 Unfortunately, MJI is controversial and there are a variety of counter-examples and arguments against it (Brink 1989; Copp 2007: chap 8; Svavarsdóttir 1999; for relevant discussion, see entry on  reasons for action: internal vs. external).  Accordingly, defenders of the basic intuition have qualified and amended MJI. Michael Smith contends, for example, that it is a necessary truth that a person who believes she ought to do something is motivated accordingly unless she is practically irrational (1994). He has also proposed a naturalistic account of what it is to be practically rational. His approach lends support to a form of naturalistic normative realism rather than to a form of expressivism.