 James’ doctrine of seminal reasons would elicit considerable criticism in the early fourteenth century and beyond (Phelps 1980). The initial reaction came from Dominicans. Bernard of Auvergne wrote a series of Impugnationes (i.e., refutations) contra Jacobum de Viterbio (see Pattin 1962 and Côté 2016), attacking various aspects of James’ metaphysics, including his theory of seminal reasons; and John of Naples later argued against James’ distinction between the potency of matter and matter  tout court.  James’ theory also encountered resistance from within the Augustinian Order, e.g., from Alphonsus Vargas of Toledo. Even arts masters entered the fray. The Milanese arts master Maino de Maineri devoted a lengthy section of one of his questions in his question-commentary on Averroes’ De substantia orbis dating from 1315–1317 to a presentation and rebuttal of James’ theory of natural change (see Côté 2019). 