 According to Davidson, who echoed Ramsey (1927), the meaning of (40) is reflected in the paraphrase ‘There was a kissing of Romeo by Juliet’. One can formalize this proposal in various ways, with different implications for how verbs like ‘kiss’ are related to propositional constituents: \(\exists e [\textrm{Past}(e) \land \textrm{KissingOf}(e, \textrm{Romeo}) \land \textrm{KissingBy}(e, \textrm{Juliet})]\); or \(\exists e [\textrm{Past}(e) \land \textrm{KissingByOf}(e, \textrm{Juliet}, \textrm{Romeo})]\); or as in (40a), with Juliet and Romeo explicitly represented as players of certain roles in an event.