 Gaṅgeśa apparently accepts the Nyāya-sūtra’s definition, 1.1.7: “Testimony is the (true) statement of an trustworthy expert” (Vātsyāyana 1997: 14), which indicates certification conditions centering on the speaker. He focuses, however, on the conditions wrapped up in what it is to be a (true) statement from the hearer’s point of view. The condition known as yogyatā, usually rendered “semantic fit,” is given by him a broad interpretation, where not only infelicitous statements such as “The gardener is watering the plants with fire,” are violations, as is commonly pointed out, but also the hearer’s knowing that the speaker is not an āpta, that the sounds are, for example, from a parrot.