 Thirdly, we could appeal to a kind of contrastivism on which the causal relation is four-place, rather than two-place (Schaffer 2005: §4). On this view, causal claims have the logical form “c, rather than c*, caused e, rather than e*” (where c* and e* are contrast causes and effects, or perhaps sets thereof). Then, we could suggest that claims like 5 and 6 suggest different contrasts, which make a causal difference without requiring any difference in the first or third argument places. In short: there are causal differences without differences in causes or effects; some causal differences are due to different contrasts. This kind of view would allow us to retain even the very coarse theory of events from Quine (1985), according to which an event is just a region of spacetime. The entry discusses contrastivism further in  §1.2.2  below.