 We have now seen the first level at which neuroeconomics applies game theory. A second level involves seeking conditioning variables in neural activity that might impact people’s choices of strategies when they play games. This has typically involved repeating protocols from the behavioral game theory literature with research subjects who are lying in fMRI scanners during play.  Harrison (2008)  and  Ross (2008b)  have argued for skepticism about the value of work of this kind, which involves various uncomfortably large leaps of inference in associating the observed behavior with specific imputed neural responses. It can also be questioned whether much generalizable new knowledge is gained to the extent that such associations can be successfully identified.