 Bolzano developed his ethics in explicit opposition to Kant’s moral philosophy. Nevertheless, Bolzano’s ethics contains also essential elements of Kantian ethics, and there is even a basic coincidence between Bolzano’s and Kant’s ethics. The only thing that can be regarded as good without qualification, according to Kant, is a good will (Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, 1785, 1). Yet (as we will see in section 5.4), it is a basic postulate of Bolzano’s deontic logic that an ought always primarily refers to a willing: You ought to will to act such that the welfare of the whole, due to the consequences foreseeable by you and intended by your action, undergoes the greatest possible advancement among all possible alternative actions. Bolzano himself infers from this: The supreme moral law demands “properly only a willing, not the accomplishment” (RW IV, 207).