 Aristotelian natural philosophy relies in part on sensory observation in its attribution of causal powers to natural bodies. So, it is not surprising that Arabic and Islamic thinkers raise objections to Aristotelian science, which anticipate later philosophical accounts of the problem of induction. Some of these emerge from within Aristotelianism. Avicenna provides a sustained critique of induction (istiqrāʾ) in his treatise On Demonstration (al-Burhān), the logical part of the Book of Healing. As he sees it, part of the problem is that induction may be supposed to lead to absolute, universal, and certain premises, while in reality it leads to merely probable belief. On the other hand, he holds that sensory observation together with a “hidden syllogism” gives rise to certitude. Avicenna elaborates this cognitive process under the heading of “experience” (tajribah). Tajribah is the Arabic translation of the Greek empeiria. Avicenna’s account of experience is derived in part from remarks by Aristotle and al-Fārābī on empeiria/tajribah, though it goes beyond these sources (al-Fārābī AMIF: 24–25; McGinnis and Reisman 2007: 66–67; McGinnis 2003; Janssens 2004; Black 2006).