 Moral philosophers often discuss artificial examples involving certainty. In particular, discussion of the ethics of harm focuses on cases where each action will definitely harm some particular person. But real-life ethics invariably involves widespread uncertainty. Most actual “harmful” activities are socially productive ones that impose some risk of harm on others. (Fried 2012a, 2012b) Can Contractualists provide a plausible and distinctive account of when and why such activities are permitted? (For more detailed discussion of a variety of Contractualist accounts of risk, see Frick 2015, Fried 2012a, Horton 2017, Kumar 2015.)