 For those who would avoid both mental and non-mental perceptual intermediaries, the theory of “Naturalized Sense Data” (NSD) is of interest (Bermúdez 2000). It distinguishes between what is directly perceived and what is immediately perceived. In this scheme, three-dimensional objects are directly perceived but not immediately perceived. We immediately perceive the portion of the surface of the object that is visible at any moment. Because we immediately perceive a portion of the three-dimensional object, we are able to make ostensive reference to the three-dimensional object itself and so, it is claimed, to perceive it directly. NSD assumes that naïve realism holds that we immediately perceive three-dimensional objects as a whole; NSD therefore rejects naïve realism, since according to NSD we immediately perceive only surface-portions (2000: 369–372). NSD objects to traditional sense-data theory as placing an unnecessary intermediary between the perceiver and ostended objects (2000: 370–371).