 B has/is A per se5 (i.e., in virtue of B) iff A belongs to B qua B, i.e., there is no higher genus or kind C of B such that A belongs to C and so to B in virtue of belonging to C. Again, Aristotle does not mark out per se5 as a separate notion, so that the notion may be subsumed under per se4. Note that unlike per se1 and per se2, per se5 is in virtue of the subject of the predication.