 If we thus construe Millean causal reasoning as deductive reasoning, all the inferential risks are shifted from the induction rules into the premises such as causal homogeneity, determinism and the principle of universal causality. It is a characteristic feature of inductive inference that this is always possible (Norton 2003). A justification of these premises, of course, does not exist. They may be viewed as being part and parcel of a certain kind of experimental practice that is vindicated as a whole by its fruitfulness for research (see  Section 5).