  Recent interest in the role of interpretation in legal reasoning springs from several sources. For some, interpretation is where we should look in order to find the solution, or at least the only possible response, to the problem of linguistic indeterminacy in law which they perceive (in turn, renewed interest in the problems of linguistic indeterminacy in law seems to have stemmed at least in part from the resurgence in the last twenty years in scholarship addressing Wittgenstein's remarks on rule-following in the Philosophical Investigations (see e.g. Holtzman &amp; Leich (eds.) 1981; Kripke 1982; Baker &amp; Hacker, 1984 &amp; 1985), and the migration of these concerns from philosophy of language into philosophy of law (see e.g. Marmor 1992 and the revised edition of that work, Marmor 2005; Stone 1995; Smith 1990). Certain aspects of this trend, most notably that of academic lawyers employing ill-digested Wittgenstein to dubious ends, are criticised by Bix 1993). According to this line of thinking, if words, and legal rules composed of words, have no intrinsic meaning and hence cannot, in and of themselves, constrain legal reasoning, then it must be we—readers or interpreters—who supply such meaning via the process of interpretation (see Fish 1989; Cornell 1992. Stone 1995 criticises this understanding of the role of interpretation in legal reasoning, but notes its adoption by various legal theorists). In the case of other theorists, interest in this topic stems from a wish to investigate the parallels and divergences between interpretation in law and interpretation in literature (Levinson 1982; Dworkin 1985; Fish 1989).  The arrival on the jurisprudential scene in the mid-1980s of Ronald Dworkin's powerful new account of law as an interpretive concept, with concomitant implications for the activities of both judges and legal theorists (see Dworkin 1986) also did much to contribute to interest in the role of interpretation in legal reasoning. Moreover, this account seemed to rouse Dworkin's legal positivist adversaries into elaborating more fully upon something which he has always claimed has been seriously underdeveloped in their work (see e.g. Dworkin 1977), namely an account of the nature of adjudication, and of the role of interpretation within it (Marmor 1992 &amp; 2005; Raz 1995; Raz 1996a &amp; 1996b). Recent scholarship in constitutional theory concerning the distinctive challenges posed by the interpretation of constitutions has also helped fuel continuing interest in the topic of interpretation in legal reasoning (see, for example, Bobbit 1991 &amp; 1996; Raz 1998b; Rubenfeld 1998; Kavanagh 2002, 2003 &amp; 2009 part I; Sager 2004; Marmor 2005 ch. 9, Waluchow 2006 and the entry  constitutionalism).  In some jurisdictions academic and public interest in interpretation in legal reasoning may have been sparked by changes in particular legal arrangements: for example, as a result of the enactment of the Human Rights Acts 1998 in the United Kingdom with its section 3 duty to read and give effect to primary and subordinate legislation in a way which is compatible with European Convention rights, or as a result of the doctrine of consistent interpretation or indirect effect developed by the European Court of Justice, requiring European Union Member States' courts to interpret domestic law so that it is consistent with EU law, so far as it is possible to do so.  