 Stephen Darwall’s view makes promissory obligations out to be a species of what he has called “second-personal” normative phenomena. Second-personal phenomena are many and varied, and Darwall places promises in the category of “transactions”, which are a group, including contracts and other mutual arrangements, in which the basic second-personal authority (i.e., the power we have to “make claims and demands on one another”) generates obligations to perform what is outlined in the transaction. This second-personal authority is in turn a normative basic, and Darwall argues that this sort of authority is necessarily assumed in all cases of agreed-upon arrangement.