 Other authors concerned with explaining the behavior of non-linguistic and pre-linguistic creatures have proposed applying a richer notion of nonconceptual content that is not essentially pragmatic and that can be deployed in a style of explanation analogous to propositional attitude explanation. Nonconceptual contents in this richer sense are properly assessable for truth or falsity (rather than simply pragmatic success or failure) and can serve as the objects of beliefs and desires (or proto-beliefs and proto-desires). Bermúdez (1998) offers an account along these lines developing certain aspects of Peacocke’s scenario content. In later work he extended this approach to the ascription of thoughts to non-linguistic and prelinguistic creatures, developing a model based on a version of success semantics and integrating what he termed proto-logical inferential capacities (Bermúdez 2003).