 To replace Rupert’s notion of integration as a criterion for determining which sets of mechanisms constitute a cognitive system, De Brigard points to two promising recent developments in network neuroscience which potentially allow for parametrized time. “Scaled inclusivity” is a method for examining each node in a network and identifying its membership in “community structures” across different iterations of the network. “Temporal-dynamic network analyses” is a way to quantify changes in community structures or modules between networks at different time points. Both methods thereby identify “modular alliances”, which convey both co-activation and dynamic change information in a single model. De Brigard suggests that these are thus the candidates with which cognitive systems could be identified.