 In conclusion, despite significant contributions of philosophy of immunology to debates about identity, no straightforward answer to the question of how the immune system contributes to biological individuality has been offered. Considering the actual individualization practices in various fields of biology, it may well be concluded that no single account of the biological individual suffices and that the question of whether particular criteria are valid or not depends on the research perspective adopted. Part of the conundrum may lie in the efforts to consider the issue at the metaphysical, rather than at the epistemological level (Love 2018, Love and Brigandt 2017). As discussed below, the status of the “immune self” is a fecund case in point.