 In a series of influential works on this area of informational semantics, Jerry Fodor (1990), and Fred Dretske (1981) proposed a theory of semantics very much like the one outlined above (see the entry on  causal theories of mental content).  A noted problem for such an informational semantics has come to be known commonly as the disjunction problem. The disjunction problem is as follows. cat tokens are not always caused by cats, they are sometimes caused by other things like small dogs for example (or by thoughts about balls of yarn or whatever). Given this fact, if the story above is correct, then why does cat mean cat and not cat or dog? Fodor’s (1990) response is in two stages.