 These steps are of course the cyclically repeated exchange of offer and confirmation waves which continue “until the net exchange of energy and other conserved quantities satisfies the quantum boundary conditions of the system” (1986: 662). There is a strong sense here that any process described as occurring in pseudotime is not a process at all but, as Cramer reminds, merely a “pedagogical convention for the purposes of description”. Whether it is best to understand causality according to the transactional interpretation in terms of processes underscored by conserved quantities is closely tied to how one should best understand this pseudotemporal process.