  Elizabeth Anderson, in two long essays (2002, 2004), bookending the Grutter decision, makes a thorough and cogent case for putting racial integration at the center of conceptions of affirmative action. The diversity argument is insufficient, she writes. “Considered as a purely cognitive end, divorced from the values of democracy and social justice, the ‘robust exchange of ideas’ cannot support the scope of racial preferences in college admissions” (Anderson 2002, 1221). She goes on: