 While acknowledging his prescience about the Terror, liberals found Burke’s fears concerning the French Revolution excessive.They took a different view when confronted with the Bolshevik Revolution of October 1917, which Marxists regard as completing its “bourgeois” predecessor. Thus conservative historian Richard Pipes holds that the French Terror was a “brief… countercurrent”, while the Red Terror was an “essential element of the regime” (Pipes 1990: 789; see Trotsky quotation in discussion of revolutionary utopianism earlier in this entry).