 Adjunct to these problems is the charge that the expectationalist can’t explain why promissory expectations produce obligations, in a way that other expectations don’t (see Raz 1972; Owens 2006). Elinor Mason, in a recent article on Scanlon’s theory argues in favor of the collapse, claiming that promises are just one sort of inducement to trust, and the harm of breaking a promise is exactly the harm of misleading that might be performed by lying or otherwise deceiving (Mason 2005).