 Criticism of Dewey’s aesthetics dates from even before Art as Experience. Curt Ducasse (1929), for example, believed that Dewey’s instrumentalism generates a strange theory which holds that human life is a matter of tool-making, all tools are essentially tools for tool-making, and only satisfactions arising from tool-making should be acknowledged (see Alexander 1998). He also criticized Dewey for not allowing for meaningless satisfactions and anarchistic pleasures. Aesthetic perception of colors and tones as such does not need any presence of meaning; nor does appreciation of rainbows or sunsets. Meaning also need not be present in things of pure design. He agreed with Schopenhauer, contra Dewey, that aesthetic contemplation requires not attending to meanings. Also, because the creation of art may on occasion occur in one stroke, it too can be without meaning. Further, it is only by accident that the feeling expressed in the creation of art is due to the perceived situation. Emotions are not always responses to concrete situations and many emotions are about nothing. Artistic expression of emotion should be distinguished from utilitarian expression. It is only the latter that deals with the object of emotion.