 Negative universal (particular) conditionals express the fact the consequent does not necessarily follow from the antecedent (luzūmī) or is not true together with the antecedent (ittifāqī) at any (some) times and under any (some) circumstances. They are equivalent to affirmative conditionals of the same quantity with a contradictory consequent and express the dual relation of dependency (or togetherness) of the contradictory of the consequent with respect to the antecedent at all (some) times and under all (some) circumstances. For example, a universal negative conditional of the form “Never, if A is B, then C is D” is logically equivalent to “Always, if A is B, then C is not D”. Negative conditional statements may express absence of a luzūmī connection (as in “Never, if man exists, then void does not exist”) or absence of an ittifāqī connection (as in “Never, if man exists, then void exists”) (Qiyās V.5, 279.1–283.9).