 For example, Hilary Putnam (1967) famously used the example of octopus pain to challenge identity theory and introduce the notion of multiple realizability into the philosophy of mind. While Putnam presumed the existence of pain in the octopus, contemporary philosophers use the science of octopus behavior and physiology to argue for embodied cognition (Carls-Diamante forthcoming) or to suggest the existence of multiple cognitive systems working together in a single organism (Godfrey-Smith 2016).