 Until quite recently, it was common to think that ontological dependence can be fully characterized in modal-existential terms, as we have seen above. One obvious reason for this is that if one adopts the usual “modalist” analysis of essence, essential dependence will collapse into a form of modal-existential dependence (one classic defense of the “modalist” analysis is Marcus 1967). But it seems clear already starting from Aristotle that there is an alternative way to formulate ontological dependence if essence is not analyzed in modal terms (as Fine 1994a and especially those working in the “neo-Aristotelian” tradition would have it). However, this is not to suggest that Aristotle did not rely on the modal-existential notion of ontological dependence. Rather, there are reasons to think that Aristotle’s understanding of dependence encompasses both the modal-existential notion and the essentialist notion to be described below (for historical details and further discussion, see Corkum 2008, Koslicki 2013, and Peramatzis 2011).