 Al-Ash‘arī (d. 935/6) changed the direction of kalām. He stressed the absolute omnipotence of God, who, he said, from instant to instant is responsible for the arrangement of the atoms, and for human will and action. A century later, however, al-Juwaynī (1028–85) began to introduce Avicennian notions into kalām. His pupil,  al-Ghazālī  (1058–1111) went far further.