 Let us say that a person does A for the reason that p if and only if he does A because he believes that p is a reason for him to do A. A person refrains from doing A for the reason that p if and only if it is not the case that he does A for the reason that p. In other words a person refrains from acting for a reason if he does not do the act or does it but not for this reason. “Refrains” is used here in an extended sense which does not imply that the agent intentionally avoids acting for the reason. A second order reason is any reason to act for a reason or to refrain from acting for a reason. An exclusionary reason is a second order reason to refrain from acting for some reason. (Raz 1975: 487)