 Lists of words do not fulfill the “expectation” condition, for example, “Cow, being-the-object-of-an-action (as designated by a word in the accusative case), bringing.” Gaṅgeśa admits that it “could be an instance of knowledge of verbal meaning, but it would not produce knowledge of an overall connection” (2020: 1547). Nevertheless, with him the expectation is also something felt by a hearer, whose grasping the reference of one word with its case ending (which also refers, according to him) leads to expectation not just of another word but of its referent. Thus expectation is a psychological property mediated by words in reference to a fact. It is embedded in a subject’s understanding of words as united by their references comprising the fact that is captured by a statement. Sometimes Gaṅgeśa’s dialectic, particularly in several sections on verbal compounds and the like at the end of the chapter, trades on the difficulty of finding a factual item to which a word would correspond in its real-world relationality as implicated in the incorporation of the word grammatically into a declarative sentence. Thus while the “expectation” seems to work as a matter of grammar, the “grammar” is thought to reflect a fact that the words pick out.