 Royce maintained that the logic of volition, pursued far enough, compels us to embrace precisely these lost causes as our own. In the course of his extended debate with James over the adequacy of pragmatism as a doctrine, Royce came to accept many of James’s principles. One, inspired by James’s well-known essay “The Will to Believe,” is that any philosophical view is at bottom an expression of individual volition. Given the fact of our existence in the world, we must first decide how we are to approach that world, and then develop our philosophical theories accordingly. A second principle that Royce adopted is the pragmatist view of truth: truth is the property possessed by those ideas that succeed in the long run. Royce’s main disagreements with other versons of pragmatism concern the way these two principles are typically understood. Royce maintained that although there are several possible attitudes of the will that one might adopt toward the world (including Schopenhauer’s “will to live” and its opposite, resignation) only one — loyalty to the ideal of an ultimate truth — is correct. The other possible attitudes of the will are self-refuting. He accordingly referred to his own position as “Absolute Voluntarism” (Royce 1913 [2001, 349]). Royce offered a similar argument concerning the pragmatist notion of truth (Royce 1913 [2001, 279]). Explicitly adopting one of Peirce’s concepts, Royce argues that to define truth using any conception of “the long run” — short of the ideal end of inquiry — is self-refuting. Given the apparent finality of this argument (which is, again, a variation of the Argument from Error) Royce called his position “Absolute Pragmatism.”