Knowledge adaptation from semi-formalized sources can, for example, consist of extracting part-of-speech and subcategorization information as well as stock phrases and idioms from appropriate dictionaries. It may also involve mapping hypernym hierarchies, meronyms (parts), or antonyms, as catalogued in sources like WordNet, into some form usable for disambiguation and inference. The main limitations of manually coded lexical knowledge are its grounding in linguistic intuitions without direct consideration of its role in language understanding, and its inevitable incompleteness, given the ever-expanding and shifting vocabulary, jargon, and styles of expression in all living languages. 