 A similar picture of manipulation emerges from the work of the political theorist Keith Dowding (2016, 2018). Dowding does not attempt to characterize manipulation directly. Rather, he proposes ideal conditions for persuasion in a deliberative democracy—conditions that would exclude manipulation. These conditions prohibit appealing to reasons that the persuader does not accept, and appealing to emotions that the persuader does not share. These prohibitions seem to suggest a characterization of manipulation as the attempt to influence the target by appealing to what the manipulator sees as bad reasons or inappropriate emotions. This picture of manipulation is either a version of, or a close cousin to, the picture of the manipulator as trying to trick the target into making choices based on faulty beliefs or inappropriate emotions.