 The latest challenge confronting the informational state of the public is the accelerating spread of misinformation and disinformation on the internet. On Twitter falsehoods spread further and faster than the truth (Temming 2018a,b). In the run-up to the 2016 U.S. presidential election, the most popular bogus articles got more Facebook shares, reactions, and comments than the top real-news stories, according to a BuzzFeed News analysis. And, as many have documented, online misinformation and disinformation in a wide variety of forms have created serious issues vis-à-vis public belief and democratic functioning.