 (Cons) says that evidence \(e\) can never confirm incompatible hypotheses. But consider, by way of illustration, a clinical case of an infectious disease of unknown origin, and suppose that \(e\) is the failure of antibiotic treatment. Arguably, there is nothing wrong in saying that, by discrediting bacteria as possible causes, the evidence confirms (viz. provides some support for) any of a number of alternative viral diagnoses. This judgment clashes with (Cons), though, which then seems an overly strong constraint.