 A thesis attributed to Grice is that what S says is determined by “decoding”, while what S conversationally implicates is determined by what S says together with an inferential, pragmatic mechanism (see, e.g., Sperber &amp; Wilson 1986a: 182). An alleged problem, called “Grice’s Circle” (Levinson 2000: 173–4, 186–7), is that many of the processes involved in figuring out what is said, such as reference identification and ambiguity resolution, “involve exactly those inferential mechanisms that characterize Gricean  pragmatics”.[70]  Grice never talked about decoding however, and observed himself that conversational principles are involved in determining what is said (Grice 1957: 222). For example, if an ambiguous term is used, we naturally assume—in the absence of specific counterevidence—that the intended meaning is the one relevant to the conversation. In a discussion of snow, “There is a large bank on Main Street” is naturally interpreted as referring to a snow bank.