 Effectiveness, as we saw, is both a matter of the costs of using a health resource and the benefits accrued. At the policy level it is far more important to be clear about what range of costs are relevant (should we include indirect and lost opportunity cost?) as well as what constitutes a relevant benefit (should we include enhanced employment prospects, a more financially secure family situation, and so on?). The cost side of the equation is rarely considered by bioethicists, which is a clear gap in the debate. The benefit side has been considered, as noted above, by Brock and others under the wider rubric of the “separate spheres” problem (Brock 2003; Broome 2004). We can ignore these complications in what follows and restrict the issue of effectiveness, as is usually done in this literature, to a single criterion: the capacity to benefit directly from a health resource.