  Complex Deceptionists hold that, in addition to requiring an intention to deceive, lying requires the making of an untruthful assertion, as well as (or which therefore entails) a breach of trust or faith. Roderick Chisholm and Thomas Feehan hold that one is only making an assertion to another person if one makes a statement to another person and one believes that the conditions are such that the other person is justified in believing both that one believes one’s statement to be true and that one intends that the other person believe that one believes one’s statement to be true: “x asserts p to y =df x states p to y and does so under conditions which, he believes, justify y in believing that he, x, not only accepts p, but also intends to contribute causally to y’s believing that he, x, accepts p” (Chisholm and Feehan 1977, 152).  