  According to a second objection, the focus on moral wrongdoing is unduly restrictive: much that is not morally wrong—and which generates no secondary duties—is the business of the criminal law. According to one argument for this conclusion, the stable existence of (almost) any valuable social institution—be it financial, educational, familial, military, or political—depends on widespread compliance with its rules. Under realistic conditions, criminal liability for violation is necessary for stability. It is the value of stable institutions, not the moral wrongfulness of violating their rules, that justifies bringing criminal law into existence (Chiao 2016).