 One common preliminary distinction is between territory and land. Land is that part of the earth’s surface that is not covered by water. Territory is a political and geographic concept. It refers to the spatial area of jurisdictional authority. States have territory: it is the geographical extent of their jurisdictional authority. This usually covers the land within the borders of the state, but it can and does in the modern world extend off shore into the sea, below the earth’s surface (to control resources) and above the earth’s surface, as most states also claim jurisdiction over their air space. Territory, then, is not co-extensive with land, although all (or almost all) land on this planet is divided up into different jurisdictional units, or territories. The critical geography literature on ‘territory’ tends to primarily conceive of ‘territory’ as a geographical area that is controlled, or over which power is exercised (Elden 2013); whereas the political philosophy literature tends to be more interested in territory as the domain of legitimate jurisdictional control and associated rights (Miller 2012; Nine 2012; Banai 2014; Moore 2015; Angeli 2015; Stilz 2019). Territory is also distinct from property as will be explained below.