  One challenge for the bias of crowds model is explaining how systemic biases interact with and affect the minds of individuals, however. Payne and colleagues appeal to the idea of the “accessibility” of concepts in individuals’ minds, that is, the “likelihood that a thought, evaluation, stereotype, trait, or other piece of information” becomes activated and poised to influence behavior. The lion’s share of evidence, they argue, suggests that the concepts related to implicit bias are activated due to situational causes. This may be, but it does not explain (a) how situations activate concepts in individuals’ minds (Payne and colleagues are explicitly agnostic about the format of cognitive representations that underlie implicit bias); and (b) how situational factors interact with individual factors to give rise to biased actions (Gawronski &amp; Bodenhausen 2017; Brownstein et al. 2019).