 (5) Whether or not interpretation is always of something which to some extent already has meaning, or whether interpretation is the fundamental determinant of the meaning of linguistic expressions in, for example, legal texts. Marmor 1992, 2005 &amp; Stone 1995 deny that interpretation is the fundamental determinant of the meaning of linguistic expressions and contend that, following a certain reading of Wittgenstein's remarks on rule-following (namely the kind of reading offered by McDowell 1984 and Baker and Hacker 1985), it must be possible for us to grasp the meaning of, for example, a legal rule, in a way which does not require recourse to interpretation. Cornell 1992 &amp; Fish 1989 deny this, and contend that interpretation is all-pervasive, and is the fundamental and inescapable determinant of meaning, ‘all the way down’, in all cases. In the minds of some legal theorists at least, this point has strong links with with the issue of linguistic indeterminacy in law mentioned in subsection 2.1 above (see e.g. Fish 1989; Cornell 1992).  Those theorists who contend that interpretation is the fundamental determinant of the meaning of linguistic expressions often claim that such interpretation is necessary because legal rules expressed in language do not have determinate meanings and hence cannot determine their own correct application; in John McDowell's terminology, those rules, by themselves, cannot have ‘normative reach.’ (McDowell 1984 &amp; 1992). This being the case, so this line of thinking goes, interpretation is required in order to bridge the gap between the inert legal rule and the situations to which it applies.  For these theorists, the pertinent issue then becomes: how do we know that one interpretation rather than another is in accordance with the rule, if the rule itself cannot determine its own correct application?  As Wittgenstein notes in his remarks on rule-following, it seems that: ‘ ‘Whatever I do is, on some interpretation, in accord with the rule’’, such that we can, ‘…give one interpretation after another; as if each one contented us at least for a moment, until we thought of yet another standing behind it.’ (Wittgenstein 1967, §198 and §201 respectively). Some theorists, e.g. Fish 1989, seem to embrace this potential infinite regress of alternative interpretations of rules (see also point (3) above) and attempt to avoid the radical linguistic indeterminacy which it seems to entail by replacing the standards of correctness demarcated by rules with the conditioning and training processes of interpretive communities. For theorists like Marmor (1992 &amp; 2005) and Stone (1995) who deny that interpretation is the fundamental determinant of the meaning of linguistic expressions, the Wittgensteinian challenge is seen as a kind of reductio ad absurdum which indicates that we have gone astray in our understanding of how rules operate. Such theorists seek to avoid linguistic indeterminacy, and reject interpretation as the fundamental determinant of meaning by denying that there is a gap which needs to be bridged between grasping a rule and understanding those actions which it requires. As was noted above, this denial usually proceeds via a non-sceptical reading of Wittgenstein's remarks on rule-following, along the lines of that offered by McDowell 1984 and Baker and Hacker 1985.