 In addition to the arguments from self-ownership, and the requirement to treat people as ends in themselves, the most common other route for trying to justify exclusive property rights has been to argue that they are required for the maximization of freedom and/or liberty or the minimization of violations of these (Hayek 1960). As an empirical claim though, this appears to be false. If we compare countries with less exclusionary property rights (e.g. more taxation) with countries with more exclusionary property regimes, we see no systematic advantage in freedoms or liberties enjoyed by people in the latter countries. (Of course, we do see a difference in distribution of such freedoms or liberties. In the latter countries, the richer have more and the poorer less, while in the former they are more evenly distributed.) Now if libertarians restrict what counts as a valuable freedom/liberty (and discount other freedoms/liberties people value), it will follow that exclusionary property rights are required to maximize freedom and/or liberty or to minimize violations of these. But the challenge for these libertarians is to show why only their favored liberties and freedoms are valuable, and not those which are weakened by a system of exclusive property rights.