 The Caraka-saṁhitā (CS 3.8.57) identifies and illustrates three kinds of arguments as defective. The first chapter of the fifth book of the Nyāya-sūtra (NS 5.1) lists and briefly describes 24 arguments, which it designates as fallacious rejoinders (jāti). The fourth chapter of the Fāng biàn xīn lùn lists and describes twenty such arguments, which are either the same as, or similar to, the arguments identified as fallacious rejoinders in the chapter of the Nyāya-sūtra just mentioned. Surprisingly, the Fāng biàn xīn lùn treats these arguments as good rejoinders, as noted by Kajiyama (1989 p. 108). The most interesting treatments of fallacious rejoinders are those found in the Rúshí lùn and in the Vāda-vidhi, where many of fallacious rejoinders have names which are the same as those exemplified in the Nyāya-sūtra (Ono 2020 §3.2 and §3.5). (See also Randle 1930 ch. 6.2 and Solomon 1976 ch. 5.)