 Graham (1990: 59) argues that qing should never be interpreted as feelings or passions (i.e., inner subjective states of the mind) in early Chinese philosophy. According to him, the internalized or psychologized meanings of qing became fully and explicitly available later in the Song dynasty (960 CE and after) when qing is paired with xing (性 objective nature or essence) in Neo-Confucian metaphysics. He states that qing as a noun in the context of pre-Han literature means “’the facts’…as an adjective ‘genuine’”. However, he explains in the contexts of the Xunzi and the Liji how qing is associated with emotions as expressions of genuine of human nature. He (1990: 64) states that 