 The philosopher al-Kindi (c. 800–870) holds a broadly Pythagorean view of music (see Shehadi 1995: chapter 1, and Adamson 2007: 172–180). According to him, a relationship of affinity holds between musical elements and parts of the cosmos. This affinity allows Kindi to trace correspondences between musical elements and the extra-musical world. Kindi’s acceptance of Pythagorean views is also exemplified by his claim that music exercises a power of the human body in virtue of the affinity between its constitution and that of various musical instruments.