  Another belief-based approach argues that implicit biases should be understood as cognitive “schemas.” Schemas are clusters of culturally shared concepts and beliefs. More precisely, schemas are abstract knowledge structures that specify the defining features and attributes of a target (Fiske &amp; Linville 1980). The term “mother”, for example, invokes a schema that attributes a collection of attributes to the person so labelled (Haslanger 2015). On some accounts, schemas are “coldly” cognitive (Valian 2005), and so in the psychologist’s sense, they are not attitudes. Rather, schemas are tools for social categorization, and while schemas may help to organize and interpret feelings and motivations, they are themselves affectless. One advantage of focusing on schemas is that doing so emphasizes that implicit bias is not a matter of straightforward antipathy toward members of socially stigmatized groups.