 Perhaps the most consequential and most ethically difficult potential use of predictive information is in the criminal justice system. For example, there is evidence that structural brain differences are predictive of scores on the PCL-R, a tool developed to diagnose psychopathy. It is also well-established that psychopaths have high rates of recidivism for violent offenses. Thus, in principle neuroimaging could be used to provide information about an individual’s likelihood of recidivism. Indeed, brain information appears to offer some predictive value when combined with other factors (Poldrack et al., 2019; Delfin et al., 2019). One cautionary tale comes from a recent exchange in the literature: A report suggested that brain activity on a cognitive task predicts recidivism (Aharoni et al., 2013), but a critical reanalysis of the data suggests that methodological concerns led to an overestimate of the predictive value of the neural data (Poldrack et al., 2019; Aharoni et al., 2014), highlighting the importance of technical expertise in assessing the findings and for translating the results of scientific experiments for practical purposes and ethical analysis.