 A related condition concerns models that misrepresent in the sense that they lack target systems. Models of the ether, phlogiston, four-sex populations, and so on, are all deemed scientific models, but ether, phlogiston, and four-sex populations don’t exist. Such models lack (actual) target systems, and one hopes that an account of scientific representation would allow us to understand how these models work. This need not imply the claim that they are representations in the same sense as models with actual targets, and, as we discuss below, there are accounts that deny targetless models the status of being representations.