 Building an explicit (well-founded) hierarchy to solve the paradoxes is today by most considered an overly drastic and heavy-handed approach. The hierarchies introduce a number of complicating technicalities not present in a “flat universe”, and even though the paradoxes do indeed disappear, so do all non-paradoxical occurrences of self-reference. Kripke (1975) gives the following illustrative example taken from ordinary discourse. Let \(N\) be the following statement, made by Nixon,