 Most forms of metaepistemological non-cognitivism go a step further to embrace the (optional) expressivist thesis that, e.g., knowledge and justification attributions express “pro” attitudes (Chrisman 2012). Proponents of general versions of metaepistemological non-cognitivism (Gibbard 2003; Blackburn 1996; Chrisman 2007; Ridge 2007) have typically availed themselves to the idea that, as Michael Ridge puts it,