 Research psychologists have generally not been as skeptical of our knowledge of our attitudes as they have been of our knowledge of the causes of our attitudes (Section 4.2.1 above). In fact, many of the same experiments that purport to show inaccurate knowledge of the causes of our attitudes nonetheless rely unguardedly on self-report for assessment of the attitudes themselves—a feature of those experiments criticized by Bem (1967). Attitudinal surveys in psychology and social science generally rely on participants’ self-report as the principal source of evidence about attitudes (de Vaus 1985/2002; Sirken et al. (eds.) 1999). However, as in the case of motives and causes, there’s a long tradition in clinical psychology skeptical of our self-knowledge of our attitudes, giving a large role to “unconscious” motives and attitudes.