 (CA2)  comprises scientific applications of CA to the modelling of specific problems—to mention just a few: urban evolution (Batty 2005), Ising models (Creutz 1986), neural networks (Franceschetti, et al. 1992: 124–128), lattice fluids (Barberousse &amp; Imbert 2013), bioinformatics (Xiao et al. 2011), and even turbulence phenomena (Chen et al. 1983). As Ilachinski remarks, for instance, discrete models of turbulence show that 