 where at least one of the inequalities has to be strict. Association reversal is the standard variety of Simpson’s Paradox (Bandyopadhyay et al. 2011; Blyth 1972, 1973) and also the one that is most frequently investigated in the psychology of reasoning, or by philosophers analyzing the paradox (e.g., Cartwright 1979; Eells 1991; Malinas 2001).