 Causal theorists see remembering as being characterized by the existence of an appropriate causal connection between an apparent memory and the subject’s original experience of the remembered event. The idea that a causal connection is essential to remembering was unpopular when Martin and Deutscher published their influential (1966) paper, but, despite early opposition (e.g., Squires 1969; Shope 1973; Zemach 1983), it has now largely eclipsed the epistemic theory. Bernecker—who cites von Leyden (1961), Goldman (1967), Shoemaker (1970), Anscombe (1981), and Armstrong (1987) as predecessors, in addition to Martin and Deutscher—has recently developed and defended it at length (Bernecker 2008, 2010). Not all contemporary philosophers of memory explicitly endorse the causal theory, and some suggest amendments or additions to it, but there are few who explicitly reject the theory (Debus 2017). The idea that remembering is characterized by an appropriate causal connection has thus taken on the status of philosophical common sense.