 Sidgwick rejected a “metaphysical” resolution of the dualism. On this view, selfless actions are rewarded in the afterlife, with God or some other force guaranteeing that self-interest and benevolence coincide. He similarly dismissed the view that the methods coincide due to facts about our evolutionary history—that selectional pressures have seen to it that what we desire for ourselves is precisely what benefits the species as a whole. In each case, we are asked to believe that the circumstances in which the methods deliver conflicting results will simply not arise, either due to “the moral government of the universe” or to the contingencies of natural selection. 