 One of the leading aestheticians of the time, Susanne Langer (1953) saw pragmatism in general, and Dewey in particular, as guilty of psychologism and therefore unable to deal with the issues that really challenge aestheticians. Pragmatism’s assumption is that all human interests are manifestations of drives motivated by animal needs, thus reducing human to animal psychology. Aesthetic values are thereby interpreted either as direct satisfactions or as instrumental to fulfilling psychological needs, making artistic experience no different from ordinary experience. This misses the essence of art, what makes it as important as science or religion. Whereas Dewey held that there is no essential difference between art experience and ordinary experience Langer thought that the appreciative attitude toward art is not at all like that toward a new car or a beautiful morning. But Felicia Kruse (2007) argued that Langer misinterpreted Dewey on several points and was actually much closer to Dewey than she thought.