 Avicenna’s account of the efficient cause was influential in the Medieval Latin West in part because it offers an explanation of divine agency within an Aristotelian philosophical framework (Gilson 1958, 1962). It appears to have influenced discussion of divine agency by Scholastic theologians, including Thomas Aquinas and Duns Scotus (Druart 2002; Acar 2005). While Avicenna also had many adherents within his own culture, his positions on numerous issues, including the scope of efficient causation, were criticized not only by Islamic theologians but also by his fellow philosophers.