 A sense of kinship among members of a subcultural group which yields an understanding that “different practices [operate in] their society from those which [operate in other societies and therefore] determine their treatment of other groups,” Locke argues is a key element in racial differentiation. (Locke, 1992, 20) Racial consciousness is not itself pernicious, but a group’s sense of itself and its difference from other social races can be based on the domination and oppression of other groups. (Locke, 1992, 20)