 Nevertheless, it seems to have been tempting, and has remained fairly widespread in the literature, to identify non-eliminative structuralism with Shapiro’s position, i.e., with his realist and ante rem version. In fact, critics sometimes dismiss “philosophical structuralism” generally as a misguided form of metaphysics, thereby identifying such structuralism with Shapiro’s realist form. (This seems especially tempting for mathematicians and for philosophers rooted deeply in mathematical practice; cf. Awodey 1996 and Carter 2008 for related discussions.) A further consideration of Parsons’ form of non-eliminative structuralism can help to show that this is too quick and inadequate in the end. 