 Some have puzzled over how war rape aimed at enforced pregnancy and birth can be genocidal, since it aims to produce rather than prevent births within the targeted population. In the case of mass rapes in Bosnia, some Serb perpetrators may have believed they were producing “little Chetniks [Serbs].” But Claudia Card points out that such a belief, even if sincerely held, does not provide good grounds for regarding these rapes as genocidal, since “in terms of biological parentage, the child will be as much non-Serb as Serb, and the child’s culture will almost certainly not be Serbian” (2008, 184). Thus, she seeks to explain the genocidal nature of rape aimed at enforced pregnancy without appealing to perpetrators’ beliefs about the ethnic identity of any resulting children. A better explanation, in her view, emphasizes that the Serbian campaign of forced impregnation “imposed a social death on its victims … it turned them into living (and gestating) corpses. … Whether the perpetrators thought they were producing little Serbs is irrelevant. What counts is the attack on the social meanings of the lives of the women they tortured” (185). Card also develops and expands Beverly Allen’s proposal (1996) that military rape aimed at enforced pregnancy employs sperm as a weapon of biological warfare. Such attacks meet the criteria for biological warfare found in international documents, she points out, since