 One impact is further articulation of developmental systems theory (DST; see the entries on   inheritance systems and  replication and reproduction).   In the introduction to their 2001 edited volume, Cycles of Contingency, Oyama, Paul Griffiths, and Russell Gray set out DST’s major themes and commitments: joint determination by multiple causes (causal parity), context sensitivity and contingency, extended inheritance, development as construction, distributed control, and evolution as construction. Another core tenet is rejection of opposed dualities such as nature/nurture, gene/environment, and biology/culture—not arguing that an adequate theory of development must include both sides of opposition, but that the oppositions themselves have no place in an adequate theory of development. Relatedly, genes are not privileged causes of development (Griffiths &amp; Knight 1998). This “parity thesis” is sometimes misunderstood as a theoretical claim that all causes of development are equally important. But it is better understood as a constraint on theories of development (and evolution): to not presuppose any fundamental distinction between genes and all other causes (Oyama et al. 2001: 3). DST’s other themes are similarly arrayed against twentieth-century predeterminism. In this way, DST entails a conceptual reorientation in thinking about inheritance, development, and evolution, and a point of departure for philosophical exploration of alternatives to gene-centrism and entrenched dichotomies. Much of this research focuses on integrating development and evolution—i.e., evo-devo theories (see the entry on  evolution and development).  DST-affiliated projects that focus on organismal development are discussed here.