 By replacing Fregean biconditionals such as Hume’s Principle with separate existence and identity principles, we reduce two problems to one and and isolate the real problem for Fregean foundations of arithmetic, namely, the problem of giving an epistemological justification for distinctive existence claims (e.g., Numbers) for abstract objects of a certain kind. For if anything like Frege’s program is to succeed, it must at some point assert (as an axiom or theorem) the existence of (logical) objects of some kind. Those separate existence claims should be the focus of attention.