 Also then \(\r{M}\) is independent of \(\r{S}\). Column uniformity can occur in case-control studies with various subpopulations (e.g., different hospitals) where one does not match the number of persons with the explanatory attribute, like in an RCT. Instead, for each person with a certain attribute (e.g., a specific form of cancer), one selects a number of persons that does not have this attribute. Column-uniform design avoids AR as well, but among the presented association measures, it suffices to rule out AMP only for \(\pi_Y\).