  Liberal eugenics proponents, particularly those who argue for a moral obligation to use reprogenetic technologies to improve our offspring, also have difficulties responding to concerns about the ways in which societal norms can lead toward homogeneity, even without state-sponsored programs. Parents who are free to choose characteristics for their offspring may be inclined to choose similarly, either because they agree (perhaps wrongly) that those characteristics are better, or because they worry their child will be at a substantial disadvantage relative to other children if they choose what is unpopular (or simply fail to intervene to ensure what is popular). If so, societal pressures on parental choices will have effects similar to policies enforced by a state – homogeneity of traits selected across the population (Duster 1990).   