 It is tempting to think that even if light drinking or drug use poses only a small teratogenic risk, women are morally obligated to refrain from it. For instance, Elizabeth Harman (1999) claims that any smoking during a pregnancy one plans to carry to term is “morally impermissible”, and Gilmore (2008) argues that women who are or might become pregnant ought to abstain from drinking any alcohol. But we cannot, of course, ask pregnant women to abstain completely from all voluntary activities carrying some fetal risk, for they would be paralyzed into inactivity (which would itself come with some risk). Indeed, we are not nearly so draconian in our attitudes towards other, more clearly risky behaviors during pregnancy, such as driving a car. Elizabeth Armstrong (2003) and Janet Golden (2006) have argued that widespread social anxiety over Fetal Alcohol Syndrome constitutes a ‘moral panic’ over mothers engaging in what we imagine as self-indulgent or decadent behavior, rather than an evidence-based response to risk. Focusing on the consumption of alcohol or drugs as a particularly pernicious form of risk-taking seems to have more to do with images and ideologies of maternal self-sacrifice, purity, and decadence than with rational concern for fetal well-being. The failure of extreme risk-aversion strategies to reliably decrease harmful behaviours and contribute to positive health outcomes for pregnant women and their fetuses should lead practitioners and researchers toward alternative approaches to understanding, communicating about, and managing risks for pregnant women (Ballantyne et al. 2016). Alternative approaches call for clearer understanding of fetal risk among both clinicians and policy makers, and explicit consideration of the social and political values that shape current forms of risk management in pregnant women. (Minkoff and Marshall 2016).