 The semantic role of implicit arguments raises the question whether there is a difference in ontological status between entities that are implicit arguments and entities that are semantic values of referential NPs. Davidson’s arguments for events are generally treated as stronger arguments for events being part of the ontology of natural language than the fact that there are event-referring NPs, which may have to do with the distinction between core and periphery of language  (§4.1).  There are alternatives to Davidson’s semantics of adverbials, though, which do not posit such implicit arguments (Kim 1976; Copley &amp; Harley 2015).