 Millikan (1990), for instance, argues that self-locating attitudes (doxastic or otherwise) could exist without the presence of indexicals in either communicative language or the language of thought (if there be such). She imagines creatures, each of whom has a special name for themselves—a name employed in all and only their self-locating thoughts and expressions. For instance, John might employ the name “JP” whenever he thinks or speaks a self-locating thought about himself, and never otherwise; while David might use “DL”, etc. We can imagine that these creatures’ language entirely lacks expressions whose characters shift across contexts (in the sense of Kaplan 1989).