 These distinctions are not independent of each other. Non-normative accounts of health tend to treat health as the absence of disease, dysfunction, or deformity. These accounts also tend to be instrumental: they define health as normal or species-typical biological functioning, which is itself defined in such goal-oriented terms as survival and reproduction. On the other hand, instrumental accounts that define health in terms of the pursuit of an individually, culturally, or other variable range of goals will tend to weaken the connection of health to bodily, cognitive, or affective functioning.