 Reproductive autonomy is another particularly telling example of the ongoing force of gender norms. Feminists plausibly contend that women cannot be free and equal citizens if they do not control their own bodies. Much feminist research has detailed the history and debated the implications of current laws and policies that have allowed or constrained women’s reproductive freedom (see, e.g., Peach 2002; Rhode 1997). Paternalistic attitudes towards women have been identified as shaping the structure of the Supreme Court’s  Roe v. Wade  (410 U.S. 113 (1973)) decision and subsequent efforts by states to regulate or restrict abortion in the name of protecting women’s health (Appleton 2011; Laufer-Ukeles 2011). Even feminists who personally oppose abortion, or who are critical of some abortions (e.g., those evidencing disability discrimination) typically argue that abortion should still be legal. Some argue that controlling one’s own body is a necessary condition for any other freedom (see, e.g., Peach 2002; Estrich 2001; Rhode 1997; Olsen 1993). Yet together with paternalistic attitudes about the need to protect women from their emotionality and irrationality in the reproductive process, traditional views of women’s reproductive roles have shaped law and policy. Laws permitting abortion remain under attack; many U.S. jurisdictions now have laws targeting abortion providers (TRAP laws), although in  Whole Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt  (579 U.S. ___ (2016)) the U.S. Supreme Court struck down Texas’s TRAP laws as impermissibly burdening women’s rights without providing corresponding benefit for women’s health. Feminists point out that analyses of whether such statutes place undue burdens on women’s rights in terms of formal legal barriers manifest legal formalism that conceals the reality of ongoing oppression or inequality of opportunity. The Hellerstedt decision rejected such formalism in favor of an analysis of the actual benefits and burdens of the Texas laws by a slim 5–3 majority after Justice Scalia’s death, but with the addition of Justice Gorsuch one further appointment to the Court could tip this balance.