 Third, transnational feminists focus on specific globalizing processes, such as the growth of offshore manufacturing, rather than a theorized global patriarchy, and often take existing transnational feminist collectives as a model for their theoretical accounts of solidarity. For instance, Ann Ferguson argues that anti-globalization networks, such as worker-owned cooperatives, labor unions, fair trade organizations, and land reform movements, are creating the conditions for North-South women’s coalition movements based on non-essentialist political commitments to global gender justice (Ferguson, 2009; see also Kang 2008, Khader 2019, Mendoza, 2002, Vargas, 2003).