 Philosophical discussions concerning time and the contingent future continued in the Middle Ages, where the theme was taken up by writers such as Peter Aureole, William of Ockham, and Luis Molina. In the center of focus here was the question how to reconcile God’s foreknowledge with the idea of human freedom. Ockham, for example, embraced the idea of a true or actual future, holding that future contingent statements are either true or false even though only God knows their truth values. According to Ockham, this is not to say, however, that future contingents are necessary, meaning that there are alternative possibilities for humans to choose from. Later, several philosophers and logicians engaged in the problem of relating temporality with free will, indeterminism, and the open future, proposing various different solutions. C.S. Peirce objected to the idea that future contingents can have definite truth values. He advanced the view that only the present and the past are actual whereas the future is the realm of possibility and necessity. In a similar spirit, J. Łukasiewicz devised a three-valued logic, treating the truth values of future contingent statements as undetermined. For a more recent philosophical discussion on free will, indeterminism, and the open future, see e.g. Belnap et al. (2001) and Müller (2014).