 According to Caso, human existence has three levels: the biological or economic, the disinterested or aesthetic, and the charitable. Caso considered this last level the highest expression of human dignity and applied this distinction to other moral, political, and aesthetic problems. In the 1930s, Caso defended academic freedom and the autonomy of the university and decried the changes to the 1933 Mexican Constitution that would reform public education along the lines of historical materialism. For example, he famously debated with the Mexican Marxist Vicente Lombardo Toledano (1894–1968) about congress’s plan to make public education socialist. In La persona humana y el estado totalitario (1941), Caso defends democracy against fascism and communism. For a comprehensive overview of Caso’s philosophy, see Mexican philosopher Rosa Krauze de Kolteniuk’s (1923—2003) La filosofía de Antonio Caso (1961).