 The intentional use of the placebo effect in clinical care, commonly a deceitful means to help a patient feel better, is condemned by prominent bioethicists in the name of informed consent (Bok 1999, 61ff.; Beauchamp and Childress 2008, 125). Other seeming breaches of the information component of informed consent are somewhat more popular with bioethicists. First, the well-established “nocebo” effect is when the patient’s expectation of a negative outcome as a possibility generates corresponding symptoms or exacerbates them. When a severe, unavoidable nocebo effect from disclosure is predictable, most philosophical observers support withholding certain information (Cohen 2014). In some cultures, patients are averse to hearing about risks because they falsely believe that the mention of remote risks makes those risks likelier to materialize. While the expectation is false, it means that full disclosure of these risks would meet with aversion, potential anxiety, and fewer clinic visits, and many bioethicists permit partial disclosure in such settings (Beauchamp and Childress 2008, 106). Finally, so-called deceptive studies can begin while the participant is waiting in the corridor for what she believes is an altogether different experiment, precisely because full disclosure would foil the investigation. Their deceitful nature notwithstanding, such studies are ubiquitous in psychology and some bioethicists find forms of them acceptable (but see condemnation in Bok 1995).