 In Frege’s logical system, declarative sentences stand for (bedeuten) truth values, which are two distinct abstract objects in Frege’s ontology. Thus Frege treated such sentences as a special kind of name. But others, Carnap in particular, viewed sentences as standing for propositions. In response, Church gave an argument, directly traceable to Frege, that the denotations of sentences are indeed their truth values, and so cannot be propositions as Carnap supposed. (While we prefer “designate” we will follow Church and use “denote” in this section.) This argument has become known as “the Slingshot”, invoking the slaying of Goliath by David, for its ability to refute looming hypotheses such as that sentences are correlated directly with facts or propositions.