 Immunology’s basic conceptual orientation is undergoing expansion from an individuality-based biology to include communal ecological perspectives. Similar shifts in perspective have also taken place in other fields of biology (Nathan 2014; van Baalen and Huneman 2014), and thus immunology joins a proliferation of “sub-organismal” environmental studies that would integrate ecology with developmental biology, physiology, cancer biology, molecular eco-systems, and eco-immunology (S. Gilbert and Epel 2015; Karasov, Martínez del Rio, and Caviedes-Vidal 2011; Maley et al. 2017; Tauber 2017). This emerging perspective is accompanied by an increasing interest in somatic evolution occurring during carcinogenesis, neurogenesis, microbiota development, and the adaptive immune responses. This shift has led to an abandonment of the classical vision of the immune system directed at defense to now include tolerant mechanisms that permit assimilation and co-habitation that reflect stabilized microbial-host relationships. In that re-orientation, concepts of pathogenicity and individuality have been re-defined.