It is true that there is no widespread agreement about the meaning of “implicit,” and it is also true that no theory of implicit social cognition is consistent with all the current data. To what extent this is a problem depends on background theories about how science progresses. It is also crucial to recognize that implicit measures are not high-fidelity assessments of any one distinct “part” of the mind. They are not process pure (§1.2). This means that they capture a mix of various cognitive and affective processes. Included in this mix are people’s beliefs and explicit attitudes. Indeed, researchers have known for some time that the best way to predict a person’s scores on an implicit measure like the IAT is to ask them their opinions about the IAT’s targets. This does not mean that implicit measures lack “discriminant validity,” however (i.e., that they are redundant with existing measures). By analogy, you are likely to find that people who say that cilantro is disgusting are likely to have aversive reactions to it, but this doesn’t mean that their aversive reactions are an invalid construct. Indeed, one of the leading theories of the dynamics and processes of implicit social cognition since 2006—APE (§2.2)—is based on a set of predictions about this process impurity (i.e., about the interactions of implicit and explicit evaluative processes).