 Indirect realism (defended by J. Locke ([1689] 1998), Hume ([1739] 2011), and, more recently, B. Russell (1921)) claims that, when one remembers, one is in the first instance related to internal representations of past events. Here, again, the dialectic parallels that of the debate between direct and indirect realists about the objects of perception. In the domain of perception, the argument from hallucination takes the possibility of the occurrence of hallucinations indistinguishable from successful perceptions to suggest that hallucination and successful perception have something in common, namely, an internal representation of a scene, and that it is to this that the subject is related in the first instance in both cases. In the domain of memory, the argument from memory hallucination—or, as it would more aptly be called, the argument from confabulation—appeals to the possibility of the occurrence of confabulations indistinguishable from successful memories to suggest that confabulation and successful memory have in common an internal representation of a past event and that it is to this that the subject is related in the first instance in both cases. Denying that representations are the direct objects of the relevant mental states, moreover, leads to disjunctivism, according to which perception or memory, on the one hand, and hallucination or confabulation, on the other hand, are states of fundamentally different kinds. Some have been prepared to defend disjunctivism about memory (Debus 2008), but the cognitive processes at work in memory and confabulation are highly similar, making disjunctive an unattractive option from any broadly naturalistic standpoint.