 Importantly, the morals summarized in (i)–(iv) are extremely general. They don’t just apply to formal epistemologies based in probability theory. They also apply to a wide range of theories based in other formalisms, like  Dempster-Shafer theory,  ranking theory,  belief-revision theory,  and  non-monotonic logics.  One way of viewing the takeaway here, then, is as follows.