 David Queller and Joan Strassmann have provided one agenda for the empirical study of what they call “the evolution of organismality” (Queller &amp; Strassmann 2009, 2016; Strassmann &amp; Queller 2010). They begin from the claim that the definitive feature of organisms is the combination of high cooperation and low conflict between their parts (see also Folse &amp; Roughgarden 2010 on organisms). Queller and Strassmann note both that these things are matters of degree and that one can vary independently of the other. They use these parameters to define a two-dimensional space that represents a variety of biological individuals, as  Figure 7  illustrates.