 James holds that natural change requires two active principles: that of the potential form existing in potency in matter, i.e., the seminal reason, and that of the extrinsic natural agent acting on the matter. He explicitly denies that the potential form on its own is a sufficient cause of change (Quodl. II, q. 5, p. 89, 1012–1014). The first active principle is that of the inchoate form itself: it is active “by means of inclination”, that is, it is active inasmuch as it naturally tends to its actualization. The second active principle is the extrinsic agent that educes the form from matter; it is active by means of transmutation, i.e., by efficiently causing the change by virtue of the power of acting (virtus agendi) conferred upon it by God. Both causes cooperate in the production of the effect.