 Many feminists contend that even as the institution of rape systematically disadvantages women, it benefits men as a class by underwriting beliefs about the naturalness of male dominance, defining women of certain kinds or in certain circumstances as “fair game,” rendering women dependent on and thus beholden to men for protection, and giving men a competitive advantage by restricting women’s freedom of action and movement. May and Strikwerda contend that “just as the benefit to men distributes throughout the male population in a given society, so the responsibility (for rape) should distribute as well” (1994, 148); in their view, men as a group bear collective responsibility for rape. Rape’s role in increasing the burden of fear in women’s and girls’ lives leads Burgess-Jackson to highlight it as an issue of distributive justice (1996, 181-205). He contends that the state’s obligation to advance justice requires that it take steps to redistribute fear so that women no longer bear it as an unfair and disproportionate burden; furthermore, he claims, since men as a class are overwhelmingly the cause of women’s fear, most or all of the costs of such redistribution should be borne by men.