  To see how these control-based and choice-based notions diverge, consider a Frankfurtian scenario in which Y comes about as a result of X’s choice, but X did not control whether Y came about because had X not chosen to bring about Y, then Y would have been realized through some alternative causal means (Frankfurt 1988). Conversely, in a case in which X fails to make up his mind whether to prevent Y coming about and then finds he can no longer control the outcome, it might be said that Y does not come about as a result of X’s choice even if X controlled Y.