 Whether or not Roskies’ (2006 and 2007) replies to many of these objections are successful, there are reasons to doubt that the data Roskies cites is sufficient to undermine internalism. Roskies herself acknowledges that some versions of internalism (though ones she considers problematic or as yet insufficiently developed) may be consistent with the data on VM patients.(2003: 62–63) Schroeder et al. (2010: 95) note that research suggests that psychopaths have a “diminished capacity to distinguish moral from conventional violations,” which has led some to conclude that they have “impaired moral concepts” (2010: 96, citing Nichols 2004). If they do have impaired moral concepts, then they pose no problem for the internalist. In the case of VM patients, however, they note that it has “been argued that people exhibiting acquired sociopathy do not exhibit moral deficits at all, but that their deficits in non-moral aspects of life merely manifest occasionally in moral situations.” Further studies, they indicate, will be needed to resolve the question of whether VM patients pose a threat to what Schroeder et al. call cognitivism and Roskies calls motive-internalism (2010: 97). In any case, it is disputed how best to explain the extant data on VM patients. VM patients who suffer injury early in life exhibit sociopathic behavior, including violent behavior, whereas VM patients who acquire their injuries later in life do not. In dispute is whether the latter patients are not violent, for example, because their moral judgments are to some degree motivating or whether their nonviolent behavior is a function of habit (98). Finally, as Roskies (2007: 205) carefully explains, “the evidence is inconclusive because the best-designed tests of the cognition and behavior of VM patients have not yet been done”. 