 From this naturalistic viewpoint, Xunzi actively links qing with psychological states and dispositions. In earlier Chinese texts such as the Mozi, for example, ren qing does not refer to inner psychology or affective states. In the Xunzi, however, ren zhi qing (人之情, qing of human beings) or ren qing (人情, human qing) refers to psychological dispositions or affective states. Cai (2020: 407) reports that qing appears 119 times in the Xunzi and 