 I have been led to [the view that all ethics is subjective] by a number of reasons, some logical, some derived from observation. Occam’s Razor … leads me to discard the notion of absolute good if ethics can be accounted for without it. Observation of ethical valuations leads me to think that all ethical valuations can be so accounted for, and that the claim of universality which men associate with their ethical judgments embodies merely the impulse to persecution or tyranny. (RoE: 117/Papers 13: 325–6)