  It is worth noting that this objection does not presuppose any particular amount of dignity-grounding capacities as being necessary or sufficient for human dignity. Given the fact that some non-human animals possess the kind of cognitive and emotive capacities cited by Karpowicz et al. to a greater degree than some humans, it cannot be the case that (a) those capacities determine whether an individual has human dignity, (b) that all humans have human dignity, and (c) that no non-human has human dignity. This is true no matter how strict or lenient one wishes to be regarding how many of the dignity-grounding capacities an individual must possess to have human dignity.