 where ‘\(Tr\)’ is the truth predicate for the relevant language, and \(\langle A\rangle\) is the appropriate name of sentence \(A\). This approach makes a rigid distinction between an object language and its metalanguage. Such a distinction was introduced by Tarski to expel the Liar paradox from formalized languages—but Tarski himself insisted that his solution is inapplicable to natural languages, which do not appear to depend upon some metalanguage for their semantics. As Kripke admits at the end of Outline of a Theory of Truth, “the ghost of the Tarski hierarchy is still with us” (scil. the paracompletists: see Kripke 1975, p. 80).