 Heidelberg: The Palatinate was one of the most devastated and depopulated regions during the Thirty Years War, and its university reopened only in 1652. Karl Ludwig sought initially to install Pufendorf in the (upper) law faculty there, as there was a vacancy in Roman law (Justinian’s Institutes). However, when both Pufendorf and the faculty senate demurred, the offer became a professorship in “philology and the law of nations” within the (lower, or preparatory) philosophy faculty – a position that addressed both the university’s needs and Pufendorf’s more obvious qualifications. There is no clear basis for Pufendorf’s claim to have held the very first chair in “the law of nature and of nations” in Germany, and no support for the academic legend that he later sought a position in the law faculty and, when passed over, spitefully wrote The Present State of Germany (Monz. 1667) – a severe critique of legal theories about the Empire – to prove his qualifications (Döring 2006). Much of Pufendorf’s time in Heidelberg was taken up with lecturing (on Grotius and Tacitus), and with developing the ideas of the Elements, particularly through a series of dissertations that – according to the practice of the time – were written mostly by himself but defended orally by his students. The latter included a number of Swedish nobles – such as his former charge, the young (Wilhelm Julius) Coyet, and the son of the Swedish chancellor Gabriel Gabrielsson Oxenstierna, and the (illegitimate) son of the late Charles X. Gustav (Gustav Carlsson) – some of whom also resided with Pufendorf. These and other services on behalf of Sweden’s interests in Heidelberg, and the continuing support of Esaias, led to the offer, in late 1666, of a position at the newly established University of Lund (in Scania, the Danish province recently acquired by Sweden). Pufendorf’s departure from Heidelberg was apparently a career move and he always spoke positively of his time there, explicitly valuing the “freedom to philosophize” that he had enjoyed (Jägerskjöld 1985).