 In the Sneedean approach the “empirical claim” of the theory is formulated by using an existential quantifier for the \(T\)-theoretical terms (i.e., in terms of the “Ramsey sentence” for \(T)\). In our above example, Newton’s law for gravitational forces would be reformulated as: “There exist an inertial system and constants \(G, m_i, m_{gi}\) such that for each particle the product of its mass times its acceleration equals the sum of the gravitational forces as given above.” This removes the circularity but leaves open the question of content. Here the structuralists à la Sneed would argue that the empirical claim of the theory \(T'\) has to contain all the laws of the theory as well as higher-order laws, called “constraints”. In our example, the constraints would be statements such as “all particles have the same inertial and gravitational masses and the gravitational constant assumes the same value in all models of the theory.” The theory would thereby acquire more content and become non-vacuous. 