 In the end, it is an empirical question what combination of legal and non-legal means are likely to be most effective in challenging sexual inequality; however, there are some reasons to think that counter-speech alone may be less effective than advocates commonly suppose. Firstly, if widespread consumption of pornography “silences” women, or restricts their ability successfully to communicate relevant counter-messages, then counter-speech is not an option, at least for those silenced. Secondly, pornography may affect consumers’ attitudes in ways that escape their conscious notice. It may be going too far to liken consumers of pornography to Pavlov’s dogs, but it is not unreasonable to think that much of pornography’s influence is less than fully mentally-intermediated, and so less amenable to rational revision in response to counter-speech.