 Binmore (1994)  forcefully argues that this line of criticism confuses game theory as mathematics with questions about which game theoretic models are most typically applicable to situations in which people find themselves. If players value the utility of a team they’re part of over and above their more narrowly individualistic interests, then this should be represented in the payoffs associated with a game theoretic model of their choices. In the situation modeled as a PD above, if the two players’ concern for ‘the team’ were strong enough to induce a switch in strategies from D to C, then the payoffs in the (cardinally interpreted) upper left cell would have to be raised to at least 3. (At 3, players would be indifferent between cooperating and defecting.) Then we get the following transformation of the game: 