 Defenders of a view called “timeless eternity” hold that God knows all of history at once, from a point of view outside of time altogether (see the entry on  eternity.)  Like the proponents of middle knowledge, the defenders of timeless eternity will say that just because God knows the future, this does not mean that God determines it. They will also say that God’s single act of creation from outside of time has many effects in time, including, perhaps, answers to prayers that God anticipates from the point of view of eternity. In this way, the defenders of timeless eternity can answer the puzzle concerning omniscience. But like open theism and the theory of middle knowledge, the idea that God is timelessly eternal is controversial too; for one thing, if God can tell from the point of view of eternity what people will pray in the future, God should also be able to tell what God will do (if anything) in that same future, so it is hard to see how such knowledge could inform divine choices (see Hasker 1989, Flint 1998, Pruss 2007, Hunt 2009, and Zagzebski 2011).