 Of the four approaches to the empirical study of character that we are examining here, the one coming out of the positive psychology movement is the most recent. That movement itself only really got going at the turn of the century, and character traits were one part of a much larger focus that will not concern us here (for overviews of positive psychology, see Snyder and Lopez 2009; Moneta 2014; Lopez et al. 2015). As before, we need some background first before we get to the philosophical implications.