 NLD has frequently been rejected on the basis of the common, but mistaken, notion that deductively valid arguments must have certain conclusions — a misconception that seems founded deductive validity’s historical connections to formal logic and mathematics (see Groarke 1999). It is true that ordinary arguing rarely satisfies the strict proof procedures they imply, but deductive validity is not restricted to this compass and there are many instances of ordinary argument which are clear examples of deductively valid argument. 