 It follows that the most important item on the agenda of this research program is to produce arguments that will decide between the competing conceptions of action in play. One can’t very well hang one’s theory of practical reasoning, and one’s moral theory to boot, off an account of action that is treated as obviously false by other researchers in one’s discipline, when one has no story to tell about why one’s own account is correct, and theirs is not. We may conclude by observing that there are two modes of argument one must choose between. One might try to establish that, as a matter of metaphysical fact, actions are as this or that theory says; alternatively, one might argue that one is to (ought to, had better) produce actions which are as the theory says; that is, the top-level argumentation might be either theoretical or practical. 