 According to an atomistic view, then, some morally relevant reasons are invariant in their relevance and their valence. Opposed to this view are holists who claim that whether a consideration like pleasure is relevant and whether it counts in favor of an action depends on what other factors may be present in some set of circumstances. Holists claim that in some circumstances a factor that is normally relevant is “silenced” and moreover even when relevant its valence may be reversed! Although pleasure tends to have a positive valence, the pleasure a bully would derive from bullying someone has a negative valence, which contributes to the wrongness of the bully’s act.