 One possibility is to explain at least some basic procedures in terms of the concept of reference, where reference is analyzed in terms of speakers’ intentions. The basic procedure for ‘tiger’ for example would be to utter ‘tiger’ to refer to tigers. But there is another possibility: the knowledge in (a) and (b) includes the knowledge of the semantic properties of words, and the semantic properties of combinations of word, where those properties cannot be fully analyzed in terms of speakers’ intentions. Noting that the notion of a procedure is quite unclear, Grice observes that 