 In their affective psychology, Aelred and Hugh regarded affect as pleasantly (or unpleasantly) felt awareness of a movement of the lower soul with a behavioral impulse. While this account could be understood as an external interpretation of any animal action, it was associated with an Augustinian doctrine of spontaneous movements that should be controlled and guided by free will as soon as possible. This adds the introspective knowledge of first movements to the analysis, making affects a matter of subjective awareness of inner changes, as in Bernard of Clairvaux.