 In conclusion, although firmly embedded in philosophy of biology and engaging in closely related concerns, the philosophy of immunology has become an established discipline with distinctive interests and contributions. The immunological matters of interest to philosophers do not always overlap with those that dominate immunology’s contemporary research program. This divergence highlights how philosophy of immunology has emerged as an autonomous field with its own subjects of attention and methods of inquiry that complement rather than mimic or replicate the pursuits in related areas of theoretical and experimental immunology. Moreover, philosophical studies of immunology have contributed to a wide range of pivotal topics engaged by philosophers of biology—organismal identity; individuality; dynamic causation in complex systems (integrating complexity theory with big data studies); the characterization of the goals and methods of systems biology; the organization of information; the characterization of the normative and deviant; and personal ontology (self). Each of these areas of research impact other biological disciplines of interest to philosophers, i.e., development, ecology, genetics, evolution and cognition. And beyond the purview of philosophy of biology, studies of immunology contribute to the more general discussions of reductionism/anti-reductionism, theory change and conceptual modeling, and social and cultural studies of science (i.e., the function of metaphors in science, the role of a scientific discourse). In sum, a rich two-way traffic between philosophers of immunology and philosophers of science has emerged that allows the former to use tried-and-tested conceptual tools developed by their colleagues, while providing a unique outlook for the latter. Given the centrality of immunology in modern biology and the unique perspective offered by this science on crucial philosophical problems, further engagement not only seems likely, but an imperative for philosophy of science writ large. 