 In (32), the pronoun ‘he’ can have a bound-variable reading: which person \(x\) is such that \(x\) said that \(x\) has the best smile. This suggests that the following grammatical structure is possible: Whoi {[( )i said [hei has the best smile]]}. But (33) cannot be used to ask this question, suggesting that some linguistic constraint rules out the following logically possible structure: *Whoi [did {[hei say [( )i has the best smile]]]. And there cannot be constraints on transformations without transformations. So if English overtly displaces question-words that are covertly displaced in other languages, we should not be too surprised if English covertly displaces other quantificational expressions like ‘every doctor’. Likewise, (34) has the reading indicated in (34a) but not the reading indicated in (34b).