 As mentioned above, HapMap’s use of samples from different populations brought the concept of race into discussions of the project. Studies that looked into the genetic variation between population groups (of which the HapMap was a key representative) are among several recent developments (Duster 2015) that reignited discussion about a) the biological reality of race and b) the question whether racial classifications should be used in biomedical research at all. Several authors have picked up the relation between the HapMap project and a renewed concern with race (see, e.g., Ossorio 2005; Duster 2005; Hamilton 2008). The question that dominates these discussions is whether racial classifications reflect a ‘biological reality’.