 Imagine members of an alien species, for whom acceptance—or if you prefer to reserve ‘acceptance’ for humans, call it ‘a-acceptance’—involves belief neither in (approximate) truth nor empirical adequacy. (This might be due to psychological constraints. A-acceptance could instead involve belief in significant truth content, high problem-solving power, approximate empirical adequacy, and so on.) Would we want to say that they were incapable of doing science? Or failing that, would we want to insist that they couldn’t do anything with the ‘character’ of science? That would be strange. For they could have institutions similar to our universities, and have theories similar to our scientific theories, arrived at by the use of similar procedures. They could also use these theories for exactly the same purposes for which we use our scientific theories: to explain the origins of the universe, to build spacecraft, and so forth (456). 