 One exciting aspect about working in philosophy of neuroscience or neurophilosophy is the continual element of surprise. Both fields depend squarely on developments in neuroscience, and one simply has no inkling what’s coming down the pike in that incredibly fast-moving science. Last year’s speculative fiction is this year’s scientific reality. But this feature makes a once-a-half decade updated encyclopedia entry difficult to manage. The scientific details philosophers were reflecting on at past updates can now read woefully dated. Yet one also wants to capture some history of the ongoing fields. Our solution to this dilemma has been to keep previous discussions, to reflect that history, but to add more recent scientific and philosophical updates, not only to sections of this entry added at later times, but also peppered through the earlier discussions. It’s not always a perfect solution, but it does preserve something of the history of the philosophy of neuroscience and neurophilosophy against the continual advances in the sciences these philosophical fields depend upon. 