 At a general level, in this period Luther’s ideas had a role in shaping two key philosophical disputes of a broadly epistemological kind, one concerning the relation between philosophy and theology as disciplines, and the other concerning the possibility of religious certainty. The first can be illustrated by the so-called “Hofmann-streit” (or “Hofmann Controversy”) which took place at the University of Helmstedt in 1598, in which Daniel Hofmann (1538–1621) cited Luther to attack his philosophical colleagues, which brought a response from the Scottish mathematician and physician Duncan Liddel (1561–1613) amongst others (for further discussion, see Antognazza 1996 and Hunter 2006; for the link to Liddel, see Regier 2016). Throughout the seventeenth century, the controversy had a major impact on the debate between theology and philosophy and, in particular, on discussions surrounding the so-called doctrine of double truth (see  Luther entry §2).  Pierre Bayle (1647–1706) devoted an article of his Dictionaire historique et critique to the controversy, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) discussed it repeatedly, including in the Nouveaux Essais and in the Theodicy.