 Perhaps the most significant of Zhiyan’s later works is his Essays on Sundry Topics in the Huayan Sutra (Ch. Huayan Jing Nei Zhang Men Deng Za Kong Mu Zhang; T45.1870). Here Zhiyan introduced a five-tiered panjiao. Lowest in rank for this panjiao are Abhidharma teachings that posit the existence of dharmas with self-natures (svabhava). The second and third ranks then encompass the sectarian Mahayana teachings responsible for Zhiyan’s early confusions. These teachings acknowledge that everything, dharmas as well as constructions thereof, is empty of self-nature. But they do so in different ways. Some, such as Madhyamaka, take universal and thoroughgoing emptiness to preclude the possibility of experiencing or knowing a reality that is free of conceptual construction. Others, such as the tathagatagarbha theory of Yogacara, ground universal and thoroughgoing emptiness upon a pure and untainted consciousness. Zhiyan classifies teachings without a pure and untainted ground for emptiness as “elementary” and those with such a ground as “advanced,” ranking them second and third in his panjiao, respectively. 