 Like Arcesilaus (316/15–241/40 BCE), the head of the Academy who was responsible for the school’s so-called ‘skeptical turn’, and Socrates before him, Carneades wrote nothing, but made his mark through face to face teaching and argument (D.L. 4.65). The influence he exerted in this way was immense. From the time of his scholarchate until the dissolution of the Academy under its probably last leader, Philo of Larissa (159/8–84/3 BCE), philosophical activity in the Academy and among the philosophers in its orbit consisted in good part in the further development of ideas and lines of argument pioneered or substantially reshaped by Carneades. Indeed these philosophers often put forward their own views in the guise of interpretations of Carneades. We are ultimately indebted for what we know about him to works by those with firsthand experience of him, especially Clitomachus, his student and eventual successor as scholarch. Although none of the latter’s many books has survived, they were used by authors like Cicero (106-43 BCE) and Sextus Empiricus (probably 2nd or 3rd century CE), whose works have come down to us. (Greek and Latin testimonies are collected in Mette, 1985; many important passages with an English translation and notes can be found in Long and Sedley, 1987.)