 Discussion of the brains-in-a-vat hypothesis has been extensive. Early contributions by Brueckner 1986, 1992; David 1991; Ebbs 1992; Forbes 1995 reconstruct Putnam’s argument and assess it from a realist perspective. Important defences of the BIVA are provided by Wright 1992b; Tymoczko 1989; Button 2013, 2015. Some recent discussions bring Bayesian [Huemer 2016] or psychological [Jackson 2015] considerations to bear on Putnam’s BIV hypothesis. A valuable collection of essays is Goldberg 2015.