 It may be that in (21S), which does not mean that it is eager for John to please someone, ‘John’ is grammatically linked to the coindexed position without being displaced from that position. But whatever the details, the “surface subject” of a sentence can be the object of a verb embedded within the main predicate, as in (20S). Of course, such hypotheses about grammatical structure require defense. But Chomsky and others have long argued that such hypotheses are needed to account for various facts concerning human linguistic capacities; see, e.g., Berwick et.al. (2011). As an illustration of the kind of data that is relevant, note that while (22–24) are perfectly fine as expressions of English, (25) is not.