 In making relations modes of being of the foundation, James was clearly taking his cue from Henry of Ghent, “the chief representative of the modalist theory of relation” (Henninger 1989). For Henry and James, relations are real in the sense that they are distinct from their foundations and belong to extra mental reality. However, James’ understanding of the way in which a relation is a mode differs from Henry’s. For Henry, a thing’s mode is the same thing as its ratio or nature; it is the particular type of being that thing has, what “specifies” it. But according to James’ understanding of the term, a mode lies beyond the ratio of a thing, like an accident of that thing (Quaestiones de divinis praedicamentis, p. 34, 767–8).