 Primitive, nonconceptual, forms of self-consciousness are also critical for the acquisition of the first-person concept and for grounding thoughts whose contents have an important property introduced in Shoemaker (1968). This is the property of being immune to error through misidentification relative to the first-person concept, defined so that properties attributed in such thoughts must be properties of the thinker, if they are instantiated at all. Cahen and Musholt (2017) argue that it is precisely because certain representational states with nonconceptual content, e.g., perception and proprioception, do not contain an explicitly self-referring (or self-identifying) component, but do supply necessarily self-specifying information that, while such modes of awareness are not themselves immune to error through misidentification, they can serve as the basis for first-personal judgments that are so immune.