 Apparently, the first translations of the ʿAbbasid era were produced under the caliphate of al-Mansur (r. 754–775): his secretary Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ (d.  756)[14]  is credited with the translation (or production) of a compendium of Porphyry’s Isagoge, plus the Categories, De Intepretatione and Prior  Analytics.[15]  It has been contended (Gabrieli 1932, Kraus 1934) that this authorship rests on a mistake and that this work should be attributed to his son, Muhammad ibn ʿAbdallah al-Muqaffaʿ (fl. under the reign of al-Ma’mun, see below); however, other scholars accept the father’s  authorship,[16]  with the result that a companion of Aristotelian logic was already available in the first decades of the ʿAbbasid caliphate, under the ruler who founded Baghdad (762). His son and successor al-Mahdi (r. 775–785) had the Topics translated for him by the Nestorian Patriarch Timothy I (d.  823).[17]  It has been advanced that the ancient Arabic translation of the Rhetoric, “edited” by Ibn al-Samh (d.  1027),[18]  traces back to the 8th century (Aouad 1989c, 456–7). Under the reign of Harun al-Rashid (r. 786–809) a translation of Aristotle’s Physics was made by a certain Sallam  al-Abrash.[19]  Neither translation has come down to us.