 Repatriation concerns the return of material heritage or human remains from museums, universities, or other institutions to their culture, nation, or owner of origin. If an object was clearly stolen or otherwise unjustly acquired from an identifiable group, then repatriation can seem uncontroversial (at least from a moral perspective) on the basis of standard norms of reparative justice, as would apply to any other stolen item. However, claims for repatriation can become controversial in cases where 1) the justice of acquisition is unclear, 2) the source cultural group is unclear or not clearly contiguous with a contemporary group, or 3) the value of institutional retention of disputed objects is thought to outweigh competing claims, especially if these are weakened by the aforementioned concerns. Arguments that aim to overcome these potential objections are generally couched in terms of either cultural property (3.1) or reparations for historical injustices  (3.2).