 Pearl’s answer to (ii) has immediate implications for (iii). In evaluating the relationships between two variables \(X\) and \(Y\) and determining whether one should partition based on some variable (or variable set) \(Z\), one should partition based on \(Z\) only if doing so will enable one to identify the causal relationship between \(X\) and \(Y\). This answer presupposes that the aim of partitioning the population is to identify causal relationships. Questions about how to proceed in light of the paradox only make sense given a context and given the kind of inference one wishes to draw.