 This problem cannot be avoided or lessened by mixing forms of state, a traditional expedient (Riklin 2006, Scattola 2009b, Zurbuchen 2009) that Pufendorf rejects because of the irregularities it produces. For mixing yields either an entity that is no state at all, because it is held together by a mere agreement (without subjection), or one that approximates a system of independent states, else something ‘monstrous’ in between (DJN VII.5.12–13). Pufendorf does allow, though, for a distinction between forms of state and forms of administration. Thus, a monarch may utilize executive mechanisms that are aristocratic or democratic in nature, and similarly for other forms of state (DJN VII.5.1, 5.13). The crucial defining factor in each instance is the unity and locus of ultimate authority, not how its commands are executed or policies implemented. Such arrangements differ from so-called systems of (sovereign) states, which themselves exhibit regular and irregular forms depending on the way their collective authority is exercised. By discussing them Pufendorf extends his analysis to the international sphere (DJN VII.5.17–21; see Seidler 2011).