 Up to this point, the metaphysical status of traits on the Big Five approach has not been specified. It turns out that there is some disagreement about this amongst personality psychologists, but the clear majority position seems to be that they do not have any metaphysical existence. The leading Big Five psychologists Oliver John, Richard Robins, Lewis Goldberg, Gerard Saucier, Robert Hogan, Jerry Wiggins, Paul Trapnell, Laura Naumann, and Christopher Soto all seem to hold this view (John and Robins 1994: 138–139; Goldberg and Saucier 1995: 221; Saucier and Goldberg 1996b: 24–25, 34, 43; Hogan 1991, 1996; Wiggins and Trapnell 1996; John et al. 2008: 140). McCrae and Costa seems to be two of the rare exceptions in holding a causal view of Big Five traits (McCrae and Costa 2003, 2008).