 Novel external memory technologies may ultimately reshape the norms governing individual remembering (Burkell 2016; O’Hara 2013), but even in the short term there are pressing ethical questions related to the impact of external memory technologies on cognition and the self. Regarding cognition, some have, as noted in section 8, voiced unease about the cognitive impact of increasingly prevalent use of such technologies (Carr 2010). Others, however, are more optimistic (Bell &amp; Gemmell 2009), and assessing the empirical evidence for optimistic and pessimistic claims about the cognitive impact of external memory technologies is no easy matter (Heersmink 2016; Loh &amp; Kanai 2016). Regarding the self, Heersmink (2015, forthcoming) has argued that an extended mind perspective implies that there are strict ethical constraints against interfering with individuals’ external memories (cf. N. Levy 2007). Clowes (2013, 2015), however, has raised the possibility that the fact that internet-connected forms of external memory are often strongly influenced by agents other than the individuals to whom they belong means that they do not count as parts of the relevant individuals’ minds.