 Descartes’ view was echoed in the twentieth century by philosopher Donald Davidson. In a well-known article (Davidson 1982), he argued that animals are incapable of thinking due to their lack of language. He departs from an example by Norman Malcolm (1972/73): a dog is chasing the neighbor’s cat through the backyard. The cat runs directly towards an oak tree but at the last minute they swerve and go up a maple. The dog misses this last maneuver and runs towards the oak tree, rests their paws on it, and begins to bark at its branches. Though we would be inclined to describe this behavior by saying that the dog believes that the cat is in the oak tree, Davidson thinks that we would be wrong.