te a lot of fear and media attention 
(especially when the perpetrators are acting out of a sense of political 
“hactivism”), they are by no means the only form of DoS attack.  Asymmetric 
application-level DoS attacks take advantage of vulnerabilities in web servers, 
databases, or other cloud resources, allowing a malicious individual to take out 
an application using a single extremely small attack payload – in some cases 
less than 100 bytes long. 
5.1 Implications 
Experiencing a denial-of-service atta