 We have taken for granted that there is just one kind of exemplification, applying indifferently to different categories of entities. This monist option may indeed be considered the default one. A typical recent case of a philosopher who endorses it is Armstrong (1997). He distinguishes three basic categories, particulars, properties or relations, and states of affairs, and takes exemplification as cutting across them: properties and relations are exemplified not only by particulars, but by properties or relations and states of affairs as well. But some philosophers are pluralist: they distinguish different kinds of exemplification, in relation to categorial distinctions in their ontology.