 Kathleen Akins (1996) offered a different neurophilosophical challenge to informational semantics and its affiliated feature-detection view of sensory representation. We saw in the previous section that Akins argued that the physiology of thermoreception violates three necessary conditions on “veridical” representation. From this fact she raised doubts about looking for feature-detecting neurons to ground a psychosemantics generally, including for thought contents. Human thoughts about flies, for example, are sensitive to numerical distinctions between particular flies and the particular locations they can occupy. But the ends of frog nutrition are well served without a representational system sensitive to such ontological niceties. Whether a fly seen now is numerically identical to one seen a moment ago need not, and perhaps cannot, figure into the frog’s feature detection repertoire. Akins’ critique cast doubt on whether details of sensory transduction will scale up to provide an adequate unified psychosemantics for all concepts. It also raised new questions for human intentionality. How do we get from activity patterns in “narcissistic” sensory receptors, keyed not to “objective” environmental features but rather only to effects of the stimuli on the patch of tissue innervated, to human ontologies replete with enduring objects with stable configurations of properties and relations, types and their tokens (as the “fly-thought” example presented above reveals), and the rest? And how did the development of a stable, rich ontology confer survival advantages to human ancestors?