 Arabic philosophical discussions of final causality also aim to meet various objections to Aristotelian teleology. Avicenna takes up this challenge with great energy. Again, the most developed arguments are found in the Physics and Metaphysics of the Book of Healing. In Physics I 13–14, Avicenna attempts to meet to objections derived from Aristotle’s discussion of Ancient materialists, such as Democritus and Empedocles. In Metaphysics VI 5, he treats additional objections. Perhaps these are of greatest interest.