 Exemplary models still play an important role in molecular biology, but a new type of model organism, the “surrogate model”, has become increasingly popular. According to Bolker, surrogate models “act as proxies for specific targets” and are often used in biomedical research “where the objective is to understand the mechanisms and etiology of human disease, and ultimately to develop treatments” (Bolker 2009: 489). Unlike the aim of exemplary models, the representative aim of a surrogate model is not necessarily to be broad. Instead, it’s to faithfully replicate a specific target. For example, biomedical researchers frequently expose surrogate models to harmful chemicals with the aim of modeling human disease. However, if a chemical proves to be carcinogenic in rats, for example, there is no guarantee that it will also cause cancer in humans.