 Importantly related is the issue of mathematical modeling and of whether an explanatory modeling of a scientific phenomenon needs to provide a veridical representation of the salient causes (or of a causal mechanism) in the target phenomenon. Many philosophers who defend the causal theory of explanation also defend a (veridical) causal conception of modeling but many challenges have been raised against the latter conception. For instance, endorsing the conclusions of Batterman’s work (see section 3) Rice claims: