  According to the statement condition, lying requires that a person make a statement. Making a statement requires the use of conventional signs, or symbols. Conventional signs, such as “WOMEN” on the door to a restroom, are opposed to natural or causal signs, or indices, such as women coming in and out of a restroom, as well as signs that signify by resemblance, or icons, such as a figure with a triangular dress on the door to a restroom (cf. Grotius 2005, 2001; Pierce 1955; Grice 1989). Making a statement, therefore, requires the use of language. A commonly accepted definition of making a statement is the following: “x states that p to y =df (1) x believes that there is an expression E and a language L such that one of the standard uses of E in L is that of expressing the proposition p; (2) x utters E with the intention of causing y to believe that he, x, intended to utter E in that standard use” (Chisholm and Feehan 1977, 150).