 Chengguan further develops Huayan tradition by subsuming Chan teachings under the perfect teaching of Huayan. Huiyuan, Fazang’s disciple, had criticized Fazang’s panjiao for including the Sudden Teaching. His criticism was twofold. First, the Sudden Teaching does not belong, because Fazang’s panjiao ranks teachings with respect to their content but the sudden teaching—as inexpressible—lacks content. Second, if one ranks teachings with respect to how well they express truth about ultimate reality, then the Sudden Teaching, by virtue of teaching the inexpressibility of ultimate truth, is distinct from neither the Final Teaching of Mahayana nor the Round Teaching. 