 Ideas on the nature of reasoning and argumentation very similar to those of Dignāga’s are found in the Padārtha-dharma-saṃgraha (Summary of categories and properties), a work better known as Praśastapāda-bhāṣya (Praśastapāda’s commentary, customarily regarded as a commentary on the Vaiśeṣika-sūtra). Its author, Praśastapāda (c. 6th century ce), is a near contemporary of Dignāga. Like Dignāga, Praśastapāda uses the expression inference for another (parārtha-anumāna) to refer to arguments cast in a syllogistic form, thereby making clear his recognition that inferences, or cognitive processes, and arguments, or verbal expressions, are two sides of the same coin. Also like Dignāga, Praśastapāda adopts as a canonical syllogism an argument whose core is the same deductively valid argument as Dignāga’s. However, unlike Dignāga, he retains the five members for the syllogism, in keeping with the five members of the analogical syllogism set out by Vātsyāyana, though some of the names for the members are different. The following syllogism is reassembled from Praśastapāda’s treatment of inference. (See Randle 1930 p. 176.)