 An additional complication is that two arguably distinct activities go by the name of “interpretation” in music: what might be called performative and critical interpretation (Levinson 1993). While a critical interpretation of a musical work (often called an analysis) is roughly equivalent to an interpretation of a novel, typically expressed linguistically, a performative interpretation is a way of playing or singing the work, typically expressed in a performance of it. It is not easy to clarify the relationship between these two kinds of musical interpretation, but see Levinson 1993, Maus 1999, Thom 2007, and Neufeld 2012. For the remainder of this section, I focus on basic musical understanding.