 Additionally, West argues that the standard idea is tied to normative errors, because it fails to affirm that members of society not only have a right against being deprived of certain benefits for discriminatory reasons; they also have a categorical right to those benefits. The result is that, given the standard idea, civil rights are rendered “hollow” and “formal,” lacking substantive content because they do not mandate outcomes in the distribution of benefits but only require that processes of distribution be free of discrimination (46 and 48).