 Here, Windelband introduces the claim that although ideal norms differ from causal laws, they are not incommensurable with them and, in fact, act on us causally. His argument builds on his conception of “normal consciousness” as the representation of the system of absolute values within empirical consciousness. Windelband argues that a mind that becomes aware of its own “normal consciousness” is capable of acting on the basis of and in agreement with the norms that it has discovered within itself: 