 Whether or not this will work for fiction (What if the work is inconsistent: must one use a relevant consequence relation? How can it handle comparisons among different works as in the Tolstoy/Dostoyevsky example above?) this is an interesting position on mathematics with definite formalistic overtones. The mathematician can put forward any (consistent) theory she likes. The truths of the theory are then just the consequences of the theory, there is no need to think that the theory represents an external reality. Fictionalism along these lines has been investigated by Mary Leng (2010). But a key question is: how does one read ‘consequence’? For a formalist, this has to be consequence as derivability. But Leng rejects such a reading: her fictionalism is one in which logical consequence is interpreted not syntactically but modally, with the necessity in question taken as primitive. Hence, this subspecies of fictionalism cannot be classed as formalist.