 Al-Ghazālī’s target is the “Aristotelian philosopher”, exemplified by Avicenna, who affirms strict causal necessitation relations between creaturely causes and their effects. A central motivation behind this criticism is to secure the possibility of miracles reported in the Qur’ân and the prophetic traditions that were considered impossible by these philosophers oriented towards “Aristotelianism” (TF 166; cf. Marmura 2005, 146).