 What this research has shown is that the traditional empiricist picture of perceptual development is incorrect. Although perception becomes more precise with age and experience, basic capacities of all sorts – such as the abilities to perceive objects, faces, motion, three-dimensional space, the directions of sounds, coordinate the senses in perceiving events, and other abilities – arise primarily from innate or early-maturing mechanisms (Bushnell, Sai, &amp; Mullin 1989; Gibson et al., 1979; Held 1985; Kellman &amp; Spelke 1983; Meltzoff &amp; Moore 1977; and Slater, Mattock, &amp; Brown 1990). (Kellman &amp; Garrigan 2009: 57)