nment, functional components, and 
information objects within a system responsible for the long-term preservation of digital 
materials. Long before it became an approved standard in 2002, many in the cultural heritage 
community had adopted OAIS as a model to better understand what would be needed from 
digital preservation systems. 
Institutions began to declare themselves ‘OAIS-compliant’ to underscore the trustworthiness 
of their digital repositories. However, there was no established understanding of 