 The second response is to argue that there is an important difference between identifying a normative standard for combining probabilistic information and applying it across a range of cases  (section 8.2),  and it is difficult in practice to determine that a decision-maker is representing the task in the manner that the experimenters intend (Koehler 1996). Observed behavior that appears to be boundedly rational or even irrational may result from a difference between the intended specification of a problem and the actual problem subjects face.