 Several months after Pomponazzi completed On Incantations in 1520, he finished De fato, de libero arbitrio, et de praedestinatione (On Fate, Free Will, and Predestination), a work that addressed Alexander of Aphrodisias’s De fato (On Fate), which had been printed in Girolamo Bagolino’s Latin translation in 1516. Alexander criticized Stoic deterministic understandings of causation because they deny the possibility of chance, contingency, and human choice. In On Fate, Pomponazzi largely sided not with Alexander but in favor of his Stoic opposition.