 Jody Azzouni (1999) defends the “first-order deflationist”, viz., a deflationist who endorses what Waxman (ibid.) calls “the axiomatic conception of arithmetic” and whose subsequent understanding cannot rule out the eligibility of non-standard models. Azzouni accepts the need to prove certain ‘true’-involving generalizations, but he maintains that there are some generalizations that are about truths that a first-order deflationist need not prove. He further contends that if one does extend her theory of truth in a way that allows her to establish these generalizations, she should not expect her theory to be conservative, nor should she continue describing it as a deflationary view of truth. For a response to Azzouni (ibid.), see Waxman (2017, 453).