  Philosophical discussions of how and why TOFT and CSC challenge a simple reductionist picture of cancer etiology are only two of several examples. Other philosophers have described (or critiqued) evolutionary explanations of cancer (especially models of multilevel selection) (Germain 2012a; Lean and Plutynski 2016; Germain and Laplane 2017; Plutynski, 2018). Still others emphasize systems biology-based approaches to cancer (Bertolaso 2016; Plutynski &amp; Bertolaso 2018), or the important role of a developmental perspective (Laplane 2016, 2018; Fagan 2017). Others still emphasize how one might model cancer as an infectious disease (Liu, et al. 2017), and or an evolutionary-developmental process (Liu 2018). What all these philosophers seem to emphasize is that the study of mechanisms associated with cancer at the cell and molecular level requires supplementation to better predict and explain the origin of the disease, and design effective therapies. In addition, Pradeu (forthcoming) has recently pointed out how the immune system plays an apparently “paradoxical” dual role in cancer, both acting to prevent and promote cancer. This raises interesting questions about the function of the immune system, as well as the appropriate way of understanding “organism,” “self” and “non-self” in biological contexts. There remain interesting questions about how to integrate various perspectives on this complex disease.