 Systems of informal logic that rely on fallacies test arguments by asking whether their proponents are guilty of fallacious reasoning. While there is no agreed-upon taxonomy of fallacies, many canonical fallacies have been emphasized in the analysis of informal arguments. They include formal fallacies like affirming the consequent and denying the antecedent; and informal fallacies like ad hominem (“against the person”), slippery slope, ad baculum (“appeal to threat or force”), ad misericordiam (“appeal to pity”), “hasty generalization,” and “two wrongs” reasoning (as in “two wrongs don’t make a right”). The systems of informal logic taught in textbooks often add specialized variants of the standard fallacies (“misleading vividness” designates the misuse of vivid anecdotal evidence in hasty generalizations, and so on.) 