  Critics, however, fear that regulations put in place by advocates – whether in the form of laws, restrictions of the use of federal or state funds, or mere recommendations or guidelines from medical societies – will not be sufficient to avoid the negative consequences of eugenic practices (Duster 1990; Sparrow 2011a). They point out the many ways that a collection of individual choices, pressured by unjust social norms and assumptions, may lead to results not wholly unlike those of the old eugenics programs.