  Singal and others are surely right that explicit bias and outright prejudice are persistent and, in some places, pervasive. It is, however, unclear who, if anyone, thinks that implicit bias is more important than explicit bias. Philosophers in particular have been interested in implicit bias because, despite the persistence and pervasiveness of explicit bias, there are many people—presumably many of those reading this article—who aim to think and act in unprejudiced ways, and yet are susceptible to the kinds of biased behavior implicit bias researchers have studied. This is not only an important phenomenon in its own right, but also may contribute causally to the mainstream complacence toward the very outrageous instances of bigotry Singal discusses. Implicit bias may also contribute causally to explicit bias, particularly in environments suffused with prejudiced norms (Madva 2019).