 Still, it is open to a critic of nonconceptual content to deny that ascriptions of content at the subpersonal level should be taken literally. John McDowell takes this view (McDowell 1994b), suggesting that subpersonal content is merely “as if” content (an argument for the same conclusion is offered in Searle 1990). Alternatively, it might be argued (as in Connolly 2010) that the subpersonal information processing actually involves concepts. However, these lines of argument fly in the face not just of the practice of cognitive scientists, but also of some important philosophical analyses of the notion of subpersonal representation (Burge 1986, Egan 1992, Bermúdez 1995).