 This is not a satisfactory response. We cannot ignore the history of the genes from the point between their origin (when they would not have been needed) and today when they are in full use. In the words of Brown biochemist Kenneth Miller: ‘As any student of biology will tell you, because those genes are not expressed, natural selection would not be able to weed out genetic mistakes. Mutations would accumulate in these genes at breathtaking rates, rendering them hopelessly changed and inoperative hundreds of millions of years before Behe says that they will be needed.’ There is much experimental evidence showing that this is the case. Behe’s idea of designer doing everything back then and then leaving matters to their natural fate is ‘pure and simple fantasy’ (Miller 1999, 162–3).