 Also under the influence of Putnam, but now of his internal realism (Putnam 1981), Olimpia Lombardi and Ana Rosa Pérez Ransanz (2012) propose an ontological pluralism that, instead of being applied to the problem of theory change, finds its main fertility in a synchronic sense: when theories embodying different conceptual schemes are simultaneously accepted, it must be admitted that different ontologies may coexist since each one of them is constituted by its corresponding theory. This view, which denies the ontological dependence of the supposedly “secondary” disciplines or “phenomenological” theories regarding those fields conceived as “fundamental”, has been applied to the relationship between chemistry and physics with the purpose of defending the ontological autonomy of the physical world (Lombardi and Labarca 2005); this view has sparked an intense debate in the field of the philosophy of chemistry (it will be considered below, in the subsection about the philosophy of chemistry).