 The strategies for explaining ethical supervenience discussed in the preceding two sections are useful to reductionist and functionalist ethical realists. However, many contemporary ethical realists reject both functionalism and reductionism about ethical properties. Most strikingly, several contemporary ethical realists are non-naturalists, claiming that the ethical properties are a distinct and irreducible class of properties (see the entry on  moral non-naturalism  for discussion). Several philosophers have argued that ethical supervenience poses a distinctive problem for the non-naturalist (Dreier 1992, 2019 ; Ridge 2007; McPherson 2012; Väyrynen 2017). So it is worth asking what metaphysical resources non-naturalists might have for explaining the supervenience of the ethical.