 Kazimierz (or Kasimir) Jerzy Skrzypna-Twardowski, Ritter von Ogończyk was born to Polish parents on October 20, 1866 in Vienna, which was then the capital of the Habsburg Empire. From 1877 to 1885 he attended the Theresian Academy (Theresianum), the secondary school of Vienna's bourgeoise elite. Like many other high-school students at the time, his philosophy textbook was the Philosophische Propedaeutik by Robert Zimmermann, Bolzano's ‘favorite pupil’ (Herzensjunge). The book covered empirical psychology, logic, and the introduction to philosophy.