 One of the most important claims Spinoza makes about imaginative cognition is that it comprises “all those ideas which are inadequate and confused and so…is the only cause of falsity” (E2p41d). That is, only ideas derived from sense experience alone can give rise to false beliefs. The list of objects of which, Spinoza thinks, we have only such inadequate and confused cognition is staggering: it includes our own bodies; external bodies; the affections, parts, and durations of both; finally, even our minds (E2p19–31) (cf. 2.2.1). As Spinoza concludes pessimistically, “all the notions by which ordinary people are accustomed to explain nature are only modes of imagining, and do not indicate the nature of anything” (E1app; G/II/83).