 The near-deathblow in the nineteen sixties to group panselectionism was, oddly enough, about benefit (Williams 1966). The interest was in cases in which there was selection among groups and the groups as a whole benefited from organism-level traits (including behaviors) that seemed disadvantageous to the organism (Wynne Edwards 1962; Williams 1966; Maynard Smith 1964). The argument was that the presence of a benefit to the group was not sufficient to establish the presence of group selection. This was demonstrated by showing that a group benefit was not necessarily a group adaptation (Williams 1966). Hence, here the term “benefit” was being used to signify the manifestation of an adaptation at the group level. The assumption was that a genuine group selection process results in the evolution of a group-level trait—a real adaptation—that serves a design purpose for the group. The mere existence however, of traits that benefit the group is not enough to show that they are adaptations; in order to be an adaptation, under this view, the trait must be an engineering adaptation that evolved by natural selection. The argument was that group benefits do not, in general, exist because they benefit the group; that is, they do not have the appropriate causal history (Williams 1966; see Brandon 1981, 1985: 81; Sober 1984: 262 ff.; Sober &amp; Wilson 1998).