 Bolzano, Bernard |  compositionality |  Duns Scotus, John |  essential vs. accidental properties |  Giles of Rome |  Henry of Ghent |  identity |  intentionality |  Lewis, David |  logic: classical |  logic: free |  logic: modal |  material constitution |  Meinong, Alexius |  mereology |  modality: medieval theories of |  nonexistent objects |  Ockham [Occam], William |  Parmenides |  plural quantification |  possible objects |  possible worlds |  Prior, Arthur |  Spinoza, Baruch |  Spinoza, Baruch: modal metaphysics |  states of affairs |  Suárez, Francisco |  Tarski, Alfred |  truthmakers 