 Edward Ballard (1957), in a move characteristic of the rise of analytic philosophy in aesthetics, asserted that Dewey rejects many distinctions that are necessary for philosophy, and that this leads to a kind of irrationalism which results in his depending on problematic metaphors like “funding” and “energy”. He thought Dewey’s avoidance of specific techniques in forming theories, for example the technique of formal definition, to be anti-intellectual. Dewey’s rejection of universals as illusions and his enthusiastic acceptance of nominalism must ultimately fail, for theory requires logically inter-related propositions that refer to concepts.