 In opposition to Levi’s views, Joyce (2002) argues that (1) causal decision theory need not accommodate an agent’s assigning probabilities to her acts, but (2) a deliberating agent may legitimately assign probabilities to her acts. Evidential decision theory computes an act’s expected utility using the probability of a state given the act, \(P(S\mid A)\), defined as \(P(S \amp A)/P(A)\). The fraction’s denominator assigns a probability to an act. Causal decision theory replaces \(P(S\mid A)\) with \(P(A \gt S)\) or a similar causal probability. It need not assign a probability to an act.