 The major points of controversy in the philosophical literature on connectionism have to do with whether connectionists provide a viable and novel paradigm for understanding the mind. One complaint is that connectionist models are only good at processing associations. But such tasks as language and reasoning cannot be accomplished by associative methods alone and so connectionists are unlikely to match the performance of classical models at explaining these higher-level cognitive abilities. However, it is a simple matter to prove that neural networks can do anything that symbolic processors can do, since nets can be constructed that mimic a computer’s circuits. So the objection can not be that connectionist models are unable to account for higher cognition; it is rather that they can do so only if they implement the classicist’s symbolic processing tools. Implementational connectionism may succeed, but radical connectionists will never be able to account for the mind.