 Lange’s History is divided into two parts. The first part covers the history of materialism from the atomism of Democritus till the time of Kant. It includes discussions of what Lange considers to be reactions to materialism: the philosophical positions of Plato and Aristotle and the theological positions taken by both Christian and Muslim scholars. He includes a discussion of the dominance of Aristotelianism in the writings of the Scholastics. Materialism finally returns with the regeneration of science. In this context, after discussions of Gassendi and Hobbes, he turns to Newton and Locke. Finally he treats Leibniz as a German reaction to materialism. The second part covers the history of materialism from the time of Kant. The opening section of this part is a discussion of Kant’s own position in relation to materialism and sets the stage for Lange’s “back to Kant” arguments. These arguments are directed against the contemporary forms of materialism mentioned above.