 One possible reply is that there is a non-arbitrary difference between works of art and other artifacts, namely that other artifacts aren’t essentially meaning-laden and works of art are. Still, in and of itself, this isn’t sufficient, Beardsley would say, for (i) some works of art, such as “pure music”, aren’t meaning-laden, (ii) many objects which aren’t works of art, such as newspapers, are meaning-laden, and (iii) even if (i) and (ii) weren’t true, the fact that all and only works of art are meaning-laden has to be shown to make for the relevance of artists’ intentions, and that hasn’t been done.