 When philosophers have turned their attention to the ethics of reproduction, they have mostly focused on abortion, and to a lesser extent on various assisted reproductive technologies used to create a pregnancy. However, a number of thorny ethical issues can arise during the course of a continuing pregnancy, labor, and birth, and these are receiving growing attention in bioethics. This article is restricted to a discussion of such issues. See the entries on  feminist perspectives on reproduction and the family,  parenthood and procreation, and  the grounds of moral status  for discussions of related issues such as abortion and assisted reproduction.