 As a theory of political obligation, divine command faces two general problems. First, it presupposes the existence of divinity of some sort; and second, the commands of the divine being(s) are not always clear. It is one thing to know that we should give to Caesar what is Caesar’s and to God what is God’s, for example, and quite another to know what exactly is Caesar’s due. For Christians, however, the main challenge was to reconcile Paul’s text with the uncomfortable fact that rulers were often hostile to Christianity – or, with the rise of Protestantism in the sixteenth century, hostile to what one took to be true Christianity. To this challenge, one response was simply to hold that hostile or vicious rulers must be endured, for God must have given them power as a sign of His displeasure with a wicked people. Other responses, though, made room for disobedience.