 In our everyday life, we usually employ computations to process meaningful symbols in order to extract information from them. The semantic account of computation turns this practice into a metaphysical doctrine: computation is the processing of representations—or at least, the processing of appropriate representations in appropriate ways. Opinions as to which representational manipulations constitute computation vary a great deal (Fodor 1975; Cummins 1983; Pylyshyn 1984; Churchland and Sejnowski 1992; Shagrir 2006, forthcoming). What all versions of the semantic account have in common is that they take seriously the reference to symbols in Putnam’s original account of computation: there is “no computation without representation” (Fodor 1981, 180).