  Ramsey’s goal was practical: “How much of a nation’s output should it save for the future?” The demographic profile over time was taken by him to be given, meaning that future numbers of people were seen as exogenous and predictable. We were therefore to imagine that economic policies have a negligible effect on reproductive behaviour (but see Dasgupta, 1969, for a study of the joint population/saving problem, using Classical Utilitarianism as the guiding principle). Parfit (1984) christened choices involving the same demographic profile, “Same Numbers Choices.”