 Some informal logicians moved in an opposite direction, developing versions of informal logic that were independent of formal logic, appealing to alternative accounts of argument borrowed from or influenced by philosophical reflection, or by other fields that study argument (notably, rhetoric, dialectics, and speech communication). Toulmin’s The Uses of Argument (1958) and Hamblin’s Fallacies (1970) became theoretical touchstones for those looking for an informal logic rooted outside of formal logic. 