 Peter Apian, Cosmographicus liber (1524, p. 6). The woodcut typifies the medieval and Renaissance picture of the cosmos that Bruno sought to discredit. At the centre lies the terraqueous globe, understood as a combination of the earth and water spheres. Surrounding them are the concentric spheres of the other two sublunary elements, air and fire. Beyond the fire sphere is the superlunary region, which comprises: a) seven spheres, each of which carries a planet—the moon, Mercury, Venus, the sun, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn—around the centre of the cosmos; and b) four outer spheres, namely, the firmament (i.e.  the sphere of fixed stars), the crystalline sphere, the primum mobile and the empyrean. Reproduced by permission of UCL Library, Special Collections. 