 Indeed, the problem for physical systems on the cosmological scale (planetary systems and larger) is made even more urgent by what we know about conditions in the very early universe, very soon after the Big Bang, that we think obtained at the start of the cosmos. We have strong evidence that the very early universe consisted of a highly homogeneous, extremely hot and condensed gaseous soup of fundamental particles. According to ordinary thermodynamics, however, that is a state of extremely high entropy. That such a physical system evolved into ordered structures such as stars and galaxies—prima facie a state of much lower entropy for the same matter and energy now redistributed—seems on the face of it to be a massive violation of the Second Law. 