 adaptationism |  altruism |  altruism: biological |  Aristotle, General Topics: biology |  biology: philosophy of |  Châtelet, Émilie du |  creationism |  Darwinism |  Descartes, René |  evolution: cultural |  evolution: from Origin of Species to the Descent of Man |  fitness |  genetics: ecological |  life |  Malebranche, Nicolas |  natural selection |  natural selection: units and levels of |  species |  Spencer, Herbert |  teleology: teleological notions in biology |  Whewell, William 