 The influence of Hirata Atsutane’s theories on the invisible kakuriyo realm of spirits as articulated in the August Pillar of the Spirit (Tama no mihashira) and New Treatise on Spirits (Kishin shinron) surfaces in Sadao’s writings. Sadao reaffirms the theories asserted by Atsutane that divine spirits which dwell and act in the kakuriyo realm also intervene in the lives of the people living in this visible world (arahaniyo). Sadao observes that the kami look upon human beings and see their good and bad, unjust and just, and even perceive the thoughts within their minds. He points to the ancient accounts of the divine age which state that good things are born out of pure and bright matter, while bad things result from filth. When the state is stained and the people are also stained, the kishin spirits are angered, and calamities result in the world.