 Considering the development of logic in the West, it important to keep in mind that inference throughout Nyāya is part of epistemology. Something about the world is known by any veritable inference. An inference must have premises that are themselves known. Nyāya philosophers do not distinguish between a formally valid deductive argument (which may or may not have false premises) and deductive arguments that are “cogent” (with no unjustified premises and no errors).