 Not all systems of pre-established harmony are the same. Leibniz’s own version represents a form of concurrentism, since he rejects the view that the change in perceptual states of a created substance is due solely to that created substance itself. As he writes, “Each and every substance is the true and real cause of its own immanent actions and has the power to act … sustained by divine concurrence” (A vi, 4 Strickland 2006). According to Leibniz, both God and created substances are causally responsible for changes in the states of created substances. But God is no minor player in this effort; God is immediately and directly causally present in every aspect of the universe, even in those effects normally attributed to created substances. Consider these two texts: