   Ensemble tests have a long precedent in biology and evolutionary biology, although none appear to have been prospectively organized. For example, we have the ensemble conclusion that “almost all” speciation occurs via geographical isolation (Mayr 1963) or that the genetic code is “nearly” universal (Crick 1968). Either or both of these claims could be true but the present empirical knowledge that generated either one is not even remotely close to being based on a sample of organisms that could be taken to be representative of all species.