In his 1994 book, Azzouni did not commit himself to nominalism, on the grounds that nominalists typically require a reconstruction of mathematical language—something that, as discussed above, is indeed the case with both mathematical fictionalism (Field 1989) and modal structuralism (Hellman 1989). However, no such reconstruction was implemented, or needed, in the proposal advanced by Azzouni (Azzouni 1994). The fact that mathematical objects play no role in how mathematical truths are known clearly expresses a nominalist attitude—an attitude that Azzouni explicitly endorsed in (Azzouni 2004).