 The beginnings of atomism in classical Indian philosophy are difficult to ascertain, but it likely has origins several centuries before the common era. Two distinct systems that regard Vedic texts as authoritative, Nyāya and Vaiśeṣika, favoured atomist accounts of the material world. Quite different atomist theories are found in Buddhist and Jaina systems. Other Indian philosophical systems were critical of atomism, arguing instead for an idealist account of experience. The Buddhist philosopher Vasubandhu (5th c. CE), whose earlier Treasury of Metaphysics is often considered an atomist account, critiqued atomism in his Twenty Verses.