 Many critiques have been leveled against particular contractarian theories and against contractarianism as a framework for normative thought about justice or morality. (See the entry on  contemporary approaches to the social contract.)  Jean Hampton criticized Hobbes in her book Hobbes and the Social Contract Tradition, in a way that has direct relevance to contemporary contractarianism. Hampton argues that the characterization of individuals in the state of nature leads to a dilemma. Hobbes’ state of nature as a potential war of all against all can be generated either as a result of passions (greed and fear, in particular) or rationality (prisoner’s dilemma reasoning, in which the rational players each choose to renege on agreements made with each other). But if the passions account is correct, then contractors will still be motivated by these passions after the social contract is drawn up, and so will fail to comply with it (Hampton 1986). And if the rationality account is correct, then rational actors will not comply with the social contract any more than they will cooperate with each other before it is made.