 Second, philosophy of theater might be distinguished from theater studies or performance theory by the following facts: most philosophical theories have emphasized descriptive issues, whereas most theater studies or performance theories have emphasized normative issues. Discussions of theater concerned with descriptive issues typically ask what acting and spectating are, what the relation is between theatrical practices and practices in other art forms, what theatrical criticism is, and so on. The contrasting normative theorizing can be illustrated by what theater theorist Philip Zarrilli has called “acting theories”, where we find particular ideologically inflected theories—e.g., by or based on Konstantin Stanislavski, Bertolt Brecht, and so on—specifying ways in which to act successfully in theater (Zarrilli 2002b: 3; Zarrilli 2007: 636).