 In order to explain what normativity consists in, philosophers have pursued just a few basic strategies. First, it is evident that there is a close relationship between normative beliefs and decisions or actions, at least when a person is rational. Given this, some theories propose a kind of constitutive relationship between normativity and motivation, or between normativity and intentions to act, or between normativity and agency. Second, it has seemed evident to some philosophers that normativity must somehow have a deep psychological ground if normative demands are not to seem alien to people. So some theories propose that normativity is tied to the essential nature of persons as rational, or to what is essential to agency, or at least to the “identity” of agents, or their “practical identity”. Third, some theories look at the role of normative beliefs in the lives of human beings, in orienting humans to what will make for flourishing lives, or in coordinating and organizing human beings in joint activities in their societies in ways that allow their societies to flourish.