 Corresponding issues have been pursued in the philosophy of perception, where causal and disjunctive theories are often opposed (as by Snowdon 1980–1), and in epistemology more broadly. Instead of explaining knowledge as belief that meets further conditions, some epistemologists treat knowledge as basic, explaining mere belief as its defective form (McDowell 1995; Williamson 2000). The parallel view of intentional action treats mere intending as a defective form of intentional action (O’Brien 2007; Rödl 2007, Ch. 2; McDowell 2010, §7; Marcus 2012, Ch. 2; Levy 2021). A question for this view is how the state of intending can be a form of something dynamic: the event or process of acting. To answer this question, we need to say more about the kind of state intention is.