 Interpreters disagree on whether Suárez leaves room for pre-positive moral duties (that is, moral duties which do not draw their binding force from God's commands) and on whether, if this is in fact the case, such duties are compatible with his general account of natural law. At the center of the debate is Suárez's assertion that the performance of an intrinsically bad action constitutes sinning and involves culpa (guilt/blame) regardless of a prohibition from above. According to John Finnis, this amounts to positing the existence of pre-positive obligations incompatible with Suárez's view that all law involves the expression of the will of a superior (Finnis 1980: 46–49). Thomas Pink construes Suárez's theory of natural law in a way that aims to avoid the incoherence produced by pre-positive obligations. On his construal, the expression of a superior's will gives us additional reasons to perform an act that is already obligatory by reason of its intrinsic moral properties (Pink 2005: 42). 