 Anderson (2005b) urges the elimination of both the force requirement and the nonconsent requirement, and the adoption in their place of what she calls the “negotiation model.” She contrasts her approach with the two most common “reform” positions, which she calls the No Model and the Yes Model. According to the No Model, a sexual act is consensual unless the victim says no or resists physically. According to the Yes Model, a sexual act is rape unless consent is affirmatively granted (by verbal or physical behavior). Against the No Model, Anderson points out that many victims suffer peritraumatic paralysis and/or dissociation—that is, conditions at the time of trauma that render them unable to protest or resist. Furthermore, both the No and Yes models rely heavily on men’s ability to interpret women’s nonverbal behavior, despite strong evidence showing that men routinely fail in this endeavor: the No Model, for instance, allows a man to infer consent from a woman’s silence and lack of physical resistance. Finally, both models in practice tend to assume that a woman’s willing participation in non-penetrative sexual activity is a reliable indicator of her consent to penetration (for instance, Anderson points out that according to Schulhofer, an advocate of the Yes Model, a woman’s engaging in heavy sexual petting typically indicates her affirmative willingness to have intercourse). This assumption, Anderson emphasizes, is not only often untrue but, in the age of AIDS, especially dangerous.