 is not valid. If one sees the robin, it appears distinct from its environment. The robin can only appear distinct from its environment if one perceives at least one property of it. But that one perceives an object in virtue of perceiving some of its properties does not yet imply that one perceives the object’s having the property. Consider an analogy: I can only touch an object if I touch a part of it. But that does not mean that I really touch a different object: the object’s having the part.