 Fabrizzio (now Siobhan) Guerrero Mc Manus examines methodological problems: the rational selection of an algorithm for phylogenetic inference (2009), and the limitations of mechanistic explanations when dealing with developmental mechanisms (2012). In turn, the issue of causation is treated by Maximiliano Martínez in terms of the concept of multi-level causation (Martínez and Moya 2011; Martínez and Esposito 2014). The ideas of a multiplicity of levels and of downward causation appears repeatedly in the works of Charbel El-Hani (El-Hani and Pereira 1999; El-Hani and Emmeche 2000; Queiroz and El-Hani 2006), with the purpose of advocating for property and process emergence in biology.