 Beyond equal citizenship, feminist jurisprudence also criticizes legal or political structures that would put disproportionate burdens on women or children seeking to live or to become citizens in countries other than their country of origin. Here, feminists reveal how asylum or refugee policies may be based on male models of what constitutes persecutions, discounting forms of structural injustice that disproportionately burden women (e.g. Parekh 2012; Freedman 2008).