  The Unnaturalness Argument raises concerns about the unnaturalness of crossing species boundaries, and while it is sufficiently inchoate that it may perhaps resist conclusive refutation, it is nonetheless a very weak objection and it fails to provide any reasons for those who do not object to chimeric research to change their minds. The Moral Confusion Argument has been alleged to be at the heart of the public controversy, but this allegation is not supported by the extensive social science research on public attitudes towards modern biotechnology. Moreover, the consequences posited by the argument as being morally problematic seem unlikely to occur, and were they to occur, would probably be beneficial in the long run, even at the cost of some short-term social disruption. The Borderline-Personhood Argument focuses on the personhood-relevant properties of great apes and concludes that their borderline status as persons confers a high enough degree of moral status to make most, if not all, chimeric research on them impermissible. Like other traditional animal ethics arguments, though, the argument depends upon controversial claims about the sufficient conditions for full, or near-full, moral status. The Human Dignity Argument attempts to explain why partial humanization of a certain sort is morally wrong, but mistakenly assumes that such research would eliminate or diminish an individual’s dignity-grounding capacities. The Moral Status Framework maintains that status-enhancing chimeric research is permissible only if reasonable assurances are in place that the individual’s enhanced moral status will be adequately respected. There are, however, several empirical and ethical uncertainties as to which chimeric research, if any, would enhance a non-human animal’s moral status.