 The Arabic tradition continued, especially in Persia, Turkey and India through the seventeenth century and, especially in logic (see  §4.1),  beyond. The outstanding centre was Safavid Iran, where Ṣadr al-Din Shīrāzī (known as  Mullā Ṣadrā,  1571–1636) developed an original system of thought on the basis of Avicennian Aristotelianism itself, and as modified by Suhrawardī, and the mystical ideas of Ibn ‘Arabi. New research shows that in the seventeenth century the Ottoman Empire, too, was the home to innovative philosophizing, sometimes taking the earlier Iranian tradition as its starting point (El-Rouayheb 2015).