 Aristotle |  Aristotle, General Topics: metaphysics |  Aristotle, Special Topics: natural philosophy |  Daoism |  Descartes, René |  Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: dialectics |  Kant, Immanuel |  Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on causality |  Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on morality |  Kant, Immanuel: and Leibniz |  Kant, Immanuel: critique of metaphysics |  Kant, Immanuel: philosophy of science |  Kant, Immanuel: transcendental arguments |  Kant, Immanuel: views on space and time |  Kepler, Johannes |  Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm |  Mendelssohn, Moses |  Newton, Isaac: views on space, time, and motion |  space and time: absolute and relational space and motion, post-Newtonian theories |  Spinoza, Baruch 