 It is hard to find philosophers who still think that normative questions can be resolved by linguistic considerations, but a more sophisticated version of this strategy has been recently advanced by Margaret Gilbert (2006), relying on the idea that members of political communities are jointly committed to uphold its institutions, and thereby obligated to play their part in executing this joint commitment. (Notice, however, that for Gilbert, these obligations are not moral in nature and thus her view is, in this important respect, very different from all the other views we are considering.)