 Debates about reduction in biology have often been framed in terms of “reductionism” vs. “anti-reductionism” (or, more archaically, “mechanism” versus “organicism” or “vitalism”). However, since different models of reduction have been put forward, whether one takes a reductionist or anti-reductionist stance about a particular biological subdiscipline (e.g., classical genetics) depends on the notion of “reduction” being utilized (Wimsatt 1976b, Hull 1979). Furthermore, this framing has tended to create a false dichotomy between two extreme positions: reductionism as the idea that molecular biology can in principle fully explain all biological facts—making higher level biological theories dispensable—and anti-reductionism as the idea that higher level biological fields possess explanatory principles of their own and are fully autonomous in the sense of not benefiting from molecular biology. A variety of middle (and orthogonal) ground exists between these extremes and has motivated the efforts seen in alternative research programs in philosophy of science that address questions about the nature and status of interdisciplinarity, such as how data, standards, or explanations are integrated across biological fields (see  Section 5).  Given that references to “reduction” in different areas of biology pick out a variety of commitments in different contexts, which makes pronouncements of both the success and failure of “reduction” legitimate, the traditional assumption that there is a unique and global notion in need of explication is problematic (Hüttemann and Love  2011).[2]