  RIM and APE bear resemblance to the dual attitudes theories in philosophy discussed above. Indeed, Bodenhausen &amp; Gawronski (2014: 957) write that the “distinction between associative and propositional evaluations is analogous to the distinction between ‘alief’ and belief in recent philosophy of epistemology.” It is important to keep in mind, however, that RIM and APE are not attitudinal theories. APE, for example, posits two distinct kinds of process—associative and propositional processes—that give rise to two kinds of evaluative responses to stimuli—implicit and explicit. It does not posit the existence of two distinct attitudes or two distinct co-existing representations of the same entity. It is also important to note that the distinction between associative and propositional processes can be understood in at least three distinct senses: as applying to the way in which information is learned, stored, or expressed (Gawronski et al. 2017). At present, evidence is mixed for dissociation between associative and propositional processing in the learning and storage of information, while it is stronger for dissociation in the behavioral expression of stored information (Brownstein et al. 2019). 