 … to say that a reason is “relevant” to a judgment is sometimes to say that the reason … ought to make a difference to it. In this sense most people will agree that a man’s being ousted from his club is “irrelevant” to his judgment about socialized medicine; for they will feel his judgment ought not be influenced by such consideration. Whenever we say what a man’s reasons ought to be, we are making a judgment of our own about the way he reaches his judgment. That is an important thing to do, but it is not a part of the specialized task that I have set for myself. I have tried not to judge but only to understand what goes on in ethics—my metanormative inquiry being itself nonnormative. (1950c, 528)