 Consider the case of Charles Shonubi, a Nigerian citizen working in New Jersey, who was arrested on 10 December 1991 at JFK Airport in New York for smuggling heroin into the United States. He was found carrying 103 balloons in his gastrintestinal tract containing 427.4 grams of heroin. During the sentencing proceedings, the prosecutor argued that since Shonubi made seven trips between the United States and Nigeria prior to his arrest, he smuggled a larger total quantity of heroin than 427.4 grams. The prosecution offered data on amounts of heroin seized from 117 Nigerian drug smugglers who were arrested at JFK airport between 1 September 1990 and 10 December 1991. The expert for the prosecutor, Dr. Boyum, calculated that it was 99% likely that Shonubi smuggled at least 2090.2 grams in total before his final trip (U.S. v. Shonubi 895 F. Supp 460, E.D.N.Y. 1995).