One fixed point in this debate is that one reverses associative structures via these two types of associative learning/unlearning, and only via these two pathways. What one does not do is try to break an associative structure by using practical or theoretical reasoning. If you associate  salt with  pepper, then telling you that salt has nothing to do with pepper or giving you very good reasons not to associate the two (say, someone will give you $50,000 for not associating them) won’t affect the association. This much has at least been clear since Locke. In the Essay concerning Human Understanding, in his chapter “On the Association of Ideas” (chapter XXIII) he writes,