 In the third section of the tenth chapter of Treatise on the Five Teachings of Huayan, Fazang offers eight theses on dharmas as dependently-arisen causes. Four theses concern dharmas with respect to their different substance (dharmas as they relate to all other dharmas): each dharma includes all others, is included within all others, determines the identity of all others, and has its identity determined by all others. The remaining four concern dharmas with respect to their same substance (dharmas as they relate to the totality of the dharma-realm of dependent arising): each dharma includes the totality of dharmas, is included within the totality, determines the identity of the totality, and has its identity determined by the totality. 