 The Problem of Partially Locatable Properties. The first problem with the ‘no counter-example’ definition depends on the Navya-nyāya notion of partial location (avyāpya-vṛtti). A property is said to occur wholly or completely in an object if it occurs in every part of that object. For example, the property of being golden occurs completely in a piece of (pure) gold; the object is ‘saturated’ (abhivyāpya) by the property, just as sesame oil saturates a sesame seed. Some properties, however, occur in some parts of the object but not others—these are called “partially locatable”. For example, the property of being molten occurs at the centre of the Earth but not at the periphery. Note that the same property can be wholly located in some loci and partially located in others—e.g. redness occurs wholly in a ruby but partially in a red snooker ball. The distinction concerns two modes of property-possession, not two types of property. An important point is that, if a property is partially located in an object, then so is its negation. The Naiyāyikas’ standard example of a partially locatable property, viz. “…is in contact with a monkey” (kapi-samyoga), illustrates the point. If the monkey is sitting on a branch of a tree, then the following statements may be true: