 Alternatively, a compatibilist can attack the portrayal of memory suggested by the argument. Here, one might claim that Oscar’s memory content is partly determined not by the Earthly environment in which the memory was formed. Rather, memory content is conditioned by the environment in which recall occurs (Ludlow 1995a; 1996; 1999; Gibbons 1996; Tye 1998; Bernecker 1998). This means that, even if knowledge of a water thought was initially stored in memory, what is “recalled” on Twin Earth is a twin water thought. If so, then a slow switch causes a kind of memory failure, since the knowledge initially stored in memory is not what is recalled. (N.B., memories of second-order thoughts are the most dialectically relevant here, though the literature often uses first-order memories as examples, cf. Kraay 2002.)