 The references suggest a close familiarity with the Bible, probably from his youth. Although Kiyozawa makes no reference to Christianity itself in this context, in his pursuit of immediate experience, in his probing self-examination, and in his works for institutional and educational reform, he appears almost to embody a Buddhist response to Gordon’s accusation that Buddhism lacks the power to influence daily life and ethical social action. Toward the end of his life, Kiyozawa created a Buddhist movement for the quest of “spiritual living” (seishin-shugi), which he defines in terms of the personal encounter with the absolute.