 Another upsurge in writing about politics was prompted by the actions of Pope John XXII (r. 1316–34). John’s opponents included Marsilius of Padua and William of Ockham. Pope John rejected the Franciscan doctrine that those who practice the highest form of religious poverty, like Christ and the Apostles, will own nothing whatever, either as individuals or as a body. Relying on arguments drawn from the civil law, John held that no one can justly use consumables, such as food, without owning what they use. Since no one can live without using things, at least food, no one can justly live without property, as the Franciscans claimed to do (Robinson 2012: 29ff.; Miethke 2012). John also became involved in conflict with Ludwig of Bavaria. Relying on the papal claim that the emperor-elect requires papal approval, John rejected the electors’ choice of Ludwig as Roman Emperor (see  §8;  Lambertini 2012).