 The Manual of Reason (TS 79) says that eight of the Vaiśeṣika qualities reside only in the self, and in no other substance. They are cognition, memory, pleasure or happiness (sukha), pain or unhappiness (duḥkha), desire (icchā), aversion (dveṣa), merit (dharma) and demerit (adharma) (TS 73-78). The first two we will discuss later (§§ 5.2-3). As regards happiness and unhappiness, Matilal (1986: 301), summarizes the Vaiśeṣika view when he says that “the essential characteristic of pleasure or happiness consists in its being experienced as favourable to us or being in accord with us, i.e. with our body or mind or our very existential situation (anukūla)”, which makes it distinct from knowing or perceiving or apprehending something, and that it is an “inner disposition on account of which the external world becomes agreeable or desirable”. Desire is the state of craving for something. Merit is that which is produces by meritorious action (karma). See further Ganeri 2012, chapters 13, 14.