 The other aspect of the control that McCann says is exercised in basic action—the spontaneity or activeness of such an occurrence—thus appears to be the crucial one. This aspect, too, McCann holds, is intrinsic to basic actions, and he maintains that “it has a certain sui generis character that renders it incapable of being reduced to anything else” (1998: 185). Other proponents of noncausal theories of action (e.g., Pink 2004: ch. 8; Palmer forthcoming) likewise take the exercise of active control to be an ontologically fundamental or irreducible thing. Whether it is remains controversial.