 Dretske points out that representation is not equivalent to indication. “R indicates C” entails “C obtains”, so “misindication” (or “misinformation”) is impossible. Misrepresentation, by contrast, is clearly possible. So Dretske (1986) suggests that representations are states that have the function of indicating. The starting idea is this: if something has the function of indicating something else then it is supposed to indicate it but, since items don’t always perform their functions, room for error has been made. (The analysis of functions Dretske relies on here appears to be an etiological analysis of; see e.g., Dretske 1995, 7.)