 More broadly, the general psychological propensity for punishment illuminated by this kind of empirical work has been claimed by researchers to emerge early in humans (Schmidt &amp; Tomasello 2012; McAuliffe, Jordan, &amp; Richerson 2015). Some have argued that it is crucial to a host of features of human social life, including the group-level stabilization of norms (Boyd &amp; Richerson 1992) and the capacity to sustain cooperation on large scales (Price, Cosmides, &amp; Tooby 2002; Mathew &amp; Boyd 2011; Mathew, Boyd, &amp; van Veelen 2013). Others have used such results to support inferences about the character of normative psychology, including the nature of normative motivation. For instance, Chudek and Henrich summarize several neuroeconomic studies (Fehr &amp; Camerer 2007; Tabibnia, Satpute, &amp; Lieberman 2008; and de Quervain et al. 2004) that investigate economic behavior using the methods and technology of neuroscience (i.e., fMRI) by pointing out that 