 The majority of clinical research was once conducted by governmental agencies. For example, the US NIH is likely the largest governmental sponsor of clinical research in the world. However, its research budget has declined over the past 20 years (Mervis 2004, 2008), and it is estimated that a majority, perhaps a significant majority of clinical research studies are now conducted by industry: “as recently as 1991 eighty per cent of industry-sponsored trials were conducted in academic health centers…Impatient with the slow pace of academic bureaucracies, pharmaceutical companies have moved trials to the private sector, where more than seventy per cent of them are now conducted” (Elliott 2008, Angell 2008, Miller and Brody 2005).