 The idea behind JK1 is supposed to be that, just as there is no logical or conceptual barrier to an infinite descent of parts, there is no logical or conceptual barrier to an infinite ascent of wholes. (Though not everyone finds themselves able to conceive of junky worlds.) The idea behind JK2 runs as follows. According to universalism, every plurality of objects has a fusion, and, in particular, the plurality consisting of all things has a fusion. But there can be no fusion of all things in a junky world. For that fusion would have to be a part of something (since the world is junky); but if it already has everything as a part, there is nothing left for it to be a part of. JK3 can be motivated in much the same way as GK3: universalism is meant to be an answer to the special composition question, and thus will presumably be necessary if true. The strategies considered above for resisting the gunk argument seem to apply equally to the junk argument—one can, for instance, deny that we are imagining what we think we are, or one can invoke Hume’s Dictum and deny that universalism is necessary if  true.[76]