 The domination of German philosophy by Hegelian Idealism for the first third of the nineteenth century was followed by a revival of materialism. This was in part brought on by the criticisms of Christian theology and supernaturalism in David Friedrich Strauss’s The Life of Jesus and the criticisms of Christian theology and Hegelian idealism in the works of Ludwig Feuerbach, most famously in The Essence of Christianity. The revival was also given impetus by the recent successes and the increasing prestige of the natural sciences. This new materialism was represented by figures including Karl Vogt, Jacob Moleschott, Eugen Dühring, Ludwig Büchner, and Heinrich Czolbe. These materialists explicitly took the natural sciences as their ideal. Indeed, many of them were practicing natural scientists. (See Edgar (2015), sections 6.2, 6.5, and passim, for analysis of Büchner’s and Lange’s accounts of objectivity. See Mayerhofer and Vanacek 2007 and Pecere 2000, ch. 4, for Lange’s psychology and its relationship to his philosophy.)