 One such understanding stresses the relation between possessing concepts and being able to justify certain canonical judgments involving that concept, going on to argue that providing justifications is a paradigmatically linguistic activity—a matter of identifying and articulating the reasons for a given classification, inference or judgment (McDowell 1994a). If this is the case, then nonlinguistic and prelinguistic creatures will not be able to possess concepts and those representations we attribute to them in explaining their behavior will have to be nonconceptual. However, there is a variety of possible responses to this argument. It might be objected, for example, that possessing a given concept simply requires being able to make de facto justified judgments involving that concept rather than being able to justify judgments involving that concept. Or it might be objected that the ability to justify judgments involving some concept is not necessarily linguistic, since it is possible to identify the justification for a judgment without engaging in communication.