  On the above descriptivist theory, John contemplates a purely qualitative descriptive content when he utters ‘He is making a mess’. Yet if John were asked to whom he was referring with ‘he’, it is unlikely that he would respond with a purely qualitative definite description. Rather, he would probably respond with a description like ‘the man I see in that mirror’, which is not purely qualitative unless John is contemplating purely qualitative properties when he utters ‘I’ and ‘that mirror’. Perhaps if John thought very hard, he could formulate a purely qualitative description that he thinks refers to the man he sees, such as the description ‘the man wearing a green shirt, red trousers, and white shoes who is pushing a shopping cart’. But if he has to think hard to find such a description, then he probably did not entertain the content of that description when he first uttered ‘He is making a mess’.