For example, Sider (1996, 2001) and Hawley (2001) argue for a temporal application, on which ‘Joe Biden won the election’ is analysed as saying that a past counterpart of Biden won the election. The temporal counterpart relation is here assumed to relate short-lived temporal “stages” (see Schwarz 2014 for an alternative), and is not a matter of qualitative similarity. As in the modal case, this approach has been advertised as solving a range of puzzles, as well as explaining the vagueness and context-dependence of temporal judgements. Williams (2008) considers adopting the same perspective on identity across space.