 Since institutional practices cannot alter moral obligations, we should expect that if an experimental participant has judged that it is wrong to push someone off a schoolyard swing, and that judgment is a moral judgment, then the participant would judge that it would be wrong in another school where there was no rule against pushing people off a swing, and it would be wrong even if the principal in her own school said that there was no rule against it. In the jargon that has developed in the literature growing out of Turiel’s work, these questions are said to probe for “authority independence”. The test that Turiel proposed to determine whether a judgment is a moral judgment includes one or more questions assessing whether the participant takes her judgment to be universalizable and one or more questions assessing whether she takes her judgment to be authority independent. The examples used and the details of the questions asked vary with the age of the participant and the details of the participant’s culture (Turiel 1989).