 This view implicitly expands the ethical concerns raised by clinical research. We have been focusing on the importance of protecting individual research participants. However, Jonas assumes that clinical research also threatens society in some sense. There are at least two possibilities here. First, it might be thought that the conduct of unethical research reaches beyond individual investigators to taint society as a whole. This does not seem unreasonable given that clinical research typically is conducted in the name of and often for the benefit of society. Second, one might be concerned that allowing investigators to expose research participants to some risks for the benefit of others might put us on a slippery slope that ends with serious abuses throughout society.