 If ‘in virtue’ expresses the relation \(R\), then ‘\(\varphi\) in virtue of it being the case that \(\phi\)’ is true iff the state of affairs of it being the case that \(\phi\) stands in \(R\) to the state of affairs of it being the case the \(\varphi\). As Marshall notes, it follows from this, (4) and (6) that the \(R\) interior properties satisfy (11).