 The language here is highly contentious. There are exceptions, but in a long history mental illnesses have been referred to as “evil”, as “willful error”, as “grave misfortune” or, at the very least, regarded as unwelcome.[1] And with some regularity, conditions like those listed in the current diagnostic and classificatory manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-5 [APA 2013]) and or the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11 [WHO 2018]) have been provided new classificatory titles and terminology, such revisions often solely aimed at reducing negative and stigmatizing associations.  Authors cited in what follows use “mental disorder”, “psychiatric disability”, “psychiatric disorder”, “mental illness”, “madness”, “psychopathology”. Controversy attaches to these terms, as it does to particular diagnostic labels (such as “schizophrenia”), because some question whether these mental differences are forms of illness or disorder at all. Although it is not widely employed, the more neutral “mental difference” better accommodates each side of this controversy, and the choice of terminology employed in what follows is not intended to promote a disorder or illness view.