A classical mechanical system can be described using a phase space \(\Gamma\) with points denoted by \(\gamma\). A classical property \(P\) is a collection of points \(\PC\) from the phase space, and can be conveniently described by an indicator function \(P(\gamma)\) which is equal to 1 if \(\gamma \in \PC\) and 0 otherwise. It will cause no confusion to use \(P\) for both the property and its indicator function. The negation \(\lnot P\) of a property \(P\) corresponds to the complement \(\PC^c\) of the set \(\PC\), consisting of points in \(\Gamma\) that are not in \(\PC\). Its indicator is \(I-P\), where the identity indicator \(I(\gamma) =1\) for all \(\gamma\). For example, the phase space of a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator is the real plane with a point \(\gamma = (x,p)\) indicating that the particle is at \(x\) and has momentum \(p\). The property that its energy