 Theorem 1 (Lindley &amp; Novick 1981; Mittal 1991): If \(\alpha(D) &gt; 0\) and association reversal occurs for the subpopulations characterized by attribute \(\r{M}\) and \(\neg\r{M}\), (i.e., \(\alpha(D_1), \alpha(D_2) \le 0\)), then either