 A different stream of reaction to Avicenna is found in the work of  al-Suhrawardī  (executed in 1191). He accepts Platonic Forms, while rejecting Aristotle’s view that there are universal forms within particulars: rather, we know real, particular things better directly through their presence than through discursive reasoning. Al-Suhrawardī initiated a School of “Illuminationist” (ishraqī) philosophers. Sufism was elaborated, with rich philosophical vocabulary and close reference to the philosophical tradition, though at a distance from it, by  Ibn ‘Arabī  (1165–1240), whose ideas were put into a more systematic form by al-Qūnawī (d. 1273/4).