 6. There is a complex pattern of liability for multiple cause cases involving actions: First, in ordinary, garden-variety concurrent cause cases (two or more factors individually necessary and only jointly sufficient for some harm), there is commonly liability even though the defendant’s act is but one of many causal factors producing a harm and such liability is full (“joint and several”) individual liability of such co-causing joint tort-feasors in torts and co-causing principals in criminal law. Second, in the symmetrical overdetermination variety of concurrent cause cases (where two or more factors are individually sufficient and only jointly necessary for some harm), there is universally liability where the acts of each of two or more culpable defendants is independently sufficient (and thus not individually necessary) for the harm, and there is almost always liability where the sufficient condition alternative to the defendant’s action is not the act of another human agent but is a natural event or condition such as an avalanche. Third, there is also liability in mixed cases (“mixed” between overdetermination and garden variety concurrent cause cases in that there are three or more factors, any two of which are sufficient for the harm, meaning no factor is individually necessary for that harm; Johnson 2016). Fourth, there is also liability in asymmetrical overdetermination concurrent cause cases, these being cases where one factor is sufficient and other factors are neither individually necessary nor individually sufficient, such liability uniformly being imposed for the big cause (the sufficient factor) and non-uniformly and inconsistently being imposed for the little causes (the insufficient and unnecessary factors; Wright 1985b). Fifth, in the pre-emptive variety of multiple cause cases (where one sufficient factor pre-empts another equally sufficient factor from operating on this occasion), there is liability for the pre-empting sufficient factor but there is no liability for the pre-empted sufficient factor.