There are at least two ways in which L1 could be modified in response to this objection. First, it could be held that what is essential to lying is the intention to deceive the hearer about the speaker’s belief that the untruthful statement is true: “x utters a sentence, ‘S,’ where ‘S’ means that p, in doing which either x expresses his belief that p, or x intends the person addressed to take it that x believes that p” (Williams 2002, 74) and “the speaker believes [p] to be false” (Williams 2002, 96–97). L1 could therefore be modified as follows: