 On the first relational approach, some of the properties identified by intrinsic-attribute accounts as sufficient for full moral status can also play a distinct role in attaining it. Although, on this view, self-consciousness and practical rationality are not necessary for full moral status, they are the norm for human beings. This norm cannot be understood statistically; it would not change if most or all humans ceased to be self-conscious or practically rational. Rather, the norm captures what is characteristic of the species. A normal attribute is not, however, an essence that each member must possess. Rather, it is a relational property: each individual has moral status as the member of a group for which that attribute is the norm. Scanlon, for example, claims that the class of those to whom we must justify our actions “includes at least those beings who are of a kind that is normally capable of judgment-sensitive attitudes” (1998, 186).