Moreover, the relevant belief must be that intending the means now is necessary.  Suppose a beginning student intends to earn a doctoral degree and believes that, when the dissertation is completed, intending to submit the final paperwork is necessary for earning the degree.  It is not clear that she is being instrumentally incoherent in refusing to intend, now, to submit that paperwork.  She may trust that, when the time comes, she will intend it (Setiya 2007). This suggests, as Raz notes, that opportunities for instrumental incoherence may actually be very rare. 