 Pregnant women who use alcohol and drugs violate deeply held cultural visions of appropriate motherhood. We tend to frame any level of drinking or drug use during pregnancy as indicating serious maternal irresponsibility. The United States and Canada advocate total abstinence from drinking during pregnancy, or even when becoming pregnant is a possibility. The United Kingdom and other countries have recently followed suit. And yet, while we know that alcoholic women, particularly those who smoke and experience social stress such as poverty, are at risk for giving birth to babies with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, the risk to fetuses from light to moderate maternal drinking is merely theoretical. Researchers have repeatedly failed to find any concrete evidence of fetal harm from such drinking (Armstrong 2003, Lee 2009). Vigilant abstention may be demanded alongside explicit acknowledgment of such evidence. In 2014, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention released an extensive study showing no measurable ill effects on children from light maternal drinking. Two years later, the Center released an advisory telling all women who could become pregnant to abstain entirely from drinking, whether or not they were or planned to become pregnant (CDC April 2014, February 2016).