 However one interprets the phenomenology, respect seems to function as an intermediary between reason and the will. This raises questions about the consistency of Kant’s view, since he argues repeatedly that pure reason can, and should, determine the will “immediately”. For this and other reasons, scholars are divided on how to interpret Kant’s treatment of respect. According to an “intellectualist” line of interpretation, respect is the effect of pure reason’s motivational influence on the will. In other words, we grasp the law by means of reason, are moved to act accordingly, and feel respect as a result of being so moved. According to an “affectivist” approach, however, respect is the proximate cause of reason’s influence on the will. In other words, our rational grasp of the law’s demand produces a feeling of respect or reverence, which then moves the will (or higher faculty of desire). Vexingly, both interpretations have a strong textual basis and both have been defended with great skill and insight. (For an excellent discussion of the issues, see Frierson 2014: ch. 4; see also Sensen 2017, especially 129–134. On the various forms of respect and the different roles they play, see Williamson 2018.)