 Was Aristotle an empiricist? The question is not an easy one to answer. Aristotle discussed a variety of ways in which human beings can achieve a grasp of reality. In one place, for instance, he outlines five ways in which “the soul possesses the truth by way of affirmation or denial” (EN 1139b15–17). These are art or craft (technē), scientific knowledge (epistēmē), practical wisdom (phronēsis), philosophical wisdom (sophia), and intellect (nous). But he did not construct a systematic epistemology and it is not clear we could construct a consistent one from his surviving works.