 Rather, the change is about geography, and so language and culture. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, medieval philosophy was regarded as having taken place in Western Europe, mostly in Latin, with Paris and Oxford as its greatest centres. Islamic and Jewish thinkers writing in Arabic were included only in so far as their works were translated into Latin and influenced Christian thinkers. Nowadays, however, “medieval philosophy” is coming to be regarded as including not just the work of Christians writing in Latin (and sometimes in the European vernaculars), but of Christians in the Byzantine Empire writing in Greek, Muslims (and some Christians) writing in Arabic, and Jews in the Islamicate world writing in Arabic and in Christendom writing in  Hebrew.[1]