According to Contrastivism, ‘knows’ denotes a three-place relation, with a contrast variable included among the relata. The identity of the contrasted propositions may be ‘shifty’ when not explicitly provided. Thus, in the same way that an utterance of ‘Jane prefers vanilla’ may express a true proposition when the contextually-provided contrast is strawberry but a false proposition when the contrast is chocolate, ‘Jane knows that she has hands’ may be true when the contrast is her having lost her hands in an accident, but false when the contrast is her being a handless BIV. (Some see contrastivism as a species of EC; for Schaffer on the differences between Contrastivism and canonical versions of EC, see his 2004.)