 While the value of fairness is commonly invoked by those concerned to locate criteria for ascribing (or organizing or distributing) forward looking collective responsibility in practice, it is not the only value or principle in play. Indeed, many of those in the field continue to look to collective obligations as a basis for remedial responsibility. In some cases, the collective obligations in question are thought to be built into the collective itself. (Miller 2007) In other cases, they are thought to derive from various other norms of moral and political life.