  In accordance with Peripatetic tradition, Umar Khayyam refers to God as the “Necessary Being” and offers several  cosmological,5 teleological, and ontological (Risālah fi'l-wujūd, 112) arguments for His existence. Khayyam discusses issues such as necessity, causality, and the impossibility of a chain of causes and effects continuing ad infinitum. Among other topics pertaining to God which Khayyam discusses are God’s knowledge of universals and particulars and the complex nature of Divine essence.