 A number of contemporary writers have been happy to endorse Carnap’s approach to pluralism and Restall argues that it is less radical than his and JC Beall’s case-based version (Varzi 2002, 199; Restall 2002). Nonetheless there are several issues that someone who wanted to defend Carnap’s position today would need to address. A first concern about the view is that while we are working within the various languages we invent, we could be missing the ‘correct’ rules—the ones that were out there, in effect, before we invented anything. In the words of Paul Boghossian, 