 The empirical literature’s most significant and powerful reported finding can actually be replicated with a number of the listed candidate social determinants of health, including income, education, occupational rank, and social class. This is the existence, within a given society, of a social gradient in health. The most significant evidence on the relation between a socially controllable factor and health comes from the Whitehall studies, conducted in England by Michael Marmot and his colleagues (1978). In these studies, the candidate social determinant of health is occupational rank.