 In biomedicine, it appears much of medicine is reduced to applied biology—patients are just biochemical substances processes and medical knowledge is just a complicated form of biological knowledge. Keating and Cambrosio see the relationship between this reductionism in biomedicine (the reducing of medicine to biology) as more a matter of the two being aligned for complex historical and philosophical reasons, instead of that reductionism being philosophically central to biomedicine (Keating &amp; Cambrosio 2003). According to them, after World War Two, the fields of biology and pathology negotiated the creation of “the institutional and epistemic hybrid we call biomedicine,” and neither component of this hybrid rules the other (Keating &amp; Cambrosio 2003, p. 368). They see this as undermining claims of biomedicine being reductionist because such assertions implicitly or explicitly mean that (micro)biology gets epistemic priority because it is the true and stable foundation.