 “Under Heaven” portrays Yin Wen and Song Xing as tireless crusaders devoted to saving the world by advocating non-aggression, a life of few, easily satisfied desires, and a tolerant, unbiased frame of mind. To promote these doctrines, they “traveled the world, persuading the high and instructing the low.” In relations with others, to save people from fighting they taught that “to be insulted is no disgrace,” and to save the world from war, they taught “forbid aggression and put troops to rest.” (As the name suggests, the Warring States era was marked by frequent, catastrophic wars.) Concerning the self, they held that the inherent desires are few and shallow, a doctrine that, if true, would remove many potential reasons for conflict. “Their starting point in dealing with things was avoiding enclosures,” or psychological barriers due to prejudice or dogmatic commitment which tend to result in biased or one-sided judgments. Such “enclosures” are frequently also a source of conflict, since they may prevent one from appreciating all relevant features of a situation or understanding others’ point of view. Yin Wen and Song Xing emphasized that the heart itself has a kind of “conduct,” independent of external conduct. In their anti-war stance and emphasis on benefit, they display affinities with Mohist thought: “If something was of no advantage to the world, understanding it was not as good as abandoning it.” But the doctrines of tolerance and avoiding bias are genuinely novel, and are probably the reason Song Xing is singled out for praise in the Zhuangzi (Book 1). 