This overview of the reception and use of the Greek and Arabic sources by ‘Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi in his Book on the Science of Metaphysics proves that, in the framework of al-Farabi’s awareness of the manifold nature of metaphysics—ontology, knowledge of causes, universal science, and divine science or theology—the return to the Ancients, and to Aristotle, declared by ‘Abd al-Latif to be necessary in his biography, was certainly not a return to the Aristotle of the Greek sources, linguistic access to which had by that time been lost for a couple of centuries. Rather it was a return to the Aristotle of his own tradition: that strongly Neoplatonized Aristotle of the origins of the Kindian falsafa. ‘Abd al-Latif’s treatise on metaphysics is in fact deeply rooted in the whole set of Greek works on first philosophy that had been translated or paraphrased into Arabic under the impulse and direction of al-Kindi: in al-Kindi as in ‘Abd al-Latif’s project where the knowledge of the causes comes to coincide with a natural theology that investigates the First Principle, the De Providentia of Alexander of Aphrodisias, Proclus’ Elements of Theology, and the last three of Plotinus’ Enneads constitute a natural development of book Lambda of the Metaphysics.