 All derivations of the contradiction found in the texts have premises formulated in the terminology of the theory of cause and effect Shepherd  urges.[3]  Most of them refer to things that begin to exist as “qualities” of objects (see the series of definitions, ERCE: 63–4). According to the list of anti-Humean definitions: “Necessary connexion of cause and effect is the obligation qualities have to inhere in their objects” (ERCE: 63). A cause is defined as 