 For example, the intellectual and emotional legacy of Paine’s experience in Britain is a matter of speculation in secondary work, and has recently been strongly emphasised in Clark (2018) to the exclusion of other influences. Other authors have emphasised American influence (Cotler, 2011), and still others that of his French experience (Lounissi 2018). These debates also involve disputes over the character of English radicalism, the impact of evolving American traditions of exceptionalism and internationalism, and the question of how far Paine’s thinking changes and develops over time and in response to particular political circumstances. What should be emphasised is that these ongoing disagreements also involve conflicting interpretations of events, ideas, and actions. This means that locating Paine and his ideas is also partly a question of arguing for a particular interpretation of the political debates, events and controversies in which he was involved in America, France and Britain. And, since these remain a matter of controversy in both academic and contemporary popular debate, it is fair to say that Paine’s thought and legacy remains deeply contested.