 Despite these substantial obstacles, however, women did engage with the figures and debates of the time, and indeed they contributed in various and integral ways to the history of German philosophy throughout the eighteenth century. Similar to the British and French contexts, women in Germany exerted an important influence on intellectual culture directly through the publication of conventional treatises, but also indirectly through their correspondence with well-known philosophers, through provoking and mediating intellectual disputes, and (particularly in the second half of the eighteenth century) through hosting salons that attracted leading philosophers and scientists, among others. And, likewise comparable to the British and French contexts (cf. O’Neill 1997), these contributions have been widely overlooked in subsequent histories of German philosophy, both for familiar reasons having to do both with the narrowness of the conception of the philosophical canon (Shapiro 2016), but also due to the concerted efforts among nineteenth-century German academics to exclude women from the academy (Ebbersmeyer 2020).