 C1–C4 present a number of conversion steps each producing co-referential sentences. It is claimed that C1 and C2 must have the same designation by substitutivity, for the terms ‘the author of Waverley’ and ‘the man who wrote 29 Waverley Novels altogether’ designate one and the same object, namely Walter Scott. And so must C3 and C4, because the number, such that Sir Walter Scott is the man who wrote that many Waverley Novels altogether is the same as the number of counties in Utah, namely 29. Next, Church argues, it is plausible to suppose that C2, even if not completely synonymous with C3, is at least so close to C3 “so as to ensure its having the same denotation”. If this is indeed the case, then C1 and C4 must have the same denotation (designation) as well. But it seems that the only (semantically relevant) thing these sentences have in common is that both are true. Thus, taken that there must be something what the sentences designate, one concludes that it is just their truth value. As Church remarks, a parallel example involving false sentences can be constructed in the same way (by considering, e.g., ‘Sir Walter Scott is not the author of Waverley’).