  This is the “Michigan Mandate” (Gratz v. Bollinger, 135 F. Supp. 2d 790 [2001], at 796–797). Racial and ethnic diversity aren’t incidental contributors to a distinct academic mission; they are part of the mission of the University, just as educating young people from Michigan is part of it (see Fullinwider and Lichtenberg 2004, 165–188). And something like a national version of the mandate underlies the Michigan Law School’s affirmative action policy, since its graduates move into elite law firms or government service outside Michigan (see Lempert et al. 2000, 399; Wilkins 2000, 530–534).