 The Nağāt treatment perfectly captures this complex strategy. It starts with a canonical distinction between fallacies as (i) dependent on expression (lafẓ) or (ii) dependent on meaning (maʿnā)—the familiar distinction between de dictione and extra dictionem (language-dependent and language-independent) fallacies—and pairs it with the claim that fallacies are also either dependent on (iii) the form or on (iv) the matter of an argument, an aspect that is present also in the cursory classification given in the Išārāt (Street forthcoming).