 Another way to see that the argument based on the English sense of (T) would be question-begging is to ask whether a speaker would have warrant to believe (T) in its English sense, if the speaker did not already have warrant to believe that she was a non-BIV speaking English. Note that if the speaker were a BIV speaking vat-English, the speaker would not even understand (T) in its English sense, let alone have warrant to believe it in that sense. So it surely seems that the speaker could not have warrant to believe (T) in its English sense unless she already had warrant to believe the argument’s conclusion, that is, had warrant to believe ‘I am not a BIV’ in its English sense. (See Brueckner 1986: 164–165 and 2016: 4. The type of question-begging just described, as well as the type described by Alston (1986 [1989]) would seem to be the same as the type identified by Crispin Wright and that he describes as failure of warrant to transmit from premise to conclusion. See Wright 1985: 436; 2000: 141–143; see also Davies 2000: 397–399.)