 As observed in  §1,  Grice (1975: 24) introduced the technical term “implicature” to denote either (i) the act of meaning or implying one thing by saying something else, or (ii) what the speaker meant or implied. Grice (1975: 87ff) used “say” quite strictly, requiring what a speaker says to be closely related to what the sentence uttered means on that occasion. Indexicals provide cases in which what a speaker says is not what the sentence used means. When Barb uttered “I have to work” in  (1),  she said that she, Barb, has to work; but the sentence she used does not mean “She, Barb, has to work” even on that occasion. Ellipsis allows people to say things without even uttering sentences. If John asks “Where did Mary go?” and Sue answers “To the gym”, then Sue said that Mary went to the gym. The infinitive phrase she uttered was elliptical for a sentence meaning “Mary went to the gym” but does not itself mean that.