 A better model of the radical skepticism here considered is the “ascriptivist” views that Herbert Hart once held (but later repudiated). In a famous analysis of our usage of the causative verbs of action such as “A hit B”, Hart urged that we describe no natural relations (such as that A caused there to be contact on B’s body), but rather we ascribe responsibility to A for the contact on B’s body. (Hart 1949) If this bit of pre-Austin speech act analysis were true, then causatives (and analogously, more explicit words of causation) would only be the labels used to express conclusions about responsibility. Such words would not name real relations that could be the justifying grounds for attributing responsibility to someone.