Lastly, “The Garcia effect” has also been used to show  problems in the learning curve (see section 9.1).  “Taste aversions” are the phenomena whereby an organism gets sick from ingesting the stimulus and the taste (or odor, Garcia et al. 1974) of that stimulus gets associated with the feeling of sickness. As anyone who has had food poisoning can attest, this learning can proceed in a one-shot fashion, and needn’t have a gradual rise over many trials (taste aversions have also been observed in humans, see, e.g., Bernstein and Webster 1980; Bernsetin 1985; Logue et al. 1981; Rozin 1986).