 The development of conceptual role semantics may seem to provide an answer to these questions: what it is for Julian to believe that P is for Julian to be in a state that has causal and counterfactual relations to other beliefs and desires that mirror certain inferential, evidential, and practical (action-directed) relations among propositions with those formal structures (Field 1980; Loar 1981; Block 1986). This proposal raises a number of important questions. One is whether states capable of entering into such interrelations can (must?) be construed as being, or including elements of, a “language of thought” (Fodor 1975; Harman 1973; Field 1980; Loar 1981). Another is whether idiosyncracies in the inferential or practical proclivities of different individuals make for differences in (or incommensurabilities between) their intentional states. (This question springs from a more general worry about the holism of functional specification, which will be discussed more generally in Section 5.1.)