 The subset view is the subject of lively debate; see, e.g., Antony (2010), Audi (2012), Melnyk (2010), Shoemaker (2010). One objection is that the subset view assumes rather than shows that M has any causal powers at all, and that this is the key question at issue (Kim, 2010). Reasons have been offered for doubting this assumption, i.e., accepting epiphenomenalism, at least for beliefs and desires. Segal (2009) argues that being a belief and being a desire are dispositional properties, and that dispositional properties are not efficacious. Tammalleo (2008) supports an exclusion argument, and invokes mechanisms independently established by cognitive psychology to explain why we have the mistaken intuition that mental states are causes.