 Probabilistic Causality (Cartwright) Let \(\b{K}\) denote all and only the causes of \(\r{E}\) other than \(\r{C}\) and effects of \(\r{C}\). Then \(\r{C}\) causes \(\r{E}\) if and only if relative to all combinations of values variables in \(\b{K}\), \(\r{C}\) raises the probability of \(\r{E}\): \(p(\r{C}\mid \r{E},\b{K}) &gt; p(\r{C}\mid \neg{\r{E},\b{K}})\).