 Galileo’s own status was also problematic. In 1616, at the same time that the Inquisition was evaluating Copernicanism, they were also investigating Galileo personally—a separate proceeding of which Galileo himself was not likely aware. The outcome was Bellarmine’s admonition not to “defend or hold” the Copernican doctrine. This “charitable admonition” may (or may not) have been followed by a “formal injunction” “not to hold, teach, or defend it in any way whatever, either orally or in writing.” When the records of this disposition of the 1616 case were discovered in 1633, it made Galileo appear guilty of recidivism, having violated the Inquisition’s injunction by publishing the Dialogue.