 While these findings leave numerous questions open, they nevertheless refute the standard picture of Vienna Circle philosophy which confuses A.J. Ayer’s Language, Truth and Logic with the real thing. Ayer offered a version of British empiricism (Berkeley’s epistemic phenomenalism updated with Russellian logic) and paid no attention, for instance, to the Circle’s overarching concern with establishing the objectivity claim of science. Ayer’s remark in the preface to his later anthology Logical Positivism that his own Language, Truth and Logic “did something to popularize what may be called the classical position of the Vienna Circle” (1959b, 8) is highly misleading therefore. What he called “the classical position” was at best a partial characterisation of the starting position of some—by no means all—of its members, a position which by 1932 the left wing as a whole rejected and even Schlick had no reason to endorse any longer.