 Klein (2007, 2015) further develops this imperative account of pain in a more radical way: he proposes that pain experiences are exhausted by their imperative content alone. He claims that they have no descriptive (in his words, representational) content at all. He intends his account in the same metaphysical spirit in which strong representationalists present their account: the difference being in the kind of intentional content pains have. According to strong representationalists (in Klein’s terminology, intentionalists), this content is purely descriptive. According to Klein, it is purely imperative: a proscription against acting with bodily parts where pain is felt. In his 2015, Klein takes this imperative content to be a protective command issued by the body to the agent: &lt;protect that body part in this way!&gt;. Klein offers his imperativism as an account of the essential nature of pains which he takes to consist only in pains’ sensory-discriminative component. The affective, unpleasantness, aspect is only contingently related to pains, according to Klein, and consists of second-order agential level commands directed at the pain’s imperative content. (For criticisms, see Bain 2011, Aydede [2017, in Other Internet Resources].)