 As noted above  (section 1.1),  many Russellian monists claim that macrophenomenal properties are constituted by quiddities, or by quiddities and structure. But not all do. Instead, some claim that macrophenomenal properties emerge from quiddities, or from quiddities and structure (Goff 2015), where emergence is taken to be a (diachronic or synchronic) causal relation.