 As Hansen describes in his comparison between Xunzi’s and Zhuangzi’s views, there are at least two contrastive approaches to emotions in early Chinese philosophy. According to Xunzi’s Confucian approach, emotions are understood as the manifestations of human nature and the developmental potential of virtue. According to Zhuangzi’s Daoist approach, however, the ontological foundation and moral cultivation of emotions are neither important nor necessary in understanding and feeling emotions. Emotions are spontaneously and naturally arising feelings that we should not attempt to judge and modify for the sake of human nature, moral norms or social conventions.