 Gärdenfors (1988) expressed the Ramsey Test in more formal terms. Where \(K\) denotes an agent’s set of beliefs and \(K \ast A\) the operation of changing \(K\) on the supposition of \(A,\) \(A &gt; C \in K\) if and only if \(C \in K \ast A.\) In the wake of work by Rott (1986), Andreas and Günther suggest strengthening the Ramsey Test as follows: