 Some medieval writers, whom some modern historians have called “Political  Augustinians”,[13]  inferred from Augustine’s discussion of Cicero’s definition of a republic that among non-Christians there can be no community. According to  Giles of Rome  (d. 1316), among others, non-Christians can have no property rights and no political rights, since such things presuppose membership of a community, and only Christians can form a true community. But the views of these so-called Political Augustinians were generally rejected by other medieval political thinkers.