 Philosophers are developing theories of consciousness that are sensitive to studies of neurobiological and psychological properties of animals, including pain, emotions, decision-making, learning, memory, and future planning. Philosophers are also using theories of consciousness to argue for or against animal consciousness. For example, in his book Human and Animal Minds: The Consciousness Questions Laid to Rest (2019), Peter Carruthers argues that since consciousness is neural processing in a human global workspace, and nonhuman animals lack the equivalent to a human global workspace, it doesn’t make sense to continue asking whether animals are conscious. In contrast, Michael Tye (1997) argues that on his PANIC theory of consciousness most vertebrates and invertebrates will be conscious, because they have to evaluate their sense data in order to act. Such theory-first approaches often end in a standoff between theories.