 This methodology for determining the nature of the normative might seem flawed. After all, our goal was to understand what makes a fact be normative, and it might seem that we won’t achieve this goal unless we can explain what makes the base-facts (reasons, values, etc.) be normative. “What makes this (not normatively fundamental) fact normative?” we can imagine someone asking. “Well”, we answer, “it ultimately depends on a fact about reasons”. But then our interlocutor might reasonably ask, “Ok, but what makes facts about reasons normative?” And here we don’t have an answer: “They just are!” we would have to say.