Any event-causal theory of agency must require that the relevant mental attitudes cause the action in the right way. The right way of causation is non-deviant causation. The challenge is to spell out what non-deviant causation consists in within the event-causal framework; without, in particular, any appeal to some unanalyzed notion of agent-causation or control. Davidson (1974) was pessimistic about the prospects for finding an event-causal account of non-deviant causation, and he suggested that the standard theory is best understood as providing only necessary conditions for agency. Goldman (1970) suggested that giving an account of non-deviant causation is an empirical rather than a philosophical task. Since then, however, most proponents of the event-causal approach have acknowledged that the problem of deviant causal chains is a serious philosophical problem, and various solutions have been proposed (see Peacocke 1979; Brand 1984; Bishop 1989; Mele 2003; Schlosser 2007, 2011; Wu 2016).[18]