 There is considerable disagreement, among social science researchers as well as liberal and feminist philosophers, about whether pornography is a cause of violent sexual crime (Donnerstein et al. 1987; Copp and Wendell 1983; Itzin 1992). Both the final report of the Commission on Obscenity and Pornography in the U.S. in 1970 and the Williams Committee Report on Obscenity and Film Censorship in the U.K. surveyed the data from clinical and experimental trials then available and found no evidence of a causal connection between pornography and rape (although the 1970 Commission did not review the evidence concerning sexually violent material). However, the Attorney General’s Commission on Pornography in the U.S., which submitted its final report in 1986, found that the clinical and experimental research “virtually unanimously” shows that exposure to sexually violent material increases the likelihood of aggression toward women and that “the available evidence strongly supports the hypothesis that substantial exposure to sexually violent materials…bears a causal relationship to antisocial acts of sexual violence and, for some subgroups, possibly to unlawful acts of sexual violence” (Mappes and Zembaty 1997, 215). The report also found that non-violent but degrading pornographic material produced effects “similar to, although not as extensive as that involved with violent material.” However, the report concluded that non-degrading and non-violent material (erotica, in feminist terms) “does not bear a causal relationship to rape and other acts of sexual violence.”