 Bolzano’s first important innovation in the TS aims at the transformation of the domain of logic (more specifically, of the Theory of Elements). According to him, logic is not a theory of ideas and judgments in our mind, it is not an art de pensée in the sense of Arnauld’s and Nicole’s Port-Royal Logic or an exposition of the laws of thought. Rather, logic is concerned with the objective relations between propositions and ideas in themselves, that is, independently of their being thought or expressed.