 Americans also experience health disparities along racial and ethnic lines. In 2019, the life expectancy at birth for Hispanic Americans was 81.8 years, while it was 78.8 years for non-Hispanic white Americans, and 74.7 years for non-Hispanic Black Americans (Arias, Tejada-Vera, &amp; Ahmad 2021). A recent study estimates that the COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately reduced the life expectancy (at birth) for Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black Americans from 2018 to 2020: 3.88 years for Hispanic Americans, 3.25 years for non-Hispanic Black Americans, compared to 1.36 years for non-Hispanic white Americans (Woolf, Masters, and Aron 2021).