 The Mexican Revolution, which began in 1910, was the most significant event in modern Mexican history. While it was primarily a military campaign in defense of political democracy and equality, comprehensive agrarian reform, and workers’ rights, some argue that it was deeply influenced by a “climate of ideas”, including classical and social liberalism, the social doctrine of the Catholic Church, socialism, anarchism, spiritism, Bergsonism, and pragmatism. Some of the Revolution’s most influential intellectuals were activists first and foremost, such as Ricardo Flores Magón and Francisco Madero, both of whom fought against the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz. From 1904 until his death in 1922, Flores Magón lived in the United States, first as an exile and then as a prison inmate. In many of his writings, distributed through the clandestine journal Regeneración, he developed a conception of society based on socialist and anarchist philosophy. And Madero, who was elected President of Mexico and who is perhaps best known for his La sucesión presidencial en 1910 (1908), was also an important defender of Allen Kardec’s branch of spiritism.