 Some commentators, for example Brandt (1994), Ginsborg (2003: 175–177), and Guyer (2005b: ch. 6), have denied that there is such a thing, for Kant, as pure displeasure in the ugly, or, correlatively a pure judgment of ugliness. Guyer argues that while there is displeasure in the ugly it always involves an interest; Ginsborg allows also for disinterested judgments of ugliness, but denies that these involve a characteristic feeling of displeasure; rather, we judge that something is ugly if it lacks beauty in a context where beauty is expected. More generally, on her view, aside from cases where the judgment is based on perception of an object as harmful or disgusting, judgments of the ugly depend on recognition of the context in which the object is presented; Gracyk defends a similar point, using it to argue that “ugly” objects are those which resist unification and are thus less pleasurable to perceive than other objects (1986: 55). Guyer’s view is criticized in McConnell 2008, which offers a useful survey of previous discussions of the issue, and (partly drawing on Gracyk 1986) provides a defence of pure judgments of ugliness which appeals to Kant’s theory of aesthetic ideas. A. Cohen (2013) suggests that there can be both impure and pure judgments of ugliness, arguing for the possibility of a “foul play” of the faculties in which the play of imagination and understanding is hindered rather than facilitated and stand in reciprocal disharmony.