 The “pre-scholastic” medieval period includes  Abelard  (1079–1142), and  Anselm  (1033–1109) and the writers of the Carolingian age, but it is difficult to say how far back this period should be traced. Perhaps it should include  Boethius  (c. 475/7–526) and Augustine, who were deeply influential in Europe from their own time until the end of the middle ages (and beyond), though they might also be regarded as belonging to late Antiquity. Boethius had written or translated from Greek into Latin some of the logical works studied in the twelfth century schools; Augustine was the dominant influence in medieval theology. Boethius wrote nothing directly relevant to political philosophy, but Augustine certainly did, so for the purposes of this article “medieval” begins with Augustine.