 The main advantage of Nanay’s proposal is that it is a thoroughly non-historical account of content. As such, it avoids the difficulties of standard teleosemantic accounts that arise from the assumption that content properties are determined by selectional history, like the Swampman problem   (section 4.2), or problems concerning our epistemic access to content properties. On the other hand, the modal theory of function that serves as the basis for Nanay’s account has been heavily criticized (Artiga 2014, Garson 2019c), and there are also some more specific objections to his treatment of representational content (cf. Bauer 2017; Hundertmark 2018, 156–170).