 Andrew Halpin has argued (Halpin 2013) that Austin shaped the nature of modern analytical jurisprudence and legal positivism by his choice to exclude legal reasoning from his discussion of “jurisprudence.” A greater focus on legal reasoning, Halpin argues, would have made it harder to claim a clear separation of law “as it is” and law “as it ought to be.” Halpin points out that prominent later legal positivists have followed Austin, either in speaking little about legal reasoning (Hans Kelsen, and, to some extent, H. L. A. Hart), or speaking about the topic at length, but treating the issue as sharply separate from their theories of (the nature of) law.