 The combined contributions of Dedekind and Frege represented a culmination of the trend, by their time well under way among leading mathematicians, towards the arithmetization of real (and complex) analysis. This trend had its beginnings in the even earlier works of Gauss and Bolzano. It came to maturity in the works of Cauchy and Weierstraß, and became the dominant paradigm in Western thought about the nature of mathematics. The leading idea of the arithmetizers was that the concepts and first principles of arithmetic and analysis are to be found in the concepts of the understanding (as a Kantian might put it), independently of one’s geometric intuitions concerning any spatial or temporal continua. Arithmetic and analysis are completely conceptual and logical in their axiomatic sources and in their deductive development. 