 These lists demonstrate that ancient Chinese philosophers used categories of emotions that are comparable to those of Western philosophy and psychology. In his The Passions of the Soul (Les Passions de l’âme), Descartes (1649) designates six primitive passions: wonder, love, hatred, desire, joy, and sadness. Except wonder, one can see his primitive passions in early Chinese texts. Ekman’s (1999) list of the basic emotions (emotions that are universally perceived and recognized across cultures and societies, i.e., joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise) also overlap substantially with those of early Chinese philosophers. Although the notion of qing is quite idiosyncratic and polysemous, the individuation of emotions in early Chinese philosophy seems comparable to that of Western philosophy and psychology.