 Among Chinese texts in the Warring States period, this is one of the passages where qing is discussed explicitly in the context of inner subjective feelings. However, the passage, in itself, does not necessarily show that qing is understood or identified as emotions in Xunzi’s philosophy. Instead, emotions can be understood as expressions, derivations, or one of the manifestations of the underlying nature or essence of human beings, as Graham (1990: 64) suggests. Whether one takes Graham’s interpretation or not, it is clear that Xunzi brings qing close to the affective dimension of the mind. In fact, the careful observation, modification, and cultivation of qing as an affective disposition is a key element of Xunzi’s moral philosophy as illustrated in his chapters on ritual and music. 