 Shoemaker’s skepticism about the philosophical importance of Blair’s findings is reinforced by the work of Aharoni and colleagues (2012) who undertook a conceptual replication of Blair’s prisoner study using a modified version of the moral/conventional task that focused on authority independence and used a forced-choice format to minimize strategic responding. Their study included 109 incarcerated criminal offenders. (In Blair’s original study there were only ten psychopathic participants and 10 non-psychopaths.) To assess the level of psychopathy for each inmate participant, they used Hare’s Revised Psychopathy Checklist along with two other measures. The crucial finding was that