 Views like Hobbes’ have come to be called  egoism,[14]  and this rather depressing conception of human motivation has any number of eminent philosophical advocates, including Bentham, J.S. Mill and  Nietzsche.[15]  Dissenting voices, though perhaps fewer in number, have been no less eminent. Butler, Hume, Rousseau and Adam Smith have all argued that, sometimes at least, human motivation is genuinely altruistic.