 Several authors have provided theories of token causation which use causal models like these. (See, for instance, Hitchcock 2001a, 2007a; Woodward, 2003, Menzies 2004, 2006  [Other Internet Resources];  Halpern &amp; Pearl 2005; Hall 2007; Halpern 2008, 2016a, 2016b; Beckers &amp; Vennekens 2017, 2018; Andreas &amp; Günther 2020, 2021; Gallow 2021; Weslake ms.—see Other Internet Resources.) The theories almost always understand the causal models as describing relations of influence between token variables. Most of these theories are roughly counterfactual. They attempt to use the interventionist semantics for causal counterfactuals to provide an account of when one variable value is a token cause of another. On this approach, the networks of influence encoded in a causal model provide the pathways along which token causation propagates. If one variable value, \(C=c\), is going to be a token cause of another, \(E=e\), then there must be some path of influence leading from the variable C to the variable E,