 The examples discussed above included pharmaceuticals that are already approved for use, existing brain imaging techniques and invasive neurotherapies. But practical neuroethical concerns, and some theoretical concerns, are highly dependent upon the details of technologies. For example, adaptive DBS or aDBS, which “closes the loop” by concurrently stimulating and recording from neural tissue, and automatically adjusting stimulation based on the state of the brain, raises more pressing and somewhat different concerns about agency and autonomy than does regular DBS (see, e.g. Goering et al., 2017). Several technologies are already on the horizon that are bound to raise some new neuroethical questions, or old questions in new guises. One of the most powerful new tools in the research neuroscientist’s arsenal is “optogenetics”, a method of transfecting brain cells with genetically engineered proteins that make the cell responsive to light of specific wavelengths (Diesseroth, 2011). The cells can then be activated or silenced by shining light upon them, allowing for cell-specific external control. Optogenetics has been successfully used in many model organisms, including rats, and work is underway to use optogenetics in monkeys. One may presume it is only a matter of time before it will be developed for use in humans. The method promises to provide precise control of specific neural populations and relatively noninvasive targeted treatments for diseases. It promises to raise the kind of neuroethical issues raised by many mechanisms that intervene on brain function: Questions of harm, of authenticity, and the prospect of brain cells being controlled by someone other than the agent himself (Gilbert, 2014; Adamczyk &amp; Zawadzki, 2020). A second technique, CRISPR, allows powerful targeted gene editing. Although not strictly a neuroscientific technique, it can be used on neural cells to effect brain changes at the genetic level (Canli, 2015). Genetic engineering might make possible neural gene therapies and designer babies, making real consequences of the genetic revolution thus far only imagined.