 McCain’s theory offers a quick solution to the problem of deviant causal chains. In Plantinga’s example of Sylvia, for instance, the person’s belief that their leg hurts is based only on the pain felt in their leg for, on McCain’s theory, neither the becoming rattled nor the belief that the person sees Sylvia are a direct cause of the belief that their leg hurts. This is because neither the belief nor the becoming rattled are direct causes of the belief that their leg hurts. (McCain 2012, p. 372) The requirement that a cause be direct in order to be the basis of a belief seems to limit, in cases like these, causes that establish basing relations to the immediately previous link in the causal chain of events. To oversimplify the point to a slogan, McCain eliminates the problem of deviant causal chains by eliminating the causal chains (from counting as bases).