 Lange’s position is one of socialist Darwinism (as opposed to social Darwinism). Lange accepted a modified version of Thomas Malthus’s concerns about the relation between increases in population and food production: “The truth of the Malthusian theory consists therefore in this, that the growth of the population constantly reaches the limit that the growth of the means of subsistence permits” (Lange 1975b, 31; Weikart 1999, 86). This is an essential part of the explanation of the social conditions of the working class. He quotes Darwin (Chapter 3 of Origin) to emphasize that population pressure lies behind the struggle for existence for all organisms. This, he emphasizes, includes humans (Lange 1894, 2). Within capitalism, the struggle for existence for the working class becomes a struggle for wages.