 Relevance theory, for example, certainly takes pragmatics to be the study of the comprehension processes of the utterance on the part of the hearer (Sperber and Wilson (1986/1995), Carston (2002), Wilson and Sperber (2012)). And, as Devitt claims, the study of those processes should not be confounded with the study of what constitutes the pragmatic properties of an utterance. In this case, however, the relevance-theoretic hearer-oriented perspective seems a matter of deliberate choice rather than a confusion.