Counterconditioning names a similar process to extinction, though one which proceeds via a slightly different method. Counterconditioning can only occur when an organism has an association between a mental representation and a valence, as acquired in an evaluative conditioning paradigm. Suppose that one associates  ducks with a positive valence. To break this association via counterconditioning one introduces ducks not with a lack of positive valence (as would happen in extinction) but with the opposite valence, a negative valence. Over multiple exposures, the initial representation/valence association weakens,  and is perhaps completely  broken.[21]