  As a descriptive account of human psychology, this may seem implausible. People surely have inconsistent beliefs; indeed, most of us have many inconsistent beliefs.  This is especially true if we take into account the consequences of our beliefs. Must one, though, believe the consequences of one’s beliefs? These remain difficult issues in modern philosophy of language and epistemology.  Can one knowingly believe an outright contradiction? Heraclitus, for instance, seems to say contradictory things. Here, Aristotle might retort, and he does so retort with respect to Heraclitus, that people can utter such words, but cannot really believe what they are saying (Metaph IV 3 1005b23–26).