 Empirical objections to massive modularity take a variety of forms. To start with, there is neurobiological evidence of developmental plasticity, a phenomenon that tells against the idea that brain structure is innately specified (Buller, 2005; Buller and Hardcastle, 2000). However, not all proponents of massive modularity insist that modules are innately specified (Carruthers, 2006; Kurzban, Tooby, and Cosmides, 2001). Furthermore, it’s unclear to what extent the neurobiological record is at odds with nativism, given the evidence that specific genes are linked to the normal development of cortical structures in both humans and animals (Machery &amp; Barrett, 2008; Ramus, 2006). 