 Fanon also pauses to pay special attention to Patrice Lumumba who in 1961, when “Lumumba’s Death: Could We Do Otherwise” (“La mort de Lumumba: pouvions-nous faire autrement?”)  was written, was known as a promising and important revolutionary leader. Lumumba immediately after became emblematic of both the revolutionary promise and seemingly inevitable neo-colonial fate of independent black Africa. This short essay is full of interesting observations, most of which revolve around the failure in Congo to unify around an anti-colonial ideology. The lack of this ideology, he notes, is what made Congo susceptible to Belgian and other European/American meddling, which then made Lumumba a natural target.  Lumumba’s bold identification with anti-colonialism enacted what Fanon most wanted: neutrality in the Cold War, singular focus on the nation and the continent against colonialism in all forms.  Lumumba’s death leads to the greatest threat to genuinely independent, anti-colonial Africa: national infighting instead of continental solidarity and the return of intra-national ethnic conflict that destabilizes what is most in need of stabilization.