 We now take a moment to comment on the similarities and differences between action models and Kripke models. To begin, both are labeled directed graphs (consisting of labeled nodes and labeled edges pointing between the nodes). A node of a Kripke model (a “world”) is labeled by the propositional letters that are true at the world; in contrast, a node of an action model (an “event”) is labeled by a single formula that is to be announced if the event occurs. However, in both cases, agent uncertainty is represented using the same “considered possibilities” approach. In the case of Kripke models, an agent considers various possibilities for the world that might be actual; in the case of action models, an agent considers various possibilities for the event that might actually occur. The key insight behind action models, as put forward by Baltag, Moss, and Solecki (1998), is that these two uncertainties can be represented using similar graph-theoretic structures. We can therefore leverage our experience working with Kripke models when we need to devise new action models that describe complex communicative actions. In particular, to construct an action model for a given action, all we must do is break up the action into a number of simple announcement events and then describe the agents’ respective uncertainties among these events in the appropriate way so as to obtain the desired action. The difficulty, of course, is in determining the exact uncertainty relationships. However, this determination amounts to inserting the appropriate agent arrows between possible events, and doing this requires the same kind of reasoning as that which we used in the construction of Kripke models meeting certain basic or higher-order knowledge constraints. We demonstrate this now by way of example, constructing a few important action models along the way. 