 The new “genic pluralism” appears to let one bypass the interactor question, by, in effect, turning genes into interactors (Sterelny &amp; Kitcher 1988). The proposal is that there are two “images” of natural selection, one in which selection accounts are given in terms of a hierarchy of entities and their traits’ environments, the other of which is given in terms of genes having properties that affect their abilities to leave copies of themselves (Sterelny &amp; Kitcher 1988; see Kitcher, Sterelny, &amp; Waters 1990, Sterelny 1996a,b; Waters 1986,  1991).[17]  Something significant follows from the fact that hierarchical models or selection processes can be reformulated in terms of the genic level. These claims have been resisted on a variety of grounds (see objections in R.A. Wilson 2003, Stanford 2001, Van der Steen &amp; van den Berg 1999, Gannett 1999, Shanahan 1997, Glennan 2002, Sober 1990, Sober &amp; Wilson 1998, Brandon &amp; Nijhout 2006, Sarkar 2008).