 Pathological distress must thus be further specified, as the result of causes inherent to the individual and/or her disorder. Research identifying and explaining the physical elements of affect regulation predicts that biological markers will eventually allow us to distinguish distress that is a symptom of depression, for example, from that which is a more normal response (Horwitz &amp; Wakefield 2007). (In serving to shrink the margins of disorder, such biomarkers may be welcomed by those decrying over-diagnosis, even if an evaluative interpretation as to whether, and when, such biomarkers occur in healthy and unhealthy form is still required.)