 On the platonist side, various proposals have been raised to address the challenge of explaining epistemic access to abstract entities, mostly in connection with mathematical objects. Some, including Gödel (1964), allege that we access abstract objects in virtue of a unique kind of perception (intuition). Maddy (1990, 1997) developed two rather different ways of understanding our knowledge of mathematics in naturalistic ways. Other platonists have argued that abstract objects are connected to empirical entities, either via abstraction (Steiner 1975; Resnik 1982; Shapiro 1997) or via abstraction principles (Wright 1983; Hale 1987); we’ll discuss some of these views below. There are also those who speak of existent and intersubjective abstract entities as a kind of mental representation (Katz 1980).