 A common analysis of the problem classifies options as either self-ratifying or not self-ratifying. Jeffrey ([1965] 1983) introduced ratification as a component of evidential decision theory. His version of the theory evaluates a decision according to the expected utility of the act it selects. The distinction between an act and a decision to perform the act grounds his definition of an option’s self-ratification and his principle to make self-ratifying, or ratifiable, decisions. According to his definition ([1965] 1983: 16), 