 James Beattie (1735–1803), a Scottish philosopher, voices concerns similar to those of Chabanon when he observes that there are emotions that music may express, that do not have a typical vocal manifestation. On the basis of this, he rejects the view that music is of necessity imitative, though he concedes that it may be. More significantly, Beattie claims that there is a crucial difference between music and the paradigmatically imitative art of painting. While good paintings are of necessity good imitations, and bad paintings are necessarily bad ones, good and bad works of music may be either good or bad imitations (Beattie 1779: part I, chapter VI, section 1).