 Aristotle is again more nuanced. According to him, both vocal and instrumental music produce pleasure (Politics, 1339b). In general, despite his reservations concerning the aulos (an instrument comprising two, linked, reed pipes) (Politics, 1341a), Aristotle’s attitude toward instrumental music is far less critical than Plato’s. For example, Aristotle is clear in conceding that even purely instrumental music can arouse distinct emotions, due to both its melodic and rhythmic elements (Politics, 1340a-b).