 As in early Mohism, “benefit” (lì 利) is the fundamental standard of what is moral or right (yì 義), which underlies moral duties and virtues: “Morality is benefit” (A8, B76). Benevolence (rén 仁, also kindness) is “caring about individuals” (A7). “Care” (ài 愛) is left unexplained, though the texts indicate that the morally good care constitutive of benevolence (rén) involves caring about others for their own sake, and not as a means to an end (A7), and that a characteristic feature of care is desiring benefit for and disliking harm to a person (EC7). 