 There is also a third major complication or “loophole”. It arises from the need to ensure that causal factors affecting measurement outcomes are not correlated with the choices of measurement settings. Known as “measurement independence” or sometimes “free choice”, it turns out that even statistically small violations of this independence requirement allow for local realism (Putz and Gisin 2016). Since connections between outcomes and settings might occur anywhere in the causal past of the experiment, there is really no way to insure measurement independence completely. Suitably random choices of settings might avoid this loophole within the time frame of the experiment, or even extend that time some years into the past. An impressive, recent experiment pushes the time frame back about six hundred years by using the color of Milky Way starlight (blue or red photons) to choose the measurement settings. (Handsteiner et al 2017). Of course traveling between the Milky Way and the detectors in Vienna a lot of starlight is lost (over seventy per cent), which leaves the experiment wide open to the sampling loophole. Moreover, there is an obvious common cause for settings and outcomes (and all); namely, the big bang. With that in mind one might be inclined to dismiss free choice as not serious even for a “loophole”. It may seem like an ad hoc hypothesis that postulates a cosmic conspiracy on the part of Nature just to the save the Bell inequalities. Note, however, that ordinary inefficiency can also be modeled locally as a violation of free choice, because an individual measurement that produces no usable result can just as well be regarded as not currently available. Since inefficiency is not generally counted as a violation of local causality or a restriction on free will, nor as a conspiracy (well, not a cosmic one), measurement dependence should not be dismissed so quickly. Instead, one might see measurement dependent correlations as normal limitations in a system subject to dynamical constraints or boundary conditions, and thus use them as clues, along with other guideposts, in searching for a covering local theory. (See Weinstein 2009.)