 al-Farabi |  al-Kindi |  Aquinas, Thomas |  Aristotle |  Aristotle, General Topics: ethics |  Aristotle, Special Topics: natural philosophy |  Augustine, Saint |  Bacon, Francis |  Cicero |  Duhem, Pierre |  Duns Scotus, John |  form vs. matter |  Giles of Rome |  Grosseteste, Robert |  -->Ibn al-Haytham--> |  Ibn Rushd [Averroes] |  Ibn Sina [Avicenna] |  -->individuals and individuation--> |  Kilwardby, Robert |  logic: ancient |  natural philosophy: in the Renaissance |  -->nominalism: medieval versions of--> |  Ockham [Occam], William |  properties |  realism |  Richard the Sophister [Ricardus Sophista, Magister abstractionum] |  semiotics: medieval |  Seneca |  soul, ancient theories of |  substance |  William of Auvergne 