 The central meaning and purpose of punishment, on such accounts, is to convey the censure or condemnation that offenders deserve for their crimes. On some versions of this type of theory, punishment serves to express to the community generally (including the offender and victim) the society’s denunciation of or dissociation from the crime (see Bennett 2008; Wringe 2016). On other such accounts, the primary intended audience of the condemnatory message is the offender himself, although the broader society may be a secondary audience (see Duff 2001: secs. 1.4.4, 3.2; Markel 2011).