 If Hobbes’s materialism and (consequently) suspected atheism adds an interesting complexity to his relation to Luther, in Leibniz’s case a complexity is added through the latter’s commitment to ecumenism (reflected in his Catholic Demonstrations project of 1668–69 and subsequent works), and his rationalism, on which some of his ecumenical plans were based, as he hoped that common ground between doctrinal differences might be based on fresh insights made possible by new developments in philosophy and the sciences. Nonetheless, as with Hobbes, notwithstanding these divergences in Leibniz’s case, a clear Lutheran influence and context is still to be found, traceable to his upbringing and education (see Goldenbaum 1988: 171; Antognazza 2009: Chap 1), which drew him towards Lutheranism in a moderate form.