 In his seminal paper ‘The idea of innateness’ (1975) Stephen Stich made a similar suggestion, that an innate trait might be defined as one which an organism will manifest in the “normal” course of development. But Stich himself offered a counterexample to this analysis: universally held beliefs, such as the belief that water quenches thirst, will count as innate on this analysis, which seems counterintuitive (Stich 1975, 9). André Ariew has offered another counterexample: humans acquire a typical gut flora during development, but these bacteria are intuitively an acquired trait rather than an innate trait (Ariew 1999, 133). Ariew suggests that Stich’s analysis confuses evidence for innateness with innateness itself. Universality is evidence for the existence of a particular kind of developmental mechanism which Ariew explicates in terms of Waddington’s concept of environmental canalization (Ariew 2007, 10, and see Section 3.4 below).