 The claim that the treatment of research participants should be consistent with the norms which govern clinical care has been applied most prominently to the ethics of randomized clinical trials (Hellman &amp; Hellman 1991). Randomized trials determine which treatment a given research participant receives based on a random process, not based on clinical judgment of which treatment would be best for that patient. Lind assigned the different existing treatments for scurvy to the sailors in his study based not on what he thought was best for them, but based on what he thought would yield an effective comparative test. Lind did not give each intervention to the same number of sailors because he thought that all the interventions had an equal chance of being effective. To the contrary, he did this because he was confident that several of the interventions were harmful and this design was the best way to show it. Contemporary clinical researchers go even further, assigning participants to treatments randomly. Because this aspect of clinical research represents a clear departure from the practice of clinical medicine it appears to sacrifice the interests of participants in order to collect valid data.