 Mozi proposes, therefore, jian ai, impartial caring i.e., a sense of broad, fair, and consistent moral interest for others’ wellbeing beyond one’s narrow confinement of personal relations and local networks. Generally, ai (愛) means love or care. In the context of Mozi’s philosophy, however, it means universal love, i.e., one’s unbiased and impartial interest for others’ wellbeing. It is love, concern, or care without affective partiality such as one’s strong feeling for one’s parents but lack of concern for strangers. For this reason, ai does not seem to be a typical emotion of care and concern. Graham (1989: 31–32) states that it is “unemotional will to benefit and avoid harming people”. However, ai does not necessarily exclude the affective elements of caring or concern. As Shun explains (1997: 31), it can include “reacting affectively in response to negative conditions of the objects of concern”. Virág (2017: 59) also points out that 