 The history of clinical research is littered with abuses. Indeed, one account maintains that the history of pediatric research is “largely one of child abuse” (Lederer and Grodin 1994, 19; also see Lederer 2003). This history has had a significant influence on how research ethicists understand the concerns raised by clinical research and on how policy makers attempt to address them. In particular, policy makers have responded to previous abuses by developing guidelines intended to prevent their recurrence.