 With regard to the much contested interpretation of Newton on gravity, he declares that Newton “does not mean to say that attraction is the cause of bodies coming together; but by attraction he means to express the effect” (Kassler 2014; 145–146). Leibniz, in his correspondence with Clarke, denies this reading of Newton that makes no metaphysical commitment to gravity as force, suggesting two importantly different readings of Newton (Janiak 2007). While Newton would not speculate publicly on metaphysical matters, Clarke argued that this effect could not be the work of body. Rather, God and designated (subordinate, intelligent, immaterial) agents, act throughout the world by being present where they act, which is the explanation for gravity and all other movements of matter (Brown 2016, 42ff; but see Schliesser 2013, 44 &amp; 48 for a more modest reading).