 In response to the events above, a new field identifying as meta-science (or meta-research) has become established over the last decade (Munafò et al. 2017). Munafò et al. define meta-science as “the scientific study of science itself” (2017: 1). In October 2015, Ioannidis, Fanelli, Dunne, and Goodman identified over 800 meta-science papers published in the five-month period from January to May that year, and estimated that the relevant literature was accruing at the rate of approximately 2,000 papers each year. Referring to the same bodies of work with slightly different terms, Ioannidis et al. define “meta-research” as 