 With regard to human relations, market societies have been accused of undermining community and solidarity, as markets are based on purely instrumental, fast-changing relations, so that “all that is solid melts into air” (Marx/Engels, Communist Manifesto; for a contemporary account see e.g., Lane  1991).[6]  The “creative destruction” and competition that take place in markets may spur innovation, as their defenders hold, but they also destroy established social ties and traditions (cf. Polanyi 1944) and might undermine solidarity (Hussain 2021). This thought seems to play a role in the communitarian critique of the liberal view of human nature (e.g., MacIntyre 1984, cf. Bell 2012 for an overview). In addition, the fact that markets build on self-interest has been said to make individuals more egoistic and materialistic. Such arguments are the counterpart to the claim that markets make individuals more social and moral, as held by their defenders. An important aspect of this debate, which has also been explored empirically, is the tendency of monetary incentives to “crowd out” the intrinsic motivation to act out of altruism or for the sake of the public good (cf. e.g., Titmus’ famous study on paid and unpaid blood donations (1971); Frey (e.g., 2007); see also Gneezy/Rustichini’s study on how a fine for late-coming parents at a day-care center increased their numbers because it was seen as a price (2000)).