 This has led a number of philosophers to argue that, on pain of circularity, deflationism cannot be combined with theories of meaning that make use of the notion of truth to explain meaning – in other words, that deflationism is incompatible with truth-conditional theories of meaning. This assessment of deflationism stems from Dummett’s (1959 [1978, 7]) claim that the (T)-sentences (or the instances of any other version of (ES)) cannot both tell us what the sentences they nominalize mean and give us an account of ‘true’. As Horwich (1998a, 68) puts it, “we would be faced with something like a single equation and two unknowns” (cf. Davidson 1990, 1996; Horwich 1998b, Kalderon 1999, Collins 2002).