 Explicitly applying Gillett’s precise framework for realization and related notions, Ken Aizawa and Gillett defend the existence of multiple realization in a variety of sciences (2009a). They also argue for the “massive multiple realization” of properties at every level of organization, from the structure and function of proteins in neurons to those of human cognition to those of social interactions (2009b). Their detailed scientific example in the latter essay is visual processing. They contend that neuroscientists, unlike philosophers, are unfazed by massive multiple realization. Multiple realization has been so contentious in philosophy of mind, they insist, because philosophers tacitly assume flawed or scientifically unfounded accounts of realization, like the flat view. According to Aizawa and Gillett (2009b), philosophers uncritically accept a narrative that links multiple realization to the strict methodological autonomy of psychology from neuroscience. They also contend that the empirical details of vision research show that a co-evolutionary research methodology is not just consistent with, but explicitly motivated by massive multiple realization. So this uncritically accepted philosophical narrative not only blinds philosophers to facts that scientists recognize as unproblematic; it is also empirically false.