  On the other hand, it can be difficult to establish a direct link between the agent and the patient because of the complexity involved in human activity, in particular in today’s technological society. Individuals and institutions generally act with and in sociotechnical systems in which tasks are distributed among human and technological components, which mutually affect each other in contingent ways (Bijker, Hughes and Pinch 1987). Increasingly complex technologies can exacerbate the difficulty of identifying who or what is ‘responsible’. When something goes wrong, a retrospective account of what happened is expected and the more complex the system, the more challenging is the task of ascribing responsibility (Johnson and Powers 2005). Indeed, Matthias argues that there is a growing ‘ responsibility gap’: the more complex computer technologies become and the less human beings can directly control or intervene in the behavior of these technologies, the less we can reasonably hold human beings responsible for these technologies (Matthias, 2004). 