 Here we outline two critiques that have been raised against Roemer’s structural conditions: first, that an antecedent unjust distribution is not necessary for exploitation; second, that Roemer’s appeal to domination in condition (3) is ad hoc and unsatisfactory. (Note that Roemer does not explicitly state that the difference between the actual and hypothetical alternative is an injustice. Rather, this is an implicit assumption based on one’s selection of the hypothetical baseline. Nevertheless, many of Roemer’s critics have attributed to Roemer the assumption that the actual distribution is unjust. See, for example, Vrousalis 2013: 131.)