 There are, therefore, two aspects of spoken language: on the one hand, the vox, as an articulate sound, causes a natural change in both the medium and the ear of the one who hears it (DOS 147; NLPA 127–128); on the other, the utterance, as something heard, brings about an act of the intellect of the listener (DOS 425; NSLPery I.1). To speak (dicere) in the proper sense means expressing the likeness of a thing in order to make known that of which it is the likeness (QLIS 37, 106). In that sense, a meaningful utterance should be called ‘nota’ with respect to the speaker, because it refers to the meaning conveyed by the speaker (the species intelligibilis), and it should be called ‘signum’ with respect to the one who hears it, because it refers to the material/sensitive aspect of the sign (NSLPery I.2; see Lewry 1978, 289; Rosier 1994, 97–98; Marmo 1997, 139–40). As noted by Rosier, Sirridge, and Kneepkens (see Bibliography), one of the main contributions of Kilwardby (and Bacon and others in the intentionalist grammatical tradition) is the emphasis on two levels of completeness of speech: one, concerning the word’s modes of signifying and the other concerning the way the hearer understands or interprets the intention of the speaker (intentio proferentis).