 Support from the Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin en Yvelines (ESR Moyen âge/Temps modernes, Prof. Emmanuel Bury), where the author was a Prof. Invité from February 1, 2010 to May 30, 2010, made it possible for him to complete this entry. The author also wishes to thank David T. McAuliffe, and his colleague Patrick J. Boner for their suggestions as to how to improve the text linguistically. The editors of the SEP wish to thank Sheila Rabin and Jill Kraye, respectively, for their outstanding efforts in refereeing and editing this work.