  Those who defend such a beneficence-negating conclusion (regarding obligation) do not hold the extreme view that there are no obligations of beneficence in contexts of role-assigned duties such as those in professional ethics and in specific communities. They acknowledge that professional and other roles carry obligations (or duties, as Gert prefers) that do not bind persons who do not occupy the relevant roles. They claim that the actions one is obligated to perform within the roles are merely moral ideals for any person who is not in the specific role. That is, these philosophers present beneficence not as a general obligation, but as a role-specific duty and as institutionally or culturally assigned.