 But what do such tests really measure? In philosophy, Zimmerman (2018) and Gendler (2008a, 2008b) have argued that measures like the Implicit Association Test do not measure actual racist beliefs but rather something else, something under less rational control (Gendler calls them “aliefs”). Schwitzgebel (2010) argues that people who are implicitly prejudiced but explicitly egalitarian are “in between” believing and failing to believe the egalitarian propositions that they sincerely accept (see also Levy 2015). Machery (2016) argues that implicit measures reveal multi-track dispositions, rather than attitudes. Gawronski and Bodenhausen (2006) advance a model according to which there is a substantial difference between implicit attitudes, defined in terms of associative processes, and explicit attitudes which have a propositional structure and are guided by standards of truth and consistency (see also Wilson, Lindsey, and Schooler 2000; Greenwald and Nosek 2009). Mandelbaum (2016) and Borgoni (2016) also endorse views on which people who are implicitly prejudiced but explicitly egalitarian have contradictory attitudes, though they argue that both the implicit and the explicit attitudes are propositionally structured and to some extent subject to norms of rationality. Payne, Vuletich and Lundberg (2017) argue that implicit measures capture the situationally-variable accessibility of culturally given concepts.