 The first chapter of the Logische Studien situates Lange’s text in the tradition of wissenschaftliche Erkenntnistheorie, loosely, scientific epistemology. This tradition responds to the successes of materialism and empirical science mentioned above, by focusing on scientific methodology. Johann Herbart, a founder of empirical psychology, and Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg, a philosopher and classicist, are particularly important for Lange (see Patton 2011, Haaparanta 2009). Herbart had argued that scientific methodology and inference could be based on psychology (Maigné 2002, Hatfield 1990). Trendelenburg responds that the logic of science should establish how the content of scientific theories is proven with certainty, which cannot be accomplished within any particular science, but only in an overall critique of scientific thought and methods (Trendelenburg 1862, 9–10).