 To our knowledge, no bioethicist has defended the current policy of near-universal exclusion of pregnant women from research. It is unclear, however, how best to craft appropriate standards for inclusion. Not only is the random exposure of fetuses to unknown teratogenic risks ethically problematic, but few pregnant women are likely to enroll in such trials. Some bioethicists propose ethical guidelines for inclusion of pregnant women in clinical trials that attend to both the woman and her fetus as patients (Chevernak and McCullough 2011). As others point out in response, however, the fetus as patient approach will likely entail continuing strict limitations on clinical trial participation, including in cases where the intervention in question is potentially life-saving for the pregnant woman but risky to the fetus. The approach does not resolve the problem of pregnant women's exclusion from medical research participation and associated health impacts (Baylis and Kaposy 2011, Liaschenko, Debruin, and Marshall 2011, Perry 2011). We are in need of new practices and policies that are sensitive to the difficulties and dangers of research on pregnant women, but are undistorted by assumptions that it is always more responsible and safer to protect fetuses from unknown interventions. Proposals for identifying and implementing ethically and medically sound guidelines for including pregnant women in clinical trials are currently under development (e.g. Brandon et al. 2014, White 2015).