 Rules of inference like modus ponens and modus tollens can be understood as deductive schemes. Other schemes commonly used in ordinary arguing include Argument by Sign, Argument by Analogy, Argument by Example, and Slippery Slope Reasoning. Dove 2016 and Groarke 2019 have shown how visual arguments with non-verbal visual elements may be instances of common schemes, and have identified some schemes which are inherently visual. 