 The self-reflexivity criterion of episodicity is intuitively appealing, but it is not without potentially problematic implications. It implies, as noted above, that nonhuman animals (as well as young children) are incapable of remembering episodically, since only creatures with relatively sophisticated conceptual capacities—including the ability to represent past times as past and to represent the self as an enduring entity—are capable of entertaining the relevant second-order contents. It also implies that there is a major difference between the contents of retrieved memories and the contents of the corresponding original experiences, since it sees memories as including content—namely, their second-order, self-reflexive component—that is not included in experiences. Some have, however, seen the latter implication in a positive light, arguing that the fact that episodic memory generates new knowledge—by informing the subject not only of what happened in the past but also that he knows what happened because he experienced it—is in fact one of its defining features (Dokic 2014; Fernández 2015a).