, _another, other_; alií ... alií, _some ... others. 
 aló, -ere, -uí, -tus, _nourish_. 
 Alpés, -ium, f. plur., _Alps_. 
 alter, -era, -erum, _one_ or _the other_ (of two); _another, second_. 
 altus, -a, -um [part, of aló], _high, deep_; altum, -í, n., _the deep_. 
 Amázonés,-um, f. plur.,_Amazons_. 
 ámentia, -ae [á + méns, _mind_], f., _madness_. 
 amícus, -í, m., _friend_. 
 á-mittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus, _send away, lose_. 
 amó, -áre, -áví, -átus, _love_. 
 amor, -óris [amó], m., _love_. 
 á-moveó, -movére, -móví, -mótus, _move away_. 
 amphora, -ae, f., _jar, bottle_. 
 an, conj., _or_ (in questions). 
 ancora, -ae, f., _anchor_; in ancorís, _at anchor_. 
 Andromeda, -ae, f., _Andromeda_. 
 anguis, -is, m. and f., _serpent, snake_. 
 anima, -ae, f., _breath, soul, life_. 
 animadvertó, -vertere, -vertí, -versus [animus + ad-vertó], _turn the 
    mind to, observe_. 
 animus, -í, m., _mind; heart; spirit, courage_. 
 annus, -í, m., _year_. 
 ante, prep, with acc. and adv., _before_. 
 anteá [ante], adv., _before_. 
 antecelló, -cellere, _surpass, excel_. 
 ante-quam, conj., _before than, sooner than, before_. 
 antíquus, -a, -um, _ancient_. 
 antrum, -í, n., _cave_. 
 ánxius, -a, -um, _anxious_. 
 aper, aprí, m., _wild boar_. 
 aperió, -íre, -uí, -tus, _open_. 
 apertus, -a, -um [part, of aperió], _open_. 
 Apollo, -inis, m., _Apollo_. 
 appelló, -pelláre, -pelláví, -pellátus, _call, name_. 
 appelló, -pellere, -pulí, -pulsus [ad + pelló], _drive to, bring to_; 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 39 
 with or without návem, _put in_. 
 appetó, -petere, -petíví, -petítus [ad + petó], _draw near_. 
 appónó, -pónere, -posuí, -positus [ad + pónó], _put to_ or _near, set 
    before, serve_. 
 appropinquó, -propinquáre, -propinquáví, -propinquátus [ad + propinquó], 
    _approach to, approach_. 
 apud, prep, with acc., _among, with_. 
 aqua, -ae, f., _water_. 
 ára, -ae, f., _altar_. 
 arbitror, -árí, -átus, _consider, think, judge_. 
 arbor, -oris, f., _tree_. 
 arca, -ae, f., _chest, box, ark_. 
 Arcadia,-ae, f., _Arcadia_. 
 arcessó, -ere, -íví, -ítus, _call, summon, fetch_. 
 arcus, -ús, m., _bow_. 
 árdeó, árdére, ársí, ársus, _be on fire, burn_. 
 argentum, -í, n., _silver_. 
 Argó, Argus, f., _the Argo_. 
 Argolicus, -a, -um, _of Argolis_ (the district of Greece in which Tiryns 
    was situated), _Argolic_. 
 Argonautae, -árum [Argó + nauta], m. plur., _Argonauts_. 
 Argus, -í, m., _Argus_. 
 ariés, -etis, m., _ram_. 
 arma, -órum, n. plur., _arms, weapons_. 
 armátus, -a, -um [part, of armó], _armed_. 
 armó, -áre, -ávi, -átus [arma], _arm, equip_. 
 aró, -áre, -áví, -átus, _plow_. 
 ars, artis, f., _art_. 
 ascendó, -scendere, -scendí, -scénsus [ad + scandó], _climb to, ascend, 
    mount_. 
 aspició, -spicere, -spéxí, -spectus [ad + speció], _look at_ or _on, 
    behold_. 
 at, conj., _but_. 
 Athénae, -árum, f. plur., _Athens_. 
 Atlás, -antis, m., _Atlas_. 
 atque or ac (the latter never used before words beginning with a vowel 
    or _h_), conj., _and_; after words of comparison, _as, than_. 
 átrium, -í, n., _hall_. 
 attingó, -tingere, -tigí, -táctus [ad + tango], _touch at_. 
 audácia, -ae [audáx, _bold_], f., _boldness, audacity_. 
 audeó, audére, ausus sum, _dare_. 
 audió, -íre, -íví, -ítus, _hear; listen_ or _attend to_. 
 auferó, auferre, abstulí, ablátus [ab + feró], _bear away, carry off_. 
 aufugió, -fugere, -fúgí [ab + fugió], _flee_ or _run away_. 
 Augéás, -ae, m., _Augeas_. 
 aura, -ae, f., _air, breeze_. 
 aureus, -a, -um [aurum], _of gold, golden_. 
 auris, -is, f., _ear_. 
 aurum, -í, n., _gold_. 
 aut, conj., _or_; aut ... aut, _either ... or_. 
 autem, conj., _moreover; but, however; now_. 
 auxilior, -ári, -átus [auxilium], _help_. 
 auxilium, -í, n., _help, aid_. 
 á-vehó, -vehere, -vexí, -vectus, _carry away_. 
 avis, -is, f., _bird_. 
 á-voló, -voláre, -voláví, -volátúrus, _fly away_. 
 avus, -í, m., _grandfather_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 40 
 B 
   
 baculum, -í, n., _stick, wand_. 
 balteus, -í, m.., _belt, girdle_. 
 barbarus, -a, -um, _barbarian_. 
 beátus, -a, -um, _happy, blessed_. 
 bellicósus, -a, -um [bellum], _war-like_. 
 bellum, -í, n., _war_. 
 bélua, -ae, f., _beast, monster_. 
 bene [bonus], adv., _well; successfully_. 
 beneficium, -í [bene + fació], n., _well-doing, kindness, service, 
    benefit_. 
 benígné [benígnus, _kind_], adv., _kindly_. 
 benígnitás, -tátis [benígnus, _kind_], f., _kindness_. 
 bibó, bibere, bibí, _drink_. 
 biceps, -cipitis [bi- + caput], adj., _two-headed_. 
 bonus, -a, -um, _good_. 
 bós, bovis, gen. plur. boum, dat. and abl. plur. bóbus, m. and f., _ox, 
    bull, cow_. 
 bracchium, -í, n., _arm_. 
 brevis, -e, _short_. 
 Búsíris, -idis, m., _Busiris_. 
   
 C 
   
 Cácus, -í, m., _Cacus_. 
 cadáver, -eris, n., _dead body, corpse, carcass_. 
 cadó, cadere, cecidí, cásúrus, _fall_. 
 caecus, -a, -um, _blind_. 
 caedés, -is [caedó, _cut_], f., _cutting down, killing, slaughter_. 
 caelum, -í, n., _heaven, sky_. 
 Calais, -is, m., _Calais_. 
 calamitás, -tátis, f., _misfortune, calamity, disaster_. 
 calceus, -í, m., _shoe_. 
 calefació, -facere, -fécí, -factus [caleó, _be hot_ + fació], _make hot_. 
 calor, -óris [caleó, _be hot_], m., _heat_. 
 campus, -í, m., _plain, field_. 
 cancer, cancrí, m., _crab_. 
 canis, -is, m. and f., _dog_. 
 cantó, -áre, -áví, -átus [freq. of canó, _sing_], _sing_. 
 cantus, -ús [canó, _sing_], m., _singing, song_. 
 capió, capere, cépí, captus, _take, catch, seize; receive, suffer; 
    adopt_. 
 captívus, -a, -um [capió], _captive_. 
 caput, capitis, n., _head_. 
 carcer, -eris, m., _prison_. 
 carmen, -minis [canó, _sing_], n., _song, charm_. 
 caró, carnis, f., _flesh_. 
 carpó, -ere, -sí, -tus, _pluck_. 
 Castor, -oris, m., _Castor_. 
 castra, -órum, n. plur., _camp_. 
 cású [abl. of cásus], adv., _by chance, accidentally_. 
 cásus, -ús [cadó], m., _fall; chance, accident_. 
 caténa, -ae, f., _chain_. 
 cauda, -ae, f., _tail_. 
 causa, -ae, f., _cause, reason_; abl. causá, _for the sake of_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 41 
 caveó, cavére, cáví, cautus, _beware, take care; be on one's guard 
    against, beware of_. 
 celeber, celebris, celebre, _frequented; renowned, celebrated_. 
 celeritás, -tátis [celer, _swift_], f., _swiftness, quickness, speed_. 
 celeriter [celer, _swift_], adv., _swiftly, quickly_. 
 céló, -áre, -áví, -átus, _hide, conceal_. 
 céna, -ae, f., _dinner_. 
 cénáculum, -í [céna], n., _dining-room_. 
 Cénaeum, -í, n., _Cenaeum_ (a promontory of Euboea). 
 cénó, -áre, -áví, -átus [céna], _dine_. 
 cénseó, cénsére, cénsuí, cénsus, _think, believe, consider_. 
 centaurus, -í, m., _centaur_. 
 centum, indecl. adj., _one hundred_. 
 Cépheus, -í, m., _Cepheus_. 
 Cerberus, -í, m., _Cerberus_. 
 Ceres, Cereris, f., _Ceres_. 
 cernó, cernere, créví, certus or crétus, _discern, perceive, make out_. 
 certámen, -minis [certó, _strive_], n., _struggle, contest_. 
 certó [abl. of certus], adv., _with certainty, for certain, certainly_. 
 certus, -a, -um [part. of cernó], _determined, fixed, certain_; certiórem 
    facere, _to make more certain, inform_. 
 cervus, -í, m., _stag_. 
 céterí, -ae, -a, plur. adj., _the other, the remaining, the rest of_. 
 Charón, -ontis, m., _Charon_. 
 cibus, -í, m., _food_. 
 cingó, cingere, cinxí, cinctus, _surround, gird_. 
 Circé, -és, f., _Circe_. 
 Circaeus, -a, -um [Circé], _of Circe_. 
 circiter, prep. with acc. and adv., _about_. 
 circum, prep. with acc., _around_. 
 circum-dó, -dare, -dedí, -datus, _put around, surround_. 
 circum-stó, -stáre, -stetí, _stand around_. 
 citerior, -ius [comp. from citrá, _on this side of_], adj., _on this 
    side, hither_. 
 cithara, -ae, f., _cithara, lute, lyre_. 
 citharoedus, -í [cithara], m., _citharoedus_ (one who sings to the 
    accompaniment of the cithara). 
 cívis, -is, m. and f., _citizen, fellow-citizen, subject_. 
 cívitás, -tátis [cívis], f., _state_. 
 clámitó, -áre, -áví, -átus [freq. of clámó, _call out_], _call out_. 
 clamor, -óris [clámó, _call out_], m., _shout, cry_. 
 cláva, -ae, f., _club_. 
 clémentia, -ae [cléméns, _merciful_], f., _mercy, kindness_. 
 coepí, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action), _have 
    begun, began_. 
 cógitó, -áre, -áví, -átus, _consider, think over_. 
 cógnóscó, -gnóscere, -gnóví, -gnitus [com- + (g)nóscó, _come to know_], 
    _find out, learn_; in tenses of completed action, _have found out, 
    know_. 
 cógó, cógere, coégí, coáctus [co- + agó], _drive together, collect; 
    compel_. 
 co-hortor, -hortárí, -hortátus, _encourage, exhort_. 
 Colchí, -órum, m. plur., _Colchians_. 
 Colchis, -idis, f., _Colchis_. 
 collum, -í, n., _neck_. 
 coló, colere, coluí, cultus, _till, cultivate; inhabit; worship_. 
 color, -óris, m., _color_.  
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 42 
 columba, -ae, f., _pigeon, dove_. 
 columna, -ae, f., _column, pillar_. 
 comes, -itis [com- + eó], m. and f., _companion_. 
 commeátus, -ús, m., _supplies, provisions_. 
 com-mittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus, _send together; commit, intrust; 
    expose_; proelium committere, _to join battle_. 
 com-moror, -morárí, -morátus, _tarry, linger, delay, stay_. 
 com-moveó, -movére, -móví, -mótus, _move, rouse; disturb_. 
 com-mútátió, -tiónis, f., _change_. 
 com-paró, -paráre, -paráví, -parátus, _prepare, collect_. 
 com-pelló, -pellere, -pulí, -pulsus, _drive together, drive_. 
 complector, -plectí, -plexus, _embrace_. 
 com-pleó, -plére, -pléví, -plétus, _fill full, fill up_. 
 com-plúrés, -plúra, plur. adj., _several, many_. 
 com-portó, -portáre, -portáví, -portátus, _carry_ or _bring together, 
    collect_. 
 com-prehendó, -prehendere, -prehendí, -prehénsus, _seize, catch_. 
 comprimó, -primere, -pressí, -pressus [com- + premó], _press together, 
    squeeze, compress_. 
 cónátus, -ús [cónor], m., _attempt, effort_. 
 con-cédó, -cédere, -cessí, -cessus, _grant, yield_. 
 con-curró, -currere, -currí, -cursus, _run, rush_, or _dash together_. 
 con-dó, -dere, -didí, -ditus, _put together, found; store away_. 
 cón-feró, cónferre, contulí, conlátus, _bring together; grant, confer_; 
    sé cónferre, _to betake oneself, make one's way_. 
 cónfició, -ficere, -fécí, -fectus [com- + fació], _make_ or _do 
    completely, complete, finish, accomplish, make; wear out_. 
 cón-fírmó, -fírmáre, -fírmáví, -fírmátus, _strengthen, establish; 
    declare, assert_. 
 cón-flígó, -flígere, -flíxí, -flíctus, _dash together_. 
 conició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [com- + iació], _throw together; throw, 
    cast, hurl_. 
 con-iungó, -iungere, -iúnxí, -iúnctus, _join together, join_. 
 coniúnx, coniugis [coniungó], m. and f., _spouse, husband, wife_. 
 conligó, -ligere, -légí, -léctus [com- + legó], _gather together, 
    collect_. 
 con-locó, -locáre, -locáví, -locátus, _place together, put, place_. 
 conloquium, -í [conloquor, _talk together_], n., _conversation_. 
 cónor, -árí, -átus, _try, attempt_. 
 cónscendó, -scendere, -scendí, -scénsus [com- + scandó, _climb_], 
    _climb_; návem cónscendere, _to climb the ship, go on board, embark_. 
 cónsénsus, -ús [cónsentió, _agree]_, m., _agreement, consent_. 
 cón-sequor, -sequí, -secútus, _follow up, follow; overtake_. 
 cón-servó, -serváre, -serváví, -servátus, _preserve, keep_. 
 cón-sídó, -sídere, -sédí, -sessus, _sit down_. 
 cónsilium, -í [cónsuló], n., _advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence_. 
 cón-sistó, -sistere, -stití, -stitus, _station oneself, take one's stand; 
    consist_. 
 cónspectus, -ús [cónspició], m., _sight_. 
 cónspició, -spicere, -spéxí, -spectus [com- + speció, _look_], _behold, 
    perceive, see_. 
 cónstituó, -stituere, -stituí, -stitútus [com- + statuó], _set together_ 
    or _up; appoint; determine_. 
 cón-stó, -stáre, -stití, -státúrus, _stand together, agree; consist_; 
 cónstat, _it is agreed, is well known_. 
 cón-suéscó, -suéscere, -suéví, -suétus, _become accustomed_; in tenses of 
    completed action, _have become accustomed, be accustomed_ or _wont_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 43 
 cónsuló, -ere, -uí, -tus, _consult_. 
 cón-súmó, -súmere, -súmpsí, -súmptus, _take completely, use up, consume, 
    spend_. 
 con-tegó, -tegere, -téxí, -téctus, _cover_. 
 con-tendó, -tendere, -tendí, -tentus, _stretch, hasten_. 
 continéns, -entis [contineó], f., _'mainland, continent_. 
 contineó, -tinére, -tinuí, -tentus [com- + teneó], _hold together, keep 
    within, shut up in; bound_. 
 continuus, -a, -um [contineó], _continuous, successive_. 
 contrá, prep, with acc., _against, contrary to_. 
 contróversia, -ae, f., _quarrel, dispute, debate_. 
 con-venió, -veníre, -véní, -ventus, _come together, assemble_. 
 con-vertó, -vertere, -vertí, -versus, _turn round, turn, change_; in 
    fugam convertere, _to put to flight_. 
 con-vocó, -vocáre, -vocáví, -vocátus, _call together, summon, assemble_. 
 co-orior, -orírí, -ortus, _arise_. 
 cópia, -ae, f., _supply, abundance_; plur., _forces, troops_. 
 Corinthus, -í, m., _Corinth_. 
 corium, -í, n., _hide, leather_. 
 cornú, -ús, n., _horn_. 
 corpus, corporis, n., _body_. 
 corripió, -ripere, -ripuí, -reptus [com- + rapió], _seize, snatch, 
    snatch up_. 
 cottídié, adv., _daily, every day_. 
 crédibilis, -e [crédó], _credible_. 
 crédó, -dere, -didí, -ditus, _believe_. 
 creó, -áre, -áví, -átus, _elect, appoint_. 
 Creón, -ontis, m., _Creon_. 
 crepítus, -ús [crepó, _rattle_], m., _rattle, clatter_. 
 crepundia, -órum [crepó, _rattle_], n. plur., _rattle_. 
 Créta, -ae, f., _Crete_. 
 cruciátus, -ús [crució, _torture_], m., _torture_. 
 crúdélis, -e, _cruel_. 
 crús, crúris, n., _leg_. 
 cubiculum, -í [cubó], n., _bedroom_. 
 cubó, -áre, -uí, _lie down, lie, recline_. 
 culter, cultrí, m., _knife_. 
 cum, prep, with abl., _with_. 
 cum, conj., _when, while, after; since; although_. 
 cúnae, -arum, f. plur., _cradle_. 
 cupiditás, -tátis [cupidus], f., _desire, longing, eagerness_. 
 cupidus, -a, -um [cupió], _desirous, eager_. 
 cupió, -ere, -íví, -ítus, _desire, long for, wish_. 
 cúr, adv., _why_. 
 curró, currere, cucurrí, cursus, run. 
 cursus, -ús, m., _chariot_. 
 cursus, -ús [curró], m., _running_, _course_. 
 custódió, -íre, -íví, -ítus [custós, _guard], guard_. 
 Cyclóps, -is, m., _Cyclops_ 
 Cyzicus, -í, f., _Cyzicus_. 
   
 D 
   
 damnum, -í, n., _harm, injury_. 
 Danaé, -és, f., _Danae_. 
 dé, prep, with abl., _down from_, _from, out of; about, concerning_, 
    _of_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 44 
 débeó, -ére, -uí, -itus [dé+ habeó], _owe_; with infin., _ought_. 
 débitus, -a, -um [part, of débeó], _owed, due_. 
 dé-cédó, -cédere, -cessí, -cessus, _go away, depart_. 
 decem, indecl. adj., _ten_. 
 décidó, -cidere, -cidí [dé + cadó], _fall down_. 
 decimus, -a, -um [decem], _tenth_. 
 décipió, -cipere, -cépí, -ceptus [dé + capió], _catch, deceive_. 
 decoró, -áre, -áví, -átus [decus, _adornment], adorn, distinguish_. 
 dé-curró, -currere, -cucurrí, -cursus, _run down_. 
 dé-decus, -decoris, n., _dishonor_, _disgrace_. 
 dé-dó, -dere, -didí, -ditus, _give_ _away_ or _up_. 
 dé-dúcó, -dúcere, -dúxí, -ductus, _lead down_ or _away, bring_; návem 
    dédúcere, _to draw down_ or _launch a ship_. 
 dé-fendó, -fendere, -fendí, -fénsus, _ward off; defend_. 
 dé-feró, -ferre, -tulí, -látus, _bear_ or _carry away_ or _off_. 
 dé-fessus, -a, -um, _worn out_, _exhausted_. 
 défició, -ficere, -fécí, -fectus [dé + fació], _fail_. 
 Déianíra, -ae, f., _Dejanira_. 
 déició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [dé + iació], _throw down, cast, drive out 
    of one's course_. 
 deinde, adv., _then, next_. 
 dé-lábor, -lábí, -lapsus, _slip_ or _fall down_. 
 déligó, -ligere, -légí, -léctus [dé + legó], _choose out, choose, 
    select_. 
 Delphí, -órum, m. plur., _Delphi_. 
 Delphicus, -a, -um [Delphí], _of Delphi, Delphic, Delphian_. 
 démissus, -a, -um [part. of démittó], _downcast, dejected_. 
 dé-mittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus, _send down, let fall_; animós 
    démittere, _to lose courage_. 
 dé-mónstró, -mónstráre, -mónstráví, -mónstrátus, _point out, show; make 
    known_. 
 démum, adv., _at last_. 
 dénique, adv., _lastly, finally_. 
 déns, dentis, m., _tooth_. 
 dénsus, -a, -um, _thick_. 
 dé-pelló, -pellere, -pulí, -pulsus, _drive off_ or _away, drive_. 
 dé-plóró, -plóráre, -plóráví, -plórátus, _lament_. 
 dé-pónó, -pónere, -posuí, -positus, _put down, deposit; lay aside, give 
    up_; é memoriá dépónere, _to forget_. 
 déripió, -ripere, -ripuí, -reptus [dé + rapió], _snatch away, tear off, 
    pull down_. 
 déscendó, -scendere, -scendí, -scénsus [dé + scandó], _climb down, 
    descend_. 
 dé-seró, -serere, -seruí, -sertus, _desert_. 
 désertus, -a, -um [part, of déseró], _deserted_. 
 désíderium, -í [désíderó, _desire]_, n., _desire, longing_. 
 désilió, -silíre, -siluí, -sultus [dé + salió], _leap down_. 
 dé-sistó, -sistere, -stití, -stitus, _set down; leave off, desist, cease, 
    stop_. 
 dé-spéró, -spéráre, -spéráví, -spérátus, _despair_. 
 dé-super, adv., _down from above_. 
 dé-terreó, -terrére, -terruí, -territus, _frighten off, deter_. 
 dé-trahó, -trahere, -tráxí, -tráctus, _draw_ or _pull off_. 
 deus, -í, m., _god_. 
 dé-vertó, -vertere, -vertí, _turn away_ or _aside_. 
 dé-voró, -voráre, -voráví, -vorátus, _swallow down, swallow, devour_. 
 dexter, -tra, -trum, _right_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 45 
 dextra, -ae [dexter], f., _right hand_ (manus understood). 
 Diána, -ae, f., _Diana_. 
 dícó, dícere, díxí, dictus, _say, speak_; diem dícere, _to appoint_ or 
    _set a day_. 
 diés, -éí, m. and f., _day_. 
 difficilis, -e [dis- + facilis], _not easy, difficult_. 
 difficultas, -tátis [difficilis], f., _difficulty_. 
 diffundó, -fundere, -fúdí, -fúsus [dis- + fundó], _pour forth, spread_ or 
    _shed abroad, diffuse_. 
 díligenter [díligéns, _careful_], adv., _carefully, diligently_. 
 díligentia, -ae [díligéns, _careful_], f., _care, diligence, industry_. 
 dí-lúcéscó, -lúcéscere, -lúxí, _grow light, dawn_. 
 dílúcidé [dílúcidus, _distinct_], adv., _distinctly, plainly_. 
 dí-mittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus, _send different ways, send forth_ or 
    _away, despatch; let slip, lose_. 
 Diomédés, -is, m., _Diomedes_. 
 dírus, -a, -um, _dreadful_. 
 dis-cédó, -cédere, -cessí, -cessus, _go apart, withdraw, depart_. 
 discó, discere, didicí, _learn_. 
 discrímen, -críminis, n., _crisis, peril, danger_. 
 discus, -í, m., _discus, quoit_. 
 disició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [dis- + iació], _throw apart, scatter_. 
 diú, adv., _for a long time, a long time_ or _while, long_; comp. 
 diútius, _longer_. 
 dí-velló, -vellere, -vellí, -vulsus, _tear apart, rend asunder, tear in 
    pieces_. 
 díversus, -a, -um [part. of díverto], _turned different ways, opposite, 
    contrary, different_. 
 dívidó, -videre, -vísí, -vísus, _divide, separate_. 
 dó, dare, dedí, datus, _give_. 
 doceo, -ére, -uí, -tus, _teach, explain_. 
 dolor, -óris [doleó, _be in pain_], m., _pain, grief; anger_. 
 dolus, -í, m., _trick, craft_. 
 domina, -ae, f., _mistress_. 
 domus, -ús, f., _house, home_. 
 dónum, -í [do], n., _gift_. 
 dormió, -íre, -íví, _sleep_. 
 dracó, -ónis, m., _dragon, serpent_. 
 dubitó, -áre, -áví, -átus [dubius], _doubt, hesitate_. 
 dubius, -a, -um, _doubtful, uncertain_. 
 dúcó, dúcere, dúxí, ductus [dux], _lead; make, dig_; with or without in 
    mátrimónium, _marry_. 
 dúdum, adv., _formerly, of old_; iam dúdum, _this long time_. 
 dulcédó, -inis [dulcis], f., _sweetness_. 
 dulcis, -e, _sweet_. 
 dum, conj., _while, as; as long as; until_. 
 duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj., _two_. 
 duodecim [duo + decem], indecl. adj., _twelve_. 
 duo-dé-vígintí, indecl. adj., _eighteen_. 
 dux, ducis, m. and f., _leader, commander_. 
   
 E 
   
 é, see ex. 
 ébrius, -a, -um, _drunk_. 
 é-dícó, -dícere, -díxí, -dictus, _declare, proclaim, appoint_. 
 é-dó, -dere, -didí, -ditus, _put forth, give out, utter_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 46 
 é-dúcó, -dúcere, -dúxí, -ductus, _lead out, draw_. 
 effervéscó, -fervéscere, -ferbuí [ex + fervéscó], _boil up_ or _over, 
    boil_. 
 effició, -ficere, -fécí, -fectus [ex + fació], _make_ or _work out, 
    accomplish, effect_. 
 effló, -fláre, -fláví, -flátus [ex + fló], _breathe out_. 
 effugio, -fugere, -fúgí [ex + fugió], _flee out_ or _away, escape_. 
 effundó, -fundere, -fúdí, -fúsus [ex + fundó], _pour out_. 
 ego, meí, pers. pron., _I_. 
 égredior, -gredí, -gressus [é + gradior], _go out_ or _forth, go ashore, 
    disembark_. 
 égregié [égregius, _excellent_], adv., _excellently, splendidly, 
    admirably_. 
 Élis, -idis, f., _Elis_. 
 Elysius, -a, -um, _Elysian_. 
 é-mittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus, _send out_ or _forth_. 
 enim, conj., _for_. 
 é-núntió, -núntiáre, -núntiáví, -núntiátus, _speak out, announce, make 
    known_. 
 eó, íre, ií, itus, _go_. 
 eó [is], adv., _to that place, thither_. 
 equus, -í, m., _horse_. 
 éréctus, -a, -um [part, of érigó], _upright, erect_. 
 ergá, prep, with acc., _toward, for_. 
 Ergínus, -í, m., _Erginus_. 
 Éridanus, -í, m., _Eridanus_. 
 érigó, -rigere, -réxí, -réctus [é + regó], _raise_ or _set up, raise, 
    lift; cheer, encourage_. 
 éripió, -ripere, -ripuí, -reptus [é + rapió], _snatch out_ or _away, 
    rescue_. 
 erró, -áre, -áví, -átus, _wander, stray; be mistaken_. 
 érudió, -rudíre, -rudíví, -rudítus, _instruct_. 
 Erymanthius, -a, -um, _of Erymanthus, Erymanthian_. 
 Erythía, -ae, f., _Erythia_. 
 et, conj., _and_; et ... et, _both ... and_. 
 etiam [et + iam], adv., _and now, also, too, even_. 
 et-sí, conj., _even if, although_. 
 Eunomus, -í, m., _Eunomus_. 
 Európa, -ae, f., _Europe_. 
 Eurylochus, -í, m., _Eurylochus_. 
 Eurystheus, -í, m., _Eurystheus_. 
 Eurytión, -ónis, m., _Eurytion_. 
 Eurytus, -í, m., _Eurytus_. 
 é-vádó, -vádere, -vásí, -vásus, 
    _go forth, get away, escape_. 
 é-vánéscó, -vánéscere, -vánuí, _vanish away_. 
 é-venió, -veníre, -véní, -ventus, _come out; turn out, happen, befall_. 
 é-vocó, -vocáre, -vocáví, -vocátus, _call out, challenge_. 
 é-vomó, -vomere, -vomuí, -vomitus, _vomit forth_. 
 ex or é (the latter never used before words beginning with a vowel or 
    _h_), prep. with abl., _out of, from; of_. 
 ex-animó, -animáre, -animáví, -animátus, _put out of breath, fatigue, 
    tire, exhaust; stupefy; kill_. 
 ex-árdéscó, -árdéscere, -ársí, -ársus, _blaze out, be inflamed, rage_. 
 ex-cédó, -cédere, -cessí, -cessus, _go out_ or _forth, depart_. 
 excipió, -cipere, -cépí, -ceptus [ex + capió], _take out_ or _up, 
    receive, welcome, entertain_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 47 
 ex-citó, -citáre, -citáví, -citátus, _call out, arouse_. 
 ex-clámó, -clámáre, -clámáví, -clámátus, _cry out, exclaim_. 
 exclúdó, -clúdere, -clúsí, -clúsus [ex + claudó], _shut out, hinder, 
    prevent_. 
 ex-cógitó, -cógitáre, -cógitáví, -cógitátus, _think out, contrive, 
    devise, invent_. 
 ex-crució, -cruciáre, -cruciáví, cruciátus, _torture_. 
 ex-eó, -íre, -ií, -itus, _go out_. 
 exerceó, -ercére, -ercuí, -ercitus, _exercise_. 
 exercitátió, -ónis [exerceó], f., _exercise_. 
 exercitus, -ús, m., _army_. 
 ex-haurio, -hauríre, -hausí, -haustus, _drink up_ or _off, drain_. 
 exístimó, -ístimáre, -ístimáví, -ístimátus [ex + aestimo, _value], 
    consider, believe, think_. 
 ex-orior, -orírí, -ortus, _arise from, spring up, rise_. 
 ex-pelló, -pellere, -pulí, -pulsus, _drive out, expel_. 
 ex-pió, -piáre, -piáví, -piátus, _expiate_. 
 explórátor, -óris [explóró], m., _explorer, scout, spy_. 
 ex-plóró, -plóráre, -plóráví, -plórátus, _search out, explore_. 
 ex-pónó, -pónere, -posuí, -positus, _put out, set forth; put on shore, 
    land; explain_. 
 exprimó, -primere, -pressí, -pressus [ex + premó], _press out_. 
 exsilió, -silíre, -siluí [ex + salió], _leap out_ or _forth_. 
 exsilium, -í [exsul, _exile_], n., _exile_. 
 ex-spectó, -spectáre, -spectáví, -spectátus, _look out for, wait for, 
    await, expect; wait_. 
 ex-spíró, -spíráre, -spíráví, -spírátus, _breathe out_. 
 ex-struó, -struere, -strúxí, -strúctus, _pile_ or _heap up, build, 
    erect_. 
 extempló, adv., _immediately, straightway, at once_. 
 ex-trahó, -trahere, -tráxí, -tráctus, _draw_ or _drag out, release, 
    rescue_. 
 extrémus, -a, -um, _last, extreme, furthest_. 
 exuó, -uere, -uí, -útus, _put_ or _take off_. 
   
 F 
   
 faber, fabrí, m., _smith_. 
 fabricor, -árí, -átus [faber], _make, fashion_. 
 fábula, -ae [for, _speak_], f., _story_. 
 facile [facilis, _easy_], adv., _easily_. 
 facinus, facinoris [fació], n., _deed, crime_. 
 fació, facere, fécí, factus, _make, do_; iter facere, see iter. 
 facultás, -tátis [facilis, _easy_], f., _possibility, opportunity, 
    chance, means_. 
 falló, fallere, fefellí, falsus, _deceive_. 
 falsus, -a, -um [part. of falló], _feigned, pretended, false_. 
 falx, falcis, f., _sickle; curved sword, falchion_. 
 fáma, -ae [for, _speak_], f., _report, rumor_. 
 famés, -is, abl. famé, f., _hunger_. 
 fár, farris, n., _grain; meal_. 
 fátum, -í [part. of for, _speak_], n., _destiny, fate_. 
 faucés, -ium, f. plur., _throat_. 
 fax, facis, f., _torch, firebrand_. 
 félíciter [félíx, _happy_], adv., _happily, fortunately, successfully_. 
 fémina, -ae, f., _woman_. 
 fera, -ae [ferus, _wild_], f., _wild animal, beast_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 48 
 feré, adv., _nearly, about, almost, for the most part_. 
 feró, ferre, tulí, látus, _bear, bring_. 
 feróx, -ócis [ferus, _wild_], adj., _fierce, savage_. 
 ferreus, -a, -um [ferrum, _iron_], _of iron, iron_. 
 ferveó, -ére, _boil; glow, burn_. 
 fessus, -a, -um, _exhausted, worn out, weary_. 
 figúra, -ae, f., _form, shape, figure_. 
 fília, -ae, f., _daughter_. 
 fílius, -í, m., _son_. 
 fingó, fingere, finxí, fictus, _invent, make up_. 
 fínis, -is, m., _end, boundary; _ plur., _borders, territory, country_. 
 fínitimus, -a, -um [fínis], _neighboring, adjoining_. 
 fíó, fierí, factus sum, _be done_ or _made, become, happen_. 
 flamma, -ae, f., _flame_. 
 flúmen, -minis [fluó, _flow_], n., _river_. 
 fóns, fontis, m., _fountain, spring_. 
 forás [foris], adv., _out of doors, forth, out_. 
 forís [foris], adv., _out of doors, without_. 
 foris, -is, f., _door_. 
 fórma, -ae, f., _form, appearance; beauty_. 
 fórmósus, -a, -um [fórma], _beautiful_. 
 forte [fors, _chance_], adv., _by chance, accidentally_. 
 fortis, -e, _brave_. 
 fortiter [fortis], adv., _bravely_. 
 fortúna, -ae [fors, _chance_], f., _fortune_. 
 fossa, -ae [part. of fodió, _dig_], f., _ditch, trench_. 
 frangó, frangere, frégí, fráctus, _break; dash to pieces, wreck_. 
 fráter, frátris, m., _brother_. 
 fraus, fraudis, f., _deception, fraud_. 
 fremitus, -ús [fremó, _roar_], m., _roaring, roar_. 
 frénó, -áre, -áví, -átus [frénum, _bridle_], _bridle, restrain_. 
 fretum, -í, n., _strait_. 
 fróns, frontis, f., _forehead_. 
 frúctus, -ús [fruor, _enjoy_], m., _enjoyment; fruit_. 
 frúmentor, -árí, -átus [frúmentum], _fetch grain, forage_. 
 frúmentum, -í [fruor, _enjoy_], n., _grain_. 
 frústrá, adv., _in vain_. 
 fuga, -ae, f., _flight_. 
 fugió, fugere, fúgí, fugitúrus [fuga], _flee, run away_. 
 fúmus, -í, m., _smoke_. 
 furor, -óris [furó, _rage_], m., _rage, fury, frenzy, madness_. 
 fúrtum, -í [fúr, _thief_], n., _theft_. 
   
 G 
   
 galea, -ae, f., _helmet_. 
 Gallia, -ae, f., _Gaul_. 
 gaudeó, gaudére, gávísus, _be glad, rejoice_. 
 gaudium, -í [gaudeó], n., _gladness, joy_. 
 géns, gentis, f., _race, nation_. 
 genus, generis, n., _kind, nature_. 
 geró, gerere, gessí, gestus, _carry, wear; carry on, do_. 
 Géryón, -onis, m., _Geryon_. 
 gígnó, gígnere, genuí, genitus, _produce, bring forth_. 
 gladius, -í, m., _sword_. 
 Glaucé, -és, f., _Glauce_. 
 glória, -ae, f., _glory_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 49 
 Gorgó, -onis, f., _Gorgon_. 
 Graeae, -árum, f. plur., _the Graeae_. 
 Graecia, -ae [Graecus], f., _Greece_. 
 Graecus, -a, -um, _Greek_. 
 grátia, -ae [grátus], f., _favor; gratitude, thanks_; plur., _thanks_; 
    grátiás agere, _to give thanks, thank_; grátiam referre, _to return 
    a favor, show gratitude, requite_. 
 grátus, -a, -um, _pleasing, grateful_. 
 gravis, -e, _heavy; severe, grievous, serious_. 
 graviter [gravis], adv., _severely, seriously_. 
 gubernó, -áre, -áví, -átus, _steer_. 
 gustó, -áre, -áví, -átus, _taste_. 
   
 H 
   
 habeó, -ére, -uí, -itus, _have, hold; consider_. 
 habitó, -áre, -áví, -átus [freq. of habeó], _dwell, inhabit_. 
 Hádés, -ae, m., _Hades_. 
 haereó, haerére, haesí, haesúrus, _stick; hesitate_. 
 haesitó, -áre, -áví, -átus [freq. of haereó], _hesitate_. 
 Hammón, -ónis, m., _Hammon_. 
 haréna, -ae, f., _sand; shore_. 
 Harpýiae, -árum, f. plur., _Harpies_. 
 haud, adv., _not at all, by no means, not_. 
 haudquáquam [haud + quisquam], adv., _in no wise, not at all_. 
 haurió, hauríre, hausí, haustus, _draw_. 
 herba, -ae, f., _herb, plant_. 
 Herculés, -is, m., _Hercules_. 
 Hésioné, -és, f., _Hesione_. 
 Hesperidés, -um, f. plur., _the Hesperides_. 
 hesternus, -a, -um [herí, _yesterday_], _of yesterday, yesterday's_, 
 hesternus diés, _yesterday_. 
 híc [híc], adv., _here; hereupon_. 
 híc, haec, hóc, dem. pron., _this_; ille ... híc, _that ... this, the 
    former ... the latter_. 
 hinc [híc], adv., _from this place, hence_. 
 Hippolyté, -és, f., _Hippolyte_. 
 Hispánia, -ae, f., _Spain_. 
 Homérus, í-, m., _Homer_. 
 homó, hominis, m., _man_. 
 honor, -óris, m., _honor_. 
 hóra, -ae, f., _hour_. 
 horribilis, -e [horreó, _shudder_], _dreadful, terrible, horrible_. 
 hortor, -árí, -átus, _exhort, encourage, urge_. 
 hortus, -í, m., _garden_. 
 hospitium, -í [hospes, _host_], n., _hospitality_. 
 hostis, -is, m. and f., _enemy, foe_. 
 húc [híc], adv., _to this place, hither_. 
 húmánus, -a, -um [homó], _of man, human_. 
 humí [loc. of humus, _ground_], adv., _on the ground_. 
 Hydra, -ae, f., _Hydra_. 
 Hylás, -ae, m., _Hylas_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 50 
 I 
   
 iaceó, -ére, -uí, _lie, be prostrate_. 
 iació, iacere, iécí, iactus, _throw, cast, hurl_. 
 iam, adv., _now, already_. 
 iánua, -ae, f., _door_. 
 Iásón, -onis, m., _Jason_. 
 ibi [is], adv., _in that place, there_. 
 íctus, -ús [ícó, _strike_], m., _blow_. 
 ídem, eadem, idem [is], dem. pron., _the same_; sometimes to be 
    translated _likewise, also_. 
 idóneus, -a, -um, _suitable, fit; favorable_. 
 igitur, conj., _therefore_. 
 ígnárus, -a, -um [in-, _not_ + gnárus, _knowing_], _ignorant_. 
 ígnávus, -a, -um [in-, _not_ + gnávus, _active_], _lazy, cowardly_. 
 ígnis, -is, m., _fire_. 
 ígnóró, -áre, -áví, -átus, _ be ignorant of_. 
 ígnótus, -a, -um [in-, _not_ + nótus], _unknown_. 
 Ílias, -adis, f., _the Iliad_. 
 ille, illa, illud, dem. pron., _that; he, she, it, they_; ille ... híc, 
    see híc. 
 imber, imbris, m., _rain, shower_. 
 imbuó, -buere, -buí, -bútus, _wet, soak, dip_. 
 immánitás, -tátis [immánis, _cruel_], f., _cruelty, barbarity_. 
 immittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus, _send_ or _let in_. 
 immoló, -moláre, -moláví, -molátus [in + mola], _sacrifice_ (the victim 
    was sprinkled with consecrated meal). 
 impedió, -pedíre, -pedíví, -pedítus [in + pés], _hinder, prevent, 
    impede_. 
 impelló, -pellere, -pulí, -pulsus [in + pelló], _drive_ or _urge on, 
    incite, urge_. 
 imperátor, -óris [imperó], m., _commander, general_. 
 imperátum, -í [part, of imperó], n., _command, order_. 
 imperítus, -a, -um [in-, _not_ + perítus], _inexperienced, unskilled, 
    ignorant_. 
 imperium, -í [imperó], n., _command; sway, rule_. 
 imperó, -peráre, -peráví, -perátus, _command, order, enjoin_. 
 impetró, -petráre, -petráví, -petrátus, _gain one's end, obtain_ (a 
    request). 
 impetus, -ús [in + petó], m., _attack_; impetum facere, _to charge_. 
 impónó, -pónere, -posuí, -positus [in + pónó], _place_ or _lay upon, 
    impose; embark_. 
 improbus, -a, -um [in-, _not_ + probus, _upright_], _wicked_. 
    in, prep, with acc., _into, in, to, upon_; with abl., _in, on_. 
 incidó, -cidere, -cidí [in + cadó], _fall into_ or _upon_. 
 inclúdó, -clúdere, -clúsí, -clúsus [in + claudó, _shut_], _shut up in, 
    inclose, imprison_. 
 incola, -ae [incoló], m. and f., _inhabitant_. 
 in-coló, -colere, -coluí, _inhabit_. 
 incolumis, -e, _unhurt, safe_. 
 in-commodum, -í, n., _inconvenience_. 
 in-crédibilis, e, _incredible_. 
 in-dúcó, -dúcere, dúxí, -ductus, _lead in_ or _on, move, excite_. 
 induó, induere, induí, indútus, _put on; clothe_. 
 in-eó, -íre, -ií, -itus, _go into, enter; adopt_. 
 ínfandus, -a, -um [in-, _not_ + ger. of for, _speak_], _unspeakable, 
    monstrous_. 
 ínfáns, -fantis [in-, _not_ + part. of for, _speak_], m. and f., 
    _infant, babe_. 
 ínfectus, -a, -um [in-, _not_ + part. of fació], _not done, undone, 
    unaccomplished_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 51 
 ín-félíx, -félícis, adj., _unhappy, unfortunate_. 
 ínferí, -órum [ínferus, _below_], m. plur., _inhabitants of the 
    underworld, the dead, the shades_. 
 ínferó, ínferre, intulí, inlátus, _bring in_ or _against, wage against; 
    inflict_. 
 ínféstus, -a, -um, _unsafe, dangerous_. 
 ínfició, -ficere, -fécí, -fectus [in + fació], _stain, dye_. 
 ín-fundó, -fundere, -fúdí, -fúsus, _pour in_ or _upon_. 
 ingéns, -gentis, adj., _huge, vast_. 
 inició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [in +iació], _throw in_ or _upon; cause, 
    inspire_. 
 inimícus, -a, -um [in-, _not_ + amícus], _unfriendly, hostile_. 
 initium, -í [ineó], n., _beginning_. 
 iniúria, -ae [in-, _not_ + iús], f., _injury, wrong, hurt, harm_. 
 inluviés, -éí, f., _dirt, filth_. 
 inquam, inquis, inquit, defective verb, _I say, you say, he says_. 
 in-rídeó, -rídére, -rísí, -rísus, _laugh at, mock_. 
 in-rumpó, -rumpere, -rúpí, -ruptus, _burst into_ or _in_. 
 in-ruó, -ruere, -ruí, _rush in_. 
 ínsánia, -ae [ínsánus, _mad_], f., _madness, insanity_. 
 ínsciéns, -scientis [in-, _not_ + part. of sció], adj., _unknowing, 
    unaware_. 
 ín-sequor, -sequí, -secútus, _follow upon_ or _up, pursue_. 
 ínsidiae, -árum, f. plur., _ambush; plot, stratagem_. 
 ínspergó, -spergere, -spersí, -spersus [in + spargó], _sprinkle on_ or 
    _over_. 
 ínspició, -spicere, -spéxí, -spectus [in + speció], _look into_ or 
    _upon_. 
 ínstituó, -stituere, -stituí, -stitútus [in + statuó], _decide upon, 
    determine_. 
 ín-struo, -struere, -strúxí, -strúctus, _build in_ or _into; draw up; 
    equip, furnish_, 
 ínsula, -ae, f., _island_. 
 intellegó, -legere, -léxí, -léctus, _perceive, understand_. 
 in-tendó, -tendere, -tendí, -tentus, _stretch out; stretch, draw, aim_. 
 inter, prep, with acc., _among, between_. 
 intereá [inter], adv., _in the meantime, meanwhile_. 
 interfició, -ficere, -fécí, -fectus [inter + fació], _put out of the way, 
    kill_. 
 interior, -ius [comp. from inter], adj., _interior, inner_. 
 inter-mittó, -mittere, -mísí, -míssus, _leave off, interrupt; let pass; _ 
    pass., _be left between, intervene, elapse_. 
 inter-sum, -esse, -fuí, -futúrus, _be_ or _lie between_. 
 intervállum, -í, n., _interval, space, distance_. 
 intrá [inter], prep. with acc., _within_. 
 intró, -áre, -áví, -átus [intrá], _go within_ or _into, enter_. 
 introitus, -ús [introeó, _go within_], m., _entrance_. 
 in-tueor, -tuérí, -tuitus, _look upon, behold_. 
 in-úsitátus, -a, -um, _unusual, extraordinary_. 
 in-útilis, -e, _not useful, useless_. 
 in-venió, -veníre, -véní, -ventus, _come upon, find_. 
 invító, -áre, -áví, -átus, _invite_. 
 invítus, -a, -um, _unwilling_. 
 Ioláus, -í, m., _Iolaus_. 
 Iolé, -és, f., _Iole_. 
 Iovis, gen. of Iuppiter. 
 Íphiclés, -is, m., _Iphicles_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 52 
 ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron., _self, himself, herself, itself, 
    themselves_; often to be rendered by _very_. 
 íra, -ae, f., _anger, wrath_. 
 íráscor, íráscí, írátus [íra], _be angry_. 
 írátus, -a, -um [part, of íráscor], _angered, enraged, angry, furious_. 
 is, ea, id, dem. pron., _this, that; he, she, it, they_. 
 iste, ista, istud, dem. pron., _that of yours, that_. 
 ita [is], adv., _in this manner, thus, so_; ita ut, _as_. 
 Ítalia, -ae, f., _Italy_. 
 ita-que, adv., _and so, accordingly, therefore_. 
 iter, itineris [eó], n., _a going, journey, march_; iter facere, _to 
    journey, march_. 
 iterum, adv., _again, a second time_. 
 Ithaca, -ae, f., _Ithaca_. 
 iubeó, iubére, iussí, iússus, _bid, order, command_. 
 iúcundus, -a, -um, _sweet, pleasant_. 
 iúdex, iúdicis [iús + dícó], m., _judge_. 
 iugum, -í [iungó], n., _yoke_. 
 iungó, iungere, iúnxí, iúnctus, _join; yoke, harness_. 
 Iúnó, -ónis, f., _Juno_. 
 Iuppiter, Iovis, m., _Jupiter_ or _Jove_. 
 iús, iúris, n., _right, justice, law_; iús dícere, _to pronounce 
    judgment_; iús iúrandum, iúris iúrandí [ger. of iúró, _swear_], _oath_. 
 iússum, -í [part, of iubeó], n., _order, command_. 
 iússus, -ús [iubeó], m., _bidding, command_. 
 iústus, -a, -um [iús], _just_. 
 iuvenis, -is, m., _young man, youth_. 
   
 L 
   
 lábor, lábí, lapsus, _slip, glide, fall_. 
 labor, -óris, m., _labor, toil_. 
 labóró, -áre, -áví, -átus [labor], _labor, toil_. 
 lác, lactis, n., _milk_. 
 Lacónia, -ae, f., _Laconia_. 
 lacrima, -ae, f., _tear_. 
 lacus, -ús, m., _lake_. 
 laetitia, -ae [laetus, _joyful_], f., _joy_. 
 lámenta, -órum, n. plur., _lamentation_. 
 Láomedón, -ontis, m., _Laomedon_. 
 lapis, -idis, m., _stone_. 
 laqueus, -í, m., _noose_. 
 Lárísa, -ae, f., _Larisa_. 
 lassitúdó, -inis [lassus, _weary_], f., _weariness_. 
 lateó, -ére, -uí, _lie hid, be concealed_. 
 latró, -ónis, m., _robber_. 
 látus, -a, -um, _broad, wide_. 
 légátus, -í [part. of légó, _depute_], m., _ambassador_. 
 lénis, -e, _gentle_. 
 leó, -ónis, m., _lion_. 
 Lernaeus, -a, -um, _of Lerna_, _Lernean_. 
 Léthé, -és, f., _Lethe_. 
 levis, -e, _light, slight_. 
 leviter [levis], adv., _slightly_. 
 libenter [libéns, _willing_], adv., _willingly, gladly_. 
 líberí, -órum [líber, _free_], m. plur., _children_. 
 líberó, -áre, -áví, -átus [líber, _free_], _set free, free, liberate, 
    release_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 53 
 líbertás, -tátis [líber, _free_], f., _freedom, liberty_. 
 Libya, -ae, f., _Libya, Africa_. 
 licet, -ére, -uit or -itum est, impers., _is lawful_ or _permitted_. 
 Lichás, -ae, m., _Lichas_. 
 lígneus, -a, -um [lígnum], _of wood, wooden_. 
 lígnum, -í, n., _wood_. 
 Ligurés, -um, m. plur., _Ligurians_. 
 Liguria, -ae [Ligurés], f., _Liguria_. 
 límen, -minis, n., _threshold; door_. 
 límus, -í, m., _mud_. 
 linter, lintris, f., _boat, skiff_. 
 Linus, -í, m., _Linus_. 
 lítus, lítoris, n., _shore_. 
 locus, -í, m., plur. loca, -orum, n., _place, situation_. 
 longé [longus], adv., _far_. 
 longinquus, -a, -um [longus], _distant, remote_. 
 longus, -a, -um, _long; tedious_. 
 loquor, loquí, locútus, _speak_. 
 lótus, -í, f., _lotus_. 
 lucrum, -í, n., _gain_. 
 luctor, -árí, -átus, _wrestle, struggle_. 
 lúdus, -í, m., _game, sport_. 
 lúmen, -minis, n., _light_. 
 lúx, lúcis, f., _light_. 
   
 M 
   
 magicus, -a, -um, _magic_. 
 magis, comp. adv., _more, rather_. 
 magister, -trí [magis], m., _master_. 
 mágnificé [mágnificus], adv., _splendidly_. 
 mágnificentia, -ae [mágnificus], f., _splendor, magnificence_. 
 mágnificus, -a, -um [mágnus + fació], _splendid, magnificent_. 
 mágnitúdó, -túdinis [mágnus], f., _greatness, size_. 
 mágnopere [abl. of mágnum opus], adv., _greatly, very much, exceedingly; 
    earnestly_. 
 mágnus, -a, -um, _large, big, great, mighty; loud_. 
 máior, máius, comp. of mágnus. 
 male [malus], adv., _badly, ill_. 
 máló, málle, máluí [magis + voló], _wish rather, prefer_. 
 malum, -í [malus], n., _evil, mischief_. 
 malus, -a, -um, _bad_. 
 málus, -í, m., _mast_. 
 mandó, -dáre, -dáví, -dátus [manus + -dó, _put_], _put in hand, intrust, 
    commit; charge, command_. 
 máne, adv., _in the morning, early in the morning_. 
 maneó, manére, mánsí, mánsus, _remain_. 
 mánés, -ium, m. plur., _spirit, shade_. 
 manus, -ús, f., _hand_. 
 mare, maris, n., _sea_. 
 marítus, -í, m., _husband_. 
 Márs, Mártis, m., _Mars_. 
 máter, mátris, f., _mother_. 
 mátrimónium, -í [máter], n., _marriage_; in mátrimónium dúcere, _marry_. 
 mátúró, -áre, -áví, -átus [mátúrus, _ripe_], _ripen; hasten_. 
 máximé [máximus], adv., _very greatly, exceedingly, especially_. 
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 54 
 máximus, -a, -um, superl. of mágnus. 
 Médéa, -ae, f., _Medea_. 
 medicámentum, -í [medicó, _heal_], n., _drug; poison, potion_. 
 medicína, -ae [medicus, _physician_], f., _art of healing, medicine_. 
 medius, -a, -um, _mid, middle_. 
 Medúsa, -ae, f., _Medusa_. 
 membrum, -í, n., _limb, member_. 
 memoria, -ae [memor, _remembering_], f., _memory_. 
 memoró, -áre, -áví, -átus [memor, _remembering_], _remind of, mention_. 
 mentió, -ónis, f., _mention_. 
 mercátor, -óris [mercor, _trade_], m., _trader, merchant_. 
 mercés, mercédis, f., _pay, reward, wages_. 
 Mercurius, -í, m., _Mercury_. 
 mergó, mergere, mersí, mersus, _dip, plunge, sink_. 
 merídiánus, -a, -um [merídiés], _midday, noonday_; merídiánum tempus, 
    _midday, noon_. 
 merídiés, -éí [medius + diés], m., _midday, noon; south_. 
 meritus, -a, -um [part. of mereó], _deserved, due, just_. 
 meus, -a, -um [ego, meí], _my, mine_. 
 míles, mílitis, m., _soldier_. 
 mílitáris, -e [míles], _military, warlike_; rés mílitáris, _art of war, 
    warfare_. 
 mílle, indecl. adj., _a thousand_; mília, -ium, n. plur., _thousands_; 
 mília passuum, _thousands of paces, miles_. 
 minae, -árum, f. plur., _threats_. 
 Minerva, -ae, f., _Minerva_. 
 minimé [minimus, _least_], adv., _least, very little; by no means, not at 
    all_. 
 minimum [minimus, _least_], adv., _very little, slightly_. 
 minitor, -árí, -átus [minae], _threaten_. 
 Mínós, Mínóis, m., _Minos_. 
 minus, comp. adv., _less_. 
 Minyae, -árum, m. plur., _Minyae_. 
 míráculum, -í [míror], n., _wonder, marvel, miracle_. 
 míror, -árí, -átus [mírus], _wonder, wonder at_. 
 mírus, -a, -um, _wonderful, strange_. 
 misceó, miscére, miscuí, míxtus, _mix, mingle_. 
 misericordia, -ae [misericors, _pitiful_], f;, _pity, compassion_. 
 mittó, mittere, mísí, missus, _send_. 
 modo [modus], adv., _only_. 
 modus, -í, m., _way, manner_. 
 moenia, -ium, n. plur., _walls_. 
 mola, -ae, f., _meal_. 
 molestia, -ae [molestus, _annoying_], f., _annoyance_. 
 moneó, -ére, -uí, -itus, _warn_. 
 móns, montis, m., _mountain_. 
 mónstró, -áre, -áví, -átus [mónstrum], _point out, show_. 
 mónstrum, -í, n., _wonder, monster_. 
 mora, -ae, f., _delay_. 
 mordeó, mordére, momordí, morsus, _bite_. 
 morior, morí, mortuus, _die_. 
 moror, -árí, -átus [mora], _delay, linger, stay_. 
 mors, mortís [morior], f., _death_. 
 mortális, -e [mors], _mortal_. 
 mortifer, -fera, -ferum [mors + feró], _death-bringing, deadly_. 
 mortuus, -a, -um [part. of _morior_], _dead_. 
 mós, móris, m., _way, manner, habit, custom_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 55 
 moveó, movére, móví, mótus, _move_. 
 mox, adv., soon. 
 múgió, -íre, -íví, _low, bellow_. 
 múgítus, -ús [múgió], m., _lowing, bellowing_. 
 mulier, mulieris, f., _woman_. 
 multitúdó, -túdinis [multus], f., _multitude_. 
 multó [multus], adv., _by much_ or _far, much, far_. 
 multum, -í [multus], n., _much_. 
 multum [multus], adv., _much, greatly, far_. 
 multus, -a, -um, _much, great_; plur., _many_. 
 múnió, -íre, -íví, -ítus [moenia], _fortify_. 
 múnus, múneris, n., _service, office, duty; present, gift_. 
 múrus, -í, m., _wall_. 
 música, -ae, f., _music_. 
 mútó, -áre, -áví, -átus [freq. of moveó], _change_. 
 Mýsia, -ae, f., _Mysia_. 
   
 N 
   
 nactus, part. of nancíscor. 
 nam, conj., _for_. 
 nam-que, conj., _for_. 
 nancíscor, nancíscí, nactus, _get, obtain, find_. 
 nárró, -áre, -áví, -átus, _tell, relate, narrate_. 
 nató, -áre, -áví, -átus [freq. of nó, _swim_], _swim, float_. 
 nátúra, -ae [náscor, _be born_], f., _nature, character_. 
 nauta, -ae [návis], m., _sailor_. 
 nauticus, -a, -um [nauta], _naval, nautical_. 
 návigátió, -ónis [návigó], f., _sailing, navigation, voyage_. 
 návigó, -áre, -áví, -átus [návis + agó], _sail_. 
 návis, -is, f., _ship_. 
 -ne, enclitic introducing a question, untranslatable. 
 né, adv., _not_; né ... quidem, _not ... even_; conj., _that not, lest_. 
 nec, see neque. 
 necesse, indecl. adj., _necessary_. 
 necó, -áre, -áví, -átus, _put to death, slay, kill_. 
 neglegó, -legere, -léxí, -léctus [nec + legó, _gather_], _disregard, 
    neglect_. 
 negó, -áre, -áví, -átus, _say no_ or _not, deny, refuse_. 
 negótium, -í [nec + ótium, _leisure_], n., _business, matter; task, 
    trouble, difficulty_. 
 Nemeaeus, -a, -um, _of Nemea, Nemean_. 
 némó, néminis [ne-, _not_ + homó], m. and f., _no one, nobody_. 
 nepós, nepótis, m., _grandson_. 
 Neptúnus, -í, m., _Neptune_. 
 neque or nec [ne-, _not_ + -que], conj., _and not, nor_; neque ... neque, 
    _neither ... nor_; neque enim, _for ... not_. 
 nervus, -í, m., _sinew, muscle_. 
 ne-sció, -scíre, -scíví, _not know, be ignorant_; nesció quis, _I know 
    not who, some one or other_ (nesció is thus used with other 
    interrogative words also). 
 Nessus, -í, m., _Nessus_. 
 neu, see néve. 
 neuter, neutra, neutrum [ne-, _not_ + uter], _neither_. 
 néve or neu [né + -ve, _or_], conj., _and that not, and not, nor_. 
 niger, nigra, nigrum, _black_. 
 nihil, n., indecl., _nothing_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 56 
 nisi [ne-, _not_ + sí], conj., _if not, unless_. 
 nix, nivis, f., _snow_. 
 noctú [nox], adv., _at_ or _by night_. 
 nocturnus, -a, -um [nox], _of night, nocturnal_; nocturnum tempus, 
    _night-time_. 
 nóló, nólle, nóluí [ne-, _not_ + voló], _not wish, be unwilling_. 
 nómen, -minis [nóscó, _come to know_], n., _name_ (that by which one is 
    known). 
 nón, adv., _not_. 
 nón-dum, adv., _not yet_. 
 nón-ne, adv., introducing a question to which an affirmative answer is 
    expected, _not_? 
 nón-núllus, -a, -um, _not none, some, several_. 
 nós, plur. of ego. 
 noster, -tra, -trum [nós], _our_. 
 nótus, -a, -um [part. of nóscó, _come to know_], known, well-known, 
    famous_. 
 novem, indecl. adj., _nine_. 
 novitás, -tátis [novus], f., _newness, novelty_. 
 novus, -a, -um, _new_; novissimus, _last_. 
 nox, noctis, f., _night_. 
 núbés, -is, f., _cloud_. 
 núdus, -a, -um, _naked, bare_. 
 núllus, -a, -um [ne-, _not_ + úllus], _not any, none, no_. 
 num, adv., introducing a question to which a negative answer is expected, 
    untranslatable. 
 numerus, -í, m., _number_. 
 nummus, -í, m., _coin_. 
 numquam [ne-, _not_ + umquam, _ever_], adv., _never_. 
 nunc, adv., _now_. 
 núntió, -áre, -áví, -átus [núntius], _report, announce_. 
 núntius, -í [novus], m., _messenger; message_. 
 núper [novus], adv., _newly, lately, recently_. 
 núsquam [ne-, _not_ + úsquam, _anywhere_], adv., _nowhere_. 
 nympha, -ae, f., _nymph_. 
   
 O 
   
 ob, prep. with acc., _on account of, for_; in compounds, _to, against_. 
 obició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [ob + iació], _throw in the way_ or _to_. 
 ob-iúrgó, -iúrgáre, -iúrgáví, -iúrgátus, _chide, scold, reproach_. 
 ob-linó, -linere, -léví, -litus, _daub over, smear_. 
 oblítus, -a, -um [part. of oblívíscor], _forgetful, unmindful_. 
 oblívíscor, -lívíscí, -lítus, _forget_. 
 obscúró, -scúráre, -scúráví, -scúrátus [obscúrus], _darken, hide, 
    conceal_. 
 obscúrus, -a, -um, _dark_. 
 obsecró, -secráre, -secráví, -secrátus, _beseech, entreat_. 
 ob-seró, -serere, -séví, -situs, _sow, plant; cover, fill_. 
 obsideó, -sidére, -sédí, -sessus [ob + sedeó], _beset, besiege_. 
 ob-struó, -struere, -strúxí, -strúctus, _build against, block up_. 
 ob-testor, -testárí, -testátus, _call to witness; beseech, implore_. 
 obtineó, -tinére, -tinuí, -tentus [ob + teneó], _hold_. 
 obviam [ob + via], adv., _in the way, opposite, face to face_; obviam 
    fierí, _to meet_; obviam íre, _to go to meet_. 
 occásió, -ónis [occidó, _fall_], f., _chance, opportunity_. 
 occásus, -ús [occidó, _fall_], m. _setting_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 57 
 occídó, -cídere, -cídí, -císus [ob + caedó, _cut_], _cut down, kill_. 
 occupó, -cupáre, -cupáví, -cupátus [ob + capió], _seize; fill_. 
 occurró, -currere, -currí, -cursus [ob + curró], _run against, meet_. 
 Oceanus, -í, m., _Oceanus, the ocean_. 
 oculus, -í, m., _eye_. 
 ódí, ódisse, used only in tenses of completed action with the force of 
    tenses of incomplete action, _hate_. 
 odium, -í [ódí], n., _hatred_. 
 odor, -óris, m., _smell, odor_. 
 Oechalia, -ae, f., _Oechalia_. 
 Oeneus, -í, m., _Oeneus_. 
 Oeta, -ae, f., _Oeta_. 
 offendó, -fendere, -fendí, -fénsus, _offend_. 
 offeró, offerre, obtulí, oblátus [ob + feró], _bear to, proffer, offer_. 
 officína, -ae, f., _workshop, smithy_. 
 officium, -í, n., _service; duty_. 
 ólim, adv., _once upon a time, once, formerly, of old_. 
 Olympus, -í, m., _Olympus_. 
 omittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus [ob + mittó], _let go, neglect, 
    disregard, throw away, lose_. 
 omnínó [omnis], adv., _altogether, wholly, entirely_. 
 omnis, -e, _all, every_. 
 oneró, -áre, -áví, -átus [onus, _load_], _load, burden_. 
 opera, -ae [opus], f., _effort, work, labor_. 
 opínió, -ónis [opínor, _think_], f., _opinion, expectation; reputation_. 
 oppidum, -í, n., _town_. 
 opportúnus, -a, -um, _suitable, seasonable, convenient, opportune_. 
 opprimó, -primere, -pressí, -pressus [ob + premó], _press against, 
    overpower, crush_. 
 optimus, -a, -um, superl. of bonus. 
 opus, operis, n., _work, task_. 
 óráculum, -í [óró], n., _oracle_. 
 órátió, -ónis [óró], f., _speech_; órátiónem habére, _to deliver an 
    oration, speak_. 
 orbis, -is, m., _circle_; orbis terrae or terrárum, _circle of the earth_ 
    or _lands, earth, world_. 
 Orcus, -í, m., _Orcus, under-world_. 
 órdó, órdinis, m., _arrangement, order, rank_; ex órdine, _in order_. 
 orior, -írí, -tus, _arise, come forth, spring up_; ortá lúce, _at dawn_. 
 órnó, -áre, -áví, -átus, _equip, adorn_. 
 óró, -áre, -áví, -átus [ós], _speak; beg, pray_. 
 Orpheus, -í, m., _Orpheus_. 
 ós, óris, n., _mouth_. 
 ostendó, -tendere, -tendí, -tentus [ob + tendó], _stretch out before, 
    show, explain_. 
 óstium, -í [ós], n., _mouth, doorway, door_. 
 ovis, -is, f., _sheep_. 
   
 P 
   
 pábulum, -í [páscó], n., _food, fodder_. 
 paene, adv., _almost, nearly_. 
 palaestra, -ae, f., _wrestling-place, gymnasium_. 
 pálus, -í, m., _stake_. 
 palús, -údis, f., _swamp, marsh_. 
 parátus, -a, -um [part. of paró], _prepared, equipped, ready_. 
 páreó, -ére, -uí, _obey_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 58 
 paró, -áre, -áví, -átus, _make ready, prepare_. 
 pars, partis, f., _part, side, direction_. 
 parvus, -a, -um, _little, small_. 
 páscó, páscere, páví, pástus, _feed_. 
 passus, -ús [pandó, _stretch]_, m., pace_; mília passuum, see mílle. 
 pástor, -tóris [páscó], m., _shepherd_. 
 patefació, -facere, -fécí, -factus [pateó, _be open_ + fació], _throw_, 
    or _lay open, open_. 
 pater, patris, m., _father_. 
 patior, patí, passus, bear, _suffer, allow_. 
 patria, -ae [pater], f., _fatherland, country_. 
 paucí, -ae, -a, plur. adj., _few_. 
 pauló [paulus, _little]_, adv., _by a little, a little, somewhat_. 
 paulum [paulus, _little_], adv., _a little, somewhat_. 
 pavor, -óris [payeó, _be terrified_], m., _terror, panic_. 
 pectus, pectoris, n., _breast_. 
 pecúnia, -ae [pecus], f., _money_ (the possession of cattle constituting 
    wealth in early times). 
 pecus, pecoris, n., _herd, flock, cattle_. 
 pecus, pecudis, f., _head of cattle, beast, sheep, goat_. 
 Peliás, -ae, m., _Pelias_. 
 pellis, -is, f., _hide, skin, pelt_. 
 pelló, pellere, pepulí, pulsus, _drive, drive away, beat, rout_. 
 pendó, pendere, pependí, pénsus, _weigh out, pay_. 
 Pénelopé, -és, f., _Penelope_. 
 per, prep, with ace., _through, by means of_. 
 percipió, -cipere, -cépí, -ceptus [per + capió], _feel_. 
 percutió, -cutere, -cussí, -cussus [per + quatió], _strike through, 
    strike_. 
 per-dúcó, -dúcere, -dúxí, -ductus, _lead_ or _bring through, lead, 
    bring_. 
 peregrínus, -í, m., _stranger, foreigner_. 
 perennis, -e [per + annus], _lasting throughout the year, perennial, 
    perpetual_. 
 per-eó, -íre, -ii, -itúrus, _pass away, perish_. 
 per-feró, -ferre, -tulí, -látus, _bear through, bear, endure; weather_. 
 perfició, -ficere, -fécí, -fectus [per + fació], _do_ or _make through, 
    accomplish_. 
 per-fló, -fláre, _blow through_ or _over_. 
 per-fodió, -fodere, -fódí, -fossus, _dig_ or _pierce through, transfix_. 
 perículum, -í, n., _danger, peril, risk_. 
 per-lústró, -lústráre, -lústrávi, -lústrátus, _look over, examine, 
    survey_. 
 per-maneó, -manére, -mánsi, -mánsus, _remain_. 
 perpetuus, -a, -um [per + petó], _continuous, perpetual_; in perpetuum, 
    _for all time, forever_. 
 per-rumpó, -rumpere, -rúpí, -ruptus, _break_ or _burst through, break_. 
 per-scríbó, -scríbere, -scrípsí, scríptus, _write through_ or _in full, 
    describe fully, recount_. 
 per-sequor, -sequí, -secútus, _follow up, pursue_. 
 Perseus, -í, m., _Perseus_. 
 per-solvó, -solvere, -solví, -solútus, _pay completely, pay_. 
 per-suádeó, -suádére, -suási, -suásus, _persuade, prevail upon, 
    induce_. 
 per-terreó, -terrére, -terrui, -territus, _thoroughly frighten, terrify_. 
 per-turbó, -turbáre, -turbávi, -turbátus, _greatly disturb, disturb, 
    agitate, throw into confusion_.  
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 59 
 per-venió, -veníre, -véní, -ventus, _come through, come, arrive, reach_. 
 pés, pedis, m., _foot_. 
 petó, -ere, -íví or -ií, -ítus, _seek, ask; attack_. 
 Phásis, -idis, m., _Phasis_. 
 Phíneus, -í, m., _Phineus_. 
 Pholus, -í, m., _Pholus_. 
 Phrixus, -í, m., _Phrixus_. 
 pinguis, -e, _fat_. 
 piscátor, -tóris [piscor, _fish_], m., _fisherman_. 
 plausus, -ús [plaudó, _clap_], m., _applause_. 
 plúrés, -a [comp. of multus], plur. adj., _more, many, several_. 
 plúrimus, -a, -um, superl. of multus. 
 Plútó, -ónis, m., _Pluto_. 
 póculum, -í [pótó, _drink_], n., _cup_. 
 poena, -ae, f., _penalty, punishment_. 
 poéta, -ae, m., _poet_. 
 polliceor, -licérí, -licitus, _promise_. 
 Polydectés, -is, m., _Polydectes_. 
 Polyphémus, -í, m., _Polyphemus_. 
 pómum, -í, n., _fruit, apple_. 
 pondus, ponderis [pendó], n., _weight_. 
 pónó, pónere, posuí, positus, _place, put_; póní with in and abl., _to be 
    placed in, rest_ or _depend on_. 
 póns, pontis, m., _bridge_. 
 porcus, -í, m., _pig, hog, swine_. 
 porta, -ae, f., _gate; door_. 
 portus, -ús, m., _harbor, haven, port_. 
 póscó, póscere, popóscí, _ask, demand_. 
 possideó, -sidére, -sédí, -sessus, _hold, possess_. 
 possum, posse, potuí [potis, _able_ + sum], _be able, have power, can_. 
 post, adv., _after, later_; prep. with acc., _after, behind_. 
 posteá [post], adv., _after this, afterwards_. 
 posterus, -a, -um [post], _following, next_. 
 post-quam, conj., _later than, after, when_. 
 postrémus, -a, -um [superl. of posterus], _last_. 
 postrídié [posterus + diés], adv., _the day after, the next day_. 
 postuló, -áre, -áví, -átus, _ask, request, demand_. 
 potior, -írí, -ítus [potis, _able_], _become master of, get possession 
    of_. 
 prae-acútus, -a, -um, _sharp at the end, pointed, sharp_. 
 praebeó, -ére, -uí, -itus [prae, _before_ + habeó], _hold forth, supply, 
    furnish, give; show, present, exhibit_. 
 prae-caveó, -cavére, -cáví, -cautus, _beware beforehand, beware, be on 
    one's guard_. 
 praecipió, -cipere, -cépí, -ceptus [prae, _before_ + capió], _take 
    beforehand, anticipate; order, charge_. 
 praecipué [praecipuus, _especial_], adv., _especially_. 
 prae-clárus, -clára, -clárum, _very bright; splendid, remarkable, 
    famous_. 
 praeda, -ae, f., _booty, spoil, plunder_. 
 prae-dícó, -dícere, -díxí, -dictus, _say beforehand, foretell, predict_. 
 praedor, -árí, -átus [praeda], _plunder_. 
 praemium, -í, n., _reward_. 
 praeséns, -sentis [part. of praesum], adj., _present, immediate, 
    imminent_. 
 praesentia, -ae [praeséns], f., _the present_. 
 praeses, praesidis, m., _protector_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 60 
 praesidium, -í [praeses], n., _protection; guard, escort_. 
 praestáns, -stantis [part. of praestó], adj., _preëminent, remarkable_. 
 prae-stó, -stáre, -stití, -stitus, _stand in front; show_. 
 prae-sum, -esse, -fuí, _be before, preside over, have charge of, 
    command_. 
 praeter [prae, _before_], prep. with acc., _before, past, by; besides, 
    except_. 
 praetereá [praeter], adv., _besides this, besides, moreover_. 
 praeter-eó, -íre, -ií, -itus, _pass by_. 
 precés, -um, f. plur., _prayer, entreaty_. 
 prehendó, -hendere, -hendí, -hénsus, _seize_. 
 premó, premere, pressí, pressus, _press, check, restrain_. 
 pretium, -í, n., _price, charge_. 
 prímó [prímus], adv., _at first_. 
 prímum [prímus], adv., _first, in the first place_. 
 prímus, -a, -um [superl. from pró], _first, foremost_. 
 prístinus, -a, -um [prius], _former_. 
 prius [prior, _former_], adv., _before, first_. 
 prius-quam, conj., _before than, sooner than, before_. 
 pró, prep. with abl., _before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; 
    in return for, for_. 
 procul, adv., _at_ or _from a distance, far_. 
 proelium, -í, n., _battle, combat_; proelium committere, _to join 
    battle_. 
 profectió, -ónis [proficíscor], f., _departure, start_. 
 proficíscor, -ficíscí, -fectus [prófició, _make progress_], set out, 
    depart, start, march_. 
 prógredior, -gredí, -gressus [pró + gradior], _go forward, advance_. 
 prohibeó, -hibére, -hibuí, -hibitus [pró + habeó], _hold back, prevent, 
    hinder_. 
 próició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [pró + iació], _throw forth_ or _down, 
    cast away, throw_. 
 pró-mittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus, _send_ or _put forth, promise_. 
 prómó, prómere, prómpsí, prómptus [pró + emó], _take_ or _bring out, 
    produce_. 
 prómunturium, -í, n., _headland, promontory_. 
 properó, -áre, -áví, -átus, _hasten_. 
 pró-pónó, -pónere, -posuí, -positus, _put_ or _set before, offer, 
    propose; set forth, say_. 
 propter, prep. with acc., _on account of, because of_. 
 próra, -ae, f., _prow, bow_. 
 pró-sequor, -sequí, -secútus, _follow forward, follow_. 
 Próserpina, -ae, f., _Proserpina, Proserpine_. 
 pró-sternó, -sternere, -stráví, -strátus, _strew_ or _spread before, 
    throw_ or _knock down_. 
 pró-sum, pródesse, prófuí, _be of advantage, profit, avail, assist_. 
 pró-vehó, -vehere, -vexí, -vectus, _carry forward_. 
 pró-vocó, -vocáre, -vocáví, -vocátus, _call forth_ or _out, challenge_. 
 proximus, -a, -um [superl. from prope, _near_], _nearest, next_. 
 prúdentia, -ae [prúdéns, _prudent_], f., _prudence_. 
 puella, -ae [puer], f., _girl, maiden_. 
 puer, puerí, m., _boy_. 
 pueritia, -ae [puer], f., _boyhood_. 
 púgna, -ae, f., _fighting, battle, combat_. 
 púgnó, -áre, -áví, -átus [púgna], _fight_. 
 pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, _beautiful_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 61 
 pulsó, -áre, -áví, -átus [freq. of pelló], _push_ or _strike against, 
    knock, knock at_. 
 punctum, -í [pungó, _prick_], n., _point, instant, moment_. 
 púrgó, -áre, -áví, -átus [púrus, _clean_ + agó], _make clean, clean, 
    cleanse_. 
 putó, -áre, -áví, -átus, _think_. 
 Pýthia, -ae, f., _Pythia_. 
   
 Q 
   
 quá [quí], adv., _in which place, where_. 
 quaeró, quaerere, quaesíví, quaesítus, _seek; ask, inquire_. 
 quális, -e, _of what sort? what kind of_? 
 quam [quis and quí], adv., _how? as; than_; with superl., _as ... as 
    possible_. 
 quam-quam, conj., _however much, although_. 
 quantum [quantus], adv., _how much? how_? 
 quantus, -a, -um, _how great_ or _much_? 
 quartus, -a, -um [quattuor], _fourth_. 
 quasi [quí + sí], conj., _as if_. 
 quattuor, indecl. adj., _four_. 
 -que, enclitic conj., _and_. 
 quí, quae, quod, rel. pron., _who, which_. 
 quí, quae, quod, interrog. pron. adj., _what_? 
 quídam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron., _a certain, certain_. 
 quidem, adv., _in fact, indeed, certainly_; né ... quidem, _not ... 
    even_. 
 quiés, quiétis, f., _rest, repose_. 
 quín, conj., _so that ... not, but that, but_. 
 quínquágintá [quínque, _five_], indecl. adj., _fifty_. 
 quíntus, -a, -um [quínque, _five_], _fifth_. 
 quis, quid, interrog. pron., _who? which? what_? 
 quis, qua, quid, indef. pron., _any one, anybody, anything, some one, 
    somebody, something_. 
 quis-nam, quaenam, quidnam, interrog. pron., _who, which_, or _what, 
    pray? who? which? what_? 
 quis-quam, quicquam, indef. pron., _any one, anything_. 
 quis-que, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron., _each_. 
 quó [quis and quí], adv., _to what place? whither? to which place, 
    whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore_; quó úsque, _till 
    when? how long_? 
 quod [quí], conj., _that, in that, because_. 
 quoniam [cum + iam], conj., _since now, since_. 
 quoque [quí + -que], adv., _also_. 
 quotannís [quot, _how many_ + annus], adv., _every year, yearly, 
    annually_. 
 quotiéns [quot, _how many_, adv., _as often as_. 
   
 R 
   
 rámus, -í, m., _branch, bough_. 
 rapió, -ere, -uí, -tus, _seize, snatch_. 
 ratió, -ónis [reor, _think_], f., plan, means, method, manner_. 
 recipió, -cipere, -cépí, -ceptus [re- + capió], _take_ or _get back, 
    recover_; sé recipere, _to betake oneself, withdraw; to collect 
    oneself, recover_. 
 re-creó, -creáre, -creáví, -creátus, _make anew, renew, refresh_. 
 réctus, -a, -um [part. of regó, _direct_], _direct, straight_.  
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 62 
 re-cumbó, -cumbere, -cubuí, _lie back_ or _down_. 
 recuperó, -áre, -áví, -átus, _recover_. 
 recúsó, -cúsáre, -cúsáví, -cúsátus [re- + causa], _give a reason against, 
    refuse_. 
 reddó, -dere, -didí, -ditus [re- + dó], _give back, return, restore; 
    render_. 
 redeó, -íre, -ií, -itus [re- + eó], _go back, return_. 
 redintegró, -integráre, -integráví, -integrátus [re- + integró, _make 
    whole_], _make whole again, renew_. 
 reditus, -ús [redeó], m., _return_. 
 re-dúcó, -dúcere, -dúxí, -ductus, _lead_ or _bring back; restore_. 
 re-feró, referre, rettulí, relátus, _bring_ or _carry back, return_; 
    pedem referre, _to draw back, retire, retreat_; grátiam referre, 
    see grátia. 
 refició, -ficere, -fécí, -fectus [re- + fació], _make anew, renew, 
    repair_. 
 re-fugió, -fugere, -fúgí, _flee back, run away, retreat_. 
 re-fulgeó, -fulgére, -fulsí, _flash back, shine_. 
 régia, -ae [régius, _royal_], f., _palace_. 
 régína, -ae [réx], f., _queen_. 
 regió, -ónis [regó, _direct_], f., _direction; country, region_. 
 régnó, -áre, -áví, -átus [régnum], _reign, rule_. 
 régnum, -í [réx], n., _royal power, rule, throne; kingdom, realm_. 
 regredior, -gredí, -gressus [re- + gradior], _go back, return_. 
 re-linquó, -linquere, -líquí, -lictus, _leave behind, leave_. 
 reliquus, -a, -um [relinquó], _left, the remaining, the other, the rest 
    of_. 
 remedium, -í [re- + medeor, _heal_], n., _remedy_. 
 rémigó, -áre [rémex, _rower_], _row_. 
 re-moveó, -movére, -móví, -mótus, _move back, remove_. 
 rémus, -í, m., _oar_. 
 re-núntió, -núntiáre, -núntiáví, -núntiátus, _bring back word, report, 
    announce_. 
 re-pelló, repellere, reppulí, repulsus, _drive back_ or _away, repulse, 
    repel_. 
 reperió, reperíre, repperí, repertus, _find, discover_. 
 repertor, -óris [reperió], m., _discoverer, inventor_. 
 re-pleó, -plére, -pléví, -plétus, _fill again_ or _up, fill_. 
 re-pónó, -pónere, -posuí, -positus, _put_ or _set back; store up_ or 
    _away_. 
 re-portó, -portáre, -portáví, -portátus, _carry_ or _bring back_. 
 re-púgnó, -púgnáre, -púgnáví, -púgnátus, _fight against, struggle, 
    resist_. 
 rés, reí, f., _thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation_; ré vérá, 
    _in truth, in fact, really_. 
 re-sistó, -sistere, -stití, _stand back, resist_. 
 re-spíró, -spíráre, -spíráví, -spírátus, _breathe back_ or _out, 
    breathe_. 
 re-spondeó, -spondére, -spondí, -spónsus, _reply, answer_. 
 respónsum, -í [part. of respondeó], n., _reply, answer, response_. 
 restituó, -stituere, -stituí, -stitútus [re- + statuó], _set up again, 
    put back, restore_. 
 retineó, -tinére, -tinuí, -tentus [re- + teneó], _hold_ or _keep back, 
    keep, restrain; hold fast_. 
 revertor, -vertí, -versus, perf. act. -vertí [re- + vertó], _turn back, 
    return_. 
 réx, régis [regó, _direct_], m., _king_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 63 
 Rhadamanthus, -í, m., _Rhadamanthus_. 
 rídeó, rídére, rísí, rísus, _laugh_. 
 rípa, -ae, f., _bank_. 
 ríte [rítus, _rite]_, adv., _duly, fitly_. 
 róbur, róboris, n., _oak_. 
 rogó, -áre, -áví, -átus, _ask_. 
 rogus, -í, m., _funeral pile, pyre_. 
 Róma, -ae, f., _Rome_. 
 róstrum, -í [ródó, _gnaw_], n., _beak_. 
 ruó, -ere, -í, -itúrus, _rush_. 
 rúpés, -is, f., _rock, cliff; reef_. 
 rúrsus [for reversus, part, of revertor], adv., _again_. 
   
 S 
   
 saccus, -í, m., _bag, sack_. 
 sacerdós, -dótis [sacer, _holy_ + dó], m. and f., _priest, priestess_. 
 sacrificium, -í [sacrifice], n., _sacrifice_. 
 sacrificó, -áre, -áví, -átus [sacer, _holy_ + fació], _sacrifice_. 
 saepe, adv., _often, frequently_. 
 saevus, -a, -um, _fierce, savage_. 
 sagitta, -ae, f., _arrow_. 
 sál, salis, m., _salt_. 
 Salmydéssus, -í, m., _Salmydessus_. 
 salsus, -a, -um [sál], _salted, salt_. 
 salús, salútis [salvus, _safe_], f., _safety, deliverance, escape_. 
 sánctus, -a, -um [part, of sanció, _make sacred_], _consecrated, sacred_. 
 sanguis, sanguinis, m., _blood_. 
 sánitás, -tátis [sánus, _sound_], f., _soundness; right reason, sanity_. 
 satis, adv., _enough, sufficiently_. 
 saxum, -í, n., _rock, stone_. 
 scapha, -ae, f., _boat, skiff_. 
 scelus, sceleris, n., _wickedness, crime_. 
 scientia, -ae [sció], f., _knowledge, skill_. 
 sció, -íre, -íví, -ítus, _know_. 
 scríbó, scríbere, scrípsí, scríptus, _write_. 
 scútum, -í, n., _shield_. 
 sé-cédó, -cédere, -cessí, -cessus, _go apart, withdraw_. 
 secundus, -a, -um [sequor], _following, favorable_. 
 sed, conj., _but_. 
 sedeó, sedére, sédí, sessus, _sit_. 
 sédés, -is [sedeó], f., _seat, abode_. 
 sémentis, -is [semen, _seed_], f., _seeding, sowing_. 
 semper, adv., _always_. 
 senex, senis, m., _old man_. 
 sententia, -ae [sentió], f., _opinion; purpose_. 
 sentió, sentíre, sénsí, sénsus, _perceive, feel_. 
 sepelió, sepelíre, sepelíví, sepultus, _bury_. 
 septimus, -a, -um [septem, _seven_],_seventh_. 
 sepultúra, -ae [sepelió], f., _burial_. 
 sequor, sequí, secútus, _follow_. 
 Seríphus, -í, f., _Seriphos_. 
 sermó, -ónis [seró, _interweave_], m., _conversation, talk, speech_. 
 seró, serere, séví, satus, _sow, plant_. 
 serpéns, -entis [part, of serpó, _crawl_], f., _serpent_. 
 servió, -ire, -íví, -ítus [servus], _be subject to, serve_. 
 servitús, -tútis [servus], f., _slavery, servitude_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 64 
 servó, -áre, -áví, -átus, _save, preserve_. 
 servus, -í, m., _slave, servant_. 
 sí, conj., _if_. 
 síc, adv., _so, thus_. 
 Sicilia, -ae, f., _Sicily_. 
 sígnum, -í, n., _sign, signal_. 
 silva, -ae, f., _wood, forest_. 
 simul, adv., _at the same time_; simul atque or ac, _as soon as_. 
 sine, prep. with abl., _without_. 
 sinister, -tra, -trum, _left_. 
 sinistra, -ae [sinister], f., _left hand_ (manus understood). 
 sinus, -ús, m., _bosom, lap_. 
 situs, -a, -um [part. of sinó], _placed, situated_. 
 sí-ve or seu, conj., _or if_; síve ... síve, _whether ... or_. 
 socius, -í [sequor], m., _companion, comrade, ally_. 
 sól, sólis, m., _sun_. 
 solium, -í [sedeó], n., _seat, throne_. 
 sollicitúdó, -túdinis [sollicitus], f., _anxiety, care, apprehension_. 
 sollicitus, -a, -um, _troubled, anxious_. 
 sólus, -a, -um, _alone_. 
 solvó, solvere, solví, solútus, _loosen, unbind, release; pay_; with or 
    without návem, _cast off, set sail, put to sea_. 
 somnus, -í, m., _sleep, drowsiness_. 
 sonitus, -ús [sonó, _sound_], m. _sound, noise_. 
 sonórus, -a, -um [sonó, _sound_], _sounding, loud, noisy_. 
 soror, -óris, f., _sister_. 
 sors, sortis, f., _lot_. 
 sortior, -írí, -ítus [sors], _cast_ or _draw lots_. 
 spargó, spargere, sparsí, sparsus, _scatter, sprinkle_. 
 spatium, -í, n., _space, interval; space of time, time_. 
 speciés, -éí [speció, _look_], f., _sight, appearance, shape_. 
 spectátor, -óris [spectó], m., _looker-on, spectator_. 
 spectó, -áre, -áví, -átus [freq. of speció, _look_], _look at_ or _on_. 
 speculum, -í [speció, _look_], n., _looking-glass, mirror_. 
 spélunca, -ae, f., _cave, cavern_. 
 spernó, spernere, spréví, sprétus, _despise, scorn_. 
 spéró, -áre, -áví, -átus [spés], _hope_. 
 spés, speí, f., _hope_. 
 sponte, f. abl. sing., modified by meá, tuá, suá, _of one's own accord, 
    voluntarily_. 
 squálor, -óris [squáleó, _be dirty_], m., _dirt, filth_. 
 stabulum, -í [stó], n., _standing-place, stall, stable, inclosure_. 
 statim [stó], adv., _on the spot, forthwith, at once, immediately_. 
 statuó, statuere, statuí, statútus [stó], _cause to stand; decide, 
    resolve_. 
 stípendium, -í, n., _tax, tribute_. 
 stó, stáre, stetí, status, _stand_. 
 stringó, stringere, strinxí, strictus, _draw, unsheathe_. 
 studeó, -ére, -uí, _be eager, give attention, apply oneself_. 
 studiósus, -a, -um [studium], _eager, diligent, studious_. 
 studium, -í [studeó], n., _eagerness, zeal; study, pursuit_. 
 stupeó, -ére, -uí, _be stunned, astounded_, or _amazed_. 
 Stymphálus, -í, m., _Stymphalus_. 
 Stymphális, -idis [Stymphálus], adj., _of Stymphalus, Stymphalian_. 
 Styx, Stygis, f., _Styx_. 
 suávis, -e, _sweet, pleasant_. 
 sub, prep. with acc. and abl., _under_; sub vesperum, _towards evening_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 65 
 sub-dó, -dere, -didí, -ditus, _put under, apply_. 
 sub-dúcó, -dúcere, -dúxí, -ductus, _draw up, beach_. 
 sub-eó, -íre, -ií, -itus, _go under; undergo, submit to, sustain, bear, 
    endure_. 
 subició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [sub + iació], _throw_ or _place under_. 
 subitó [subitus, _unexpected_], adv., _unexpectedly, suddenly_. 
 sub-levó, -leváre, -leváví, -levátus, _lift from beneath, lift, raise_. 
 sub-mergó, -mergere, -mersí, -mersus, _plunge under, sink, overwhelm_. 
 subsidium, -í [sub + sedeó], n., _reserve, reinforcement, support, help_. 
 succédó, -cédere, -cessí, -cessus [sub + cédó], _go_ or _come under, 
    follow after, succeed_. 
 succendó, -cendere, -cendí, -cénsus, _kindle beneath, set on fire_. 
 succídó, -cídere, -cídí, -císus [sub + caedó], _cut below_ or _down_. 
 súcus, -í, m., _juice_. 
 suí, sibi, sé or sésé, reflexive pron., _himself, herself, itself, 
    themselves_. 
 sum, esse, fuí, futúrus, _be_. 
 summus, -a, -um [superl. of superus, _upper_], _uppermost, highest, 
    greatest_. 
 súmó, súmere, súmpsí, súmptus [sub + emó], _take under_ or _up, take_; 
    poenam súmere, _to exact_ or _inflict punishment_. 
 superior, -ius [comp. of superus, _upper_], adj., _higher; former, 
    previous, preceding_. 
 superó, -áre, -áví, -átus [superus, _upper_], _overcome, defeat, 
    conquer_. 
 super-sum, -esse, -fuí, _be over_ or _left, remain_. 
 supplicium, -í [supplex, _kneeling_], n., _punishment, torture_. 
 suppónó, -pónere, -posuí, -positus [sub + pónó], _place_ or _put under_. 
 suprá [superus, _upper_], adv. and prep. with acc., _above, before_. 
 suprémus, -a, -um [superl. of superus, _upper_], _highest, last_. 
 suscipió, -cipere, -cépí, -ceptus [sub + capió], _undertake_. 
 suspendó, -pendere, -pendí, -pénsus [sub + pendó], _hang up, hang_. 
 suspíció, -ónis [suspició, _look askance at_], f., _suspicion_. 
 suspicor, -spicárí, -spicátus [suspició, _look askance at_], _suspect_. 
 sustineó, -tinére, -tinuí, -tentus [sub + teneó], _hold_ or _bear up, 
    sustain, withstand_. 
 suus, -a, -um [suí], _his, her, its_, or _their own; his, her, its, 
    their_. 
 Symplégadés, -um, f. plur., _the Symplegades_. 
   
 T 
   
 taceó, -ére, -uí, -itus, _be silent_. 
 tacitus, -a, -um [part. of taceó], _silent_. 
 Taenarus, -í, m., _Taenarus_. 
 tálária, -ium [tálus, _ankle_], n. plur., _winged shoes_. 
 tális, -e, _such_. 
 tam, adv., _so_. 
 tamen, adv., _however, yet, nevertheless_. 
 tandem, adv., _at length_ or _last, finally_. 
 tangó, tangere, tetigí, táctus, _touch_. 
 tantum [tantus], adv., _so much_ or _far, only_. 
 tantus, -a, -um, _so great_ or _much_. 
 Tartarus, -í, m., _Tartarus_. 
 taurus, -í, m., _bull_. 
 tegó, tegere, téxí, téctus, _cover_. 
 télum, -í, n., _missile, spear, weapon_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 66 
 temeré, adv., _rashly_. 
 tempestás, -tátis [tempus], f., _weather; storm, tempest_. 
 templum, -í, n., _sanctuary, temple_. 
 temptó, -áre, -áví, -átus, _try, attempt_. 
 tempus, temporis, n., _time, season_. 
 teneó, -ére, -uí, -tus, _hold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop_. 
 tenuis, -e, _thin_. 
 tergum, -í, n., _back_. 
 terra, -ae, f., _land, earth_. 
 terreó, -ére, -uí, -itus, _frighten, terrify_. 
 terribilis, -e [terreó], _dreadful, terrible_. 
 terror, -óris [terreó], m., _terror, fright_. 
 tertium [tertius], adv., _the_ or _a third time_. 
 tertius, -a, -um [trés], _third_. 
 texó, -ere, -uí, -tus, _weave_. 
 Thébae, -árum, f. plur., _Thebes_. 
 Thébání, -órum [Thébae], m. plur., _Thebans_. 
 Thermódón, -ontis, m., _Thermodon_. 
 Théseus, -í, m., _Theseus_. 
 Thessalia, -ae, f., _Thessaly_. 
 Thrácia, -ae, f., _Thrace_. 
 Tiberis, -is, m., _Tiber_. 
 timeó, -ére, -uí, _fear_. 
 timor, -óris [timeó], m., _fear_. 
 tingó, tingere, tinxí, tinctus, _wet, soak, dye_. 
 Tíryns, Tírynthis, f., _Tiryns_. 
 tolló, tollere, sustulí, sublátus, _lift, raise; take away, remove_; 
    ancorás tollere, _to weigh anchor_. 
 torqueó, torquére, torsí, tortus, _turn_. 
 tótus, -a, -um, _all the, the whole_ or _entire_. 
 tráctó, -áre, -áví, -átus [freq. of trahó], _handle, touch, feel_. 
 trádó, -dere, -didí, -ditus [trans + do], _give across, over_, or _up, 
    deliver; hand down, relate, report_. 
 trádúcó, -dúcere, -dúxí, -ductus [tráns + dúcó], _lead across_. 
 trahó, trahere, tráxí, tráctus, _draw, drag_. 
 tráició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [tráns + iació], _throw across, strike 
    through, pierce_. 
 tráiectus, -ús [tráició], m., _crossing over, passage_. 
 tránó, -náre, -náví [tráns + nó, _swim_], _swim across_ or _over_. 
 tranquillitás, -tátis [tranquillus], f., _calm_. 
 tranquillus, -a, -um, _calm_. 
 tráns, prep. with acc., _across, over_. 
 tráns-eó, -íre, -ií, -itus, _go across_ or _over, cross_. 
 tráns-fígó, -fígere, -fíxí, -fíxus, _thrust_ or _pierce through, 
    transfix_. 
 tráns-portó, -portáre, -portáví, -portátus, _carry across_ or _over, 
    transport_. 
 tráns-vehó, -vehere, -vexí, -vectus, _carry across_ or _over_. 
 trés, tria, plur. adj., _three_. 
 tribútum, -í [part. of tribuó, _contribute_], n., _contribution, 
    tribute_. 
 trístitia, -ae [trístis, _sad_], f., _sadness_. 
 Tróia, -ae, f., _Troy_. 
 Tróiání, -órum [Tróia], m. plur., _Trojans_. 
 tú, tuí, pers. pron., _thou, you_. 
 tum, adv., _then, at that time_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 67 
 turbó, -áre, -áví, -átus [turba, _confusion_], _confuse, throw into 
    disorder, disturb, trouble_. 
 turbó, turbinis [turbó], m., _whirlwind, hurricane_. 
 turpis, -e, _disgraceful_. 
 tútus, -a, -um [part. of tueor, _watch over_], _safe_. 
 tuus, -a, -um [tú], _thy, thine, your_. 
   
 U 
   
 ubi, adv., _where_; conj., _when_. 
 ulcíscor, ulcíscí, ultus, _avenge_. 
 úllus, -a, -um, _any_. 
 últerior, -ius [comp. from últrá, _beyond_], adj., _farther_. 
 Ulixés, -is, m., _Ulysses_. 
 umbra, -ae, f., _shadow, shade_. 
 umerus, -í, m., _shoulder_. 
 umquam, adv., _ever_. 
 unda, -ae, f., _wave_. 
 unde, adv., _whence_. 
 úndecimus, -a, -um [úndecim, _eleven_], _eleventh_. 
 undique [unde + -que], adv., _from_ or _on all sides_. 
 ungó, ungere, únxí, únctus, _smear, anoint_. 
 unguentum, -í [ungó], n., _ointment_. 
 úniversus, -a, -um [únus + vertó], _all together, whole, entire, all_. 
 únus, -a, -um, _one; only, alone_. 
 urbs, urbis, f., _city_. 
 úró, úrere, ússí, ústus, _burn_. 
 úsque, adv., _all the time_; úsque ad, _as far as, until_; quó úsque, 
    see quó. 
 úsus, -ús [útor], m., _use; experience_. 
 ut, conj., _as; when; that_; ita ut, _as_. 
 uter, utra, utrum, _which_? of two. 
 úter, útris, m., _wine-skin_. 
 uter-que, utraque, utrumque, _each, either, both_. 
 útor, útí, úsus, _use_. 
 utrimque [uterque], adv., _on either side_ or _both sides_. 
 uxor, -óris, f., _wife_. 
   
 V 
   
 vacuus, -a, -um [vacó, _be empty_], _empty_. 
 valeó, -ére, -uí, -itúrus, _be strong_ or _effectual, have effect, 
    prevail_. 
 validus, -a, -um [valeó], _strong_. 
 vallis, -is, f., _valley_. 
 varius, -a, -um, _various_. 
 vás, vásis, n., plur. vása, -órum, _vessel_. 
 vástó, -áre, -áví, -átus [vástus], _lay waste_. 
 vástus, -a, -um, _waste, huge, enormous, vast_. 
 vehementer [veheméns, _violent_], adv., _violently, vehemently; 
    earnestly; exceedingly, greatly_. 
 vehó, vehere, vexí, vectus, _carry_. 
 vellus, velleris, n., _fleece_. 
 véló, -áre, -áví, -átus [vélum, _veil_], _veil, cover_. 
 vel-ut, _even_ or _just as, as_. 
 vénátió, -ónis [vénor, _hunt_], f., _hunting_. 
 venénum, -í, n., _poison_. 
 venió, veníre, véní, ventus, _come_. 
   
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY Pg 68 
 venter, ventris, m., _belly_. 
 ventus, -í, m., _wind_. 
 verbum, -í, n., _word_. 
 vereor, -érí, -itus, _fear_. 
 véró [vérus], adv., _in truth, indeed; however_. 
 versor, -árí, -átus [freq. of vertó], _keep turning, be busy_ or 
    _employed, be_. 
 vertó, vertere, vertí, versus, _turn_. 
 vérus, -a, -um, _true_; ré vérá, _in truth, in fact_. 
 véscor, -í, _feed on, eat_. 
 vesper, vesperí, m., _evening_. 
 vester, -tra, -trum [vós], _your_. 
 vestígium, -í [vestígó, _track_], n., _track, foot-print_. 
 vestis, -is, f., _clothing, dress, robe_. 
 vestítus, -ús [vestió, _clothe_], m., _clothing_. 
 via, -ae, f., _road, way_. 
 viátor, -tóris [via], m., _wayfarer, traveler_. 
 victima, -ae [vincó, _overcome_], f., _victim_. 
 victória, -ae [vincó, _overcome_], f., _victory_. 
 víctus, -ús [vívó], m., _sustenance, food_. 
 vícus, -í, m., _village_. 
 videó, vidére, vídí, vísus, _see; _ pass., _seem_. 
 vigilia, -ae [vigil, _awake_], f., _watch_. 
 vígintí, indecl. adj., _twenty_. 
 vílla, -ae, f., _country-house, villa_. 
 vímen, -minis, n., _osier_. 
 vinció, vincíre, vinxí, vinctus, _bind_. 
 vinculum, -í [vinció], n., _bond, chain_. 
 vínum, -í, n., _wine_. 
 vir, virí, m., _man_. 
 virgó, virginis, f., _maiden_. 
 virtús, -tútis [vir], f., _manliness, courage, bravery_. 
 vís, vís, f., _violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy_; plur. vírés, 
    -ium, _strength_; omnibus víribus, _with all one's strength, with 
    might and main_. 
 vísus, -ús [videó], m., _sight_. 
 víta, -ae [vívó], f., _life_. 
 vító, -áre, -áví, -átus, _avoid, escape_. 
 vívó, vívere, víxí, víctus, _live_. 
 vívus, -a, -um [vívó], _alive, living_. 
 vix, adv., _with difficulty, scarcely, hardly, barely_. 
 vocó, -áre, -áví, -átus [vóx], _call, summon_. 
 Volcánus, -í, m., _Vulcan_. 
 voló, -áre, -áví, -átúrus, _fly_. 
 voló, velle, voluí, _wish_. 
 volucris, -is [voló], f., _bird_. 
 voluntás, -tátis [voló], f., _wish, will_. 
 voluptás, -tátis [voló], f., _pleasure_. 
 vós, plur. of tú. 
 voró, -áre, -áví, -átus, _swallow whole, devour_. 
 vóx, vócis, f., _voice; word_. 
 vulneró, -áre, -áví, -átus [vulnus], _wound_. 
 vulnus, vulneris, n., _wound_. 
   
 Z 
   
 Zephyrus, -í, m., _Zephyrus, the west wind_. 
 Zétés, -ae, m., _Zetes_. 
 
 
 Publication Date: January 6th 2015 https://www.bookrix.com/-mk496e398f1e345