 Within the category of ingratitude, Aquinas (II–II, q. 104, art. 3) points to another helpful distinction. A beneficiary can be ungrateful by having a certain element of the grateful response to an insufficient degree (e.g., not being willing enough to help a benefactor in need; not being quite pleased enough when a benefactor fares well; etc.). Manela (2019) calls this sub-gratitude. A beneficiary can also be ungrateful by having and instantiating the opposite or negation of some particular element. For instance, in response to a genuine act of benevolence, a beneficiary might actually come to resent his benefactor; and rather than feeling any motivation to benefit her in the future, he may find himself inclined to set back her interests. These tendencies might arise out of envious reflection on how morally superior a benefactor’s benevolence makes her. Manela (2019) labels this type of ingratitude anti-gratitude. 