 The influence of positivism in Mexico was nearly as strong, particularly in education, as exemplified by the labors of the respected chemist and medical doctor Gabino Barreda, who banned religion and traditional philosophy from the school curriculum and centralized access to higher education and culture. In Chile, the brothers Jorge and Enrique Lagarrigue were two leading advocates of Comte’s philosophy and his Humanity Religion. In Colombia, Rafael Nuñez, an educational reformer and three times president of Colombia, actively promoted positivism, as did in Peru (with touches of Herbert Spencer’s evolutionism) such figures as Javier Prado, Manuel González Prada, Celso Bambarén, and Manuel Vicente Villarán. In Bolivia, positivism also had influential defenders from the 1870s through the 1890s, notably a circle of writers, “Círculo Literario”, in whose journal works by Charles Darwin, Luis Dumont, Ernst H. P. A.  Haeckel and other naturalists appeared in translation.