 Spinoza cannot accept two of the most prominent accounts proposed by his contemporaries. According to Descartes, (a) modal truths and modal truth-makers depend on God’s volitions and (b) the form of dependence is efficient causation.  According to Leibniz, (a) modal truths and modal truth-makers depend on God’s ideas and intellectual activities and (b) the form of dependence is ontological and does not involve efficient causation. However, Spinoza denies that God’s nature contains a will and intellect in the sense required for these accounts (Ip17s).