  Later, Karpowicz et al. mention not the physical components “necessary” for the dignity-grounding capacities, but rather those “especially associated” or “closely connected” with the dignity-grounding capacities. This raises the possibility that the physical capacities at issue are those sufficient for the possession of the dignity-grounding capacities. But research that confers the physical capacities sufficient for the possession of the dignity-grounding capacities ipso facto confers the dignity-grounding capacities themselves, in which case the research has not diminished or eliminated the dignity-grounding capacities of the animal research subject. Quite the opposite, the research secured those capacities for the subject (Palacios-González 2015, 493).  More generally, the proponents of the human dignity argument face a dilemma that limits their argument’s relevance. On the one hand, if the introduction of human stem cells into a non-human confers dignity-grounding capacities onto an animal that would otherwise not have them, then the charge that such research diminishes or eliminates those capacities is false. On the other hand, if the introduction does not confer dignity-grounding capacities, then the charge that such research diminishes or eliminates those capacities is also false, as the capacities were never there to begin with.