 For all their disagreements about the nature of judgment, early modern philosophers reached near-consensus in taking emotion to motivate our practical and theoretical endeavors either directly or indirectly. Because they provide, or at least shape, motives for action, the emotions were central to investigations of our practical reasoning and to moral philosophy. In particular, eighteenth-century spectator- and judgment-centered moral theories gave the emotions a double role for our moral judgments: insofar as they represent the enduring dispositions of character expressed in actions, they are the objects of moral evaluations; but they also generate the judgments themselves. In a somewhat different vein, many philosophers took our emotions to be the engine driving our theoretical reasoning: both wonder (for Descartes) and curiosity (for Hume) perform this function. Indeed, almost any philosopher investigating efficient causation in our psychology found an important place for our emotions, whether Hobbes considering our internal motions, or the associationist psychologists of the eighteenth century.