 (2) distinguishes states of affairs from facts. The fact that Socrates is wise exists, if, and only if, Socrates is wise. If Socrates is not wise, there is no fact of him being wise. Hence, the fact that Socrates is wise cannot be a mere possibility for Socrates; it can, so to speak, only be an actuality. In contrast, the state of affairs that Socrates is foolish exists, even if Socrates is not foolish (see Reinach 1911; Wittgenstein 1918: 2.04, 2.05; Plantinga 1974: 44; Pollock 1984a: 52).