  Given these problems, hybrid interpretivism makes interpretation too close to cooking the books to make them reflect some ideal which, if left alone, they fail. It is reasonable to take it, not as a doctrine about what determines the content of the law, but instead as an argument about how best to decide hard cases given the law (now understood to be restricted to the institutionally communicated norms). It becomes a theory of adjudication, which builds upon the orthodox explanation of how institutional action creates rights and obligations, namely by conveying norms, and recommends some way of resolving disputes given those norms. Even so reinterpreted, problems remain. For hybrid interpretivism now seems to recommend that judges extend the effect of any norms they find (or at least the ones not bad enough to fail the test of consistency with even the least acceptable scheme of principle) into situations the norms don’t explicitly or clearly regulate, and it’s doubtful that some political ideal should support this conservative policy (Raz 1986: 1111, 1994: 224).