 Hayes (1997) objects to Searle (1990) that if everything was a computational system, the property “being a computational system” would become vacuous, as all entities would possess it. Instead, there are entities which are computational systems, and entities which are not. Computational systems are those in which the patterns received as inputs and saved into memory are able to change themselves. In other words, Hayes makes reference to the fact that stored inputs can be both data and instructions and that instructions, when executed, are able to modify the value of some input data. “If it were paper, it would be ‘magic paper’ on which writing might spontaneously change, or new writing appear” (Hayes 1997, p. 393). Only systems able to act as “magic paper” can be acknowledged as computational.