 Claim 1 can initially be understood as the simple empirical/theological claim discussed at the beginning of section 4. In Claim 2, Leibowitz’s point appears to be that while one may wish to argue that one’s practice is founded on some independently specifiable faith such as the belief that God gave these commandments to the Jewish people, given that belief in God has no meaning other than one’s committed practice, in fact one’s commitment to halakhic practice cannot but be founded on the practice itself.