 Many attempts have been made to predict the risks associated with emerging and future technologies. The role of philosophers in these endeavours has often been to point out the difficulties and uncertainties involved in such predictions (Allhoff 2009; Gordijn 2005). Experience shows that even after extensive efforts to make a new product safe, there is a need for post market surveillance (PMS) in order to discover unexpected problems. For instance, before the massive introduction of automobile air bags around 1990, safety engineers performed laboratory tests of different crash scenarios with dummies representing a variety of body weights and configurations (including infants and pregnant women). But in spite of the adjustments of the construction that these tests gave rise to, inflated airbags caused a considerable number of (mostly minor) injuries. By carefully analyzing experiences from actual accidents, engineers were able to substantially reduce the frequency and severity of such injuries (Wetmore 2008). For pharmaceutical drugs and some medical devices, post market surveillance is legally required in many jurisdictions.