 A third moral argument for PAP is closely related to the first two. It is the “What-should-he-have-done defense,” or “W-defense” for short (Widerker 2003). Like the argument in the previous paragraph, the W-defense is designed to apply to actions for which an agent is morally blameworthy. If Trent is to be blamed for loudly coughing during Maggie’s lecture, it’s morally reasonable to expect him to have refrained from coughing. But the central thought is that this expectation is not morally reasonable if he couldn’t help himself due to, say, a bug’s flying into his mouth. “What would you have had me do?,” he might ask a peeved Maggie. Without any satisfactory answer to such a question, blame seems inappropriate.