 Speech acts make up another domain in which social factors are plausibly constitutive. Austin (1962) and Searle (1969) argue that the force of any speech act is a product of a social convention pertaining to speech acts of that type. Others use an “intentionalist” approach, in which the force of a speech act is a product only of the intentions of the speaker. Yet others argue that this force is a product of the uptake by hearers in addition to speaker intentions (see Strawson 1964, Bach &amp; Harnish 1979, Clark &amp; Carlson 1982, García-Carpintero 2004a, and entries on  speech acts,  assertion).