 In his studies of inductive reasoning, Hempel (1960, 1962a, 1966b) discusses the ambiguity of induction, which arises because incompatible conclusions can appear to be equally-well supported by inductive arguments, where all the premises of both arguments are true. This problem has no analogue for deductive arguments: inconsistent conclusions cannot be validly derived from consistent premises, even if they are false. Inconsistent conclusions can receive inductive support from consistent premises, however, even when they are all true. Consider Hempel’s illustration of conflicting predictions for a patient’s recovery: