  A related trait-based approach treats the results of indirect measures as reflective of elements of attitudes, rather than as assessing attitudes or biases themselves (Machery 2016, 2017). On Machery’s view, attitudes (in the psychologist’s sense, that is, preferences) are dispositions and are comprised of various bases, including feelings, associations, behavioral impulses, and propositional states like beliefs. (In contrast to Schwitzgebel, Machery holds a representationalist view of belief, but a dispositionalist view of attitudes.) To have a racist attitude, on this picture, is to be disposed to display the relevant mix of these bases, that is, to display the feelings, associations, etc. that together comprise the attitude. Implicit measures, then, are said to capture one of the psychological bases (e.g., her associations between concepts) of the agent’s overall attitude. Explicit questionnaire measures capture another psy­chological basis of the agent’s attitude, behavioral measures yet another basis, and so on. Implicit measures, then, do not assess “implicit attitudes,” and indeed, Machery denies that attitudes divide into implicit and explicit kinds. Rather, implicit measures quantify elements of attitudes. In part, this proposal is meant to explain some of the key psychometric properties of implicit measures, such as their instability over time and the fact that some implicit measures correlate poorly with each other (§5). These findings are consistent with the notion that different implicit measures quantify different psychological bases of attitudes, Machery argues.