 Let us consider two theories as to the good. One says, like Christianity, Kant, and democracy: whatever the good may be, any one man’s enjoyment of it has the same value as any other man’s. The other says: there is a certain sub-class of mankind—white men, Germans, gentiles, or what not—whose good or evil alone counts in an estimation of ends; other men are only to be considered as means … When [irrelevant] arguments are swept away, there remains, so far as I can see, nothing to be said except for each party to express moral disapproval of the other. Those who reject this conclusion advance no argument against it except that it is unpleasant. (“Reply to Criticisms” RoE: 146–147/Papers 11: 48–49)