 The Fregean should not be terribly perturbed by these observations. First, even if we find semantic innocence a virtue, the key insights behind Frege’s solution can be applied without invoking reference-shifting. And it is reference-shifting, not the sense/reference distinction itself, that innocence forbids. Frege’s key insights are that singular terms have both a sense and a reference, that co-referring singular terms can have different senses, and that propositional attitude verbs are sensitive to the (customary) senses of the expressions embedded in their scope and not merely their (customary) referents. Frege pulled off the last insight by claiming that propositional attitude verbs induce a reference-shift. But there are other ways to get the same result. One might, for example, claim that ‘believes’ functions somewhat like ‘so-called’ in (9) below.