A similar difficulty also emerges for Balaguer's version of fictionalism (see the second half of Balaguer 1998). Balaguer relies on the possibility of distinguishing between the mathematical and the physical contents of an applied mathematical theory: in particular, the truth of such a theory holds only in virtue of physical facts, with no contribution from mathematics. It is, however, controversial whether the distinction between mathematical and physical content can be characterized without implementing a Field-like nominalization program. In this case, the same difficulties that the latter face also carry over to Balaguer's account (Colyvan 2010; Azzouni 2011).