  Academic debate about causation and omissions largely takes our paradigm for granted. Some writers, however, take a more radical view: they favour a paradigm shift in our thinking about criminal responsibility. One group of radicals focuses on outcomes. Imagine D shoots at \(V\), intending to cause death. In any system of criminal law this is an attempt. The radicals claim that what happens next should make no difference: \(D\) should be convicted of the same crime whether or not \(V\) is killed. Criminal responsibility, in short, should be insensitive to the outcomes of what we do (Ashworth 1993; Alexander and Ferzan 2009, 171–196). Consider again what I earlier called (C):