 The first teaching in Fazang’s panjiao—the one he ranks as conveying the least truth, as being the most limited in its skillful means—is what he calls Hinayana (and what we now call Abhidharma). Fazang offers three criticisms of this teaching. First, he claims that the Abhidharmic analysis of consciousness is incomplete, because it does not provide a thorough analysis of repository consciousness (alayavijnana)—that occurs only with the Yogacara branch of the Mahayana tradition. Second, he claims that the Abhidharmic analysis of dharmas is incomplete, because no school within the tradition manages to establish a list of dharmas that contains all the dharmas contained by all other lists, and because the tradition cannot seem to resolve disagreements on the status of certain putative dharmas. Third, and most importantly, he claims that the Abhidharmic tradition remains committed to the error of Eternalism by virtue of denying that dharmas are empty. 