 There are further intermediate positions. One is ‘semantic dialetheism’ which accepts true contradictions without inconsistent objects or states of affairs as their truth-makers. This position has been explored in the literature (Kroon 2004, Mares 2004). Beall’s view, expressed in his transparent truth theory in Beall 2009, may also be seen as a form of semantic dialetheism. Transparency can be naturally paired with a  deflationary view of truth.  For suppose the truth predicate is a merely semantic device, coined, as Quine famously stressed, for expressive, ‘disquotational’ purposes. Then dialetheias such as the Liar(s) may well be semantic side-effects (‘spandrels’, in Beall’s terminology) of the introduction of such device, not involving any metaphysically committing contradiction in a language- and mind- independent world. Woodbridge and Armour-Garb (2013) argue that a deflationary view of truth is best understood in terms of semantic pretense (a hermeneutic fictionalist perspective), and on that basis offered a pretense account of the semantic paradoxes. Wansing (2022) advances a view called dimathematism, where there may be contradictions in information (information being “what is left from knowledge when you subtract, justification, truth, and belief” as Dunn puts it) again distinct from contradictions in truth. 