 Avicenna’s theory includes all elements of Aristotelian compositional theory, but he uses the behavioral suggestion as the central factor. For this reason, he does not include pleasure or joy among the concupiscible or irascible emotions, regarding them as affective apprehensive acts. Somewhat strangely, he adds pain or distress to the irascible motive acts such as fear and anger, apparently thinking that they are moving acts and not merely apprehensive (De anima IV.4, 57–59).