 Other proposals hold that we should reject the aggregation norm of expected utility. The earliest of these came from Allais himself, who held that decision-makers care not just about the mean utility of a gamble, but also about the dispersion of values. He proposes that individuals maximize expected utility plus a measure of the riskiness of a gamble, which consists in a multiple of the standard deviation of the gamble and a multiple of its skewness. Formally, if \(s\) stands for the standard deviation of \(L\) and \(m\) stands for the skewness of \(L,\) then the utility value of \(L\) will be (Allais 1953, Hagen 1979):