 The external facts of Philo’s career are largely undisputed. He was born in 159/8 BCE (but see Fleischer 2017b). After eight years of study with Callicles, a student of Carneades, in his native Larissa, Philo moved to Athens in 134/3 BCE, where he spent fourteen years with Clitomachus, another of Carneades’ students, who was the scholarch (or head) of the Academy from 129/8 (or perhaps 127/6) to his death in 110/9 BCE. Philo was elected to replace Clitomachus in that year, and remained the scholarch until his death in 84/3 BCE.