 Jonas was cognizant of the extent to which the normative concerns raised by clinical research are not exhausted by the risks to which participants are exposed, but also include the extent to which investigators and by implication society are the agents of their exposure to risks. For this reason, he recognized that the libertarian response is inadequate, even with respect to competent adults who truly understand. Finally, to the extent Jonas’s claims rely on an objective account of human interests, one may wonder whether he adopts an overly restrictive one. Why should we think, on an objective account, that individuals will have an interest in contributing to the goals of a given study only when they have the disease it addresses? Moreover, although we will not pursue the point here, appeal to an objective account of human interests raises the possibility of justifying the process of exposing research participants to risks for the benefit of others on the grounds that contributing to valuable projects, including presumably some clinical research studies, promotes (most) individuals’ interests (Wendler 2010).