 A lie may not in fact deceive the listener for many reasons—P might actually be true or the listener may be aware that she is being lied to—but it is still pro tanto wrong as an abuse of assertion whose function is to provide evidence of what the speaker takes to be the truth. Paternalistic lies are prima facie wrong, as Kantians would claim, because they are violations of our right as rational creatures to determine our ends, and the means to obtain them, for ourselves. 