 In recent years, the temptation has been great among some scholars to imagine that he had at least some knowledge of non-Greek thinkers such as Cicero and Seneca (Lévy 2021). The problem remains that we have no evidence of this hypothesis. Philo never evoked Roman philosophers, so we cannot pass beyond statements of probability. More generally, what can be said about Philo’s attitude towards “barbarian” wisdom can be summarized in three points: