 This means that the presence of group selection or the effectiveness of group selection is to be measured by the existence of nonadaptive behavior on the part of individual organisms along with the presence of a corresponding group-level adaptation. Therefore, this approach to kin and group selection does require a group-level adaptation from groups to count as units of selection. As with the previous view, it is significant that the engineering notion of adaptation is assumed rather than the weaker selection-product notion; 