 Scientific pluralism, as an explicit program in philosophy of science, is of relatively recent origin. Motivated by cases for both historical and contemporary diversity of scientific methods and theories (Kuhn 1962; Feyerabend 1965), post-war philosophers of science increasingly argued that plurality is not a problem but rather a productive feature of successful science. Contrasting this case for plurality with the ideal of unified science, pluralism emerged as a core concept in the negotiation of the post-positivist identity of philosophy of science. Pluralist philosophers of science share a methodological commitment to studying scientific practices in their diachronic and synchronic complexity rather than aiming for characterizations of the structure of science in singular and for unification as an idealized goal. Sometimes formulated in polemic opposition to earlier positivist phases of philosophy of science, pluralism has become an umbrella concept for philosophical engagement with conceptual, methodological, theoretical, and social diversity in science.