  The kind of levels involved in evolutionary epistemology are quite different than the kind of levels of selection which are discussed much more often in the “levels of selection” debate in evolutionary biology. In evolutionary biology, the “levels” of selection under discussion are levels of scale. The debate concerns whether genes are always the “units” or “targets” of selection, or whether selection can occur on higher levels, like organisms, groups, and species. The levels involved in evolutionary epistemology, on the other hand, are levels of the regulatory hierarchy involved in the control of behavior. These include the genetic bases of cognitive and perceptual hardware, concepts, languages, techniques, beliefs, preferences, and so forth. Note that in the case of evolutionary epistemology, the terms “levels” and “hierarchy” may be impressionistic. There is often no clear arrangement of levels at all. 