  At any time t1 prior to 1650, A does not yet exist, and at any time t3 later than 1750, A no longer exists. In accordance with the above principles, Nyāya reformulates these negative existential claims as positive existential statements about negative entities, namely, the ‘prior absence of A’, ‘&lt;A’ say, and the ‘posterior absence of A’, ‘A&gt;’ say. Thus, the first reads: