 While there has seen some advances in addressing this challenge (in the form of deep learning or representation learning), this specific challenge is actually merely a foothill before a range of dizzyingly high mountains that AI must eventually somehow manage to climb. One of those mountains, put simply, is  reading.[21]  Despite the fact that, as noted, Part V of AIMA is devoted to machine learning, AI, as it stands, offers next to nothing in the way of a mechanization of learning by reading. Yet when you think about it, reading is probably the dominant way you learn at this stage in your life. Consider what you’re doing at this very moment. It’s a good bet that you are reading this sentence because, earlier, you set yourself the goal of learning about the field of AI.  Yet  the formal models of learning provided in AIMA’s Part IV (which are all and only the models at play in AI) cannot be applied to learning by  reading.[22]  These models all start with a function-based view of learning. According to this view, to learn is almost invariably to produce an underlying function \(\ff\) on the basis of a restricted set of pairs