  Medical and mantic texts excavated from tombs make it clear that a wide range of longevity techniques had been developed before the Han dynasty (Harper 1998, 33). Most important is a corpus of medical manuscripts excavated from Mawangdui 馬王堆 (Changsha, Hubei), dated to 169 BCE. This tomb is best known for its two versions of the Daode jing, but it is meaningful to locate those texts among other texts of a scientific provenance found in the tomb (Harper 1998 and 2000, Ma Jixing 1992, Zhou Yimou 1994, Zhou  Yimou and Xiao Zuotai 1987).