 Mozi’s (480–390 BCE) vision for the peaceful and prosperous world lies in his philosophy of jian ai (兼愛), impartial caring or impartial concern for all. He believes that all the major problems of the world such as war, violence, and poverty are caused by the unregulated psychological tendency of partiality and the relentless pursuit of self-interest. According to him, subjective feelings or emotions for others, although they can promote love for others and care for their wellbeing, can become partial and biased because emotions are typically aroused, expressed, and shared in small communities of personal relations and social networks. He believes that spontaneously aroused emotions, because of their tendencies of partiality, inconsistency, and bias, do not help people to deal with their hardships and fix the calamities of the world. He states that