  One aspect of the apparent paradox is precisely parallel to that arising with some of the potential counterexamples to the LNC arising in Western thought. In various Buddhist and Jainist systems of thought, the apparent endorsement of Fa &amp; ¬Fa (or, in propositional terms, Φ ∧ ¬Φ) is upon closer examination qualified in precisely the way foreseen by the codicils in Aristotle's statement of the law: From a certain viewpoint, Φ (e.g. Nirvana exists); from a certain viewpoint, ¬Φ (e.g. Nirvana does not exist). (Compare the observation of Jainists two millennia ago that “S is P” and “S is not P” can both be true from different standpoints; cf. Raju 1954: 698–701; Balcerowicz 2003.)