 A more recent objection (Duff 2011: 75–79) charges that consequentialist systems of punishment are inappropriately exclusionary insofar as they treat offenders as dangerous ‘outsiders’ who must be threatened, incapacitated, or reformed to ensure the safety of the law-abiding members of society. The criminal law, and the institution of punishment, in a liberal society should treat offenders as (still) members of the polity who despite having violated its values could, and should, nonetheless (re)commit to these values. A possible response is that a penal system aimed at crime reduction through deterrence need not be exclusionary, as it treats all community members equally, namely as potential offenders (Hoskins 2011a: 379–81). Also, insofar as such a system ‘promotes social cooperation under stable public institutions’, it thus helps to protect the freedom of everyone (Chiao 2018: 36).