 Although non-reductive accounts could not be used to explain causation to someone with no prior causal knowledge, they can nevertheless clarify how causal claims are tested, and illuminate the relationship between causation and probability (see also Woodward 2003: 20–22). Moreover, Cartwright argues that her general criterion for inclusion of background factors in \(\b{K}\) avoids the reference class problem for purely statistical accounts of causal explanation (i.e., by specifying the relevant populations for evaluating causal claims), thereby eliminating a threat to the objectivity of causal explanation. More detail is provided in the  entry on probabilistic causality.