In the 1950s and 60s, several philosophers argued that the event-causal framework is incoherent. Their main argument was the so called “logical connection argument”, which says, very roughly, that the relation between mental attitudes and actions cannot be causal, because the connection between them is logical, conceptual, or in some sense non-contingent (Hampshire 1959; Melden 1961; Kenny 1963, for instance). It is widely agreed now that this attack was unsuccessful (the most influential reply is due to Davidson 1963; see also Goldman 1970: 109–116).[16] Shortly after that another challenge emerged, which turned out to be the most serious and most persistent problem for the standard theory and the event-causal framework: the problem of deviant causal chains.