 It might be thought that the second question arises only if one answers the first in a way that gives an important explanatory role to biology. But culturally determined “phenotypes” can also be adaptive, maladaptive or neutral. Cooking, certainly a cultural innovation, is highly adaptive and has led to significant change in gut size and perhaps in brain size as well (Godfrey-Smith 2013; for scepticism concerning the relation to brain size see Cornélio et al. 2016). Human biological and cultural evolution are closely connected.