 A number of other definitions of “climate” are what Werndl (2016) calls model-immanent: they reference conditions indicated by a model of the climate system, rather than actual conditions. For example, taking a dynamical systems perspective, climate is often identified with an attractor of the climate system, that is, with the conditions represented by an attractor of a (perfect) mathematical model of the climate system (Palmer 1999; Smith 2002). Roughly speaking, an attractor is a set of points to which the values of variables in a dynamical model tend to evolve from a wide range of starting values. Actual conditions in the climate system over a finite period are then understood to be a single realization from the set of possibilities represented by the attractor. A practical drawback of this way of thinking about climate is that the distribution of conditions in a given finite time period need not resemble those represented by an (infinite-time) attractor (Smith 2002; Werndl 2016). More fundamentally, standard (autonomous) dynamical systems theory does not apply to models of the climate system in which external factors like solar output and greenhouse gas concentrations are changing significantly with time, as they are for the real climate system; how to apply the resources of non-autonomous dynamical systems theory to the climate system is a current area of research (e.g., Chekroun et al. 2011; Drόtos et al. 2015).