 Scientific theories have significantly developed our understanding of the nature of appraisal, endowing it with even more structure than Arnold originally envisioned (e.g., C. Smith &amp; Ellsworth 1985; Frijda 1986; Lazarus 1991a,b; Roseman 1996; Scherer 2001; Ellsworth &amp; Scherer 2003; Roseman &amp; Smith 2001; Oatley &amp; Johnson-Laird 1987).