 A different response points out that, on these accounts, the concept of action itself turns out to be normative in a covert way, for, on these accounts, it is of the essence of action that it aim at self-knowledge, or that it must accord with norms of practical reason. But the idea that an aim is non-optional is arguably normative, as is the idea of norms of practical reason. Hence, arguably, these accounts do not explain what normativity consists in. They rather change the explanandum from the nature of normativity to the nature of agency or action.