 Historians point to another “renaissance” (i.e., another stage in the re-appropriation of the culture of antiquity) during the twelfth century. This “renaissance of the twelfth century” included a revival in the study of civil law, i.e., the Roman law as codified and digested by Justinian and his officials (the Corpus iuris civilis, 533/4),[21]  and this stimulated and influenced the study of canon law, beginning with Gratian’s  Decretum.[22] 