 The literature has distinguished “philosophy of neuroscience” from “neurophilosophy” for two decades. The former concerns foundational issues within the neurosciences. The latter concerns application of neuroscientific concepts to traditional philosophical questions. Exploring various concepts of representation employed in neuroscientific theories is an example of the former. Examining implications of neurological syndromes for the concept of a unified self is an example of the latter. In this entry, we will develop this distinction further and discuss examples of both. Just as has happened in the field’s history, work in both of these areas is scattered throughout most all sections below. Throughout we will try to specify which area landmark work falls into, when this location isn’t obvious.