 Reinhold and Bardili’s joint project faced significant criticism. Fichte was quick to rebuke his former disciple in his two-part review of Bardili’s Grundriß, where he also attacked Reinhold’s earlier review of the same work. Despite his critical stance toward rational realism, lecture notes from 1804–1807 indicate that Fichte incorporated some of its elements into his own system (see Ferraguto 2020). Hegel, too, lost no time in joining the fray, assailing Reinhold in his Differenzschrift of 1801. Hegel would join forces with Schelling, co-editing the Kritisches Journal der Philosophie, which contained fierce criticisms of rational realism. Reinhold replied to these onslaughts in subsequent issues of his Beyträge, taking aim especially at Schelling. The exchanges between these thinkers were bitter, leading Reinhold to call the dispute a “war of annihilation” (BzÜ 5, iii). This debate did not go unnoticed by the philosophical public, Joseph Kurz addressing the incendiary discourse in a short treatise in 1803, Der philosophische Vertilgungskrieg [The Philosophical War of Annihilation]. Marked by considerable mutual misunderstanding, the controversy also highlights implicit lines of influence and important contrasts in the protagonists’ conceptions of the relationships between thought and being, form and matter, and subjectivity and objectivity (for studies of this constellation, see: Ahlers 2006; Ahlers 2012; Bondeli 1995a: 314–414; Bondeli 1995b; Bondeli 1997a; and Di Giovanni 2006).