 For matters of exposition, we assume that these frequencies are unbiased estimates of the underlying probabilities. The treatment looks ineffective at the level of the overall population, but it leads to higher success percentages than the control both for men and for women (61% vs. 57% for men and 44% vs. 40% for women). Writing these proportions as conditional probabilities, with \(\r{T}\)=treatment, \(\r{S}\)=success/recovery, and \(\r{M}\)=male subpopulation, we obtain 