 Valles offers an alternative—the population health framework—that partly meshes with Stegenga’s concluding suggestion that “gentle medicine” ought to be accompanied by interventions that refocus health promotion efforts on social determinants of health, including “clean drinking water, better nutrition, and greater socio-economic equality” (Stegenga 2018: 198). Valles expounds and defends the merits of the population health framework, a view developed in response to frustrations with biomedicine that coalesced in the 1990s in Canada as an alternative theoretical framework, before expanding internationally (Evans, Barer, &amp; Marmor 1994; Valles 2018). The population health framework is not nihilistic about medical care, but rather seeks to decenter medicine and healthcare in the overall pursuit of health; most of the problems and most promising solutions to ill health lay outside the scope of biomedicine (safer workplaces, an end to racist housing discrimination, neighborhoods where people can safely walk, socialize and play, etc.) (Valles 2018).