 One influential argument against the use of intuitions builds on the rejection of descriptivist theories of reference, according to which concepts refer to kinds via a set of associated descriptions. In place of descriptivism, some maintain that concepts refer in virtue of the function of the concept (e.g., Millikan 2000). Other views maintain that concepts refer in virtue of a causal chain connecting the concept to the kind (Putnam 1973). On these anti-descriptivist views, people can have wildly mistaken intuitions regarding the application of their concepts. As a result, probing lay intuitions might be an ineffective way to investigate the kinds of things to which our concepts refer (e.g., Fischer 2015; Kornblith 2002).