 Given an abundant theory of properties according to which each (non-defective) predicate expresses a property, however, (R1) clearly fails, since it isn’t possible for there to be an \(x\) and a \(y\) such that \(x\) has the property of being made of gold, and \(y\) has the property of being such that nothing is made of gold. This defect with (R1) can be fixed by replacing (R1) with (R2).