 Certification happens through source identification, and the sources are known mainly by inference from certain tell-tale signs called “merits,” guṇa, while falsification occurs through recognizing tell-tale signs of pseudo-sources called “flaws,” doṣa. Various fallacies, for example, are flaws with respective to putative knowledge as determined by way of inference. In certain cases, however, in contrast to the norm, there is practically self-certification, as the Mīmāṃsakas claim. For example, perception is like that with knowing that there is a small piece of āmalaka fruit in the palm of your hand. Much discussion throughout the Jewel centers on certification conditions, some of which figure in the definitions of the several sources. There is also much concern with specification of the trigger, or triggers, of the workings of the sources, which not only can serve to define them but whose identification is one way certification proceeds.