  Now consider A, B, C, as above, and assume they have definite values v(A), v(B), v(C). Consider a ‘hidden state’ V which determines v(A), v(B), v(C). We can then derive from V trivial ‘expectation values’ which are just the possessed values themselves: &lt;A&gt;V = v(A), and so  on.[2]  Of course, these ‘expectation values’ do not, in general, equal the QM ones: &lt;A&gt;V ≠ &lt;A&gt; (we would indeed think of the latter as averages over the former for different hidden states V!). However, von Neumann requires that the &lt;A&gt;V, like the &lt;A&gt;, conform to (2). This automatically entails that the values themselves must conform to a condition parallel to (2), i.e.: