 These internal problems with Kant’s argument suggest to Schopenhauer that Kant’s reference to the thing-in-itself as a mind-independent object (or as an object of any kind) is misconstrued. Schopenhauer maintains instead that if we are to refer to the thing-in-itself, then we must come to an awareness of it, not by invoking the relationship of causality – a relationship where the cause and the effect are logically understood to be distinct objects or events (since self-causation is a contradiction in terms) – but through another means altogether. As we will see in the next section, and as we can see immediately in the title of his main work – The World as Will and Representation – Schopenhauer believes that the world has a double-aspect, namely, as “Will” (Wille) and as representation (Vorstellung). The German word “Vorstellung,” can be translated as “representation,” “presentation,” “idea,” or “mental image.”