  As in the rest of his philosophy, evolutionary theory also looms large in Ward’s natural theology. The existence of God, Ward frankly recognizes, cannot be proved. However, a theory of interacting monads cannot guarantee that the universe will keep moving towards a state of increasing harmony and cohesion: “without such a spiritual continuity as theism alone seems able to ensure,” Ward remarks, “it looks as if a pluralistic world were condemned to a Sisyphean task” (215). At the same time, the worldly monads need the leadership of a supreme agent if harmony has to be widespread across the entire universe.  Accordingly, Ward’s main problem is to understand how God can be related to the world of monads and guide them towards the realization of societies of ever increasing perfections.