 Consider the Algebraic notation for  chess.[18]  Here are the basics. The rows of the chessboard are represented by the numerals \(\b{1},\b{2}, \ldots ,\b{8}\); the columns are represented by the lower case letters \(\ba, \bb, \ldots ,\bh\). The squares are identified by column and row; for example \(\b{b5}\) is at the intersection of the second column from the left and the fifth row from the top. Upper case letters represent the pieces: \(\bK\) stands for king, \(\bQ\) for queen, \(\bR\) for rook, \(\bB\) for bishop, and \(\bN\) for knight. Moves are typically represented by a triplet consisting of an upper case letter standing for the piece that makes the move and a sign standing for the square where the piece moves. There are five exceptions to this: (i) moves made by pawns lack the upper case letter from the beginning, (ii) when more than one piece of the same type could reach the same square, the sign for the square of departure is placed immediately in front of the sign for the square of arrival, (iii) when a move results in a capture an \(\bx\) is placed immediately in front of the sign for the square of arrival, (iv) the symbol \(\b0\hy\b0\) represents castling on the king’s side, (v) the symbol \(\b{0\hy 0\hy 0}\) represents castling on the queen’s side. \(\bpl\) stands for check, and \(\bpl\bpl\) for mate. The rest of the notation serves to make commentaries about the moves and is inessential for understanding it.