  Lewis would analyze the messy shopper case as follows. When John looks into the mirror and utters ‘He is making a mess’, he begins to believe (to self-ascribe) the property of uniquely seeing a man in a mirror that is making a mess. However, John does not, at that point, believe (self-ascribe) the property of making a mess. John starts to believe that property only after he has searched for the messy shopper. So, when John utters ‘I am making a mess’, he begins to believe something (the property of making a mess) that he did not previously believe.