  On the first approach precedents operate by laying down rules which later courts are then bound to apply to the facts before them.  (For versions of this view, see Raz 1979; MacCormick 1978 (especially 82–6, 213–28) and 1987; Alexander 1989; and Schauer 1989, 469–71 and 1991,  174–87.[7])  In holding that (i)–(iii) were the crucial facts for the resolution of the case, the court is creating a rule that whenever trust property is transferred in breach of trust to a volunteer (i.e., one who does not pay for the property), the volunteer must restore the property to the beneficiary. The case decides a particular dispute, but the court creates a rule to deal with that type of dispute and applies it to the case at hand. On this view, then, precedents are akin to statutes in that they lay down rules which apply to later cases whose facts satisfy the conditions for application.