 and he “took the position that there is no such relevance” (II: 188), in the last sentence he admits that there is a “logical relation” between  (1)  and  (2):  (1) is indirect, inductive evidence of a causal sort for (2). Reasoning from type-(1) facts to type-(2) facts is simply reasoning from causes to effects. Such reasoning doesn’t yield certainty, but it’s generally dependable nonetheless. Thus, in at least many cases, if we knew that the artist intended his work to mean p, we would have good, though not definitive, reason for believing that his work means p.