 This theory of function is not completely ahistorical, since the population relevant for determining whether a trait makes a regular contribution to fitness may extend into the past (Maley &amp; Piccinini 2017, 245, fn 10), but it does make functions much less dependent on historical facts than they are on etiological accounts. This fact may be used to argue that Piccinini’s account has advantages over standard teleosemantic theories when it comes to problems concerning our epistemic access to contents. But whether this is the case, and whether the theory can avoid the difficulties that plague other non-etiological versions of teleosemantics, is a topic for future discussions.