 All our prima facie cases of rationality or intelligence were based on the observation that some creature’s behaviour was in certain dependable ways successful or appropriate or apt, relative to its presumed wants or needs. …There are canons of appropriateness whereby we can ask whether an apian act is appropriate not to that which is particular and present to the bee but rather to that which is particular and past or to that which is not particular at all but universal. (Bennett 1964: 85)