 Others (Kopelman 2000; Resnik 2005) define risks as sufficiently low or ‘minimal’ when they do not exceed the risks individuals face during the performance of routine examinations. This standard provides a clear and quantifiable threshold for acceptable risks. Yet, the risks of routine medical procedures for healthy individuals are so low that this standard seems to prohibit intuitively acceptable research. This approach faces the additional problem that, as the techniques of clinical medicine become safer and less invasive, increasing numbers of procedures used in clinical research would move from acceptable to unacceptable. And, at a theoretical level, one might wonder why we should think that the risks we currently happen to accept in the context of clinical care for healthy children should define the level of risk that is acceptable in clinical research. Why think that the ethical acceptability of a  blood draw in pediatric research depends on whether clinicians still use blood draws as part of clinical screening for healthy children?