 But, given Mere Lemmas, h cannot justify S in believing any proposition unless e does. Therefore, the only option left open, short of denying Ampliativity, is to argue that e itself justifies S in believing h or not-e. But that is incompatible with Entailment. For notice that for e to justify S in believing h or not-e is for e to justify S in disbelieving its negation, i.e., e and not-h. But, of course, e and not-h entails e, and so the entailment principle has it that e cannot justify S in disbelieving e and not-h—i.e., e cannot justify S in believing h or not-e.