 In the early 20th century peace activism and women’s suffrage movements were often linked. For these women, the movement toward social justice, toward egalitarian economic structures, and away from competitive hierarchies necessitated a social structure based in cooperation and peace, not war. Such belief in the possibility of substantially changing social and political realities is at the heart of both pragmatism and feminism. Contemporary scholars of peace, such as political scientist Patricia M. Shields, draw on Addams’s philosophy of “ positive peace” which includes advocacy for social justice at all levels of society and governance (2017: 37). 