 Generalization, universality, and abstraction are also taken by others to be hallmarks of moral theory (Arras 1997: 74; 2003; Louden 1990). Even so, some philosophical approaches to moral and bioethical questions that do not satisfy all or even any of the criteria set out above are referred to as theories. For instance, moral particularism, which aspires neither to the formulation of generalizations nor to systemization  [2]  is sometimes referred to as a moral  theory.[3]  Further still, one might even hold that beyond the criteria listed above, moral theory employs a certain argumentative mode, with a certain tone and style (Louden 1992: 156; Nussbaum 2000: 239).