 Schwarz’s findings and similar ones have led some philosophers (e.g., Haybron 2008) to argue that life-satisfaction judgments are too arbitrary to ever satisfy the requirements of a theory of well-being. In response, Tiberius and Plakias (2011) argue for an idealized life-satisfaction theory they call value-based life satisfaction, suggesting that by asking subjects to consider their life-satisfaction while attending to the domains they most value much of the instability plaguing the studies described above is removed, a claim they support with research showing that judgments made after priming subjects to think about their values demonstrate higher levels of retest stability (Schimmack &amp; Oishi 2005).