  While this first stream of research focused on automaticity, a second stream focused on (un)consciousness. Many studies demonstrated that awareness of stereotypes can affect social judgment and behavior in relative independence from subjects’ reported attitudes (Devine 1989; Devine &amp; Monteith 1999; Dovidio &amp; Gaertner 2004; Greenwald &amp; Banaji 1995; Banaji et al. 1993). These studies were influenced by theories of implicit memory (e.g., Jacoby &amp; Dallas 1981; Schacter 1987), leading to Greenwald &amp; Banaji’s original definition of “implicit attitudes” as