 Grünbaum contends that there are instances in Freud’s writings where he shows himself to be “a sophisticated scientific methodologist” (Grünbaum 1984: 128), keenly aware of the need for his theoretical system to meet the requirement of testability. One such occurs when Freud, in his assessment that anxiety neuroses are due to disturbances in sexual life, explicitly refers to the notion of falsifiability: “My theory can only be refuted when I have been shown phobias where sexual life is normal” (Freud 1895 [1962: 134]). Another occurs in Freud’s 1915 paper “A Case of Paranoia Running Counter to the Psycho-Analytic Theory of the Disease”, in which, as the title suggests, he saw the patient’s collection of symptoms as potentially falsifying the theory. Moreover, Freud’s entire account of paranoia as being due to an underlying repressed homosexuality is open to empirical refutation, Grünbaum argues, since it has the testable implication that a reduction in rates of paranoia should result from a removal or loosening of social sanctions against same-sex relationships (1984: 111).