 So even if we imagine the philosophical Grundlagenkrise entirely removed from the picture, the technical results of the Hilbert school would not have been significantly affected. The completeness and incompleteness results would, in all likelihood, have arrived more or less on schedule. (It is worthwhile to note that Bernays and Hilbert had contemplated the possibility of various sorts of incompleteness as early as 1928: see the discussion by Wilfried Sieg in Hilbert [LFL]: 792–796.) But those results would have emerged in a very different philosophical climate. The incompleteness theorems would likely have been greeted as an important technical contribution within the broader Hilbert program, rather than as its dramatic refutation. Perhaps (as Angus Macintyre 2011 has suggested) they would have been viewed more like the independence results in set theory, with less talk about the limits of mathematical creativity.