  Imagine \(D\) is charged with a criminal offence and pleads not guilty. On the purely procedural view, (PI) makes it a precondition of conviction and punishment that the prosecution prove \(D\) satisfied all elements of the offence. What those elements are is a separate question. Some endorse a revised view that makes (PI) more demanding. These writers distinguish between elements of offences, and the wrongs taken by offence-creators to justify convicting and punishing offenders. (PI), they claim, not only requires proof that \(D\) satisfied the former; it also requires proof that \(D\) committed the latter (Tadros 2007; 2014).