  Several meta-analyses have found that, according to standard conventions, the correlation between implicit measures and behavior is small to medium. Average correlations have ranged from approximately .14 to .37 (Cameron et al. 2012; Greenwald et al. 2009; Oswald et al. 2013; Kurdi et al. 2019). This variety is due to several factors, including the type of measures, type of attitudes measured (e.g., attitudes in general vs. intergroup attitudes in particular), inclusion criteria for meta-analyses, and statistical meta-analytic techniques. From these data, critics have concluded that implicit measures are poor predictors of behavior. Oswald and colleagues write, “the IAT provides little insight into who will discriminate against whom, and provides no more insight than explicit measures of bias” (2013, 18). Focusing on implicit bias research more broadly, Buckwalter suggests that a review of the evidence “casts doubt on the claim that implicit attitudes will be found to be significant causes of behavior” (2018, 11).