  where S′ is used to denote the complement of S. This definition is traceable both to the early Nyāya notion of a ‘deviating’ pseudo-reason (i.e. one which occurs somewhere where the inferable property S is absent), and to Diṅnāga’s ‘triple-condition’ theory of the inferential sign, his third condition being that H must not be located in any “disagreeing case” (cf. ‘vipakṣa’), i.e. a place where S is absent. In either case, the intuition is that a relation expressed by “where there is smoke there is fire” obtains just in case there is no place where fire is absent but smoke is present, i.e. no counter-example. The first definition which Gaṅgeśa considers is of just this form. It is that S pervades H iff H has “non-occurrence in the loci of absence of S” (sādhyābhāvavad-avṛttitvam), i.e. V1.