 In short, Dennett holds that AI is the attempt to explain intelligence, not by studying the brain in the hopes of identifying components to which cognition can be reduced, and not by engineering small information-processing units from which one can build in bottom-up fashion to high-level cognitive processes, but rather by – and this is why he says the approach is top-down – designing and implementing abstract algorithms that capture cognition. Leaving aside the fact that, at least starting in the early 1980s, AI includes an approach that is in some sense bottom-up (see the neurocomputational paradigm discussed above, in  Non-Logicist AI: A Summary;  and see, specifically, Granger’s (2004a, 2004b) work, hyperlinked in text immediately above, a specific counterexample), a fatal flaw infects Dennett’s view. Dennett sees the potential flaw, as reflected in: 