The foregoing already provided a short example and a rough sketch of classical statistical procedures. These are now specified in more detail, on the basis of Barnett (1999) as primary source. The following focuses on two very central procedures, hypothesis testing and estimation. The first has to do with the comparison of two statistical hypotheses, and invokes theory developed by Neyman and Pearson. The second concerns the choice of a hypothesis from a set, and employs procedures devised by Fisher. While these figures are rightly associated with classical statistics, their philosophical views diverge. We return to this below.