 A point of terminological clarification is needed. According to Leibniz, the terms ‘efficiently cause’ and ‘produce’ are synonymous: “It must be admitted that in saying that ‘efficient cause’ is what produces and ‘effect’ is what is produced, you are merely dealing in synonyms” (New Essays A vi, 6, 228). Elsewhere, Leibniz defines ‘efficient cause’ as ‘active cause’ (A vi, 2, 490; C 472).