 God’s “causal” determination of all events also extends to human actions. Every human action is caused by the person’s volition, which is caused by a certain motive (dâ’iya). The person’s volition and motive are, in turn, caused by the person’s convictions and his or her knowledge (‘ilm). Human knowledge is caused by various factors, like one’s experience of the world, one’s knowledge of revelation, or the books one has read (al-Ghazâlî 1937–38, 13:2509–11 = 2001, 34–37). There is no single event in this world that is not determined by God’s will. While humans are under the impression that they have a free will, their actions are in reality compelled by causes that exist within them as well as outside (Griffel 2009, 213–34).