 A theoretical answer would involve showing that there is nothing else that you can – metaphysically – do: that whatever you do (in the thinnest possible sense) is action (in the theory’s thicker and more substantive sense). A practical answer would involve showing that, given the alternatives, the suggestion that you produce actions (in the substantive sense of one’s favored theory) is, as they used to say, an offer you can’t refuse. The type of force or bindingness that one’s theory of practical reason will inherit from one’s theory of action will be determined by the choice between these two modes of argument.