 In his De Musica, the epicurean Philodemus (c. 110–c. 30 BCE) rejects the widespread view that music may imitate the passions, claiming that music is no better able to represent psychological states than the art of cooking (see Wilkinson 1938). Philodemus appeals to Democritus (c. 460–c. 370 BCE), but evidence regarding the latter’s views is scant. While it is clear that Democritus held music to stand lower than other arts in terms of utility, it is probably not true that he thought this deprived it of educational value (see Brancacci 2007: 193–95).