 While based on practical concerns, this Confucian revival was supported by metaphysical  claims.[11]  In terms of the dialectal movement we have seen, the Neo-Confucians take all of the Buddhist positions as nihilistic. The first influential Confucian responses appear in cosmological arguments. We can take Zhang Zai 張載 (1020–1077) as an example. (For studies of Zhang Zai, see Ziporyn 2015; Kim 2015; Kasoff 1984.) Zhang Zai’s basic move is to argue that the ultimate, labeled as “Supreme Emptiness” (Taixu 太虛), cannot be nothingness but must be qi, and the fundamental characteristic of this qi must be a dynamic interplay between opposites. Zhang explains: