 Practitioners draw inspiration from many important historical philosophers, including Plato (Zagzebski 1996: 139), Aristotle (Greco 2002: 311; Sosa 2009: 187; Zagzebski 1996, passim), Aquinas (Roberts &amp; Wood 2007: 69–70; Zagzebski 1996, passim), Descartes (Sosa 2007: ch. 6), Kierkegaard (Roberts &amp; Wood 2007: 29–30), Nietzsche (Alfano 2013a), and Peirce (Hookway 2000). Hints of VE can also be found in Hume (1748), Reid (1785), Russell (1948), and Sellars (1956). Islamic philosophy offers precursors to contemporary virtue epistemology, such as discussions of the epistemic value of imagination in al-Kindī and al-Fārābī (Adamson 2015) and Avicenna’s sophisticated social epistemology of reliable and unreliable testimony (Black 2013).