 A number of authors have used SEMs to try to formulate adequate analyses of actual causation in terms of counterfactuals, including Beckers &amp; Vennekens (2018), Glymour &amp; Wimberly (2007), Halpern (2016), Halpern &amp; Pearl (2001, 2005), Hitchcock (2001), Pearl (2009: Chapter 10), Weslake (forthcoming), and Woodward (2003: Chapter 2). As an illustration, consider one analysis based closely on a proposal presented in Halpern (2016):