 Applying this in the scientific context, i.e., by letting \(X\) range over models and \(Y\) over target systems, we arrive at an answer to the ER-problem. Representation-As also answers the other problems introduced in  Section 1:  it repudiates the demarcation problem and it explains the directionality of representation. It accounts for surrogative reasoning in terms of the properties imputed to the target. If \(Y\) possesses the imputed properties then the representation is accurate, but since the target doesn’t necessarily need to instantiate them it allows for the possibility of misrepresentation. Different styles can be accounted for by categorising representations in terms of different \(Z\)s, or in terms of the properties they exemplify. However, at least as stated, the account remains silent on the problem of ontology and the applicability of mathematics. We discuss below how to account for targetless models.