 The strategy of the lectures is similar to F. H. Bradley’s in Appearance and Reality (1893). The ordinary natural world is found to be absurd and self-contradictory, and the contradictions point to a different world that is ultimately real. In Bradley’s case the contradictions emerge from the idea that the ordinary natural world is a world of substances that somehow “possess” properties. In Findlay’s case, the contradictions emerge from absurdities in the concepts of space, time, and material bodies, not only in their ordinary manifestations but also in their scientific doppelgangers.