 Many authors have pointed out that exploitation can be a structural phenomenon. What it means for exploitation to be ‘structural’ differs from account to account. For Matt Zwolinski (2012: 155) exploitation is structural when it is brought about by unjust “conditions that lie in the background of the exchange”. For Maeve McKeowan (2016) exploitation is structural when social systems structure and limit the options of disadvantaged groups to the advantage of more powerful groups. Gabriel Wollner (2019: 157) argues that structures exploit by making an individual’s “position within the structure... such that in order to optimize or maximize economic revenue she has to take unfair advantage of others.” Finally, Marxists often point out that although Marx’s technical definition of exploitation (outlined in section 1) can be stated in transactional terms, Marx also conceived of exploitation “as a property of the economy as a whole, not just individuals” (Elster 1986b: 176). Indeed, in Roemer’s (1982a) unequal exchange account and later work by Roberto Veneziani (2007) and Naoki Yoshihara and Veneziani (2018) exploitation is not defined as a relational predicate at all. Instead, only the predicates ‘…is exploited’ and ‘…is exploiter’ are defined. On these non-relational accounts, whether agents are exploited depends on whether the total labour they perform in the economy is greater than the labour embodied in the total bundle of goods they consume.