 Once the outer bounds of the public are set (see  Section 2.5  below), and we know which individuals have to have reason(s) for some arrangement to legitimize that arrangement, public reason liberals must explain how to ascribe reasons to the members of this group. Specifically, public reason liberals, unless they are empirical consent theorists, engage in idealization to show how citizens’ beliefs, desires, and values enter into the process of public justification. Idealization is the practice of considering citizens’ beliefs, desires, and values as if they possessed good information and good reasoning. It is typically employed because an individual’s morally significant reasons may not be the same as the reasons she affirms. Her affirmed reasons might rest on poor information, poor reasoning, or incoherent beliefs and desires. Justificatory populism determines citizens’ reasons by their actual commitments (Eberle 2002, 200).