 Medieval critics found the allegedly Thomist idea of the presence of each instant of time to God’s non-temporal eternal vision problematic because of the transitivity and symmetry of the relation of simulaneity. (See John Duns Scotus, Lectura I.39.1–5, 23, 28, 87, and further references in Hoenen 1993: 169–70.) One could also ask how Aquinas’s view of God’s essential simplicity and immutability is compatible with the view that God’s eternal choice could be otherwise and the voluntary acts of created beings could be other than what is known by God (see Stump 2003: 100–127).