 The standard deflationary response to the explanatory-role challenge has also met with criticisms focused on providing explanations of certain “higher-level” phenomena. Philip Kitcher (2002, 355–60) concludes that Horwich’s (1998a, 22–3) application of the standard response, in his account of how the notion of truth functions in explanations of behavioral success, misses the more systematic role that truth plays in explaining patterns of successful behavior, such as when mean-ends beliefs flow from a representational device, like a map. Chase Wrenn (2011) agrees with Kitcher that deflationists need to explain systematic as opposed to just singular success, but against Kitcher he argues that deflationists are actually better off than inflationists on this front. Will Gamster (2018, 1252–5) raises a different “higher-level factor” challenge, one based on the putative inability of the standard deflationary account of the role of truth in explanations of behavioral success to distinguish between coincidental and non-coincidental success. Gamster (ibid., 1256–7) claims that an inflationist could mark and account for the difference between the two kinds of success with an explanation that appeals to the notion of truth. But it is not clear that a deflationist cannot also avail herself of a version of this truth-involving explanation, taking it just as the way of expressing in natural language what one might formally express with sentential variables and quantifiers (cf. Ramsey 1927, 1929; Prior 1971, Wrenn 2021, and Armour-Garb and Woodbridge forthcoming).