 The view that hope can be reduced to desires and beliefs (and a third factor) is not without alternative, however. Segal and Textor (2015) argue that hope is a primitive mental state that can be characterized by its functional role; Blöser (2019) argues that hope is an irreducible concept. This latter view is compatible with ontological variety and the view that different manifestations of hope are related in terms of family resemblance.