 On her reading, Locke thinks that species are made by the vulgar prior to our theorizing about internal constitutions, and these species cannot plausibly be understood as the result of arbitrary choice. According to Kuklok, the naturalness of our classifications stems from the fact that Locke holds that humans have a natural disposition toward species realism, and the fact that nature presents us with clusters of ‘leading qualities’ that appear as patterns or standards. A relevant passage from Locke comes from II.xxxii.14: “God in His wisdom…set [simple ideas] as Marks of Distinction in Things, whereby we may be able to discern one Thing from another”. Given the vulgar realism and the leading patterns in nature, the vulgar classify based on non-arbitrary natural similarities. It is implausible “to say that the similarities and differences between things leave it undetermined how we are to group and distinguish them” (2022, p. 318). 