 Of course European intellectuals were not alone in thinking about the political and intellectual consequences of conquest and colonization. To represent the native perspective on conquest and colonization, Miguel León Portilla published La visión de los vencidos (The Broken Spears in its English translation) in 1959. And in 1958, Edmundo O’Gorman (1906–1995) published La invención de América, which challenges the assumption that Europeans “discovered” America, that is, that America was an undiscovered location that Columbus both knew of and went in search of. Instead, as O’ Gorman points out, Columbus went in search of Asia and only accidentally happened upon what Europeans would later call “America” ex post facto, making both the idea of America, its so-called discovery, and European attitudes toward it and its inhabitants, a construction based entirely on European assumptions and beliefs.