 Both the Ramsey view and the indirect interpretation semantics deviate from standard truth-conditional semantics at the level of theoretical terms and theoretical sentences. Such a deviation, however, was not felt to be necessary by all philosophers that have worked on theoretical concepts. Tuomela (1973: ch. V) defends a position that he calls semantic realism and that retains standard truth-conditional semantics. Hence, direct interpretation is assumed for theoretical terms by Tuomela. Yet, semantic realism for theoretical terms acknowledges there to be an epistemological distinction between observational and theoretical terms. Tuomela’s (1973: ch. I) criterion of the theory-observation distinction largely coincides with Sneed’s above expounded criterion. Since direct interpretation of theoretical terms amounts just to standard realist truth conditions, there is no need for a further discussion here.