  To confuse matters further, The Manual of Reason says that the ‘guṇa’, causal factor responsible for the truth of the testifiee’s belief, is ‘yathārtha-yogyatā-jñāna’, which can mean either (i) veridical cognition of semantic fitness, or (ii) cognition of veridical semantic fitness. In either case, the ‘guṇa’ has nothing to do with the speaker’s credentials, it seems. Option (ii), however, must be wrong, for it cannot be a condition upon testimony that the hearer already knows that what was said is true. Option (i), however, would not guarantee that the final hearer’s belief is true, unless by ‘fitness’ The Manual of Reason now intends a rather stronger notion, according to which the meaning-relata ‘fit’ together iff they are in fact connected, i.e. if the utterance expresses a truth. This is, indeed, how some other Naiyāyikas understand the notion of yogyatā, but does not accord with The Manual of Reason’s own definition.