 A more radical interpretation of casuistry, though, has a different story to tell about the derivation of moral principles. Where on the moderate version we approach cases with our moral principles already established, on this more radical version, principles develop through our analysis of actual cases (Arras 2017: 47). So the two different versions adopt different pictures of the source of our moral knowledge. On the radical version, it is at the level of the concrete case, rather than at the level of theory, where we find the greatest confidence in our moral judgments. The claim here is that moral principles are, at base, merely formalizations of our intuitive responses to cases, without independent normative force (Toulmin 1981).