 The Wretched of the Earth concludes with one of Fanon’s most provocative and exciting pieces, evoking in much the same way as the conclusion to Black Skin, White Masks the possibility of a new future. In 1961, the future is for Fanon the question of the fate of humanism, a motif he shares with, most notably, Césaire’s 1955 text Discourse on Colonialism. What is humanism, Fanon asks, if it is held up to the measure of the world? That is, what does humanism look like if disentangled from the European concept, which is riddled with histories of violence and subjugation, and instead reflects or is infused with the liberation struggles of the global South? In terms of conceiving the post-colonial nation, Fanon returns to one of his earliest motifs: measure. Post-colonial nations, created through anti-colonial violence, cannot be duplications or imitations of European states. In part, this is a resolutely anti-colonial ideological position: make for yourself, do not make for the colonizer. But it is also, if not largely, based in a critique of Europe that understands Europe to be in crisis itself, to be dependent upon (at every level) structures of exploitation and extraction. Europe is a “spirit built on strange foundations” and characterized by “stasis”. (1961 [2005: 237]) Post-colonial states need different foundations, and so must work with new concepts and new imaginations of collectivity. Central to this are conceptions and imaginations of the human itself. “[W]e must make a new start”, Fanon writes, “develop a new way of thinking, and endeavor to create a new man”. (1961 [2005: 239]) Fanon does not give this “new man” content. The new man belongs to the future. The new man is to come.