 Aristotle argued that there is purposiveness in the natural as well as the artificial realm concluding that “it is obvious that Nature is a cause, and one directed towards an end” (Phys. II.8, 199b32–33). Averroes agreed and opposed those who claim that purposiveness exists only in deliberative actions because arts act externally while Nature acts internally. He notes that not all arts are deliberative and that the physician is capable of using the art of medicine to heal himself, he is not external to the action (LC 81I–82A TC86).