 “Presenting” (jǔ 舉) is related to but distinct from the contemporary concept of reference or denotation. Words can refer to or denote objects, but names cannot “present” shí (objects, reality). Rather, speakers use names to “present” shí 實. English concepts similar to jǔ 舉 include “raise” and “bring up,” as in sentences such as “Mary raised a question” nd “Mary brought up a possible candidate for the job.” In contexts where we might speak of a word or a speaker referring to an object, early Chinese texts typically use the expressions zhǐ 指 (point, indicate) or wèi 謂 (call) instead of jǔ 舉 (present, bring up). 