  As a later paper by Alison McIntyre shows (McIntyre 2006),  understanding weakness of will in this way casts a fresh light on the issue of its rational status. The weak-willed agent abandons a  resolution because of a contrary inclination of exactly the type  which the resolution was expressly designed to defeat. Therefore, as  McIntyre underlines, weak-willed action always involves a procedural  rational   defect:[17]  a technique of self-management has been deployed but has failed  (McIntyre 2006, p. 296). To that extent we have grounds to  criticize weak-willed action simply in virtue of the second of the  ways in which Holton wishes to distinguish weakness of will from a  mere change of mind, without even resolving the potentially murky  issue of whether the agent was reasonable in abandoning her  intention.