 Philip IV, King of France (1285–1314), was one of the most ruthless of medieval rulers. He came into conflict with Pope Boniface VIII (1294–1303), one of the most arrogant of medieval popes, and with Pope Clement V (1305–1314), one of the most timid. Clement acquiesced in Philip’s attack on the Templar Order and other outrages to evade the king’s pressure to condemn his predecessor, Boniface, as a heretic. These conflicts gave rise to a body of writings of great interest to the history of political  thought.[53]  Of these the most important were Giles of Rome’s De ecclesiastica potestate (On Ecclesiastical  Power)[54]  and John of Paris’s De potestate regia et papali (On Royal and Papal Power), both c.  1302,[55]  respectively an assertion of supreme papal power and an attempt to restate the dualism of Duo sunt (see  §6  and  note 29).