  This leaves the Instrumentalist Views. If one of the Instrumentalist Views is correct, then the question arises as to whether the moral baseline or the non-moral baseline is relevant. To decide between these two options, consider an example from the literature on exploitation in which a transaction provides someone with a benefit, but with far less benefit than they deserve: an employer who pays an employee a wage that is beneficial compared to the alternatives, but is still substantially less than what justice requires. In such cases, the relevant baseline for the evaluation of the work is the moral baseline: given that the employee deserves more, it is no defense of the employer’s behavior to say that the employee is better off than he would have been without the job (see Wertheimer (1996, 289–291) for extended discussion of the analogous case of an exploitative marriage). Similarly, the relevant question for evaluating status-enhancing research is surely whether the subject’s new entitlements are respected.