  Some hold a mixed view that combines elements of those considered above (Alexander and Ferzan 2009, 3–19; Simester and von Hirsch 2011, 3–18; Tadros 2016, 159–172). One way to construct such a view is by distinguishing between primary and secondary functions. Primary functions are those that, when all else is equal, we have most reason to want the law to fulfil. Secondary functions are those we have reason to want the law to fulfil if it fails to fulfil its primary functions. Criminal law’s primary functions, it is plausible to think, are preventive. Ceteris paribus, we have most reason to want criminal law to bring about a world in which wrongs like theft or murder do not occur. Failing that, we have reason to want criminal law to call thieves and murderers to account, and to punish those who have no adequate account to offer.