 In the first sense, an emergent feature is “any interesting behaviour that arises as a direct result of multiple self-organizing … interactions occurring in a system of simple elements” (Clark 2013: 132). CA clearly fit the  E1  bill, but that is because this is a rather generic characterization (What counts as interesting? What is self-organization?). Things get a bit more precise with  E2:  emergent features here are taken as unprogrammed, that is, as such that there is no program explicitly encoding the relevant phenomena, features, or processes in the target system (a typical example is cricket phonotaxis, see Clark 2013: 120: female crickets move towards males via a mechanical body system directing them to the source of sounds of particular wavelengths; one can describe this as females aiming towards males after hearing their sound, but what is encoded in the cricket’s body functions is just an automatic earlier activation of the side of the body first reached by the sounds). According to the concept embodied in  E3,  we get emergence as interactive complexity when “complex, cyclic interactions give rise to stable and salient patterns of systemic behavior” (Clark 2013: 134); in particular, the interactions are supposed to be nonlinear (a typical example are convection rolls in a fluid heated in a pan: see Kelso 1995: 5). 