 Call the strengthened principle cross-linguistic compositionality, and  (C)—when  ‘determine’ is simply read as ‘functionally determine’ and we may have different functions for different languages—language-bound compositionality. Note that formal languages that are designed to satisfy language-bound compositionality may nonetheless violate cross-linguistic compositionality simply because their syntax or the meanings of their constituents violate some universal constraint on human languages. Note also that whatever the epistemic status of other versions of the principle of compositionality might be, cross-linguistic compositionality is clearly an empirical  hypothesis.[9]