 Ludwik Finkelstein (1975, 1977) and Luca Mari (1999) suggested the possibility of a synthesis between Shannon-Weaver information theory and measurement theory. As they argue, both theories centrally appeal to the idea of mapping: information theory concerns the mapping between symbols in the input and output messages, while measurement theory concerns the mapping between objects and numbers. If measurement is taken to be analogous to symbol-manipulation, then Shannon-Weaver theory could provide a formalization of the syntax of measurement while measurement theory could provide a formalization of its semantics. Nonetheless, Mari (1999: 185) also warns that the analogy between communication and measurement systems is limited. Whereas a sender’s message can be known with arbitrary precision independently of its transmission, the state of an object cannot be known with arbitrary precision independently of its measurement.