Third, one might hold not a Desire-Based Theory, but a Value-Based Theory, according to which whatever ultimate ends an agent has reason, or ought, to achieve depend not on what she desires or wills, but instead on what is of independent value.  Suppose the madman’s strongest, present intrinsic desire is to set off a nuclear war, and he so intends.  Moreover, the madman knows that intending to press this button is a necessary and sufficient means to setting off a nuclear war.  It might be said that, in intending to press this button, the madman would achieve a kind of coherence, both local and global.  And according to the Desire-Based Theories, the madman ought so to intend.  According to a Value-Based Theory, however, it presumably is not the case that he ought so to intend.