 Therefore, if we want to claim that c is a cause of e in the case of early preemption, but deny that c is a cause of e in the case of short circuit, we will have to point to some information which is not contained in these equations and the values of these variables. And several authors have reached for the distinction between default, normal states and deviant, abnormal events (see, for instance, Hall 2007; Hitchcock 2007a; Halpern 2008, 2016a; Paul &amp; Hall 2013; Halpern &amp; Hitchcock 2015; and Gallow 2021. For criticism, see Blanchard &amp; Schaffer, 2017).