 For Plotinus, it is not merely being lower than the highest One that makes something evil; rather, evil consists in being so low as to be associated with matter. Indeterminate or “unformed matter” is the final term on the cosmic chain from being to non-being—it is as far away from intelligence as possible, and thus equally far away from goodness. This is the Matter Theory of Evil that was influential in various gnosticisms, early Christian heresies, and late antique platonisms (see O’Meara 2019).