 Dretske (1981) provides the most careful analysis of the indication relation and he often refers back to it in his later work. However, this analysis adverts to background knowledge, which is clearly an intentional phenomenon, so it had to be modified in order to serve as a basis for Dretske’s theory of content. The modified analysis runs as follows: an event token of type R indicates that a state of affairs of type C obtains if and only if (i) C in fact obtains and (ii) the probability of C’s obtaining, given that R is instanced, is one (assuming that certain background or “channel conditions”   hold).[7] 