 The second option is to deny the final step from C3 to C4 and concede that there is a sense in which truth is a causal-explanatory property and yet say that it is still not a substantive property (cf. Damnjanovic 2005). For example, some philosophers (e.g., Friedman 1974, van Fraassen 1980, Kitcher 1989, Jackson and Pettit 1990) have offered different understandings of  scientific explanation  and causal explanation, according to which being a causal and explanatory property might not conflict with being insubstantial (perhaps by being an abundant or ungroundable property). This might be enough to sustain a deflationary position.