 Additionally, West’s charge that the standard idea renders civil rights “hollow” due to the merely “formal” character of antidiscrimination rights appears to unduly minimize the normative significance of claims against discrimination. Even though such claims are, in a sense, “formal,” claims that are formal can still be morally important. Davis acknowledges this point, writing that civil rights are “immensely important,” even though she adds that “freedom is more expansive than civil rights” (2016: 72). 