 What information should be disclosed or comprehended? It is common to emphasize that patients cannot possibly be “fully informed” if that would include all facts, or all facts that are material to physicians’ decisions. For example, research participants, who need to know the main risks of participation, do not need to know much about the history of the disease. But how are we to determine which facts patients and trial participants should be informed about? Three legal standards exist: the professional standard, the reasonable person standard, and the individual standard. 