 Cowling (2017, 86–89) analyzes whether the abstract/concrete distinction thus rendered is fruitful, though criteria in this line are normally offered as glosses on the universal/particular distinction. As part of his analysis, he deploys two pairs of (not uncontroversial) distinctions: (i) between qualitative and non-qualitative properties, and (ii) between intrinsic and extrinsic properties. Roughly, a non-qualitative property is one that involves specific individuals (e.g., being the teacher of Alexander the Great, being Albert Einstein, etc.), while qualitative properties are not (e.g., having mass, having a shape, having a length, etc.). Intrinsic properties are those an object has regardless of what other objects are like and regardless of its relationships with other objects (e.g., being made of copper). By contrast, an object’s extrinsic properties are those that depend on other entities (e.g., being the fastest  car).[6] 