 Regarding quantum theory, Schulman claims that quantum superpositions of macroscopically distinct states generated by quantum evolution, which are at the heart of many of the nonclassical elements of quantum theory, are what he calls “grotesque” states, and proposes that these states are avoided in quantum systems due to future conditioning and cryptic constraints. Just like there are special microscopic states of thermodynamical systems that evolve “against” the second law of thermodynamics (which are identified in the process of retrodiction), so too must there be “special” microscopic states of a quantum system which do not lead to grotesque states when evolved according to the quantum dynamical laws, rather these states will lead to one particular definite state of the superposition. Schulman’s solution to the quantum measurement problem is that, in every performed experiment, the initial conditions of the quantum system are among these special states which, through pure unitary quantum evolution, yield a single outcome to the experiment (Schulman 1997: 214). Grotesque states, the problematic states of the quantum measurement problem, are thus avoided.