 Expectational approaches were initially adopted by consequentialists like Bentham (A Comment on the Commentaries, 1-1-6), Sidgwick (The Methods of Ethics, 3–6), Narveson (1967, 1971), Singer (1972), and Árdal (1968, 1976). But in the past 50 years many theorists with other normative frameworks have also put forward such views, e.g., McNeilly (1972), MacCormick (1972), Anscombe (1981: Ch. 1), Thomson (1990: Ch. 12), T. M. Scanlon (1990, 1999: Ch. 7), Foot (2001: Ch. 1), and Friederich and Southwood (2011).