  The aim of these practices certainly appears eugenic, though without an obviously coercive structure, and presumably directed at benefiting the individual family rather than the state. The profession of genetic counseling, started in the 1990s, provides prospective parents with detailed information about the meaning of the tests, and the opportunity for discussion of test results. In part due to concerns about eugenic overtones, genetic counseling is built on a policy of “non-directiveness” to ensure that the reproductive autonomy of prospective parents is respected. That tenet of genetic counseling has been challenged by scholars on grounds that it is impossible (Clarke 2017) and that it is undesirable (Davis 2010; Dietz and Reynolds 2021).