 Furthermore, some argue that any psychological harm that does arise is likely socially constructed. As evidence, they point to studies showing that individuals who are unaware that they were donor-conceived do no worse than their peers when it comes to psychological wellbeing (Melo-Martín 2014; Haslanger 2009). Consequently, they argue that any psychological harms experienced by donor-conceived individuals arise in virtue of the social importance placed on biological ties rather than any ‘necessary’ deficit arising from being reared by individuals who are not genetic relations. Similar arguments have also been raised in response to Velleman’s views regarding the value of contact with genetic relations for self-knowledge (Haslanger 2009). 