 Though focusing on entailment makes the argument above particularly clear, it’s not essential. The same problem can, plausibly, arise with non-entailing evidence as well. Lasonen-Aarnio focuses on a perceptual case, and Christensen (2010a) argues that cases involving inductive reasoning can lead to the same conclusion. (Both argue for versions of  P2  in non-entailing contexts: they argue, respectively, that the perceptual or inductive support remains even in the face of higher-order undermining.)