 In reality the Church-Turing thesis does not entail that the brain (or the mind, or consciousness) can be modelled by a Turing machine program, not even in conjunction with the belief that the brain (or mind, or consciousness) is scientifically explicable, or rule-governed, or scientifically describable, or characterizable as a set of steps (Copeland 1998c). The simulation thesis is much stronger than the Church-Turing thesis: as with the maximality thesis, neither the Church-Turing thesis properly so called nor any result proved by Turing or Church entails the simulation thesis.