 Heytesbury treated insolubles as paradoxical only with respect to certain assumed circumstances (what he calls the casus or “scenario”). For example, the proposition ‘Socrates is uttering a falsehood’ is not paradoxical in the abstract, all by itself, but only in contexts where, say, it is Socrates who utters that proposition, the proposition is the only proposition Socrates utters (it is not an embedded quotation, for instance, part of some larger statement he is making), and where his proposition signifies just as it normally does. Spoken and written language are thoroughly arbitrary, for medieval authors, so that the vocal sequence or inscription ‘Socrates is uttering a falsehood’ could theoretically signify any way you want. It might, for example, signify that 2 + 2 = 4, in which case it would not be insoluble at all but straightforwardly true.