 Even when not combined with transcasus or the theory that distinguishes exercised act from signified act, a very popular approach throughout the insolubilia-literature, in the early period (and for that matter even in our own day), before Bradwardine’s sustained attack on it (see   Section 3.1),  was to deny or restrict the possibility of self-reference. Such theories had the title “restriction” (restrictio) and their proponents were called “restricters” (restringentes). All such theories maintained that in some or even all cases, terms in propositions could not “supposit for” (stand for, refer to) the propositions in which they occur.