 Research on animals without neurons, such as sponges, or on other organisms, such as slime molds, which show habituation learning (Boisseau, Vogel, &amp; Dussutour 2016), or pea plants, which show associative learning (Gagliano et al. 2016; though for a dissenting view see Markel 2020), also offers opportunities for supporting the multiple realizability of the material and organization that supports cognition and mentality.