 The idea that game theory can find novel application to the internal dynamics of brains, as suggested in the previous section, has been developed from independent motivations by the research program known as neuroeconomics  (Montague and Berns 2002,  Glimcher 2003,  Ross 2005a,  pp. 320–334,  Camerer, Loewenstein and Prelec 2005).  Thanks to new non-invasive scanning technologies, especially functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), it has recently become possible to study synaptic activity in working brains while they respond to controlled cues. This has allowed a new path of access—though still a highly indirect one  (Harrison and Ross 2010)—  to the brain’s computation of expected values of rewards, which are (naturally) taken to play a crucial role in determining behavior. Economic theory is used to frame the derivation of the functions maximized by synaptic-level computation of these expected values; hence the name ‘neuroeconomics’.