 S. Wilkinson (1999) takes this fact as a point of departure for a deeper critique of the Restoration Argument. He claims that, if it turned out (as is possible in many European countries) that smokers cost the state less than non-smokers overall (because on average they die younger, and hence consume fewer health and social care resources in retirement) then proponents of the Restoration Argument would be committed to the unpalatable conclusion that smokers should be given not lower but higher priority than other patients. Otherwise smokers would be harmed by the non-smokers’ deliberate attempts to extend their own lives by avoiding smoking. His argument is about financial resources but similar considerations would apply to organs in relevantly similar situations of scarcity.