A third approach to instrumental incoherence holds that one need not violate any requirement of reason in being instrumentally incoherent.  One version of this view (§3.3.1) holds that instrumental coherence is to be explained in terms of appropriate responses to one’s beliefs about independent requirements of reason, where these beliefs could be false.  Another version of this view (§3.3.2) holds that instrumental incoherence is nothing more than an indicator that one is not functioning well as an agent, where this evaluation doesn’t entail any particular conclusions about what one ought, or has reason, to do.