 More recently, some biologists have argued that not only should species concepts be evaluated on how well they achieve particular epistemic aims, but also how well they satisfy certain non-epistemic values (Ludwig 2016, Conix 2019, Reydon and Ereshefsky 2022). For example, some biologists believe that if we want to preserve species from extinction, we are better off using the Biological Species Concept rather than Phylogentic Species Concepts (Frankham et al. 2012 and Zachos et al. 2013). (These species concepts were introduced and explained in Section 3 above.) These biologists reason as follows. Phylogenetic Species Concepts identify considerably more species taxa than the Biological Species Concept. Yet there is limited funding and resources for preserving species. If the Phylogenetic Species Concept is adopted, then funding and resources for preserving species will be spread too thinly. Moreover, the Phylogenetic Species Concepts tend to identify more species with small populations. Those small species are less likely to survive than the larger species identified by the Biological Species Concept. Thus, these biologists are using the value of preserving biodiversity (which is a non-epistemic value) to choose which species concept to accept. 