 The Sāṃkhya-Yoga account of the emotions thus shows some similarities with the Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika account in that both regard the emotions as the first obstacle to liberation. Both accounts differ from many Western views in that they regard emotion-free thinking not as an end in itself but as the next obstacle to be removed. For the Sāṃkhya-Yoga philosophers there is a distinction between veridical and non-veridical cognition (vijñāna). The latter is classified as ignorance (avidyā), which, together with certain emotions, forms the afflictions (kleśas). The Yoga-sūtras [YS 2.4] emphasize that ignorance is the most fundamental affliction that is the root of all other afflictions. In his commentary on YS 2.3, Vyāsa states that “the afflictions are the five forms of unreal cognition.” So, as Sinha points out: