 But Andrei Marmor has argued that the pragmatics of legal language is unique in crucial respects (Marmor 2008), with pragmatic considerations playing some very significantly lesser role in law than in other contexts: ‘In ordinary conversations, pragmatic enrichment is the norm, not the exception; in statutory law, it is the exception’ (Marmor 2014, 34). In his view, the Gricean maxims of conversation, derived from a general principle of cooperation, do not straightforwardly apply in legislative communication, because legislative communication is ‘strategic’ rather than cooperative (Marmor 2014, 45–57). Likewise, Francesca Poggi has argued that Grice’s theory does not apply to legislation, because of the ‘conflictual behaviour’ of those addressed by legislation (Poggi 2011, 35). As Marmor points out, speakers and listeners in strategic communication take advantage of uncertainties in the  implicatures  to be derived from pragmatic norms of communication. For present purposes, we can think of an implicature as a proposition that a person is to be understood to have conveyed by using language in a particular way, although it is not expressed by what the person said (see Grice 1975, 43–4). Speakers may exploit implicatures in order to avoid asserting what they prefer to implicate, and listeners may exploit uncertainties concerning implicatures in order to bend the effect of a communication to their liking. Yet these aspects of communication are not distinctive to law making. And they depend on cooperation among participants in the ‘conversation’ in question: some degree of cooperation is necessary in order for it to make any sense for a speaker to take advantage of an implicature, or for a listener to treat an uncertain implicature as a genuine implicature.