 Individual level predicates hold of individuals, not stages, and so are directly predicated of their subjects. There is no inherent type mismatch here, and so individual level predicates are lexicalized without any such built-in quantifiers. As a first pass attempt at a semantic formalization, Carlson took all individual level predicates to be directly applicable to kinds, so “Cats like Bob” would have as a logical form simply “\(\textrm{Like}(c, b)\)”. Carlson went on to note that this approach meets with difficulties when faced with sentences such as “Cats like themselves”. “\(\textrm{Like}(c, c)\)” is does not capture the appropriate truth conditions, since it corresponds only to “cats like cats”, and not to “cats like themselves”.