 Many justifications of markets, however, are based not on a priori rights or liberties, but rather on the consequences of markets. Several dimensions of these consequences can be distinguished. A first, historically important, argument holds that markets make individuals more virtuous and sociable: they build on calm, rational interests rather than violent passions. Markets therefore make manners more peaceful and civilized (see Hirschman 1977, who refers to Montesquieu and other 18th century  thinkers).[3]  Arguments about the character-building effect of markets are sometimes also raised today (cf. e.g., McCloskey 2006, for a critical discussion see Fumagalli 2020). Hirschman has conjectured that the civilizing and moralizing forces of markets might just be sufficient to outbalance their self-undermining forces (1982); Bowles, in contrast, has suggested that non-market elements of liberal societies might counteract potentially dangerous effects of markets.