 McDougall went on to posit various learning rules describing how both the perceptual inputs and the behavioral outputs associated with an instinct are modified by experience (Herrnstein 1972). Thus, much like James, McDougall downplayed the distinction between instinctive vs acquired behavior, focusing instead on the developmental interaction between instincts (viewed as motivational states) and other factors such as perception and action. Dewsbury (1993) further notes that, for McDougall, instincts were psychological processes that interacted with perceptions, emotions, and behavioral impulses.