 Another worry for functionalism is the “causal exclusion problem”, introduced in section 3.4: the worry about whether role functionalism can account for what we take to be the causal efficacy of our mental states (Malcolm 1968, Kim 1989, 1998). For example, if pain is realized in me by some neural state-type, then insofar as there are purely physical law-like generalizations linking states of that type with pain behavior, one can give a complete causal explanation of my behavior by citing the occurrence of that neural state (and the properties by virtue of which it figures in those laws). And thus, some have argued, the higher-level role properties of that state—its being a pain—are causally irrelevant.