 As Baumgarten sought in a conciliatory spirit to make the Wolffian philosophy responsive to Pietist concerns, Christian August Crusius mounted a renewed, Pietist-inspired but philosophically-sophisticated assault on the foundations of that system. Through his dissertations and textbooks, Crusius succeeded in raising trenchant objections to the Leibnizian-Wolffian philosophy, and indeed to the strongest forms of philosophical rationalism, and he formulated an influential and systematic alternative in which the will and its freedom are central concerns.