 Another option is to reject  (b).  Kriegel argues that just as a monadic property cannot be instantiated without an existing particular that instantiates it, so too a relation cannot be instantiated without existing particulars that instantiate it. In short, it is a general rule that relations require relata. Rejecting  (b)  is tantamount to claiming that the intentionality relation is an exception to this general rule, which is implausible.