 Armstrong's ontological commitments are  notoriously rather slippery but, given AW3, a reasonably  complete notion of existence in a world is forthcoming. First, let us note that, for Armstrong, the “combinatorial idea” yields a substantial metaphysical thesis, as well, viz., the ontological free lunch (1986, 12ff), i.e., the thesis that “[w]hat  supervenes is no addition of being”; that “whatever  supervenes ... is not something ontologically additional to the  subvenient entity or entities.” Hence, for Armstrong, it  appears that simple states of affairs and their constituents exist most fundamentally and that the existence of more complex  entities is in a certain sense derivative. Thus: 