Associationism’s popularity is in part due to how many different masters it can serve. In particular, associationism can be used as a theory of learning (e.g., as in behaviorist theorizing), a theory of thinking (as in Jamesian “streams of thought”), a theory of mental structures (e.g., as in concept pairs), and a theory of the implementation of thought (e.g., as in connectionism). All these theories are separable, but share a related, empiricist-friendly core. As used here, a “pure associationist” will refer to one who holds associationist theories of learning, thinking, mental structure, and implementation. The “pure associationist” is a somewhat idealized position, one that no particular theorist may have ever held, but many have approximated to differing degrees (e.g., Locke 1690/1975; Hume 1738/1975; Thorndike 1911; Skinner 1953; Hull 1943; Churchland 1986, 1989; Churchland and Sejnowski 1990; Smolensky 1988; Elman 1991; Elman et al. 1996; McClelland et al. 2010; Rydell and McConnell 2006; Fazio 2007).