 Broadly speaking there are two schools of thought with respect to how we should confront the problem described above. One school exemplified by Garvey (2008), Gardiner (2011), and Broome (2012) acknowledges the collective and political nature of the problem, but maintains that in addition to state action individuals have responsibilities to do things like reduce their carbon footprints to mitigate the effects of climate change. On the other hand, members of the other school of thought (e.g., Brennan 2009, Nordhaus 2014) tend to be skeptical of how much unilateral action (at either the individual or state level) can do, and so argue that our efforts are best spent trying to find workable collective mechanisms to address climate change.