 One observation to make about these criticisms is that they are put forward by philosophers in the analytic tradition, which in its early days involved some opposition to Darwinism (Cunningham 1996). This goes back to Bertrand Russell and Ludwig Wittgenstein, neither of whom had much time for the theory and (in Russell’s case at least) was mirrored by a strong dislike of American Pragmatism, a school of thought that did take Darwin very seriously (Ruse 2009). In both the case of Russell and Wittgenstein this opposition is based primarily on a mistaken identification of the thinking of Charles Darwin with that of  Herbert Spencer.  It was the latter who was much given to seeing evolutionary processes as justifying extraneous claims about the necessity of struggle and so forth, views that both Russell and Wittgenstein viewed with as little enthusiasm as did William Jennings Bryan. Russell learnt his dislike of evolution as applied to philosophy from his teacher Henry Sidgwick and Wittgenstein (like other European-born philosophers like Karl Popper) from the general culture of their youth. Significantly, those philosophers of the English-speaking tradition of the twentieth century who have had kind words for Darwin – W.V.O. Quine, Richard Rorty, and Thomas Kuhn to name three – have all been sympathetic to Pragmatism in one form or another (Ruse 2018b, 2018c; see also, the entry on   pragmatism).