 In another passage, Mozi uses qing to explain the sociopolitical environment of a state. He states that those rulers who understand the qing of common people will be successful leaders but those who do not understand the qing will bring chaos (Mozi, 13.1; Mei 1929: 70). Here qing means a broad sociopolitical environment, specifically the living (economic, cultural, social and political) conditions of people. Mozi states that understanding people’s qing is a critical element of successful leadership. Rulers should carefully observe the socio-political reality of their states and the living conditions and opinions of their people. This type of qing falls in the semantic category of situations, circumstances, or reality. Cai (2020: 403) interprets it as existential conditions of people and Virág (2017: 56) takes it as sentiment or affective dispositions of people.