 An example of someone who has pushed the claim that chaotic behavior implies that determinism fails for our word is physicist turned Anglican priest, John Polkinghorne: “The apparently deterministic proves to be intrinsically unpredictable. It is suggested that the natural interpretation of this exquisite sensitivity is to treat it, not merely as an epistemological barrier, but as an indication of the ontological openness of the world of complex dynamical systems” (1989, p. 43). Giving a critical realist reading of epistemology and ontology, Polkinghorne seeks to link the epistemological barrier with an ontological failure of determinism because of ontological openness to influences not fully accounted for in our physics descriptions. Nevertheless, the mathematical properties of dynamical systems (e.g., their deterministic character) present a serious problem with this line of reasoning. Determinism as unique evolution appears to be preserved in our mathematical models of chaos, which serve as our ontic descriptions of chaotic  systems.[14] 