 Finally, novel arguments for various forms of skepticism about justification can be developed that focus on improperly based beliefs, though such arguments remain largely unexplored. One exception is in Jonathan Schaffer’s discussion of the debasing demon (Schaffer 2010). Unlike the Cartesian Demon, the debasing demon may leave one’s beliefs true and reasons adequate, yet “cross the wires” so that beliefs are only based on reasons that fail to justify them. Such demonic efforts may include mistaken beliefs about what belief is based on what reason. Schaffer argues that the debasing demon even leaves us without the foundation of Descartes’ cogito, since one might be misled as to what reason one’s belief in one’s own existence is based.