 This brings us to the issue of whether Simpson’s Paradox threatens the objectivity of causal relationships. Properly understood, it does not. It is certainly true that a cause can raise the probability of its effect in one population and lower it in another, or that it can have a positive effect in a whole population, but not in some of its subpopulations. But it is not as if only some of these causal relationships are genuine and that philosophers must therefore find a privileged background context within which the true relationship is revealed. It is simply a fact about causation that different populations can have different sets of interactive background factors, and thus the average effects will genuinely differ across the populations.