 The most important works surveyed in this entry are Pearl 2009 and Spirtes, Glymour, &amp; Scheines 2000. Pearl 2010, Pearl et al. 2016, and Pearl &amp; Mackenzie 2018 are three overviews of Pearl’s program. Pearl 2010 is the shortest, but the most technical. Pearl &amp; Mackenzie 2018 is the least technical. Scheines 1997 and the “Introduction” of Glymour &amp; Cooper 1999 are accessible introductions to the SGS program. Eberhardt 2009, Hausman 1999, Glymour 2009, and Hitchcock 2009 are short overviews that cover some of the topics raised in this entry.