 Gerd Gigerenzer is among the most prominent and vocal critics of the role that optimization methods and logical consistency plays in commonplace normative standards for human rationality (Gigerenzer &amp; Brighton 2009), especially the role those standards play in Kahneman and Tversky’s biases and heuristics program (Kahneman &amp; Tversky 1996; Gigerenzer 1996). We turn to this debate next, in  section 7.