 Fictionalists have developed two different responses to the Quine-Putnam argument. The first, developed by Field (1980) and Balaguer (1998a), is based on the claim that mathematics is, in fact, not indispensable to empirical science — i.e., that our empirical theories can be nominalized, or reformulated in a way that avoids reference to abstract objects. The second response, developed by Balaguer (1998a), Rosen (2001), Yablo (2005), Bueno (2009), Leng (2010), and perhaps Melia (2000), is to grant the indispensability of mathematics to empirical science and to simply account for the relevant applications from a fictionalist point of view. (A counterresponse to this second response has been given by Colyvan (2002) and Baker (2005, 2009), who argue that fictionalists can’t account for the explanatory role that mathematics plays in science; responses to the explanatory version of the indispensability argument have been given by Melia (2002), Leng (2005b), Bangu (2008), and Daly and Langford (2009).)