 Ibn Sina, known in the West as Avicenna (980–1037) describes music as a mathematical science, but argues that a theory of music should be primarily concerned with the explanation of music as heard. This emphasis on the appropriate level of explanation is reminiscent of Aristoxenus (see  §1.4),  who exercised a clear influence on Islamic philosophy of music. Ibn Sina also revives the Aristotelian view that music may imitate human character and psychological states (on Ibn Sina’s philosophy of music, see Shehadi 1995: chapter 4).