  Buddhist philosophers who take consciousness to be inherently reflexive are generally  classified in the doxographical literature as  Sākāravādins. Following Śāntarakṣita's Ornament of the Middle Way  (Madhyamakālaṃkāra 11–92) five  epistemological positions may be identified on the nature of  consciousness and the subject-object relation (see Kajiyama 1968;  1978, 117–132; Blumenthal 2004, 91 and passim): 