 First, one might contend that essentialist definitions of culture are empirically false: cultures do not have rigid boundaries (Patten 2014: Ch. 2). Even if we granted for the sake of argument that cultural groups could be carved at the joint, we might doubt our ability to know what the correct cultural group boundaries are (Young 2005: 136–7). If either of these objections holds, it seems as if the idea of cultural appropriation is at best inapplicable in practice, and at worst, conceptually confused.