 On the basis of Kant’s remarks, we might claim that if another cannot “contain the end” of an agent’s action, that is, share the end the agent is pursuing in using her, then the agent treats the other merely as a means. Two agents presumably share an end just in case they are both trying, or have chosen to try, to realize this end. But what, precisely, does it mean to say that two agents cannot share an end? Returning to the example at hand, what does it mean to say that the promisee cannot share the promisor’s end? From the outset, it is important to specify precisely which of the promisor’s ends the promisee cannot share. It is presumably the promisor’s end of getting money from the promisee without ever paying it back. The promisor’s ultimate end might be one that the two can share (e.g., that of curing cancer). What sense of ‘cannot’ would be plausible to invoke in maintaining that a promisee cannot share a false promisor’s end?