 However, Hale argues, provided that the speaker of premise (ii) is not merely contradicting premise (i), she must not be using ‘brain-in-a-vat’ as a disquotation of “’brain-in-a-vat’”, as it occurs earlier in (ii). Thus the speaker of (ii) must not be speaking BIVese, and so must be a non-BIV. Hale concludes, 