 Hermeneutics, since Heidegger at least, claims a special affinity with practical philosophy. Both Heidegger and Gadamer, for example, uphold Aristotle’s ethics as an important source for their respective approaches to interpretive  experience.[14]  Gadamer, in particular, develops the implications of his hermeneutics for practical life. Although Gadamer provides no systematic ethical or political theory, he maintains the significance of interpretive experience as a counter to the alienation produced in modern, bureaucratically managed society, he develops a hermeneutical approach to the ethical significance of friendship as well as a related approach to political solidarity (see Gadamer, “Friendship and Solidarity”; see Vessey 2005). Moreover, Paul Ricoeur has argued that an important test of the universality of hermeneutics is the extension of hermeneutical considerations to the practical sphere. In this, he clarifies that and how interpretive experience, especially the interpretive experience of narrative, plays an important role no less in practical agency than political critique (see Ricoeur, From Text to Action).