 The above definition can be seen as fully specifying a concrete version of Russell and Norvig’s four possible goals. Though few are aware of this now, this answer was taken quite seriously for a while, and in fact underlied one of the most famous programs in the history of AI: the ANALOGY program of Evans (1968), which solved geometric analogy problems of a type seen in many intelligence tests. An attempt to rigorously define this forgotten form of AI (as what they dub Psychometric AI), and to resurrect it from the days of Newell and Evans, is provided by Bringsjord and Schimanski (2003) [see also e.g. (Bringsjord 2011)]. A sizable private investment has been made in the ongoing attempt, now known as  Project Aristo,  to build a “digital Aristotle”, in the form of a machine able to excel on standardized tests such at the AP exams tackled by US high school students (Friedland et al. 2004). (Vibrant work in this direction continues today at the  Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence.)[18]  In addition, researchers at Northwestern have forged a connection between AI and tests of mechanical ability (Klenk et al. 2005). 