 In connection with this argument, “necessary” does not mean metaphysically necessary, causally necessary, or logically necessary. Instead, things that are necessary are inevitable or beyond our power to affect. Aristotle gives mathematical truths, celestial motions and the past as examples of things we do not bother deliberating about. Aristotle, Epicurus, the academic skeptic Carneades, and the Stoic Chrysippus all wish to reject the conclusion of the fatalist argument, but they have different responses to the argument based on their views about whether the Principle of Bivalence is compatible with effective deliberation. After Aristotle, they also consider whether causal determinism is compatible with effective deliberation.