  which would similarly be confirmed by any non-black non-raven; but since e.g., a red pencil is obviously not confirmation that all ravens are black, something has gone wrong. For Sylvan, the problem—as is often his diagnosis—lies in the formalization of the natural language claims—“It is well-known in relevance circles that the most outrageous of these paradoxes are automatically removed by replacement of the material conditional …” (2000a, 227). “A relevance shift,” he argues with typical restraint, “is a sure-fire way of knocking out all the paradoxes of confirmation” (2000a, 232.). For discussion, see Fitelson (2006).