 Jan Leopold Łukasiewicz was born on 21 December 1878 in  Lwów[1],  historically a Polish city, at that time the capital of Austrian Galicia. Łukasiewicz’s father Paweł was a captain in the Austrian military, his mother Leopoldine, née Holtzer, was daughter of an Austrian civil servant. Jan was their only child. The family spoke Polish. Łukasiewicz attended school (classical Gimnazjum or grammar school, emphasizing classical languages) from 1890, completing in 1897 and beginning the study of law at the University of Lwów. Under Austrian rule the university permitted instruction in Polish. In 1898 he switched to mathematics, studying under Józef Puzyna, and philosophy, studying under Kazimierz Twardowski, who had been appointed Extraordinary (Associate) Professor there in 1895, and also Wojciech Dzieduszycki. In 1902 Łukasiewicz was awarded his doctorate in philosophy under Twardowski with a dissertation “On induction as the inverse of deduction”. Having achieved only top marks in all examinations between his school leaving examinations and his dissertation, he was awarded the doctorate sub auspiciis Imperatoris, a rare distinction, and he received a diamond ring from Emperor Franz Josef.