 Nevertheless, consent theory still has its adherents among political philosophers. Their versions of consent theory vary considerably, though, with two main branches emerging in response to the criticisms. One response, advanced by Harry Beran (1987), accepts the claim that only express consent can generate a political obligation, but then calls for political societies to establish formal procedures for evoking such consent. That is, states should require their members openly to undertake an obligation to obey the law or to refuse to do so. Those who decline the obligation will then have the options of leaving the state, seceding to form a new state with like-minded people, or taking residence in a territory within the state reserved for dissenters. In the absence of such procedures, it seems that Beran’s position is roughly the same as that of the a posteriori philosophical anarchist. Were the procedures he recommends in place, though, it is far from clear that the options available to the members will make their “consent” truly voluntary (Klosko 2005, pp. 123–29; Horton, pp. 34–36).