 Some of the most surprising findings touted by critics of virtue ethics (e.g., social priming) now appear to be unreplicable (for discussion, see Alfano 2018), but this outcome does not provide much solace to virtue theorists. Early estimates suggested that individual difference variables typically explain less than 10% of the variance in people’s behavior (Mischel 1968)—though, as Funder and Ozer (1983) pointed out, situational factors may explain less than  16%.[8]  More recent aggregated evidence indicates that situational factors explain approximately twice as much of the variance in human behavior as the five main trait factors (Rauthmann et al. 2014). Convergent evidence from both lexicographical and survey studies indicates that there are at least five dimensions of situations that reliably predict thought, feeling, and behavior: (1) negative valence, (2) adversity, (3) duty, (4) complexity, and (5) positive valence (Rauthmann and Sherman 2018).