 Regardless, it may be troubling enough if an externalist cannot actually have armchair self-knowledge (Ludlow 1997). It is standardly agreed, moreover, that the externalist should concede one type of armchair self-knowledge—namely, knowledge that is discriminatory between water contents and twin contents, a.k.a. “comparative knowledge” of content (Falvey &amp; Owens 1994; see also Mendola 2008). But this may not be a huge concession, since one may remain capable of knowing a self-verifying judgment that (W) from the armchair, absent any comparisons with twin contents. Besides, there is independent reason to reject such comparative knowledge anyway (see Owens 1990; 1992).