 After saying or observing that Alice ran to the edge of the cliff, a speaker would typically use (15a) “Alice jumped” to mean that Alice jumped off the cliff [15b]. Carston counts this an explicature. It does resemble ellipsis, but a speaker who used (15a) to mean that Alice jumped up to the rescue helicopter said the same thing while meaning something different. And if the speaker knew that Alice jumped up to safety, the speaker might be accused of misleading the hearer but not of lying.