  A further reason for the absence of references to empirical studies in the metaethical literature is that their relevance is often unclear, partly since the studies have typically not been guided by the rather specific concerns that philosophers reflect on (such as whether the disagreement is radical). However, that might be better seen as a reason to scrutinize those studies more carefully than to ignore them altogether. It may also be a reason for philosophers to take a more active role in the empirical research themselves and to find ways to collaborate with those who are trained in those areas.