 Indeed, HD-confirmation yields a substantially different reading of Nicod’s insight as compared to Hempel’s theory (Okasha 2011 has an important discussion of this distinction). Here is how it goes. If object \(a\) is assumed to have been taken among ravens—so that, crucially, the auxiliary assumption \(k = raven(a)\) is made—and \(a\) is checked for color and found to be black, then, yes, the latter evidence, \(black(a)\), HD-confirms that all ravens are black \((h)\) relative to \(k\). By the same token, \(\neg black(a)\) HD-disconfirms \(h\) relative to the same assumption \(k = raven(a)\). And, again, this is as it should be, in line with Nicod’s mention of “the absence of \(G\) [here, non-black as evidence] in a case of \(F\) [here, raven as an auxiliary assumption]”. It is also true that an object that is found not to be a raven HD-confirms \(h\), but only relative to \(k = \neg black(a)\), that is, if \(a\) is assumed to have been taken among non-black objects to begin with; and this seems acceptable too (after all, while sampling from non-black objects, one might have found the counterinstance of a raven, but didn’t). Unlike Hempel’s theory, moreover, HD-confirmation does not yield the debatable implication that, by itself (that is, given \(k = \top\)), the observation of a non-raven \(a\), \(\neg raven(a)\), must confirm \(h\).