 Persecution and Exile (1975–1983). Following the military lead coup d’état against María Estela Martínez Perón in March of 1976, there began a period called the “dirty war,” which was in fact a form of “state terrorism,” that included the persecution and assassination of philosophers affiliated with the nascent movement of the philosophy of liberation. Due to their persecution, many went into exile, moving to Canada, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela. One of the consequences of this persecution was that hitherto Argentine project of a Latin American philosophy of liberation was brought to other parts of Latin America, making it into a continental project. However, the Latin American dictatorships of the sixties and the Cold War in general, had directly influenced internal debates about the “who” of Latin American philosophy, and consequently had polarizing and decisive effects for how liberation was understood. The role of populism and nationalism in defining the task of philosophy became a litmus test. In 1980, the AFYL (Asociación Filosofia y Liberación [Philosophy and Liberation Association]), was established in Bogotá, Colombia, and it become a major vehicle for organizing congresses, round tables, and sessions at international philosophy congresses.