 This claim provoked discussions about whether there are genuine psychological laws (cf. Fodor 1974, 1987, 1991, 1997; Kim 1985, LePore and Loewer 1987, 1989; Carrier 1998). Some authors, for example Schiffer (1991) and Earman, Roberts and Smith (2002), have even argued that no special science (from biology upwards) has genuine laws of its own. By contrast, most authors have supported only the weaker claim that there are no strict special science laws, but have argued that special science laws should be construed as laws that contain implicit cp-clauses.