 Kant never directly addresses the above arguments, but he clearly rejects Hume’s claim that reason is motivationally “impotent” or enslaved to the passions. It is a central feature of his moral philosophy that pure reason can be “practical”—that reason can “of itself, independently of anything empirical, determine the will” (CPrR 5: 42). He says of right actions that they “need no recommendation” from emotion or personal inclination. Such actions “represent the will that practices them as the object of an immediate respect, and nothing but reason is required to impose them upon the will” (G 4:435). Moreover, in the first section of the Groundwork, Kant repeatedly emphasizes the special form of “moral worth” that attaches to right actions that are performed simply because they are right—i.e., actions motivated from “from duty” or “from respect for the law” (G 4:396–401; see Timmermann 2009a).