 Philosophical thinking took place in the monasteries and, later, cathedral schools in Latin Europe in the ninth to eleventh centuries, although it was first stimulated at the end of the eighth century by Alcuin, Theodulf of Orleans and other scholars at the court of  Charlemagne.[10]  Based on the seven Liberal Arts (the trivium: grammar, logic, rhetoric; the quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music), it was usually focused on the first two. Grammar ran from elementary language learning to complex semantic analysis. Logic, at first known from encyclopaedic accounts and Roman textbooks, was studied from the late tenth century on the basis of Boethius’s translations of and commentaries on Porphyry’s Isagoge and Aristotle’s Categories and On Interpretation and his own textbooks. Boethius’s Short Theological Treatises and Consolation of Philosophy were also used as school texts. Augustine’s works were not, but they were extensively read and so provided another source, and inspiration, for philosophers. In these centuries Latin philosophy acquired the emphasis on linguistic analysis and logic it would develop further in the twelfth century and retain in the universities, even when there were many more ancient sources available.