  The fact that people do organize for collective purposes is often taken to imply the normative goodness of what they seek. If the by-product theory is correct, however, this conclusion is called into question. For example, we might join a union merely to obtain insurance at the inexpensive group rate even though we vote against all its strike proposals, would never join a picket line, and might even be hostile to the idea of unions. Or we might go to a political demonstration for varied reasons other than agreement with the ostensible object of the demonstration; for example pro-war proponents might join in a peace march on a glorious day to hear performances by outstanding singers in a large public park—something they might happily have paid to do.