 Pollock holds that we normally refer to states of affairs by gerund clauses such as Kareem Abdul-Jabbar’s being more than seven feet tall or Spiro Agnew’s being President of Yale University (see Pollock 1984b: 121). However, while the referents of such gerund clauses seem not to be propositions—“Kareem Abdul-Jabbar’s being more than seven feet tall is true” does not sound right—these clauses are referentially flexible. For the gerund clauses in the following sentences seem to refer to facts or events, the relata of causal relations and objects of knowledge (the first two examples are from Pollock 1984b: 122):