 Significant interest in anaphoric pronouns grew out of the realization that there are anaphoric pronouns that cannot be understood as having their references fixed by their antecedents (as in  (3)  and  (11)  above) nor as being variables bound by their quantifier antecedents (as in  (2)  and  (12)  above). The three sorts of examples of this discussed here have figured prominently in the literature on anaphora.