 Though popular among researchers interested in the conceptual underpinnings of semantic competence, the simulationist paradigm faces important challenges. Three are worth mentioning. First, it appears that imulations do not always capture the intuitive truth conditions of sentences: listeners may enact the same simulation upon exposure to sentences that have different truth conditions (e.g., “The man stood on the corner” vs. “The man waited on the corner”; see Weiskopf 2010). Moreover, simulations may overconstrain truth conditions. For example, even though in the simulations listeners typically associate to the sentence “There are three pencils and four pens in Anna’s mug”, the pens and the pencils are in vertical position, the sentence would be true even if they were lying horizontally in the mug. Second, the framework does not sit well with pathological data. For example, no general impairment with auditory-related words is reported in patients with lesions in the auditory association cortex (e.g., auditory agnosia patients); analogously, patients with damage to the motor cortex seem to have no difficulties in linguistic performance, and specifically in inferential processing with motor-related words (for a survey of these results, see Calzavarini, to appear; for a defense of the embodied paradigm, Pulvermüller 2013). Finally, the theory has difficulties accounting for the meaning of abstract words (e.g., ‘beauty’, ‘pride’, ‘kindness’), which does not appear to hinge on sensory-motor simulation (see Dove 2016 for a discussion).