 Another approach to self-doubt explains the authority that second-order evidence sometimes has over one’s first-order beliefs by means of the idea that such evidence provides information about the relation of one’s first-order beliefs to the way the world is which one is obligated to take into account. That is, evidence like the altitude reading, sleep-deprivation, and empirical studies of the unreliability of eyewitness testimony, provides information about whether your beliefs are reliable indicators of the truth. We take the reading of a thermometer no more seriously than we regard the instrument as reliable. Our beliefs can be viewed as readings of the world and treated the same way (Roush 2009; White 2009; Sliwa &amp; Horowitz 2015).