 Critics, however, object on number of different grounds. Some point out that while moral education may be one plausible aim of punishment, it is not the “full and complete justification” Hampton (1984: 209) and others claim it to be (see Dagger 2011). Others argue that it is far from evident that punishing adult criminals is similarly likely to result in moral improvements (Pereboom 2001: 162–3; 2014a: 161). Children and adult criminals differ in significant respects—i.e., adult criminals, unlike children, typically understand the moral code accepted in their society, and children are generally more psychologically malleable than adults criminals are (Pereboom 2014a: 162; 2001: 163). 