 Immunologists have long applied philosophy to elaborate conceptual frameworks for understanding the immune system and to shed light on the character of experimental conduct in this biomedical field (Anderson 2014). To highlight the common culture of immunology and philosophy, a prominent Australian immunologist, Macfarlane Burnet, wrote in 1965: “Immunology has always seemed to me more a problem in philosophy than in practical science” (Burnet 1965). He was inspired by Whitehead in elaborating his notion of immune selfhood and by his attempts to apply cybernetics and information theory to immunology (Anderson and Mackay 2014). Another influential, philosophically-oriented immunologist, Niels Jerne, admitted to having been influenced by Kierkegaard’s discussion of Plato’s Meno when elaborating his key conceptual ideas (i.e., the selection theory of antibody production) (Jerne 1966, Söderqvist 2003: 186). And perhaps most prominently, Ludwik Fleck’s immunological and bacteriological research served as the case example of a “thought collective” that has served as the founding study of the social character of scientific change in biology and science (Löwy 1986; Fagan 2009; see the entry on  Ludwik Fleck).  Many other prominent immunological researchers, including Metchnikoff, Zinsser, Medawar, Edelman and Salk, were also humanist thinkers who, in addition to active laboratory research, conspicuously expounded philosophical ideas on the nature of reality, the character of cognition, the limits of science, the condition of humankind, and the like. Thus, a rich bidirectional exchange between philosophy and immunology has been established over a long tradition.