 One key question is which crimes rise to the level of ‘international crimes’ and are thus rightly subject to prosecution and punishment by international rather than domestic institutions. One prominent answer to this question (May 2005) holds that when a state fails to assure its citizens’ safety and security, it thus has no right to prevent international bodies from infringing its sovereignty. Such international intervention is only justified, however, in cases of serious harm to the international community, or to humanity as a whole. Crimes harm humanity as a whole, on this account, when they are group-based either in the sense that they are based on group characteristics of the victims or are perpetrated by a state or another group agent. Such as account has been subject to challenge focused on its harm-based account of crime (Renzo 2012) and its claim that group-based crimes harm humanity as a whole (A. Altman 2006). One response to this sort of account, then, is to reject the international harm requirement and to contend, instead, that a state’s failure to protect its members’ rights is sufficient to justify international intervention (Altman and Wellman 2004), or that international criminal tribunals can be justified if they provide fair procedures for trials and punishments in response to sufficiently heinous crimes (Luban 2010).