  Of course, there are better and worse such arguments; the best arguments consider not only the widest array of evidence, but also trade offs in fitness, as well as the role of constraints arising out of development and life history. For instance, traits adaptive early in life may yield fitness costs later in life. A vivid example of a trade-off in fitness is androgenic hormones; such hormones predispose men to higher prostate cancer risk, but they may also yield an advantage early in life, in terms of increasing sperm production, relative growth and size at sexual maturity, and thus (potentially) access to mates and resources. Some defenders of evolutionary perspectives on medicine claim that high prostate cancer risk in taller men may thus be a case of a “mismatch” between our ancestral and current contexts (see, e.g., Summers, et al. 2008 for discussion). Presumably, philosophers are likely to contest such arguments on a variety of grounds—either speculative assumptions about the adaptive advantage of size or early age of sexual maturity in our evolutionary past, or concerns about how or how much variability in hormones contributes either to body size or cancer risk. Though, this provides an interesting case study for considering how hypotheses about the role of sex and age in disease risk are tested, an area of growing interest.