 As mentioned earlier, many attacks on Dewey focused on his views on expression. Tormey (1986) for example chided Dewey for assuming that an artist is always expressing something and that the expressive qualities in the work are the result of that act. He thought that Dewey wrongly abandons the distinction between voluntary and involuntary expression, and in doing so, undermines paradigmatic examples of expressive behavior. A work of art may possess expressive qualities of sadness but this is not necessarily the intended consequence of the productive activity of the artist. For Alan Tormey, the artist is not expressing him or herself: he/she is simply making an expressive object. Michael Mitias (1992) defended Dewey against these criticisms.