 These considerations notwithstanding, the cognitive sciences might pose a threat to VE. After all, to the extent that people’s cognitive dispositions do not qualify as virtues (because they are unreliable or irresponsible, for example), the true beliefs they produce will not count as knowledge (Alfano 2012). Recall that practitioners are largely in agreement that knowledge is true belief that manifests virtue. If empirical studies suggest that people’s beliefs usually manifest cognitive defects or incompetence, then VE would be led to the conclusion that most of our true beliefs don’t count as knowledge. This challenge to VE is analogous to the “situationist challenge” to virtue ethics (Doris 1998, 2002; Flanagan 1991; Harman 1999; for a recent articulation, see Merritt, Doris, and Harman 2010).