  It is not difficult to find numerous examples of the application of ḥads in The New Wisdom; it has much harder to see how ḥads is to be integrated consistently into a comprehensive scientific program. Here follow some items of knowledge that are said to derive from ḥads. Ḥads indicates to astronomers, even where logical necessity does not, that the planets require more than one orb in order to complete their motions [ed. 402]. In the life sciences, we know by means of ḥads that irrational animals carry out their biological functions unconsciously [ed. 424]. As for metaphysics and psychology, we conclude by means of ḥads that intellect is more perfect than soul [ed. 517], and that bodies (or their species) are but shadows of spiritual entities [ed. 522]. Ḥads and repeated experience (tajriba) together indicate that the body is the only impediment to the soul’s conjunction with the pure forms [ed. 492].