 Middle Stoicism is the term used to encompass the work of later Stoic philosophers including Antipater of Tarsus (d. 130/129 BCE), Panaetius (d. 110/09 BCE), and Posidonius (d. ~45 BCE). Earlier scholarship on Middle Stoicism tended to accentuate the degree of discontinuity between it and the “Old Stoa”. It is certainly true that there was evolution in Stoic ideas with these philosophers and disagreements with earlier Stoics. Thus, for instance, Antipater was much more positive about marriage and family than Chrysippus was. We can, in many cases, attribute the Middle Stoa’s divergence from the Old to a desire to amalgamate what these writers took to be correct in other philosophical schools. In particular, these Stoics looked to Platonism and especially to Plato’s dialogue the Timaeus; cf. Reydams-Schils (1999). Panaetius denied the periodic conflagration posited by earlier Stoic philosophers (Van Staaten, fr. 65). Posidonius, though he is wrongly reported by Galen to have returned to Plato’s tri-partite soul and to have rejected Chrysippus’ purely intellectualist theory of emotion (on this interpretation, see Sorabji 2000, 94ff), he did think it necessary to acknowledge non-rational movements in the human soul corresponding to Plato’s appetite and spirit (see Cooper 1999, 449–84). In spite of these differences, however, in many other ways the Middle Stoics remained, well, Stoics.