  EEM programs are saddled with the typical uncertainties of phylogenetic reconstructions. Is this or that organ or structure an adaptation and if so, for what? In addition, there are the uncertainties which result from the necessarily sparse fossil record of brain and sensory organ development. The EET programs are even more problematic. While it is plausible enough to think that the evolutionary imprint on our organs of thought influences what and how we do think, it is not at all clear that the influence is direct, significant or detectible. Selectionist epistemologies which endorse a “trial and error” methodology as an appropriate model for understanding scientific change are not analytic consequences of accepting that the brain and other ancillary organs are adaptations which have evolved primarily under the influence of natural selection. The viability of such selectionist models is an empirical question which rests on the development of adequate models. Hull’s (1988) is, as he himself admits, but the first step in that direction. Cziko (1995) is a manifesto urging the development of such models (cf. also the evolutionary game theory modeling approach of Harms 1997). Much hard empirical work needs to be done to sustain this line of research. Non-selectionist evolutionary epistemologies, along the lines of Ruse (1986), face a different range of difficulties. It remains to be shown that any biological considerations are sufficiently restrictive to narrow down the range of potential methodologies in any meaningful way. A non-selectionist approach to evolutionary epistemology, based on “Poincaréan dynamics,” has been proposed by Barham (1990). An alternative approach, which exploits the fact that organisms and their environments co-evole as a result of dialectical interactions between them, has led to the development of “non-adaptational” evolutionary epistemologies (Gontier et al 2006). A critical review of the problems facing the development of the naturalistic turn in evolutionary epistemology can be found in Callebaut and Stotz (1998).