 Second, it might be that the effect is indeed driven by moral judgment but that it is the result of an error. On this view, moral considerations do not play any real role in the concepts at work here (people’s concepts of intentional action, of happiness, etc.). Rather, people’s judgments are being biased or distorted by some further process which gets in the way of their ability to correctly apply their own concepts. For example, some researchers have argued that the effect is due to a process of motivated cognition (Alicke, Rose &amp; Bloom 2011). People believe the agent to be blameworthy and want to justify that belief. This desire to justify blame then distorts their judgments about what might seem to be purely factual matters.