 A second argument concerns the consequences of markets in the sense of the distribution they bring about. It is sometimes held that markets, or more specifically labor markets, give people what they deserve because they reward individuals’ contributions to the social whole. This makes desert rather than traditional hierarchies the determinant of social positions (e.g., Miller 2001, ch. VIII-IX; Honneth in Fraser/Honneth 2003, 137ff., Mankiw 2010; for justifications of profits along similar lines see e.g., Arnold 1987; Narveson 1995). Such arguments draw on the (luck egalitarian) intuition that differences in individuals’ incomes are justified as long as they are not undeserved, but reflect free choices (see e.g., Arneson 2008), for example the decision to work 50 rather than 40 hours per week, or to take on a less pleasant job, which gives one a ‘premium for being a steeplejack or an embalmer or working on the night shift’ (Okun 1975, 72). It has been a matter of debate, however, whether markets in fact reward choices in this way, or whether one’s socio-economic background, one’s participation in teams of workers (where individual contributions may be impossible to separate), or simply luck play too great a role in determining one’s income. If so, then the “cult of personal responsibility” would be misguided (Barry 2005, part IV; cf. also Olsaretti 2004, ch.1–3 for a discussion of the arguments for markets from desert, which she ultimately rejects). Interestingly, even some defenders of free markets, such as von Hayek and Knight, have argued that the sense in which they can be called just only concerns the framework of rules within which they take place, not the resulting distributing of income. They argue that what markets reward, namely the satisfaction of wants, has nothing to do with moral values (1978, ch. IX; cf. also Knight 1923). One might argue that these rules can be more or less conducive to justice in the sense of desert, and that, ceteris paribus, they should be made more conducive to it rather than less (e.g., Lamont 1997; Herzog 2013, ch. V; see also Herzog 2017, chap. V). In that form, however, the argument concerns not the justification of markets, but rather the question of how their framework should be designed, such that they bring about results that reward  desert.[4]