 This attitude is encouraged by research from empirical psychology, which suggests that self-knowledge is largely an illusion. (See for instance Nisbett &amp; Wilson 1977, Nisbett &amp; Ross 1980, Gopnik 1983.) However, even if the research shows we are often ignorant of our own minds, it does not follow that this is most often the case. In fact, it has been argued that the current research does not even preclude infallible self-directed judgments, such as those described in section  3.1  (Parent 2016; 2017, ch. 2).