 Several factors may help to explain the current wide range of perspectives about biodiversity’s definition and values. One is the idea that the term “biodiversity” was intended to capture everything we wish to conserve within the discipline of conservation biology. Another is the idea that “biodiversity” only gains meaning and importance to humanity in supporting ecosystem functions and services. Both of these framings are supported by particular interpretations of the history of the concept. More recently, another emerging perspective is a call for a re-casting of the term “biodiversity” to make it more holistic in reflecting socio-ecological thinking. The themes outlined above roughly correspond to three kinds of re-framings of “biodiversity”, defining the next three sections below:  §4 the ecology/ecosystem services framings,  §5 the conservation biology framing, and  §6 socio-ecological framings.