 Olivi explicitly rejects two competing views that give God a more central role in causal processes. According to one view, defended mainly by Dominicans, God contributes to the causal process indirectly, by applying created causes to their actions. The other view, favored by Franciscan authors such as John Duns Scotus and William Ockham, God acts as a co-cause that brings about the effect together with the created cause (Schmutz 2001). Olivi claims that both of these have problematic consequences when they are applied to sinful actions of humans—in particular to the original sin, which is the explicit topic of question 116 of the second book of his Summa, where he develops his position. Unsurprisingly, he wants to keep God clear from all moral responsibility for our sins.