 It is noteworthy that Weismann’s views became popular at a time when many behavioral scientists rejected the distinction between innate vs acquired characteristics. Not only James, but also Conwy Lloyd Morgan (1896), Henry Fairfield Osborn (Kemp 1896) and James Mark Baldwin (1896) were developing models of behavioral evolution and development that emphasized an interaction between learned and hereditary factors (Boakes 1984). These authors followed Weismann in accepting that habits did not become incorporated into heredity as instincts, but sought to explain how it could appear that acquired behavior became hereditary through mechanisms later, and dismissively, labelled ‘Baldwin effects’. According to historian Timothy Johnston, Weismann’s popularity explains, “why the dichotomy [between innate vs acquired traits] has been so influential and so long-lived in the twentieth century, despite repeated and quite cogent arguments against it” (1995, 115).