 Logical semantics (Frege 1893; Tarski 1936; Carnap 1948) provided many useful analyses of English connectives like and and not using Boolean truth-functional connectives like \(\land\) and \(\neg\). Unfortunately, such an analysis is not possible for counterfactuals. In truth-functional semantics, the truth of a complex sentence is determined by the truth of its parts because a connective’s meaning is modeled as a truth-function—a function from one or more truth-values to another. Many counterfactuals have false antecedents and consequents, but some are true and others false.  (17a)  is false—given Joplin’s critiques of consumerism—and  (17b)  is true.