 Carneades’ most noteworthy contribution to the debate was to reject the connection, accepted by both schools, between the principle of bivalence and causal determinism. These, he argued, were separate issues. To affirm that a suitably formulated statement about the future that is true cannot become false implies nothing about fate, but is merely an explanation of the meaning of the words employed (De fato 20; cf. 27-8). The Stoics were not obliged to embrace determinism by accepting bivalence and were not entitled to cite bivalence as a ground for their commitment to determinism; the Epicureans were not under an obligation to repudiate bivalence because they rejected fate (De fato 20; cf. 32-3).