 In contrast, “co-production” models (Macnaghten 2020) reflect a more radically pluralist tradition in STS that emphasizes the inseparability of epistemic and social aspects of research. For example, Jasanoff and Simmet’s (2017) co-production model argues that not only scientific agendas and applications but also scientific facts have to be understood as normative in public. According to Jasanoff and Simmet, public facts always interact with social negotiations of whose realities and values matter, what can be contested in a democratic process, and what can be articulated in a given sociotechnical imaginary. While these points resonate with standpoint theory (Wylie 2003) and feminist empiricism (Longino 2002a) as described in the previous section, many of these connections remain implicit and point towards a challenge of a more explicit integration of pluralist philosophy of science with interdisciplinary research in science governance.