 Why should it be thought that the language-user does not possess the relevant concepts? How could he grasp the rule if he did not possess the concepts required to spell it out? The point is not just that language-users are not aware of the beliefs in question. Not all unconscious mental states are nonconceptual, e.g., my having the belief that the earth revolves around the sun, often unconsciously, requires that I possess the concepts of which its content is composed. The point, rather, is that their representations of the linguistic rules are inferentially insulated from the rest of their beliefs and propositional attitudes, in a way that is fundamentally incompatible with the holistic nature of conceptual contents. This is also the case for representations at the early stages of visual processing. The representations whose function is to register zero-crossings for subsequent perceptual analysis, for example, operate independently of the person’s propositional attitudes, and so their content does not depend on the person’s conceptual repertoire.