 Matthew Hanser underlines an issue raised by all of the proposals sketched in this part 3.3.2. Does an act that causes a person to endure even serious hardship necessarily harm that person even if we agree that person suffers harm (in a non-comparative sense)? Hanser’s own view is that an act harms a person only if the agent stands in some “appropriate relation” to the harm that is suffered, where that relation will involve a counterfactual element and accordingly may not obtain if the suffering is due to a genetic disease or disorder (Hanser 2009). While Hanser puts the point in terms of harm, it could be extended to the notion of wronging without harming that Steinbock suggests. 