 However, observe that (3) also has a (false) reading on which it says roughly the same thing as (4). This suggests that “the teacher of Plato and Xenophon” might be ambiguous and synonymous with “Socrates” on only one of its two readings. (A competing explanation is that “Socrates” is lexically univocal, but gives rise to a structural ambiguity, as it is analyzed as a scope-taking expression—see Russell 1905; Neale 1990. Note, however, that this approach doesn’t lend itself as well to the defense of our hypothesis. Such a defense needs to claim that names, perhaps similarly to the quantifier “each”, gravitate towards the widest possible scope in the sentence—see Dummett 1981: Ch.9; Soames 1998; and Sosa 2001 for further discussion of this proposal.)