 Second, it is important to ask on what grounds individuals behind the veil of ignorance make their decisions. In particular: are these decisions constrained or guided by moral considerations? (Dworkin 1989; Stark 2000). It seems plausible to think that they would be. After all, we are seeking the ethical approach or policy with respect to clinical research. The problem, then, is that the answer we get in this case may depend significantly on which ethical constraints are built into the system, rendering the approach question begging. Most importantly, we are considering whether it is ethical to expose individuals who cannot consent to risks for the benefit of others. If it isn’t, then it seems that this should be a limitation on the choices individuals can make from behind the veil of ignorance, in which case appeal to those choices will not be able to justify pediatric research, nor  research with incompetent adults. And if this research is ethical it is unclear why we need this mechanism to justify it.