 Yet (TW) should be distinguished from epistemic closure, as discussed by some anti-skeptics (e.g., Dretske 1970). Some compatibilists think that the reductio also exemplifies a failure of epistemic closure (see Bernecker 2000, Hale 2000, Sawyer 2006, although see Sawyer 2015 for a “contrastive” account that upholds closure). Regardless, transmission failure is a different affair, if only because epistemic closure concerns “knowledge” rather than “warrant.” Nevertheless, warrant transmission differs even from the “closure of warrant,” characterized as follows: