 Avicenna’s hierarchical account of agency acknowledges the superiority of divine causation and identifies the differences between creative and non-creative efficient causes. Still, it supports his earlier suggestion that he means to offer a unified account of the efficient cause, which encompasses both natural and creative agents. For each member of the hierarchy is construed as that which gives being to another. So, in his Metaphysics, Avicenna provides an overarching account of the efficient cause as that which gives being to another.