  Castañeda (1966, 1967) argues that ‘he himself’ and ‘she herself’ can be used to ascribe first-person indexical beliefs and cannot be used to ascribe beliefs that are not first-person indexical. Consider again the messy shopper, and let \(t_0\) be the time at which John first utters ‘He is making a mess’.  Castañeda would hold that ascription (18) is true but ascription (19) is false.