 The other concern is that she has, at best, shown that one who embraces benevolence cannot consistently reject self-love. But this does not give us a positive argument for the rational egoist to accept benevolence. Jones does argue, in “Practical Dualism,” that as humans we are by nature empathetic, often, through an innate impulse, identifying our happiness with the happiness of others. While it may be possible to argue, on such a basis, that the mere possession of the concept of happiness makes us value it in others as much as we value it in ourselves, it remains the case that this is a psychological fact. While it may be so that we by nature are drawn to value in others what we value in ourselves, it does not follow that we rationally ought to do so simply because we do so—or even that we ought to do so—in our own case. 