 On the other hand, there are those relevance logicians who reject both \(\mathbf{R}\) and \(\mathbf{E}\). There are those, like Arnon Avron, who accept logics stronger than \(\mathbf{R}\) (Avron 1990). And there are those, like Ross Brady, John Slaney, Steve Giambrone, Richard Sylvan, Graham Priest, Greg Restall, and others, who have argued for the acceptance of systems weaker than \(\mathbf{R}\) or \(\mathbf{E}\). One extremely weak system is the logic \(\mathbf{S}\) of Robert Meyer and Errol Martin. As Martin has proven, this logic contains no theorems of the form \(A \rightarrow A\). In other words, according to \(\mathbf{S}\), no proposition implies itself and no argument of the form ‘\(A\), therefore \(A\)’ is valid. Thus, this logic does not make valid any circular arguments.