 Stanford (2006, 2015) proposes a historicized version of the argument from underdetermination, suggesting that the history of science reveals a recurring “problem of unconceived alternatives”: typically, at any given time, there are theories that do not occur to scientists but which are just as well confirmed by the available evidence as those that are, in fact, accepted; furthermore, over time, such unconceived theories often supplant the theories adopted by historical actors as the relevant science develops. (For discussions and evaluations of this challenge, see Chakravartty 2008; Godfrey-Smith 2008; Magnus 2010; Lyons 2013; Mizrahi 2015: 139–146; and Egg 2016; cf. Wray 2008 and Khalifa 2010 on the related notion of “underconsideration”, as described by Lipton 1993, [1991] 2004: 151–163.)