  Further, some scholars argue that disability (and also race) are not simple passive products of reproduction. They are instead active technologies in reproduction. They are instruments created and used in particular contexts and in the service of certain goals and processes (Valentine 2021). Eugenics arguments often naturalize race and disability as features of bodies, but these categories can instead be understood as practices, relations, and forms of social organization (Valentine 2021, Benjamin 2019). On this view, the idea that disability just is a functional limitation with inherent disadvantages – disadvantages that can be addressed through reprogenetics interventions – ignores the fluidity of the categories and the ways in which larger forces are at play, and it thereby ignores social problems, and social, structural solutions (Valentine 2021).