 Substitutions and additions: It has been correctly observed that psychology, and especially psychology of the passions (Weisser 2021), is one of the fields in which Stoic influence is most visible in the Philonian corpus (Reydams Schils 2008). It is perfectly true that he employs many Stoic elements in his psychological commentaries, but in contrast to Chrysippean monistic doctrine, Philo never insists that the soul could be exclusively rational. Philo’s own stance is to invoke a Platonic dualism when arguing that the soul is exiled in the body and consequently in the world, and invoke Stoic psychological descriptions when describing the multiplicity of mental activities. Because he used these two levels—one metaphysical and ethical, the other descriptive and functionalist—he could give the impression of having avoided the contradictions between the two doctrines.