 In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, especially in Toledo and Sicily, a large variety of Arabic texts were translated into Latin. They included Arabic translations of some of Aristotle’s own texts, which helped to fill in gaps before direct translations from the Greek were available, and works by the Arabic thinkers who worked in the tradition of Aristotle and the ancient philosophers: al-Kindī, al-Fārābī and Solomon ibn Gabirol (a Jew, but unrecognizable as such from his text) and, most important, parts, including the sections on the soul and on metaphysics, from Avicenna’s largest encyclopaedic reworking of Aristotle, and many of Averroes’s commentaries on Aristotle. These translations, along with the translations of Aristotle, transformed the university syllabuses in the thirteenth century  (§2.7).