 Since Frege most mathematicians seem to believe that the answer to the first question is positive (Frege 1879, 1892). The descriptions “The morning star” and “The evening star” are associated with procedures to identify the planet Venus, but they do not give access to all information about the object itself. If this were so the discovery that the evening star is in fact also the morning star would be uninformative. If we want to maintain this position we get into conflict, because in terms of information theory the answer to the second question is negative (see  section 5.1.7).  Yet this observation is highly counter intuitive, because it implies that we never can construct new information on the basis of deterministic computation, which leads to the third question. These issues cluster around one of the fundamental open problems of Philosophy of Information: 