 Windelband’s most fully developed effort to arrive at an alternative solution to the problem of freedom can be found in his 1882 essay “Normen und Naturgesetze” [“Norms and natural laws”] and in his 1904 lectures Über Willenfreiheit [On freedom of the will]. In these texts, Windelband articulates the following core claims. First, the Kantian dualism between phenomena and noumena needs to be overcome, and we need to think of moral responsibility in a way that does not presuppose a noumenal realm. Second, causal explanation and normative evaluation are two irreducible, but ultimately compatible, ways of viewing, or constructing, the world of appearances. Third, the object of moral evaluation is neither a particular moral action, nor a transcendentally free will, but a “personality”—understood as a set of relatively stable motivations and psychological dispositions—that is the natural cause of our actions. Although articulating these same core thoughts, the two texts differ in how they motivate these ideas, and in the consequences that they draw from them.