The truthmaker criterion for ontological commitment to kinds, as formulated above, strengthens the modal entailment criterion (§2.2) since, necessarily, if Ks are among the truthmakers for T, then Ks exist. Thus, on a truthmaker account, for a theory to be ontologically committed to Ks, it is required not only that there exist Ks if the theory is true, but that there exist Ks that are truthmakers for the theory, if the theory is true. The chief reason given for the strengthening (Cameron 2008, 2010) is this: if the Ks are not fundamental entities, if they lack real existence, then a theory can entail that Ks exist without thereby incurring ontological commitment to Ks. For example, suppose one holds that, although it can truly be said that chairs exist, only (mereological) simples (or states of affairs involving those simples) are fundamental, or have real existence. Moreover, suppose that only entities that are fundamental, or have real existence, can play the truthmaking role, in line with the grounding account of truthmaking. Then, the (true) sentence ‘chairs exist’ is made true, not by chairs, but only by simples arranged chairwise. It then follows on the truthmaker account of ontological commitment that ‘chairs exist’ is committed only to simples arranged chairwise, not to chairs. And, arguably, this is the right result: chairs should not be counted among the ontological commitments of ‘chairs exist’ because, on the view being supposed, they do not add to the ontological cost of accepting ‘chairs exist’. In Armstrong's memorable phrase: they are “an ontological free lunch” (Armstrong 1997: 12–3).  This result cannot be had by the quantifier account or the entailment account because these accounts are both insensitive to the crucial distinction between existence and real existence. These accounts inevitably overgenerate commitments, thus ruling out by fiat a minimal ontology that accepts only simples.