Classical statistics is often presented as providing us with advice for actions. The error probabilities do not tell us what epistemic attitude to take on the basis of statistical procedures, rather they indicate the long-run frequency of error if we live by them. Specifically Neyman advocated this interpretation of classical procedures. Against this, Fisher (1935a, 1955), Pearson, and other classical statisticians have argued for more epistemic interpretations, and many more recent authors have followed suit.