 Secondly, we could claim that “…causes…” is an intensional context, which does not allow the substitution of co-referring terms without a change of truth-value (see Anscombe 1975; Achinstein 1975, 1983; and McDermott 1995). By way of explanation: names of events are uncontroversially not intersubstitutable within quotation marks. From “‘Caesar’s crossing the Rubicon’ has four words” and “Caesar’s crossing the Rubicon = The start of the Roman Civil War”, we cannot conclude “‘The start of the Roman Civil War’ has four words”. If we think that flanking the verb “to cause” is like appearing within quotation marks in this way, then we can likewise reject the inference from “Turning on the hotplate caused the ball’s heating” and “The ball’s heating = the ball’s rotation” to “Turning on the hotplate caused the ball’s rotation”.