 A type-level cause is thus permanently non-redundant for its effect. He then goes on to define a cause on the token level (for details, see Baumgartner 2013: 98). Relative to a factor set containing \(C\) and \(E\), an instance \(c\) of \(C\) is an actual cause of an instance \(e\) of \(E\) iff \(C\) is a type-level cause of \(E\), and, for all suitable expansions of the factor set including the original factor set, \(C\) is on an active causal route to \(E\). An active causal route is roughly a sequence of factors \(\langle Z_1, \ldots , Z_n \rangle\), where each element \(Z_i\) is a factor of a minimally necessary disjunction of minimally sufficient clusters for its successor element \(Z_{i+1}\), and each \(Z_i\) is co-instantiated with a set of factors \(X_i\) such that \(Z_i \land X_i\) form a minimally sufficient cluster for \(Z_{i+1}\). This amounts to a quite powerful analysis of actual causation. It solves many scenarios which are troublesome for counterfactual accounts, including overdetermination, early and late preemption, and scenarios known as “switches“, and “short-circuits“. For a detailed study of these scenarios and an explanation why they are trouble for the counterfactual approach to causation, see Paul and Hall (2013). Finally, it should be noted that Baumgartner’s regularity theory faces a problem relating to what Baumgartner and Falk (forthcoming) call structural redundancies. The latter explain this problem and offer a solution based on a causal uniqueness assumption.