Associative learning amounts to a constellation of related views that interprets learning as associating stimuli with responses (in operant conditioning), or stimuli with other stimuli (in classical conditioning), or stimuli with valences (in evaluative conditioning).[13] Associative learning accounts raise the question: when one learns to associate contents X and Y because, e.g., previous experiences with Xs and Ys instantiated R, how does one store the information that X and Y are associated?[14] A highly contrived sample answer to this question would be that a thinker learns an explicitly represented unconscious conditional rule that states “when a token of x is activated, then also activate a token of y”. Instead of such a highly intellectualized response, associationists have found a natural (though by no means  necessary, see section 4.2) complementary view that the information is stored in an associative structure.