 Territorial rights are also normally understood to include other rights beyond jurisdiction and the associated claims, powers and immunities: rights to control resources within the geographical area, rights to control borders and regulate the flow of people and goods across them and rights to defend the territory against outside aggression (Simmons 2001; Miller 2012). Although these are often assumed to be inherent in the very idea of a sovereign state, we can envisage entities that have some rights of jurisdiction but lack other elements in the territorial bundle. Consider the members of the European Union which have significant jurisdictional powers at the member state level, but no border checks between member states in the Schengen area. Most federations are structured in this way. In Canada, provinces exercise wide powers of jurisdiction (over education, health, roads, natural resources) but there are no border controls between provinces. Thus, each element in the bundle that make up what we might loosely call ‘territorial rights’ needs to be examined, related to other elements, and justified, if we are to have a full normative theory of territorial rights or territorial justice.