 This list invites an intriguing observation. The writers take the general notion of “sameness” (tóng 同) to express (at least) four different types of relations: identity or coextension; part-whole relations; being constituent features of something or, alternatively, being grouped together on some extrinsic grounds; and sharing some intrinsic similarity and thereby being “of a kind.” These relations correspond roughly to those of identity, part versus whole, constitution, set membership, and kind relations, which in European languages are all typically expressed using the verb to be, or the copula. We can say, for example, that Cicero is Tully, in that he is identical with Tully; that Cicero’s finger is Cicero, in that it is part of the whole that is Cicero; that Cicero is his body, in that he is constituted by his body; that Cicero is a magistrate, in that he was a Roman public official; and that Cicero is human, in that he is a member of the kind human. 