 An important dimension of debate is whether all moral wrongs are at least presumptively a proper basis for punishment (Moore 1997: 35–37), or whether only a subset of moral wrongs are a proper basis punishment. One prominent way to delimit the relevant wrongs, at least for state punishment, is to say that only public wrongs may be the basis for punishment. (Duff 2018: 75–87; Duff &amp; Hoskins 2017 [2019]: §2; for a criticism of Duff’s view of public wrongs, see Tadros 2016: 120–130).