 The priority problem need not be characterized in terms of who is worst off so much as who most deserves the resource. For example, should it matter, all things being equal, whether a resource is provided to an elderly person who will not benefit as much from the resource as a younger person? In general, should the age of the recipient matter? CEA tends to favor highly efficient resource users, who will normally be younger, and some non-utilitarian philosophers have argued that as long as we ensure everyone a normal lifespan—or “fair innings” as Williams (1997) calls it—then ranking older recipients lower is not unfair. Alternatively, it has been strongly argued that, benefit notwithstanding, people who live unhealthy lives and are responsible for their health needs should be downgraded or lose their priority (Moss &amp; Siegler 1991; Wikler 2002; Cappelen &amp; Norheim 2006). (Although the examples used for this argument tend to be drug addicts, smokers, drinkers, and other discreditable risk takers, the argument, if successful, would also apply to athletes and heroes who risk their lives.)