 One problem facing imagistic and cartographic theories of thought is that propositional attitudes are often logically complex (e.g., John believes that if Plácido Domingo does not sing then either Gustavo Dudamel will conduct or the concert will be cancelled). Images and maps do not seem to support logical operations: the negation of a map is not a map; the disjunction of two maps is not a map; similarly for other logical operations; and similarly for images. Given that images and maps do not support logical operations, theories that analyze thought in exclusively imagistic or cartographic terms will struggle to explain logically complex propositional  attitudes.[4]