 The starting point of his analysis is Anselm’s statement in the Monologion that the substantive lux (light), the infinitive lucere (to-emit-light), and the present participle lucens (emitting light) are related to each other in the same way as essentia (essence), esse (to be), and ens (being). The relation of lucere to lux, James tells us, is the relation of a concrete term to an abstract one; but this is just the relation that obtains between being and essence. Now, a concrete term signifies more things than the corresponding abstract term; for an abstract term signifies only a form, whereas the concrete term signifies the form and the “subject”, i.e., the bearer of the form; it is said to signify the former principally, and the latter secondarily. So it is in the case of being and essence: esse signifies the form (principally) and the subject (secondarily), while essence signifies the form only. What is taken for granted in this analysis is that the distinction between a form and its bearer is a real one, at least in creatures. This is how James achieves his compromise solution: pace Godfrey of Fontaines and Henry of Ghent there is a real distinction (that between the subject and the form) but pace Giles, it is real only in qualified sense, since being principally signifies the same thing as essence. 