 Vitoria’s basic ecclesiology was traditional, identifying the ecclesia as the “congregation of the faithful”. When heretics left this community, they did so like deserters from an army. The Church received its power from Christ, which was distinct from that of lay regimes, in order to promote good and resist evil. The priesthood of the New Law superseded that of the Old Law. The Church’s power had two aspects: orders and jurisdiction. Orders involved the sacraments, especially the eucharist and penance. Jurisdiction included spiritual censures inflicted on erring believers. By divine command, the Church was a “perfect” community, that is, one which was able to defend itself and punish iniquity.