 The new modal logic was among the most remarkable achievements of medieval logic. Buridan’s modal logic was dominant in late medieval times, being more systematic than that of Ockham because of its symmetric treatment of possibility and necessity. It was embraced by Marsilius of Inghen, Albert of Saxony, Jodocus Trutfetter and others (Lagerlund 2000, 184–227; for the later influence of medieval modal theories, see also Coombs 2003; Knebel 2003; Roncaglia 1996, 2003; Schmutz 2006). The rise of the new modal logic was accompanied by elaborated theories of epistemic logic (Boh 1993) and deontic logic (Knuuttila and Hallamaa 1995).