 The tide turned in the mid-2000s, when increasing numbers of philosophers began using microbes as examples, or microbiological science as a source of case studies. Evolutionary, classificatory and phylogenetic issues took up the bulk of this new attention (Franklin-Hall 2007; Ereshefsky 2010; Velasco 2010), which expanded to include questions about individuality (Dupré and O’Malley 2007; Ereshefsky &amp; Pedroso 2013) and the origins and nature of life in its earliest microbial forms (Cleland 2007; Parke 2013). New topics that refer to microbes these days include even the evolution of mind and subjectivity (Godfrey-Smith 2016; Allen 2017). It is now fairly mainstream to mention microbes or use microbiological case material in philosophical discussions of any sort of biological phenomenon.