The microplanning process that leads from a few internal ideas to a surface-oriented, indexical representation typically starts by identifying “chunks” expected to be verbalized as particular types of syntactic constituents, such as NPs, VPs or PPs. This is often followed by making choices of more surface-oriented concepts (or directly, lexical heads) in terms of which the chunks will be expressed. The nature of these processes depends very much on the internal representation. For example, if the representation is framed in terms of very abstract primitives, thematic relations, and attribute-value descriptions of entities, then the chunks might be sets of thematic relations centered around an action, and sets of salient attributes of entities to be referred to. If the internal representation is instead more language-like, then chunks will be relatively small, often single propositions, and the lexical choice process will resemble internal paraphrasing of the logical forms. If more than one idea is being verbalized, ordering decisions will need to be made. For example, reporting that a bandit brandishing a gun entered a local liquor store might be reported in that order, or as “A bandit entered a local liquor store, brandishing a gun”. In dialogue, if a contribution involves both supplying and requesting information, the request should come last. In other cases transformations to more concise forms may be needed to bring the represented ideas stylistically closer to surface form. For example, from logical forms expressing that John ate a burrito containing chicken meat and Mary ate a burrito containing chicken meat, a more compact surface-oriented LF might be generated to the effect that John and Mary each had a chicken burrito. More subtle stylistic choices might be made as well—for example, in casual discourse, eating might be described as polishing off (assuming that the internal representation allows for such surface-oriented distinctions). Furthermore, as already mentioned, a surface-oriented LF needs to introduce contextually appropriate referring expressions such as definite descriptions and pronouns, in conformity with pragmatic constraints on the usage of such expressions.