 This disanalogy between the two cases may not settle the case in Russell’s favor—perhaps, ‘the author of Waverly’, like ‘Scott’, is meaningful in isolation after all, even though its meaning (or denotation), unlike that of ‘Scott’, can’t be assigned directly (indeed, Richard Montague provided the tools for constructing precisely such a meaning). Even so, Jones is wrong in thinking that the mere existence of a sequence such as (7*)–(9*) is dispositive.