 While Huang asserted the mind-heart as the point of departure, he moved away from the orientations of the so-called learning of the mind-heart (xinxue) in Neo-Confucianism. Instead of focusing on “fundamental substance”, Huang emphasized “efforts”. Rather than moving inward toward the mind-heart, Huang’s position drifted outward into the outer physical phenomenal world, in which there were the ever-changing “myriad different forms”, differences perceived through the one mind notwithstanding. In other words, although there was the overarching universal mind-heart, this mind-heart was no incorporeal original substance hovering above the concrete variegated world of particularities and efforts. There was no immutable fundamental substance as such, as the mind-heart was developmental in nature, manifested in the external myriad differences.