 This is the overarching theme of the book, which also takes up the crisis of legitimation in the sciences, which often must use extra-scientific narratives to attempt to place themselves above other kinds of narration (the arts, novels, philosophy, and so forth) as the final arbiter of truth, and hence is one of the last metanarratives of modernity. The problem, Lyotard argues, is that the sciences face two crises: one of representation, that is, that it cannot be held naively that its models present to human subjects an accurate view of the objective world, instead of paradigms in which only certain views of the world fit and which, within a few years, can be completely overturned. Like any other particular kind of knowledge, e.g., a religious or philosophical text, science is unable to move to transcend its particular modes of discourse in order to claim anything beyond its own sphere of competence and the rules by which its language game is played. The second crisis is that science and other forms of knowledge are being put to the “technological” or “operativity” criterion (Postmodern Condition, xxv). In this way, the gaining of scientific knowledge is not an end in itself, in but is in service ultimately to economic motives that will make certain processes more efficient and others redundant.