 Vitoria’s awareness of the challenge of Luther to Catholicism affected his teaching and that of his successors. In his Relectiones de potestate ecclesiastica (1532–1533) and Relectio de potestate papae et concilii (1534), he was critical of the Roman curia, especially on account of its free-handed distribution of dispensations; but he was careful not to open the way for any assault on the papacy and Catholic orthodoxy.