 adaptationism |  biology: philosophy of |  creationism |  developmental biology: evolution and development |  essential vs. accidental properties |  evolution |  fitness |  -->individuals and individuation--> |  laws of nature |  natural selection |  natural selection: units and levels of |  scientific explanation |  Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century |  Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century |  species |  teleology: teleological notions in biology |  Whewell, William 