 Some argue that the risks of clinical research qualify as sufficiently low when they are ‘negligible’, understood as risks that do not pose any chance of serious harm (Nicholson 1986). Researchers who ask children a few questions for research purposes may expose them to risks no more worrisome than that of being mildly upset for a few minutes. Exposing participants to a risk of minor harm for the benefit of others does not seem to raise ethical concern. Or one might argue that the ethical concerns it raises do not merit serious ethical concern. Despite the plausibility of these views, very few studies satisfy the negligible risk standard. Even routine procedures that are widely accepted in pediatric research, such as single blood draws, pose some, typically very low risk of more than negligible harm.