 Joshua DiPaolo (2018) argues that higher-order defeat is also distinctive in that it is “object-independent”. For instance, learning that there is a red light on the wall will undercut your belief that the wall is red, but will have no effect if you believe that the wall is not red. Higher-order evidence, on the other hand, typically does not discriminate based on the contents of the beliefs it targets. Extending DiPaolo’s argument to our case above, Aisha’s higher-order evidence targeted her belief about G, but could have easily targeted a belief with different contents if she had been reasoning about a different matter while flying at that altitude.