 Traditional forms of utilitarianism, including both the total form (“totalism”) and the average form (“averagism”), have the resources to explain how an act can be wrong while making things worse for no existing or future person. If, by waiting a few years to have a child, the 14-year-girl could have produced a child who is better off but nonidentical to the child the girl in fact produced, both totalism and averagism will imply (other things being equal) that what the girl has done is wrong (Singer 2011, 107–119). The key for both views is the position that a world’s value, and, indirectly, the permissibility of the choice that brings about that world, is to be determined on an aggregate basis: utilities correlating to the individual wellbeing levels for each person who does or will exist at a given world are simply added up to determine the value of that world. On such an approach, it is immaterial whether we create additional (average or total) wellbeing (a) by creating additional wellbeing for a particular existing or future person or (b) by bringing a nonidentical but better off person into existence. (See the entry on  consequentialism.)