 Fazang’s theses involve two salient posits. The first is that every dharma simultaneously has the aspects of existing and being empty. As existing, each dharma appears as an individual that is (numerically) distinct from others. As empty, each dharma lacks any sort of self-nature that would render it invulnerable to others. Fazang’s second posit is that every dharma also simultaneously has the aspects of having power and lacking power. As powerful, each dharma affects others in ways beyond their control and despite their resistance. As powerless, each dharma is vulnerable to others, affected by them in ways beyond its own control and despite its resistance. Fazang uses these posits to argue that insofar as one dharma exists or has power, the others are empty and lack power; and that insofar as one dharma is empty or lacking power, the others exist and have power. His theses about mutual inclusion and identity follow as corollaries. 