 The problem of nihilism gradually became the major focus of Nishitani’s personal and scholarly attention. Nishitani understood the historical phenomenon of nihilism as a vacuous nothingness that assaults the modern world, a world bereft of its ethical and religious moorings. Despite the profundity of his mentor Nishida’s philosophy, it failed to adequately address this crucial modern problem (see Ueda 2011a). According to Nishitani, Nishida’s philosophy, whether it be his early thought of “pure experience” or the later notion of “action-intuition,” begins already from a standpoint where the dualistic consciousness of the ego has already been broken though (see NKC IX 247–48; Nishitani 1991, 184–85). For his part, Nishitani was concerned with the question of how to think the topological pathway leading to such a breakthrough to non-duality.