 One may perhaps attribute different kinds of exemplification to the above-considered Meinongians in view of the different sorts of predication that they admit (see, e.g., Monaghan’s (2011) discussion of Zalta’s theory). A more typical example of the pluralist alternative is however provided by Lowe (2006), who distinguishes “instantiation”, “characterization” and “exemplification” in his account of four fundamental categories: objects, and three different sorts of properties, namely kinds (substantial universals), attributes and modes  (tropes).[7]  To illustrate, Fido is a dog insofar as it instantiates the kind dog, \(D\), which in turn is characterized by the attribute of barking, \(B\). Hence, when Fido is barking, it exemplifies \(B\) occurrently by virtue of being characterized by a barking mode, \(b\), that instantiates \(B\); and, when Fido is silent, it exemplifies \(B\) dispositionally, since \(D\), which Fido instantiates, is characterized by \(B\) (see Gorman 2014 for a critical discussion of this sort of view).