 In reply to this kind of objection, Stephen Davies has emphasized the role of the listener’s response in resemblance theories. Such responses have always been appealed to by such theories, as evidenced by Malcolm Budd’s talk of “hearing as” (1995: 135–7), and Peter Kivy’s discussion of our tendency to “animate” that which we perceive (1980: 57–9). But Davies now makes the appeal quite explicit and central, devoting as much space to explication of the response-dependent nature of expressiveness as to the role of resemblance (2006). To the extent that the response is one of imaginative animation, there will be agreement between Levinson and the resemblance theorist. But Davies, at least, continues to resist Levinson’s theory of imagined literal expression on two fronts.