 Developmental Systems Theory (Oyama, Griffiths, &amp; Gray 2001), Evolutionary developmental biology (“evo-devo”) (Moczek et al. 2015), and a Post-genomic Synthesis in Behavior and Cognition Research (Stotz 2008) also argue for attention to extended inheritance, which includes transmission not only of epigenetic modifications, but also of resources outside the organism, such as when reptiles lay their eggs in places that ensure the right temperature for incubation. This last example also fits under the ambit of Niche Construction theory (Odling-Smee et al. 2003). This field investigates the significance of organisms shaping the ecological context in which they develop their traits, survive, and reproduce, as epitomized by beavers living in the ecosystem of ponds formed by the dams that they build and maintain. (Whether or not epigenetic and extra-organismal resources have the same causal status as genes is a matter of philosophical debate beyond the scope of this entry; see Waters 2007; Stotz 2006; Griffiths &amp; Stotz 2013; entry on  inheritance systems,  and  section 7  below.)