 Second, a positive retributivist can distinguish different parts of the all-things-considered justification for punishment. She can say, as Moore does (1997: 87), that the justification for punishing another, the thing that makes an act punitive rather than merely an act of using or incapacitating another, is that the person deserves to be punished for a wrong done. She can also take note of the fact that punishment has its costs (see  section 4.5),  and she can cite the consequentialist benefits of punishment to outweigh those costs. Still, she can conceive of the significance of these consequentialist benefits as merely offsetting the consequentialist costs, not as providing a justification for the act qua punishment. This is not an option for negative retributivists.