 Porphyry’s Eisagoge was translated into Arabic by Abu ‛Uthman Ya‛qub ad-Dimashqi (fl. 914) and his translation was used by Alfarabi in his Book of the Eisagoge (Isaghuji) or Introduction (Madkhal). In his Eisagoge, Porphyry established five universal “meanings”: genus, species, differentia, property, and accident, as the foundations of logic, the first element of a chain, the highest development of which is the syllogism. Alfarabi opened his Introduction with the following statement: