 “Ecosystem services” are all the benefits that humanity derives from ecosystems (Daily 1997). While that term is probably younger than the term, “biodiversity”, it not only has its own pre-history (as “natural services” from nature; see, e.g., Holdren &amp; Ehrlich 1974), but also shares a pre-history with “biodiversity”. This history reveals early ideas about how aspects of biotic diversity are important to maintaining the ecological functions that support ecosystem services. These discussions drew upon the long tradition in ecology to use various ecological indices—broadly referred to as “diversity” indices—and so inviting equation with the new term “biodiversity”. Exploring this connection between biotic diversity, ecological functions, and services has become a massive research venture over the past 25 years (for review, see, e.g., Gómez Baggethun et al. 2010). The name of the international platform for biodiversity, “Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services” (IPBES), reflects this active, high-profile, connection.