 The “GQ theorist” could reply that her tools were never meant to fully explain scope, or enable compositional analyses of every complex expression. The model-theoretic framework is first of all descriptive: it provides mathematical objects that can serve as (models of) meaning, and formulate properties of and relations between these objects. Sometimes, facts about the mathematical objects reveal insights about the things they are modeling, as in the case of monotonicity and polarity items, or the case of the meaning of conjoined noun phrases. But there is no reason to expect this to happen in every case.