 One frequent objection to the adequacy of model-theoretic validity is that it does not provide a conceptual analysis of the notion of logical truth, even for sentences of Fregean formalized languages (see e.g. Pap 1958, p. 159; Kneale and Kneale 1962, p. 642; Field 1989, pp. 33–4; Etchemendy 1990, ch. 7). This complaint is especially common among authors who feel inclined to identify logical truth and analyticity simpliciter (see e.g. Kneale and Kneale, ibid., Etchemendy 1990, p. 126). If one thinks of the concept of logical truth simply as the concept of analytic truth, it is especially reasonable to accept that the concept of logical truth does not have much to do with the concept of model-theoretic validity, for presumably this concept does not have much to do with the concept of analyticity. To say that a formula is model-theoretically valid means that there are no set-theoretic structures in which it is false; hence, to say that a formula is not model-theoretically valid means that there are set-theoretic structures in which it is false. But to say that a sentence is or is not analytic presumably does not mean anything about the existence or non-existence of set-theoretic structures. Note that we could object to derivability on the same grounds, for to say that a sentence is or is not analytic presumably does not mean anything about its being or not being the product of a certain algorithm (compare Etchemendy 1990, p. 3). (One further peculiar, much debated claim in Etchemendy 1990 is that true claims of the form “\(F\) is logically true” or “\(F\) is not logically true” should themselves be logical truths (while the corresponding claims “MTValid\((F)\)” and “Not MTValid\((F)\)” are not logical truths). Etchemendy's claim is perhaps defensible under a conception of logical truth as analyticity simpliciter, but certainly doubtful on more traditional conceptions of logical truth, on which the predicate “is a logical truth” is not even a logical expression. See Gómez-Torrente 1998/9 and Soames 1999, ch. 4 for discussion.)