 One issue concerning outcomes is their comprehensiveness. Are an act’s outcomes possible worlds, temporal aftermaths, or causal consequences? Gibbard and Harper ([1978] 1981: 166–168) mention the possibility of narrowing outcomes to causal consequences, as practical applicability advocates. The narrowing must be judicious, however, because the expected-utility principle requires that outcomes include every relevant consideration. For example, if an agent is averse to risk, then each of a risky act’s possible outcomes must include the risk the act generates. Its inclusion tends to lower each possible outcome’s utility.