 The first three phases of clinical trials typically include purely research procedures, such as blood draws, imaging scans, or biopsies, that are included in the study to collect data regarding the treatment under study. Analysis of the central ethical challenge posed by clinical research thus focuses on three related risk-benefit profiles: (a) the risk-benefit profile of the interventions(s) under study; (b) the risk-benefit profile of the included research procedures; and (c) the risk-benefit profile of the study as a whole.