 Rawls (2005, 140) adopts a coarse-grained approach, applying public justification to “constitutional essentials” and “basic questions of justice.” Jonathan Quong (2004, 233–259) adopts a fine-grained approach. He applies public justification first to laws. Gaus (2011, 495) focuses on laws that lack “strong interactive effects” with other laws. For instance, a smoking ban lacks strong interactive effects with a corn subsidy, and so they should be justified separately.