 As Asch suggests, much of what we value in seeing, talking, and walking is instrumental. We value them as ways of achieving communication with other people, reading, and moving from place to place, are themselves be bearers of intrinsic value. (Of course, we also recognize that these activities have instrumental value as well, e.g., for finding social partners and business opportunities). None of these valuable activities, however, is precluded by deafness, blindness, or paraplegia. Each can be achieved in alternative ways, by signing, reading braille, or operating a wheelchair. If these considerations are on the right track, they show that the instrumental value of species-typical functioning is exaggerated, because its ends can frequently be achieved in multiple ways, many of which are available to people with fewer, impaired, or atypical functions.