 David Shoemaker (2011) is skeptical about drawing any conclusions about the moral or criminal responsibility of psychopaths based on Blair’s studies. In support of his skepticism, he draws attention to critiques of work in the Turiel tradition by Nissan (1987); Haidt, Koller, and Dias (1993); Kelly et al. (2007); and others. More pointedly, he stresses that judgments about the seriousness of a transgression play a central role in Blair’s version of the moral/conventional task, and he challenges the assumption that moral transgressions are judged to be more serious than putatively conventional transgressions. Shoemaker references a study by Elizabeth Fitton and Ann Dowker who controlled for perceived seriousness and found that