 This is an example of what Godfrey-Smith (2009: ch.5) calls scaffolded reproducers, “entities which get reproduced as part of the reproduction of some larger unit” and whose “reproduction is dependent on an elaborate scaffolding of some kind that is external to them” (2009: 88). These contrast with what he calls simple reproducers, a paradigm of which is a bacterial cell, being “the lowest-level entities that can reproduce largely ‘under their own steam’” (2009: 88). Both simple and scaffolded reproducers can be parts of what Godfrey-Smith calls collective reproducers, which are 