 That the meaning of the minor premise does not survive substitution is the rule rather than the exception: we get a similar outcome with ‘announce’, ‘anticipate’, ‘ask’, ‘boast’, ‘calculate’, ‘caution’, ‘complain’, ‘conclude’, ‘crow’, ‘decide’, ‘detect’, ‘discover’, ‘dream’, ‘estimate’, ‘forget’, ‘guess’, ‘hope’, ‘insinuate’, ‘insist’, ‘interrogate’ (literary theory), ‘judge’, ‘know’, ‘love’, ‘mention’, ‘notice’, ‘observe’, ‘prefer’, ‘pretend’, ‘question’,‘realize’, ‘rejoice’, ‘require’, ‘see’, ‘suggest’, ‘surmise’, ‘suspect’, ‘trust’, ‘understand’, ‘vote’, ‘wish’, and various cognates of these. In some cases, substitution fails because it is meaning-altering, in others because it is meaning-dissolving (a selection constraint is violated, or the purported transitive verb simply doesn’t exist in the language). The verbs for which substitution is acceptable are thinner on the ground: inference verbs such as ‘conclude’, ‘deduce’, ‘entail’ and ‘establish’, along with a few others like ‘accept’,‘believe’, ‘doubt’, ‘state’ and ‘verify’ (but for ‘believe’ see King 2002, 359–60; Forbes 2018, 118; and Nebel 2019, 97–9). 