 So, having ruled out all the standard ways that terms refer, she concludes that the function of the word ‘I’ is non-referential. She says little about what its function is, although she notes that the word is dispensable – a language whose verbs are conjugated to reflect what we call ‘the first person’ (e.g. Latin, Spanish) can do without such a word. Her conclusion could be resisted if one produced a way of referring she hadn’t considered, or if one rebutted any of her arguments against the possibilities she does consider. Important discussions of this paper can be found in Doyle 2018, O’Brien 1994, and many other places, and it has clearly inspired the work of Rödl 2007.