 The cybernetic notion of reproduction (and, later, replication) rested on the notion that genes were controllers of phenotypes; later, this came to be identified (e.g., by Gatlin) as synonymous with the “communication” conception of information that Shannon proposed. In biology, genes came to be seen as “programs” for phenotypes [senders] that passed themselves on to progeny [receivers], around 1961 (Peluffo 2015).