 This, then, leads directly to Bayesian probability theory. While the Bayesian approach is undoubtedly more rigorous than appeals to IBE, few teleological arguments are presented in these terms. For a contrast between IBE and Bayesianism, see  abduction.  For an important recent critique of theistic design arguments in Bayesian terms, see (Sober 2009), and the reply by (Kotzen (2012), and Jantzen’s response (2014b).