The second concept that Chisholm employs is the concept of undertaking or endeavoring. This is an irreducibly teleological concept. It introduces the notion of purpose, or aim. Chisholm makes use of this undefined expression: ‘S makes B happen in the endeavor to make A happen’. Suppose, for example, that a man dials a certain telephone number intending thereby to make a certain phone ring in Los Angeles. (Recall that Chisholm started working on this material back in the 1960s. Telephones had dials in those days.) Let Smith be the man; let B be the state of affairs that consists in Smith’s dialing the phone; let A be the state of affairs that consists in the phone’s ringing in Los Angeles. Then it would be correct to say, using Chisholm’s undefined technical term, that Smith made B happen in the endeavor to make A happen.