 al-Kindi |  Albert the Great [= Albertus magnus] |  Aquinas, Thomas |  Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, disciplines in: natural philosophy and natural science |  Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, historical and methodological topics in: Greek sources |  Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, historical and methodological topics in: influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West |  Aristotle |  Bacon, Francis |  Bacon, Roger |  Berkeley, George |  biology: experiment in |  Boyle, Robert |  Cambridge Platonists |  confirmation |  Descartes, René |  Enlightenment |  epistemology |  epistemology: Bayesian |  epistemology: social |  Feyerabend, Paul |  Galileo Galilei |  Grosseteste, Robert |  Hempel, Carl |  Hume, David |  Hume, David: Newtonianism and Anti-Newtonianism |  induction: problem of |  Kant, Immanuel |  Kuhn, Thomas |  Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm |  Locke, John |  Mill, John Stuart |  More, Henry |  Neurath, Otto |  Newton, Isaac |  Newton, Isaac: philosophy |  Ockham [Occam], William |  operationalism |  Peirce, Charles Sanders |  Plato |  Popper, Karl |  rationality: historicist theories of |  Reichenbach, Hans |  reproducibility, scientific |  Schlick, Moritz |  science: and pseudo-science |  science: theory and observation in |  science: unity of |  scientific discovery |  scientific knowledge: social dimensions of |  simulations in science |  skepticism: medieval |  space and time: absolute and relational space and motion, post-Newtonian theories |  Vienna Circle |  Whewell, William |  Zabarella, Giacomo 