 Fourth, In the case of Freudian psychoanalysis, the adequacy of Popper’s critique has been challenged on philosophical grounds by a number of commentators, particularly Adolf Grünbaum (1984). Grünbaum is highly critical, indeed scornful, of Popper’s dismissal of the claims of psychoanalysis to be scientific and argues that Freud showed “a keen appreciation of methodological pitfalls that are commonly laid at his door by critics” (Grünbaum 1984: 168) such as Popper. He argues that Freud was sensitive to the question of the logic of the confirmation and disconfirmation of psychoanalytic interpretations and cites Freud’s use of the concept of consilience, the convergence of evidence from disparate sources, as a serious and explicit attempt to meet the requirements of that logic. For Grünbaum, Popper’s critique of Freud amounts a veritable parody of the pioneering thinker who established the discipline of psychoanalysis, and he attributes that to Popper’s “obliviousness to Freud’s actual writings” (1984: 124). He points out, for example, that the case of the drowning child which Popper uses in Conjectures and Refutations (Popper 1963: 35), upon which he rests part of his case against psychoanalysis, is contrived and not in any way derived from Freud’s actual clinical texts.