 Reliance on probabilistic ideas is even more explicit in the standard “preponderance of the evidence”—also called “balance of probabilities”—which governs decisions in civil disputes. This standard can be interpreted as the requirement that the plaintiff—the party making the complaint against the defendant—establish its version of the facts with greater than probability of .5. The .5 threshold, as opposed to a more stringent threshold of .95 for criminal cases, reflects the fact that preponderance is less demanding than proof beyond a reasonable doubt. The intermediate standard “clear and convincing evidence” is more stringent than the preponderance standard but not as stringent as the beyond a reasonable doubt standard. Since it lies in between the other two, it can be interpreted as the requirement that the plaintiff establish its versions of the facts with, say, probability at the level of .75-.8.