 Theories of blame could be organized in a number of different ways, depending on one’s purposes. Consider three of these possible ways. First, we could categorize theories of blame according to the content of blaming attitudes. On this way of dividing up things, the view put forth by Pamela Hieronymi (2004)—which holds that the force of blame is located in judgments of ill will—would be categorized with that of R. Jay Wallace (1994, 2011)—which holds that blame is an emotional response to ill will displayed in others’ actions. Alternatively, we could categorize theories of blame according to those psychological states or dispositions that are thought to constitute blame. This second way of dividing things up emphasizes an important difference between Hieronymi’s and Wallace’s theories: for Hieronymi, blame can be identified primarily with a judgment, but for Wallace, blame is primarily an emotion. A third way might instead focus on objects of blaming attitudes and behaviors. Is blame directed exclusively at actions? Or can it instead be directed at attitudes, including beliefs, as in the case of epistemic blame (see, e.g., Rettler 2018)? Here a theory that emphasizes the significance of emotions might opt for a more circumscribed account, since it’s not clear that indignation or other forms of blaming anger are really apt responses to, say, culpable epistemic failures. By contrast, a theory (like Hieronymi’s or Angela Smith’s (2005)) that has a more minimal conception of blame can more easily account for blame for attitudes. 