 Before turning to problems for contractualism, we first address a challenge to its distinctiveness. In On What Matters, Derek Parfit argues that rule consequentialism, contractualism, and the best interpretation of Kant’s moral theory all coincide. The result is a triple theory, according to which “an act is wrong just when such acts are disallowed by some principle that is optimific, uniquely universally willable, and not reasonably rejectable” (Parfit 2011, volume 1, p. 413). As contractualism presents itself as an alternative to both consequentialism and Kant, this would be a very significant result.