 14. Strong historical determinism is mistaken. A controversy among historicists of various stripes is whether there are “iron laws of historical development”. Hegel and Marx, in quite different but related ways, believed in a teleological conception of history, that “it” was working its way inevitably through known stages toward a final goal that would amount to “the end of history” in the sense that deep historical change would now cease. This is the view that Popper termed “historicism” in The Poverty of Historicism (1957; see also his 1945). Popper vehemently rejected this version of historicism, as do virtually all historicist philosophers of science today. For them, history is non-teleological and highly contingent. This includes Kuhn’s ([1962] 1970a) model, although the latter does posit an almost inevitable, unending alternation of normal and revolutionary periods—a final pattern without end, as it were.