 Several Daoist texts emphasize that the Yangsheng methods should not be performed as the only way for “returning to the Dao”. Others—beginning with the Zhuangzi (ch. 15; Watson 1968: 167–68)—express criticism towards them. While some scholars have looked at these contrasts as examples of competition taking place in a sort of “self-cultivation market”, Daoist authors take into account the state of realization afforded by the Yangsheng methods, which in their view is lower compared to other practices.