 Dworkin argued that legal philosophy needs to make a fresh start, in order to face the challenge of explaining disagreement about the law. Any theory of law, he claimed, needs to be a ‘constructive interpretation’ of legal practice. A constructive interpretation is one that simultaneously fits the facts of the object of interpretation (in the case of legal interpretation, the object is not some particular communicative act by a lawmaker, but the entire practice of the community) and portrays it as an object that achieves its purpose. On this view, a theory that does not present law as an exercise in constructive interpretation cannot even compete as a theory of law, because it suffers from the semantic sting. And the communication model is incompatible with the idea that law is an exercise in constructive interpretation.