  Since the whole point of the Zhuangzi passage is to oppose “guiding and pulling” and other longevity techniques to true sagehood, it does not dwell on their details. We can get a better idea of what he might have been talking about from other sources. Some of these ideas are elaborated in a chapter of the Guanzi titled “Inner Cultivation” (Nei ye), which describes the cultivation of qi, as well as vital essence (jing), and spirit (shen). It describes Dao as literally pervading the body or the person of a sage: