where e is thought of as the kicking event. Such a representation is called neo-Davidsonian, acknowledging Donald Davidson's advocacy of the view that verbs tacitly introduce existentially quantified events (Davidson 1967a). The prefix neo- indicates that all arguments and adjuncts are represented in terms of thematic roles, which was not  part of Davidson's proposal but is developed, for example, in (Parsons 1990). (Parsons attributes the idea of thematic roles to the 4th century BCE Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini.) One advantage of this style of representation is that it absolves the writer of the interpretive rules from the vexing task of distinguishing verb complements, to be incorporated into the argument structure of the verb, from adjuncts, to be used to add modifying information. For example, it is unclear in (3.1) whether to the fence should be treated as supplying an argument of kick, or whether it merely modifies the action of John kicking the ball. Perhaps most linguists would judge the latter answer to be correct (because an object can be kicked without the intent of propelling it to a goal location), but intuitions are apt to be ambivalent for at least one of a set of verbs such as dribble, kick, maneuver, move and transport.