 There are different signs whereby one knows that an instance of inferential knowledge is both true and produced in the right way. Do we really know the premises, in particular the alleged “pervasion,” vyāpti? For testimony, certification conditions are the speaker’s being a trustworthy expert along with conditions governing what it is to be a proper statement and of course certain hearer conditions (such as knowing the language). And in certain cases there is, admittedly, self-certification. But the Mīmāṃsakas are wrong to take that to be the general rule.