Also in this respect Goodman is following Carnap and the logical empiricists. C.I. Lewis emphasizes this in his “Logical Positivism and Pragmatism” (Lewis 1941). There he explains that the main difference between the empiricism of the pragmatists and the empiricism of the logical positivists (especially the Carnap of Philosophy and Logical Syntax (1935)) is that the latter were ready to analyze empirical knowledge fully in the so-called “formal mode”. Accordingly, they analyze empirical knowledge as more or less coherent systems of accepted sentences, some of which are “protocols”, some are sentences of mathematics and logic, some are generalizations, etc. In particular, the formal mode would not distinguish between statements such as “This object looks red” and “This object is red”.