 Unfortunately, subsequent empirical tests of the VIA have raised problems. MacDonald and colleagues (2008) found that four factors, rather than the six in the VIA, best fit the questionnaire data. McGrath (2014) found support for five factors. Noftle and his colleagues (2011) used confirmatory factor analysis to test existing six factor, five factor, four factor, and one factor models, and could not find support for any of them (2011: 212). They concluded that, 