  How could the intelligent arise from operations which were themselves totally routine and  mindless—‘entirely without intelligence’? This is the core of the problem Turing faced, and the same problem faces Artificial Intelligence research today. Turing's underlying argument was that the human brain must somehow be organised for intelligence, and that the organisation of the brain must be realisable as a finite discrete-state machine. The implications of this view were exposed to a wider circle in his famous paper, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” which appeared in Mind in October 1950.