 During this period polemical texts, which consist almost entirely of arguments, start to appear. The earliest among these are texts attributed to Nāgārjuna (2nd century ce). They include Mūla-madhyamaka-kārikā (Basic verses on the middle way), Vigraha-vyāvartanī (Exclusion of disputes) and Vaidalya-prakaraṇa (Tract on pulverization). Then comes a text extant only in Chinese, Bǎi lùn (百論), a translation of the Sanskrit text entitled Śataka-śāstra (Treatise in one hundred verses) by Āryadeva (c. 3rd century ce), a student of Nāgārjuna. Many of the arguments in these texts are arguments by analogy; those which are not are often enthymemes whose omitted premisses are patently false.