  Kaplan (1989a) gives modal arguments against purely qualitative descriptivist theories of indexicals. Here is a modified version of one of his objections. Suppose, again, that the descriptive content of ‘he’ in John’s context is the content of ‘the man wearing a green shirt, red trousers, and white shoes who is pushing a shopping cart’. Then the following sentence expresses a necessary truth in John’s context: ‘He is wearing a green shirt, if he exists’. But that sentence expresses a contingent truth, not a necessary truth, in John’s context.