 The crucial aspect of the unity between knowledge and action (zhi xing heyi 知行合一) has been emphasized and upgraded in the developing course of Neo-Confucian philosophy during the Song and Ming dynasties by Wang Shouren (alias Wang Yangming,1472–1529). This holistic thesis not only defined the entire ethical foundation of the epistemology of the School of Heart-Mind (Xin xue 心學) but is also typical of most similar philosophical precepts. (Wang 1933: Xu Ai yinyan, 5) 