 Please note that this quartet of possibilities does reflect (at least a significant portion of) the relevant literature. For example, philosopher John Haugeland (1985) falls into the Human/Reasoning quadrant when he says that AI is “The exciting new effort to make computers think … machines with minds, in the full and literal sense.” (By far, this is the quadrant that most popular narratives affirm and explore. The recent  Westworld  TV series is a powerful case in point.) Luger and Stubblefield (1993) seem to fall into the Ideal/Act quadrant when they write: “The branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior.” The Human/Act position is occupied most prominently by Turing, whose test is passed only by those systems able to act sufficiently like a human. The “thinking rationally” position is defended (e.g.) by Winston (1992). While it might not be entirely uncontroversial to assert that the four bins given here are exhaustive, such an assertion appears to be quite plausible, even when the literature up to the present moment is canvassed. 