 While the preceding responsibilities concern pre-conditions for the permissible transfer of gametes, there might also be donor responsibilities that extend into the lives of donor-conceived offspring. For instance, as noted above, Brake (2005, 2010) argues that gamete donors might have an ongoing duty to ensure that their biological offspring receive a minimum level of care (she calls these ‘procreative costs’), but that this should not be confused with parental responsibilities, which are more intimate and more morally weighty in nature. Likewise Brake, Porter (2012, 2014) and Brandt (2016, 2020) similarly argue that gamete donors must continue to take steps to ensure that their offspring have a decent life, though they are not necessarily obligated to parent their offspring themselves. 