 The second problem—the error problem—is that someone might be systematically disposed to make mistakes. Take Smith, who is systematically disposed to miscarry when responding to ‘\(x + y = \ques\)’ queries. When Smith produces ‘28’ in response to ‘\(19 + 19 = \ques\)’, we want to be able to say that her answer is incorrect in the light of what she means by ‘+’. However, if what she means is determined by her dispositions, we are forced to say that she actually means some non-standard function (one that corresponds to addition with the carrying operation removed), so that her answer ‘28’ is correct.