 Traditional perspectives on science as self-regulating through politically neutral epistemic norms (Merton 1942; Wilholt 2012) suggest that research requires little governance. For example, Bush’s (1945) government report Science—The Endless Frontier has been widely portrayed as a landmark for American science policy after World War II that treated science as a neutral and objective foundation from which applied technologies and commercial innovations derive. While North American philosophy of science largely adopted this depoliticized vision of science (Reisch 2005), scientific pluralism can be positioned in a wider intellectual shift of rethinking the relation between science and society that has been driven by the rapid technological and scientific transformation of post-war societies including their existential risks from industrial disasters in Bhopal or Chernobyl to public controversies about genetic modification or climate change (Macnaghten 2020).