 Not surprisingly, a collective obligation to prevent harm is not all that difficult to justify in the case of organized collectives (whether we are talking about actions or omissions), since in these cases we can reference group identity, inter- and intra- group relationships, moral commitments, and promises, as well as expediency. In Group Duties, Stephanie Collins (2019) explores the various ways in which we might justify collective obligations in these cases; she also draws out the implications of them for individual group members.