 The first proof is based upon observation. To determine these universal laws of nature, one need only observe what human beings do and leave undone, their various inclinations and passions, and single out what they all aim for. What all the desires and wishes, passions and inclinations have in common is the pursuit of “the preservation or betterment of our inner or outer condition or that of another creature.” Both those who are virtuous and those who are ridden with vices aim at perfection, true or illusory, a perfection understood as the preservation or betterment of their inner or outer state or that of others. From this universal pursuit the first law of nature flows, namely, “make your inner and outer state and that of others, in proper proportion, as perfect as you can.” Duties to oneself, others, and to God can be derived from this first law. (The argument is short on details, to be sure, supposing as it does a universality and essentialness not afforded without further ado by observation alone.)