Another approach to the imperfective paradox and - more generally - non-culminating accomplishments was proposed by Copley and Harley (2015). They abandon event semantics and propose instead a framework using situations and forces as primitives. Forces lead to transitions between situations. Their theory is motivated by the observation that across languages, non-culminating accomplishments are crosslinguistically in fact a very common phenomenon. Interestingly, these non-culminating readings are per default conveyed by less complex expressions than complete events. Often, it is the perfective and not the imperfective that is marked linguistically. Prima facie, this is a problem for analyses such as Dowty's which assume that the imperfective paradox in accomplishments hinges on an additional operator such as PROG. This is where Copley and Harley's causal analysis comes into play. Their force-theoretic account does not run into this problem because causally efficacious forces always take effects ceteris paribus, for instance, an effect may not occur do to the occurrence of a counter force preventing the effect. They develop a compositional semantic framework linking forces to the argument structure of the sentence. At the present stage of the theory, however, some of the basic concepts also call for axiomatisation. For instance, it is crucial to gain a proper understanding of what it means for a situation to be a ceteribus paribus successor situation for some initial situation. For this purpose, their semantic framework must be connected to a theory of causality connecting linguistic meaning to cognition and causal reasoning via a conceptual level integrating the two.