  Secondly, medical works, like other scientific works, were classified as technical specialties, distinct from generalist works, including the “Masters” texts associated with Chinese philosophy (Raphals 2008–2009, forthcoming). Medicine and its related disciplines appear in the last section of the Bibliographic Treatise (chapter 30) of the Standard History of the Han Dynasty (Han shu). This Treatise consists of six sections. The first two (“Six Classics” and “Masters”) contain philosophical works. The last two are technical: “Numbers and Techniques” (Shu shu 數術), and “Recipes and Methods” (Fang ji 方技). The latter includes works on medicine and longevity, including the categories of medical classics (yi jing 醫經), classical recipes (jing fang 經方), sexual arts (fang zhong 房中, also referred to as “arts of the bedchamber”), and immortality practices (shen xian 神仙). These chapters reflect the concerns and expertise of the technical and ritual specialists closely associated with the “Recipe Masters” (fang shi 方士) associated with the Han court. But their concerns also appear in early philosophical texts to such an extent that any separation of their philosophical from their religious and technical content is arbitrary and artificial (Harper 1998 and 1999; Kalinowski 2004).