  Christine Ladd, born December 1, 1847, was later (from her marriage to Fabian Franklin in 1882) known as Christine Ladd-Franklin. Although she is almost unknown today, she was very well-known and highly-regarded as a mathematician, logician, and psychologist from the 1870s until her death on March 5, 1930 at the age of 82. Her earliest published work was in mathematics, in the Educational Times of England. Here it attracted the attention of the great mathematician J. J. Sylvester, who also published in the  Educational Times and who in 1876 assumed the position of the first professor of mathematics at the new Johns Hopkins University. (It was Sylvester who hired Peirce in 1879.) On the strength of her already-published work, as known by Sylvester, Ladd applied to Johns Hopkins in 1888 to become a graduate student in mathematics.  Although, because she was a woman, she could not become a regular graduate student at Johns Hopkins, still at the ardent and insistent urgings of Sylvester, she was admitted as a special-status student, and she was even awarded a fellowship to study mathematics. She held this fellowship from 1879 until 1882, when she completed all the requirements for the Ph.D. degree. It was during this period that she became attracted to mathematical logic, and to the teachings on logic of Peirce, with whom she studied carefully. Because of her gender, her status as a student of mathematics was recorded only in notes rather than on the usual student lists. For the same reason, she could not actually be given the Ph.D. degree in 1882, although she was ultimately (but not until 1926), awarded the Ph.D. degree in mathematics. (Meanwhile, Vassar College awarded her an LL.D. degree in 1887.) On August 24, 1882, upon the completion of her mathematics fellowship, she married a member of the Johns Hopkins department of mathematics and a fellow-student of Peirce’s, Fabian Franklin (b. 1853, d. 1939). Both she and Fabian Franklin seem to have stayed closely connected to Peirce until his death in 1914.