 Macpherson’s understanding of Locke has been criticized from several different directions. Alan Ryan (1965) argued that since property for Locke includes life and liberty as well as estate (Two Treatises 2.87), even those without land could still be members of political society. The dispute between the two would then turn on whether Locke was using “property” in the more expansive sense in some of the crucial passages. James Tully (1980) attacked Macpherson’s interpretation by pointing out that the First Treatise specifically includes a duty of charity toward those who have no other means of subsistence (1.42). While this duty is consistent with requiring the poor to work for low wages, it does undermine the claim that those who have wealth have no social duties to others.