 Advancing the field of emergency medicine requires medical experimentation, including trials that compare different interventions and that only sometimes serve the best interests of trial participants. But, in emergency circumstances, it is often impossible to obtain consent from the patient or her family in time. Many physicians believe that, because the field of emergency medicine simply cannot progress absent experimentation, there should be an exception to informed consent requirements even for such risky trials, and substitutes for informed consent should be sought (Fost 1998; Dickert et al. forthcoming). Some elements of informed consent, such as retrospective debriefing, remain relevant though (Dickert et al. forthcoming), again suggesting a “bundled” requirement.