 Other issues relevant to the representation criterion include how individual cells or cell types serve as developmental models (Fagan 2016), how developmental mechanisms in different model organisms are compared and evaluated (Yoshida forthcoming), how the use of model organisms constitutes an example of case-based reasoning (Ankeny 2012), and how model organisms involve idealizations or known departures from features present in the model’s target as the result of laboratory cultivation (Ankeny 2009;  Section 5.2).  Additionally, the question of representation is not the only one germane to understanding model organism use. Because model organisms are utilized for experimental intervention, questions of representation must be juxtaposed with questions of manipulation (see the supplement on  Model Organisms and Manipulation).