 1. Reduction to a single dimension. Such reductions are usually performed by first translating all preference relations into some numerical value, and then, for each alternative, adding up the values assigned to it for all aspects. In utilitarian moral philosophy, a fictional value unit, “utile”, is used for this purpose. In economics, cost-benefit analysis (CBA) instead uses monetary units. However in many cases there is uncertainty or disagreement on how the reductions should be performed. 