 When reduction or identity theory gets reconceived in ways built to accommodate multiple realizability, are reductionists/identity theorists and proponents of multiple realizability then simply talking past one another? Perhaps not. It is worth reminding ourselves that many nonreductive physicalists have employed multiple realizability to argue against all forms of psychophysical reductionism. If better general accounts of scientific reduction or identity theory make room for multiple realizability, these demonstrations count against this broader challenge. And if “nonreductive” physicalists were to reformulate their position to oppose only a specific brand of psychophysical reductionism or identity theory, that would weaken their position significantly, perhaps to the point of showing that it targets a straw person, but also making it compatible with forms of “reductive” physicalism. In fact, this reconception move on the part of reductionists and identity theorists traces back to Fodor’s (1974) essay. While Fodor’s arguments there explicitly targeted a reductionism built on the classical Nagelian account, he suggests in footnote 2 that 