 Spiritual power was superior to temporal, but that did not make the pope lord of the world. Papal power could have an impact on Christian regimes, making and unmaking rulers, but only for spiritual ends. The pontiff could authorize just wars against the Saracens and other enemies of the faith. The ecclesiastical commonwealth had its powers from grace, but grace did not cancel nature. On the contrary: according to Thomas Aquinas “grace presupposes nature and perfects it” (“Gratia praesupponit naturam et perficit eam”: Summa theologiae I qu. I art. 8 ad 2).