 Church was never a member of the Vienna Circle and neither were Kleene nor Rosser (an ocean separated them from Vienna); nor did they show particular sympathy for the Circle and its aims. Church was, however, appreciative of the work of Carnap in particular (cf. Church’s [1939a] review of Carnap’s Foundations of Logic and Mathematics [1939]). But commenting on Carnap’s Circle-inspired view that the sole task of philosophy is semantical analysis, Church remarked that this “represents an extreme view” (1943a). Church adds that, nonetheless, the importance of semantical investigations to philosophy should not be underestimated.