 More recent Russellians have, following Russell, maintained the objects of our thought are, in many cases, singular propositions. But they have broken from Russell in maintaining that extra-mental individuals – like your apple – can also be constituents of the thoughts we grasp. Let’s call such theorists neo-Russellians. (See Donnellan 1990 for a nice discussion of Russell’s view in contrast with what we are here calling neo-Russellians.) Neo-Russellianism is a standard, although by no means universal, view in contemporary philosophy of language and mind. There are important differences among neo-Russellians concerning what extra-mental objects can be thought of directly and, more importantly, which relations (perceptual, communicative, etc.) ground and are necessary for direct thought. (For a discussion of this issue, see Jeshion 2002, 2004 and the papers collected in Jeshion 2010. See also Crane 2011, 2013, especially chapter 6, Hawthorne and Manley 2012, Martin 2002, Recanti 2012, 2016. See also the supplementary document on 