  Consider, for example, Sherlock Holmes. When we refer to Sherlock Holmes, we refer to an item (because of (MN1)). Moreover, even though Sherlock Holmes does not exist (because of (MN2)), he has some characterizing properties (because of (MN3) and (MN4)). For instance, according to Doyle’s novels, Sherlock Holmes is a smart detective. If so, in Sherlock Holmes’s set of characterizing properties, there are, at least, two properties: being a detective and being smart. However, the property being non-existent is not in this set because it is a non-characterizing property. And this is guaranteed by (MN5).