 Nishida’s ambivalent political stance—between a post-imperialistic vision of a multicultural new world order on the one hand and an assertion of Japan’s destined world-historical role in realizing this vision on the other—was carried forth into even more controversial political engagements by his students Nishitani Keiji, Kōyama Iwao, Kōsaka Masaaki, Suzuki Shigetaka, and to a lesser extent Shimomura Toratarō. As mentioned in subsection 2.1, a significant, if stigmatizing, stage in the formation of the identity of the Kyoto School involved the participation of several of its members in two wartime symposia, the Literary World’s 1942 symposium on “Overcoming Modernity” (reprinted in Kawakami &amp; Takeuchi 1979; English translation in Calichman 2008) and the 1941–43 roundtable discussions published serially in the journal Chūōkōron and later as a monograph, The Standpoint of World History and Japan (Kōsaka et al 1943; English translation in Williams 2014).