 Dupré’s account surely comes closer to capturing our ordinary use of causal language. Indeed, the inequality in  Dupré  is what one looks for in randomized trials. If one randomly determines which members of a population receive a treatment (C) and which do not \(({\nsim}C)\), then the distribution of background conditions B ought to be the same in both groups, and ought to reflect the frequency of these conditions in the population. Thus we would expect the frequency of E to be higher in the treatment group just in case inequality Dupré holds. 