A final interpretation is that all deliberation is of means.  In other words, there is no place for significant evaluative or normative reflection on the ultimate ends that one has reason to bring about.  The Desire-Based Theory seems committed to this claim, at least to some extent.  According to the Desire-Based Theory, reflection on the ultimate ends that one has reason to bring about is just reflection on the non-normative matter of what one in fact desires, plus grasp of the Desire-Based Theory itself.  On the other hand, Value-Based theories seem committed to rejecting this claim, even those Value-Based Theories that accept that all reasons are instrumental in the sense discussed in the previous paragraph. For whether a certain state of affairs is valuable, and so an end that one has reason to bring about, is itself the object of significant evaluative thought.  (Note that it is a mistake to express the present idea, that all deliberation is of means, as the idea that one cannot be criticized for ends.  According to the Desire-Based Theory, one can be criticized for what one intends or acts to bring about, insofar as it is not the realization of one’s strongest, present intrinsic desires.  And even according to Value-Based theories, one cannot be criticized for what one has reason to bring about.)