 The fourth argument, regarding the differences between the predictions of rational analysis and observed behavior, we addressed in discussions of Brunswik’s notion of ecological validity  (section 3.2)  and the traditional responses to these observations by rational analysis  (section 3.3).  The fifth argument, that some of the conclusions of rational analysis do not agree with a reasonable normative standard, was touched on in sections  1.2,  1.3, and the subject of  section 5.