 An attempt was made by Stapp (1997) to demonstrate a strengthened version of Bell’s theorem which dispenses with the conceptual framework outlined above, and to use instead the logic of counterfactual conditionals. His intricate argument has been the subject of a criticism by Shimony and Stein (2001, 2003), who are critical of certain counterfactual conditionals that are asserted by Stapp by means of a “possible worlds” analysis without a grounding on a local deterministic theory, and a response by Stapp (2001) himself, who defends his argument with some modifications.