According to an agent-causal approach, agency is to be explained in terms of a kind of substance-causation: causation by the agent, construed as a persisting substance. On this view, actions are events, and an event is an action just in case it has the right agent-causal history.[14] This framework provides a non-reductive account of agency insofar as it holds that an agent’s role in the exercise of agency is to be construed in terms of the exercise of an irreducible agent-causal power (Chisholm 1964; Taylor 1966; O’Connor 2000; see also Clarke 2003; Lowe 2008).