 Interestingly enough, not everyone thinks that such principles are necessary. Indeed, a few key figures in the field still assume that forward looking (remedial) responsibility is grounded in causal responsibility for the harm now deemed in need of a remedy. David Lyons (Lyons 2004) feels comfortable assuming that because the U.S. was causally responsibility for poverty and racism in the past, it now has a responsibility for doing everything that it can to create opportunities for the poor and minorities. David Schmidtz (Schmidtz 1998), who, in contrast to Lyons, takes the poor to be causally responsible for many of their own problems, also moves directly from causal to remedial responsibility. So, too, does Iris Young (Young 2011).