 The second main response is more conciliatory, suggesting that VE should focus less on achieving virtue and more on avoiding vice. Roberts and West (2015) contend that research on heuristics and related cognitive biases shows that humans are best understood as manifesting various natural epistemic defects. The work of becoming a good-enough cognizer is then a matter of cultivating ways of avoiding or overcoming these defects. They suggest that self-vigilance and increased intellectual vitality are two key ways to handle these defects, making their view somewhat similar to that of Samuelson and Church (2015). Cassam (2016) argues that the extensive literature on conspiracy theories and conspiratorial thinking shows that people are prone to various intellectual vices, understood as character traits that impede effective and responsible inquiry. Understanding human inquiry and how it is liable to go wrong thus requires a study of intellectual vices.