A corner stone of Latin American positivism was a scientific conception of human beings that was cashed out in psychological terms in order to solve the mind-body problem. Antipositivists attacked this conception of personhood, and set out to develop a philosophical anthropology that would provide an appealing alternative to the positivist conception of persons. Practically every established philosopher engaged in this project. Three major approaches emerged: a vitalistic anthropology, an anthropology of the spirit, and various existentialist/Marxist alternatives.