 While the mass/count distinction is relatively pervasive, it is not clearly universal. Some (e.g. Sharvy 1978) have argued that Mandarin has no count nouns at all, and rather refers to individuals by imposing a measure or classifier on what are by default mass nouns. So, for example, ‘a cigarette’ (‘香烟’) is best understood as something like ‘a stick’s worth of cigarette-stuff.’ But others (e.g. Cheng &amp; Sybesma 1999, Cherchia 2010) have argued that we are to look for the +MASS/-COUNT distinction in the classifier system itself (cf Pelletier 2011 p30), while yet others argue that there just is no distinction between mass and count in Mandarin. In an opposite fashion, Whorf (1944) argued that Hopi has only count nouns, and Davis and Matthewson (2009) have argued that the Lillooet Salish language lacks mass nouns entirely.