 To illustrate how the second condition, thus construed, constrains accounts of meaning, let us again consider Kripke’s discussion of dispositionalism. He thinks that the dispositionalist offers “a descriptive account” of the relation between what one means by an expression and one’s uses of that expression, but that “this is not the proper account of the relation, which is normative, not descriptive” (1982: 37). More generally, Kripke says, “the relation of meaning and intention to future action is normative, not descriptive” (1982: 37). Among the commentators who read the second condition in this way are Wikforss 2001, Glüer and Wikforss 2009, Hattiangadi 2006 and 2007, and Miller 2011, 2012. Thus construed, the sceptical argument can be compared to arguments in metaethics that purport to establish, by drawing on J. L. Mackie’s (1977) argument from queerness concerning the seemingly problematic metaphysical and epistemological status of moral properties, an error-theory of moral judgment (Miller 2010a, 2020). (See the entry on  moral anti-realism.)[4]