  The bias of crowds model is aimed at making sense of five features of implicit bias which are otherwise challenging to make sense of together, namely: (1) average group-level scores of implicit bias are very robust and stable; (2) children’s average scores of implicit bias are nearly identical to adults’ average scores; (3) aggregate levels of implicit bias at the population level (e.g., regions, states, and countries) are both highly stable and strongly associated with discriminatory outcomes and group-based disparities; yet, (4) individual differences in implicit bias have small-to-medium zero-order correlations with discriminatory behavior; and (5) individual test-retest reliability is low over weeks and months. (See Payne et al. 2017 for references.) Another advantage of the bias of crowds model is that it coalesces well with calls in philosophy for focusing more on “structural” or “systemic” bias, rather than on the biases in the heads of individuals (§5).