 Such practices were, Mill held, objectionable on the grounds of “social expediency”—that they were detrimental to overall utility (Subjection, XXI: 64; cf. Admission of Women to Franchise, XXVIII: 152). The denial of the vote harmed the disenfranchised on two grounds. Firstly, their interests—interests which might diverge in significant ways from other groups (Autobiography, I: 107)—went unrepresented in Parliament, and were therefore liable to frustration. Secondly, to deny individuals access to political participation was to deny them access to an important aspect of the good and happy life.