 The predictivist solution to the underdetermination problem is fairly radical: many of the relevant factual consequences of \(h\wedge k\) will be already known when this theory is articulated, and so unfit for confirmation. Critics have objected that predictivism is in fact far too restrictive. There seem to be many cases in which already known phenomena clearly do provide support to a new hypothesis or theory. Zahar (1973) first raised this problem of “old evidence”, then made famous by Glymour (1980a, 85 ff.) as a difficulty for Bayesianism (see  Section 3  below). Examples of this kind abound in the history of science as elsewhere, but the textbook illustration has become the precession of Mercury’s perihelion, a lasting anomaly for Newtonian physics: Einstein’s general relativity calculations got this long-known fact right, thereby gaining a remarkable piece of initial support for the new theory. In addition to this problem with old evidence, HD predictivism also seems to lack a principled rationale. After all, the temporal order of the discovery of \(e\) and of the articulation of \(h\) and \(k\) may well be an entirely accidental historical contingency. Why should it bear on the confirmation relationship among them? (See Giere 1983 and Musgrave 1974 for classical discussions of these issues. Douglas and Magnus 2013 and Barnes 2018 offer more recent views and rich lists of further references.)