 Emotional (xi, nu, ai, bei [delight, anger, grief, sadness]) qi [material force or physical energy] is due to xing. When it manifests externally, it is due to sensual contact with things (wu qu zhi 物取之). (Xing Zi Ming Chu, 1.1; Tang, Bruya, and Wen 2003: 275; Middendorf 2008: 152) 