 These “flaws of the prover,” hetu-doṣa, are also called “constant flaws,” nitya-doṣa, as opposed to puruṣa-doṣa, “flaws of a person,” which are anitya-doṣa, “occasional flaws.” Admittedly, Gaṅgeśa contends that sometimes even “failure to grasp a pervasion is (not a logical flaw but) a flaw belonging to a person or subject” (2020: 884). Nevertheless, the five pseudo-provers are separated out from other defeaters called clinchers from the Nyāya-sūtra on, because they highlight logical—or in the case of (3) epistemological—rules as opposed to personal failures such as failing to pay attention. The upādhi fallacy, too, entails a counterexample and so is a “constant flaw,” although failure to notice one on occasion can be a personal error.