 The professional standard mandates informing patients and participants of those details that it is conventional for professionals in the field to mention. Once predominant, this standard has lost much of its traction with U.S. courts. Indeed, no professional convention exists on this issue, and courts have opined that patients should decide which information is pertinent to them. The reasonable person standard mandates disclosing whatever details a reasonable patient would find pertinent. Finally, the individual standard mandates informing the patient or participant of those details that she, as a determinate individual, in keeping with her potentially unreasonable conception of the good, would find pertinent if she were otherwise reasonable (Beauchamp and Childress 2008, 122f.; Levine 1988, 104–5; Berg et al. 2001, 46–52). An argument against requiring the disclosure of any risk is that neither advance disclosure nor risk comprehension are necessary for the restoration of trust and for deterring abuse of patients and trial participants; what is necessary is only ready patient and trial participant access to the relevant information in the event that abuse is suspected (Manson and O’Neill 2007, 179ff.).