Madan Pillutla and J. Keith Murnighan (1995) also varied partial versus complete information for offerers, and again found a significant difference. When the starting amount to be divided was $10, the mean offer given partial information was $3.54, whereas for complete information it was $4.66 (1995: 1415). The two new wrinkles were (i) whether offers would come with a label “this is fair” or not, and (ii) whether an independent third party would evaluate offers and decide if they were fair or not. Pillutla and Murnighan reasoned that if offerers really were motivated predominantly by fairness, then these variations should not matter significantly. But they did. For instance, in the partial information condition, it was already noted that the mean offer was $3.54, but it dropped to $2.61 in the fair label variation (1995: 1415). Hence, 