 Ayer, Alfred Jules |  Berkeley, George |  Bosanquet, Bernard |  Bradley, Francis Herbert |  Carnap, Rudolf |  categories |  causation: the metaphysics of |  Collingwood, Robin George |  determinism: causal |  Dilthey, Wilhelm |  Enlightenment |  equality |  Fichte, Johann Gottlieb |  free will |  Green, Thomas Hill |  Hamann, Johann Georg |  Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich |  Herder, Johann Gottfried von |  history, philosophy of |  Hume, David |  idealism |  Kant, Immanuel |  liberalism |  libertarianism |  liberty: positive and negative |  -->logical positivism--> |  Machiavelli, Niccolò |  Marx, Karl |  Mill, John Stuart |  Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de |  Moore, George Edward |  nationalism |  neo-Kantianism |  nominalism: in metaphysics |  -->ordinary language--> |  Rickert, Heinrich |  universals: the medieval problem of |  value: pluralism |  Vico, Giambattista |  Vienna Circle |  Weber, Max |  Williams, Bernard |  Windelband, Wilhelm |  Wittgenstein, Ludwig 