 The normative theory of adjudication implicit in both policy analysis and doctrinal analysis follows from Posner’s early claim that the common law ought to be efficient. The theories are essentially identical. The two projects differ only in the seriousness with which they take actual behavior. Policy analysis rests on the behavioral claim and hence must look to the actual behavior induced by legal rules, while doctrinal analysis often seems to rely only on “efficiency” within some specified model.