 Gilbert’s theory, sketched in her “Three Dogmas about Promising” (2011) makes promissory obligations a matter of “joint commitment”, jointly made by two or more parties. Whereas a personal decision is a personal commitment, a promise is a joint commitment of promisor and promisee. More fully a promise is a joint commitment to endorse as a body a plan such that one person (the promisor) do such and such, where a joint commitment is not composed of two or more personal commitment (in Gilbert's sense) though each of the parties is committed through it: