  A health professional’s conception of both harm to and benefit for a patient can differ sharply from that of the patient, but the health professional’s understandings of benefits also often depend on the patient’s view of what constitutes a benefit or a worthwhile risk. Different patients take different views about what constitutes a harm and a benefit, and when each view is reasonable it is morally unacceptable to maintain that the notions of medical benefit and harm are independent of the patient’s judgment.