 A contractualist approach to the nonidentity problem will focus on the legitimate expectations future people have in respect of the agents whose acts cause those future people both to exist and suffer. Such expectations can be violated – and future people wronged – even in cases where those people have not been made worse off, or harmed, by what the agent has done. What is important is not the outcome for the person but rather the “culpable failure” on the part of the agent, including the failure to respect a future person’s “value as capable of rational self-governance” by way of failing to take “risk-managing” measures (including, e.g, pre-conceptual genetic testing) on behalf of that future person (Kumar 2003, 104–114; Kumar 2018). An issue that immediately arises is whether a measure that makes it the case that the person who will suffer can never exist at all is genuinely risk-managing in respect of that person. Drawing from Scanlon 1998, Kumar describes an alternative position that focuses, not on how acts may affect particular people, but rather on types of persons, or standpoints, and, specifically, “the reasons that persons in certain circumstances … typically have for caring about or wanting certain things.” Principles reflected in such reasons – principles “no one can reasonably reject” – include preferences against the risk of living a life that is seriously compromised. Failing to take such reasons into account (depending on other facts) is counted as a wrong against (though not a harm to) any particular person who eventually exists and, as a result of the act under scrutiny, suffers. Kumar 2018. Left unclear is how to reconcile the standpoint against the personal risk. A future standpoint may include the “generic” preference not to suffer the side effects of a particular infertility treatment. But if that treatment is necessary for the person ever to exist at all, it is unclear that the treatment itself wrongs that person. 