 Song-Ming Confucians were also interested in different kinds or types of knowledge. One oft-discussed distinction was between mere “ordinary knowledge” (changzhi 常知) and “genuine” or “true knowledge” (zhenzhi 真知). Ordinary knowledge is often portrayed as merely a correct and reliably informed affirmation that something is true or right, while genuine knowledge often requires some personal acquaintance with the matter, and necessarily issues in (or is constituted by) some appropriate feeling and motivation. In one influential discussion, Cheng Yi illustrates the distinction by describing two different sorts of reactions to news that a tiger was attacking people in the vicinity. Some villagers were startled but did not have the powerful, almost involuntary fear of the one farmer who had been wounded by a tiger in the past. Cheng suggests that ethical knowledge should have the same character as the survivor’s fear (HNCSYS 2a:16, 15:147; Graham 1992: 80). Wang Yangming later used this rough framework to argue for his famous thesis that knowledge and action are united (Chen 1991: 93–98; Ivanhoe 2000: 62–66; Tiwald &amp; Van Norden 2014: 266–268).