 EC rules out many cases of bootstrapping that level-splitting views allow. For example, a bootstrapping doctor with evidence that he is unreliable assembles a sterling track record of success in his first-order decisions by judging the correctness of his conclusions by his confidence in those conclusions. He thinks the evidence of his unreliability that he started out with has now been outweighed, so he concludes that he is reliable after all. EC doesn’t allow this to be rational because it doesn’t allow him to assemble the track record in the first place, since he is obligated in every instance to take into account the expected (un)reliability that he has evidence for. It is unclear, however, that EC similarly rules out bootstrapping for a subject who begins with no evidence at all about her reliability.