 Another version of realism that adopts the strategy of selectivity is entity realism. On this view, realist commitment is based on a putative ability to causally manipulate unobservable entities (like electrons or gene sequences) to a high degree—for example, to such a degree that one is able to intervene in other phenomena so as to bring about certain effects. The greater the ability to exploit one’s apparent causal knowledge of something so as to bring about (often extraordinarily precise) outcomes, the greater the warrant for belief (Hacking 1982, 1983; cf. B. Miller 2016; Cartwright 1983: ch. 5; Giere 1988: ch. 5; on causal warrant more generally, see Egg 2012). Belief in scientific unobservables thus described is here partnered with a degree of skepticism about scientific theories more generally, and this raises questions about whether believing in entities while withholding belief with respect to the theories that describe them is a coherent or practicable combination (Morrison 1990; Elsamahi 1994; Resnik 1994; Chakravartty 1998; Clarke 2001; Massimi 2004). Entity realism is especially compatible with and nicely facilitated by the causal theory of reference associated with Kripke (1980) and Putnam ([1975b] 1985: ch. 12), according to which one can successfully refer to an entity despite significant or even radical changes in theoretical descriptions of its properties; this allows for stability of epistemic commitment when theories change over time. Whether the causal theory of reference can be applied successfully in this context, however, is a matter of dispute (see Hardin &amp; Rosenberg 1982; Laudan 1984; Psillos 1999: ch. 12; McLeish 2005, 2006; Chakravartty 2007a: 52–56; and Landig 2014; see Weber 2014 for a case study on genes).