 Strategies for treating the paradox and answering these questions have contributed substantially to the development of theories of probabilistic causality (Cartwright 1979; Eells 1991). A different set of answers is provided by more recent work on the paradox in the framework of graphical causal models (e.g., Pearl 1988, 2000 [2009]; Spirtes et al. 2000), and we will discuss both accounts in turn. In particular, we will explain how Simpson’s Paradox can be analyzed through the notions of confounding and the identifiability of a causal effect.