 First, the unified view. A significant number of scholars have argued that Hobbes understood his philosophy as unified by deductive connections between the different parts (for example, Martinich 2005; Peters 1967; Shapin &amp; Schaffer 1985; Watkins 1965). A stronger version of this unified view understands Hobbes to be a type of reductionist, wherein descriptions of macroscopic bodies, such as humans and rocks, ultimately reduce to microscopic bodies responsible for all phenomena (for example, Hampton 1986; Ryan 1970). For example, Alan Ryan articulates the reductionist view as follows: