 By now many such analyses have been performed with both adjective and questionnaire data, and using self, friend, spouse, employer, and expert reports (McCrae 1982; McCrae and Costa 1987; Piedmont 1998: 52–56, chapter 5). Extensive cross-cultural work has also been done with the items being translated into dozens of languages (McCrae and Costa 1997; Piedmont 1998: 43–46, 73–74; Caprara and Cervone 2000: 73–75). What we see over and over again is the emergence of five basic or core personality traits (for a very helpful review, see John et al. 2008a):