 Higher-order evidence raises special problems. One very general problem is that it is hard to see how we could make sense of higher-order evidence within a consistent, total picture of rationality. Maria Lasonen-Aarnio (2014) brings out this point especially forcefully and comprehensively, so this next section will largely follow her presentation. (See also Schechter 2013 for discussion of many similar concerns.) We will then look at a slightly different objection to theories that accommodate higher-order evidence: the charge that they are self-defeating. The section will conclude with some options for theories according to which higher-order evidence does not rationally affect first-order beliefs.