  Two points emerge from these remarks. One is that the familiar account of the justification/excuse distinction should be rejected. The second is that a bipartite classification of criminal defences obscures distinctions we have reason to make. Some respond by distinguishing denials of responsibility (like insanity) from excuses (like duress), and distinguishing both from justifications (like self-defence and necessity). Excuses and justifications, so understood, are both assertions of responsibility and denials of culpability. Justified actors have undefeated reasons for their actions. Excused actors live up to reasonable expectations despite lacking such reasons (Gardner 2007, 91–139; Simester 2012, 99–108). Though this tripartite classification is an improvement, some maintain that further distinctions should be drawn (Duff 2007, 263–298; Simester 2012). Just how numerous the categories of criminal defence are (or ought to be) is a topic for future work.