 A third theme in contemporary work also has obvious roots in older trends. As an enterprise “born of struggle,” Africana philosophy attends with unusual frequency and consistency to the ethical and political issues facing its inquirers. The ethical implications of studies in nearly every area, including metaphysics (related, say, to the concept of the person) and epistemology (related, say, to issues of testimonial injustice), are rarely far from view. But straightforward political philosophy remains as lively an area of investigation as it was when Odera Oruka famously identified “nationalist-ideological” theorizing as one of the four major areas of African philosophical activity (Oruka 1981, n.p.).