 Within the non-experimental literature, philosophers have appealed to a wide variety of arguments to help resolve this question. Although many of these arguments do not directly involve people’s intuitions about cases (Brown 2013a; see also Fantl &amp; McGrath 2009; Hawthorne 2004), some specifically rely on the empirical claim that people would be more willing to attribute knowledge when the stakes are low than when the stakes are high (DeRose 1992). Among philosophers who accept this empirical claim, there has been considerable debate about precisely how to explain the purported impact of stakes (DeRose 1992; Hawthorne 2004; Rysiew 2001; Stanley 2005). 