 abduction |  artifact |  Bayes’ Theorem |  conditionals: counterfactual |  confirmation |  determinism: causal |  Duhem, Pierre |  epistemology: Bayesian |  epistemology: social |  evolution |  genetics |  genetics: molecular |  incommensurability: of scientific theories |  Kuhn, Thomas |  logic: inductive |  Mill, John Stuart |  molecular biology |  Popper, Karl |  scientific realism 