 This approach to defending PAP will have to say something about apparent actions that do not involve alternatives. When an addict takes a drug due to an irresistible urge to do so, it seems this is something the addict does, even if the addict can’t resist. (For a reply to such examples, see Alvarez 2013.) Similarly, the view entails that if causal determinism or some other universal block of alternatives is in place, no one ever acts; whether this is an acceptable consequence is disputed (Shabo 2011; Steward 2012a).