 Just as the theoretical part of medicine has as its aim the more practical business of preserving health and curing disease, so too, in the political sphere, the first part has as its end the perfection of the second part. This is to say that the goal of ethical inquiry is ultimately “the governance of cities” (ParaEthics I.3, 3F). This instrumental conception of ethics looks strange from the perspective of later European philosophy, but it is what Aristotle himself expressly affirms at Nicomachean Ethics I.2, and it comports well with Ibn Rushd’s orientation away from individual human beings as the ultimate locus of value in the universe.