 The notion of incompleteness at work here is difficult to explain. But one way to develop it is to propose that the incomplete and connecting elements are functions. For example, the property being F is conceived of as a function that takes a particular a as argument and maps it to the state of affairs a’s being F (see Oliver 1992: 91). The problems of the functional model of states of affairs are manifest in the development of Frege’s work. Frege 1879 held that sentences stand for what he called “judgeable contents”, complexes composed of functions and objects. For Frege predication is the application of a function to an object. Judgeable contents seem to be nothing other than states of affairs. However, the idea that states of affairs are complex does not sit happily with Frege’s further idea that the judgeable content a’s being F is the value of the function F for a as argument.