  Last but not least, cancer research provides a case study for consideration of the roles of values at the science-policy interface. Epidemiological and toxicological research on cancer’s causes informs toxics law and regulatory policy, which raises a variety of questions about the nature of evidence and inductive risk in such contexts. Cancer research also provides a test case for debates about the challenges facing translational medicine and precision medicine. Moreover, the complexity of cancer causation provides an opportunity and a challenge for those who take data and theoretical integration to be an ideal for science. With so many, and such diverse types of cancer research, integration presents many challenges. Indeed, this is one of the many reasons why translating “basic” science into the clinic can be enormously difficult.