 A tradition going back at least to Cartwright (1987) is using the language of the so-called “Athanasian” creed to generate contradictions, the task of the philosophical theologian then being to show how these can be avoided by more careful analysis. This Latin document is by an unknown author, and is not the product of any known council. Modern scholarship places it some time in the fifth century, well after the life of Athanasius (d. 373), and sees it as influenced by the writings of Augustine (Kelly 1964). Objecting to making it a standard of trinitarian theology, several authors have pointed out its dubious provenance and coherence, and have observed that it has mainly been accepted in the Western realm and not in the East, and that it seems to stack the deck against three-self theories (Layman 2016 136–7, 169–71; McCall 2003, 427; Tuggy 2003b, 450–55). Tuggy (2016b) objects that starting with this problematic creed causes analytic theologians to neglect the question of if and how the teaching of this creed is the same as various statements from the “ecumenical” councils, pre-Nicene theologies, or the Bible. But William Hasker argues that rightly understood, the claims of this creed may not be paradoxical, as it is largely concerned with what may and may not be said (2013b, 250–4).