 Initially, this “role of enacting new halakhic legislation” was assigned by Leibowitz “to the religious public as a whole” (Torah u-Mitzvot, 73). During this early period, as Moshe Hellinger points out, Leibowitz presents a “participatory democratic model” (Hellinger, 2008, 257), that yields a radical form of democratic halakhic Judaism. As early as 1947, however, Leibowitz is noting how “the sector of the religious public organized as a political movement lacks a religious program for the conduct of the state” (Judaism, 154), leading him instead to look to the religious rabbinic establishment to take the courageous steps necessary to provide a vision for such a “halakhic state.”