 This approach to agency engendered debate among Muʿtazilites about the scope of human responsibility. One topic of concern was the relationship between motivation and action. Given that motivation is determined by antecedent causes, were an agent’s motivation the sufficient cause of her action, responsibility for the action would seem to lie with the source of the motivation, which may be external to the agent. According to ʿAbd al-Jabbār (935–1025), motivation is not the sufficient cause of action, which requires choice as well (Frank 1982). This response links human agency and responsibility to choice.