 Once we recognise that punishment can serve this communicative purpose, we can see how such accounts begin to answer the two questions that retributivists face. First, there is an obviously intelligible justificatory relationship between wrongdoing and condemnation: whatever puzzles there might be about other attempts to explain the idea of penal desert, the idea that it is appropriate to condemn wrongdoing is surely unpuzzling. Second, it is appropriate for the state to ensure that such censure is formally administered through the criminal justice system: if crimes are public wrongs, breaches of the political community’s authoritative code, then they merit public censure by the community. (For other examples of communicative accounts, see especially von Hirsch 1993: ch.2; Markel 2012. For critical discussion, see M. Davis 1991; Boonin 2008: 171–80; Hanna 2008; Matravers 2011a.)