 One we have seen already in the fourth variation in the counterfactual test for cause in fact. If one does not ask whether the defendant’s act was necessary for the occurrence of the harm—if one instead and more discriminatingly asks whether that aspect of her act that made her negligent or otherwise culpable caused the harm—then one has a causal test almost as discriminating as the simple counterfactual test coupled with a harm-within-the-risk version of the proximate cause test (Keeton 1963; Wright 1985b). This is not surprising, because both tests rule ineligible any aspects of the defendant’s act that does not make her culpable. For the aspect-causation view, such culpability-irrelevant aspects of the defendant’s action are not (relevantly) the cause of the harm; for the harm-within-the-risk test, such culpability-irrelevant aspects of the defendant’s action do not fit the culpable mental states of the defendant. Whether one puts it as causation (the aspect-cause view), or as culpability (the harm-within-the-risk view), the discriminating power is roughly the same.