 On the same philosophical analysis, it is also argued that kin selection and multilevel selection represented using the Price equation are formally equivalent, and that preferences for kin selection models may not be justified as they are usually (Birch &amp; Okasha 2015; cf. West et al. 2008). Some biologists, for example, have argued that kin selection is more easily applicable than group selection, and that kin selection can be applied whenever there is group selection (West, Griffin, &amp; Gardner 2007, 2008). Moreover, they deny that kin selection is a form of group selection, despite formal similarities and derivations (West, Griffin, &amp; Gardner 2007: 424). Problems about using multilevel selection models may stem from the group beneficiary problem arising from the early group selection context wherein group selection was assumed to involve both group benefit and group engineering adaptation (Birch &amp; Okasha 2015). 