 Logic is a theoretical discipline that provides the tools and methods required to avoid error in reasoning, where reasoning means acquiring new knowledge (conceptual or propositional) of what is unknown (mağhūl) starting from what is known (maʿlūm), and to attain the optimal epistemic states legitimately associated with various domains of human cognition, most notably certainty (yaqīn) in scientific discourse (ʿilm) and persuasion (iqnāʿ) in dialectic and rhetorical contexts.