 Is Nature a material or formal cause? Aristotle said that some of his predecessors, and he names Antiphon among them, held that Nature was solely a material cause, and not a formal cause; they would say that Nature is fire, earth, air or water (Phys. II.1, 193a12–26). Alexander of Aphrodisias, according to Averroes, added that they also did not know that Nature “was different from the other accidents” (LC 51G TC8) and Averroes joins his view. Nature is not only matter but form too, and it better deserves to be form because form is in actuality as Nature is (LC 52G TC12).