 The idea of ethical mitzvoth, however, now becomes an oxymoron for Leibowitz. An act is either religious or ethical. Even “You shall love your neighbor as yourself,” is to be regarded as a mitzvah, not as an ethical precept. The key phrase in the verse containing this commandment for Leibowitz is that which follows immediately to end the verse: “I am God.” It is a duty towards one’s neighbor that is based on man’s position before God, not his position before his fellow man.