 Despite the fact that almost no element of The Law of Peoples has escaped controversy, it served as a well-spring of additional theorizing (see generally Martin &amp; Reidy 2006) and has structured the subsequent debate concerning international distributive justice. Rawls’s two-tiered account strongly influenced those theorists who were unsatisfied with both cosmopolitan and nationalist accounts of distributive justice. Much of the ensuing discussion has pitted two groups of theorists who both purport to be building upon what they take to be the key insights of Rawls’s view. One group—we will call them right institutionalists—has followed the general contours of Rawls’s two-tiered account, developing more detailed accounts of why we should sharply distinguish between the international and domestic. They aim to justify Rawls’s fundamental position that egalitarian distributive justice only operates at the state level, even if they disagree with Rawls as to the rationale. Left institutionalists, on the other hand, have argued that international politics is characterized by a sufficiently robust set of institutions, such that they “trigger” principles of distributive justice that are more robust and that, pace the duty of assistance, operate directly on the distributive consequences of international economic regimes. As a consequence, left institutionalists generally argue for more robust distributive obligations and more radical institutional changes than right institutionalists even though the extent and nature of those obligations varies from thinker to thinker.