 Given worries about calibrating introspection, researchers have asked subjects to provide a different metacognitive assessment of conscious states via reports about confidence (Grimaldi, Lau, &amp; Basso 2015; Pouget, Drugowitsch, &amp; Kepecs 2016). A standard approach is to have subjects perform a task, say perceptual discrimination of a stimulus, and then indicate how confident they are that their perceptual judgment was accurate. This judgment about perception can be assessed for accuracy by comparing the metacognitive judgment with perceptual performance (for discussion of formal methods such as metacognitive signal detection theory, see Maniscalco &amp; Lau 2012). Related paradigms include post-decision wagering where subjects place wagers on specific responses as a way of estimating their confidence (Persaud, McLeod, &amp; Cowey 2007; but see Dienes &amp; Seth 2010).