 However, so-called “\(\psi\)-ontology theorems” (Pusey, Barrett, &amp; Rudolph 2012; Hardy 2013; Colbeck &amp; Renner 2012; see Leifer 2014 for an overview), establish that, given certain plausible assumptions, only \(\psi\)-ontic models can reproduce the empirical consequences of quantum theory. The specific assumptions used to derive this conclusion differ for the various theorems. All of them, however, rely on the ontological models framework which, as noted a number of times already, explicitly incorporates an assumption of measurement independence (Eq. (\ref{eq:independence})). Since, as shown above, measurement independence implicitly rules out retrocausality, these theorems apply only inasmuch as retrocausality is assumed to be absent.