 Indirect net risks arise when a research intervention has a favorable risk-benefit profile, but the intervention diminishes the risk-benefit profile of other interventions provided as part of or in parallel to the study. For example, an experimental drug for cancer might undermine the effectiveness of other drugs individuals are taking for their condition. The risks of research participation can be compounded if the indicated response to the harm in question poses additional risks. Kidney damage suffered as the result of research participation might lead to the need for short-term dialysis which poses additional risks to the individual; a participant who experiences a postlumbar puncture headache might need a ‘blood patch’ which poses some risk of blood entering the epidural space which would call for a further response which carries additional risks. While commentators tend to focus on the risks of physical harm, participation in clinical research can pose other types of risks as well, including psychological, economic, and social risks. Depending on the study and the circumstances, individuals who are injured as the result of participating in research might incur significant expenses. Most guidelines and regulations stipulate that evaluation of the acceptability of clinical research studies should take into account all the different risks to which participants are exposed.