 It is also unclear whether these lists provide a set of mutually exclusive or jointly exhaustive emotions. Since some of the lists include overlapping categories of emotions. For example, love (ai 愛) and liking (hao 好) seem very similar to each other so that they have the same antonym, i.e., disliking (e 惡) in their contrastive pairs. In the Liji, ai (love) is paired with e (disliking) but in the Xunzi, hao (liking) is paired with e (disliking). In addition, motivational states such as desire (yu 欲) and liking (hao 好) seem to share some common psychological elements. Therefore, the lists and categories of emotions in early Chinese texts should not be understood as complete and exhaustive lists of emotions because they are composed of overlapping categories that are not mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive. It make little sense to compare them directly against Descartes’ primitive passions or Ekman’s basic emotions although they have some similarities with the Western counterparts.