 With the emergence of new techniques for altering the functioning of memory systems—for example, retrieval of a stored memory results in a period of reconsolidation during which the retrieved memory is labile and susceptible to modification, potentially allowing interventions to alter traumatic memories (Spiers &amp; Bendor 2014)—ethical questions concerning various forms of memory modification have become more pressing (Erler 2011; Hui &amp; Fisher 2015; N. Levy 2012; Liao &amp; Wasserman 2007). Liao and Sandberg (2008) identify a number of questions raised by memory modification technologies; in light of the close relationship between memory and the self noted above, it is no surprise that many of these concern the effects of memory modification on the self. Modifying someone’s memories may, for example, limit his self-knowledge by depriving him of opportunities to learn about his own actions or erode his sense of agency by depriving him of the possibility of viewing himself as an agent with respect to events in which he was involved. Nevertheless, Liao and Sandberg argue that, in certain cases, the benefits of memory modification may outweigh its costs, so that there need be no general ethical barrier to the use of emerging memory modification technologies. Much of the debate so far has focussed on the suppression of traumatic or otherwise undesirable memories, but parallel questions are raised by the use of novel methods for the enhancement of memory abilities by pharmaceutical and other means (Bostrom &amp; Sandberg 2009). Critics of the memory enhancement debate, however, have argued that the evidence for the efficacy of the relevant methods is mixed (Zohny 2015) or that the debate often overlooks important differences among kinds of memory (Fox, Fitz, &amp; Reiner forthcoming).