 It is thus not surprising that rape in war often involves heightened sadism, as well as additional abuses such as forcing men to watch the rape of their wives or daughters and forcing women to engage in sex with their own sons, brothers, or other family members. In these and other cases, according to MacKinnon, the rape of female civilians is often “a humiliation rite for the men on the other side who cannot (in masculinity’s terms) ‘protect’ their women. Many of these acts make women’s bodies into a medium of men’s expression, the means through which one group of men says what it wants to say to another” (2006, 223).