Research on “taste aversions” and “bait-shyness” provided a variety of problems with contiguity in the associative learning tradition of classical conditioning. Garcia observed that a gustatory stimulus (e.g., drinking water or eating a hot dog) but not an audiovisual stimulus (a light and a sound) would naturally become associated with feeling nauseated. For instance, Garcia and Koelling (1966) paired an audiovisual stimulus (a light and a sound) with a gustatory stimulus (flavored water). The two stimuli were then paired with the rats receiving radiation, which made the rats feel nauseated. The rats associated the feeling of nausea with the water and not with the sound, even though the sound was contiguous with the water. Moreover, the delay between ingesting the gustatory stimulus and feeling nauseated could be quite long, with the feeling not coming on until 12 hours later (Roll and Smith 1972), and the organism needn’t even be conscious when the negative feeling arises. (For a review, see Seligman 1970; Garcia et al. 1974). The temporal delay shows that the CS (the flavored water) needn’t be contiguous with the US (the feeling of nausea) in order for learning to occur, thus showing that contiguity isn’t necessary for associative learning.