  A properly formulated Nyāya argument has three components: thesis, reason (hetu) and example (dṛṣṭānta). The thesis, again, has two components: the ‘locus’ (pakṣa) or place of the inference, and a property (sādhya) whose presence in the locus is to be inferred. Thus every Nyāya argument exhibits the same pattern: p has S, because it has H; e.g., d.  (For example: “The mountain ( = p) has fire (= S), because it has smoke ( = H); e.g. the kitchen ( = d). See further §8). A sound argument must fulfil at least three criteria: (i) the reason property must be uncontroversially present in the locus; (ii) the reason property and the inferred property must be appropriately related, roughly such that wherever the reason is present, so is the inferred property; (iii) the example must be an uncontroversial place where both the reason property and the inferred property are present.