 Alanen’s view is ingenious, but a serious worry that arises for it is that Descartes appears to hold (and without the slightest bit of equivocation) that there are modal claims that pertain to God and that are useful for explicating His behavior. For example, we conclude in the Fourth Meditation that God cannot be a deceiver and therefore that whatever we clearly and distinctly perceive is true. We would also appear to be entitled to include that because God is wholly immutable, the laws of nature are utterly constant (Principles of Philosophy II.36, CSM 1:240). Alanen is certainly right that none of the necessary truths that God wills would apply to His activity, but that does not mean that no modal notions at all apply to His activity – especially if Descartes himself makes so clear that divine immutability and the impossibility of divine deception are data that are to guide us in inquiry. And they are not simply guides in the sense of regulative principles or heuristics. We cannot once and for all lay down a result, for Descartes, unless we recognize that it is true that God exists and that it is impossible for Him to be a deceiver. 