 Comte was also one of the first anti-colonialists. As the place where positive thinking appeared and developed, Comte considered Europe a leader of humanity (1851 [1875], 313, Varouxakis 2017), but the way it took possession of the planet in modern times contradicts the very idea positivism had of Europe’s place in history. Much before socialists, English positivists objected to Victorian imperialism (see Claeys 2008). In this context, Comte and his followers also discussed extensively the respective merits of Christianity and Islam. Turks were greatly appreciative of Comte and his followers’ secularism, which represented a solution to many of the problems of the Ottoman Empire. Ahmed Reza, an influent politician, was overtly positivist. Atatürk and the Young Turks were strongly influenced by them (Kaynar 2021).