 This claimed incontestability of the need for a biodiversity reframing is given support by an historical accounting that omits the rich history that had forged links to all those “realms” (see previous sections); anthropocentric insurance and investment values of biotic diversity (typically the number of species) were recognised in the context of the extinction crisis, and integrated in policy along with other needs of society. In contrast, the socio-ecological framing adopts a new historical accounting, where counting the number of species was simply a matter of mathematical and statistical models and indices, which then are found inadequate.