 When James Brown Scott (1934: 3, 160) called Vitoria the father of modern international law, it was mainly in reference to his lectures on the problems associated with the Indies. Vitoria’s opinions on this matter loomed large in this debate. He addressed the Indies in three relectiones: De temperantia (1537), De Indis (1539), and De iure belli (1539). In the first of these he discussed cannibalism, while in the others he considered whether a just war could be waged against indigenous peoples and whether Spain’s title to the Indies was valid. In addition, Vitoria, lecturing on the Summa theologiae (1534), discussed evangelization. His account of the right to rule also extended to the role of the clergy in evangelizing peoples who, before 1492, had never heard of Christ.