 But Windelband’s approach to Kant is not merely historical. His sympathies clearly lie with the Kant of the third phase. For Windelband, the insight that natural psychological processes are “utterly irrelevant” for the truth value of our representations (1882b: 24), and the idea that the ultimate problem of philosophy is that of normativity and justification—not a quaestio facti, but a quaestio juris (1882b: 26)—need to be defended from Kant’s own unclarities on these matters. Windelband’s “philosophy of values” can thus be understood as an attempt to purify, explicate and develop the radical insights of the anti-psychologistic move in Kant’s “third phase”.