 A similar utilitarian thread ran through Huang Zongxi’s thought. He defined the existential mission of a Confucian profound person, junzi, to which everyone should aspire: “To bring peace to the country and to preserve society are the obligations of a junzi” (Huang MYDFL: 32). His learning was meant to form “the warp and the woof of heaven-and-earth” (jingwei tiandi), and so he criticized scholars for 