 The fact that deontological theories generally permit (some degree of) first-order partiality – that is, that agents are permitted to pay special attention to their own interests, projects, and loved ones – should not, then, be taken to imply either that the agent’s interests are objectively more valuable than those of other persons, or that the agent is justified in viewing them as such. Rather, the deontologist will claim, it reflects the fact that it is morally legitimate (perhaps, again, because justifiable in second-order impartialist terms) for an agent to regard her own goals and interests as especially important to her. Thus, deontological moral systems tend to incorporate an irreducible element of agent-relativity of a sort that consequentialist theories reject (Nagel 1986; McNaughton &amp; Rawling 1992, 1993, 1998; Jollimore 2001; Kamm 2007 ).