 The second section deals with issues raised in Aristotle’s Topics. Alfarabi classifies knowledge into argumentative and intuitive knowledge. Demonstration (istidlal), cogitation (fikr), deliberation (ru’ya), and deduction (instinbat) are four kinds of argumentative knowledge. Cogitation and deliberaation belong to the Aristotelian tradition (dianoia, boulê), but demonstration and deduction are found in Islamic theology and other Islamic sciences. Intuitive knowledge comprises accepted opinions, things generally known, sense perceptions, and first intelligibles.