 Aristotle, General Topics: metaphysics |  Arnauld, Antoine |  Astell, Mary |  Conway, Lady Anne |  Descartes, René |  Descartes, René: and the pineal gland |  Descartes, René: epistemology |  Descartes, René: ethics |  Descartes, René: life and works |  Descartes, René: mathematics |  Descartes, René: modal metaphysics |  Descartes, René: ontological argument |  Descartes, René: physics |  Descartes, René: theory of ideas |  Desgabets, Robert |  dualism |  Elisabeth, Princess of Bohemia |  feminist philosophy, interventions: history of philosophy |  Gassendi, Pierre |  German Philosophy: in the 18th century, prior to Kant |  Hume, David |  Kant, Immanuel: and Leibniz |  Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm |  Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm: ethics |  Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm: on causation |  Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm: on the problem of evil |  Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm: philosophy of mind |  Malebranche, Nicolas |  Malebranche, Nicolas: theory of ideas and vision in God |  monism |  Platonism: in metaphysics |  rationalism vs. empiricism |  Shepherd, Mary |  Spinoza, Baruch |  Spinoza, Baruch: physical theory |  Spinoza, Baruch: psychological theory |  substance 