 Rawls’s primary model of idealization (1971, 118) is the veil of ignorance. It models parties as reasonable by withholding information that would undermine the impartiality of their deliberations. (The veil device models reasonableness and the parties’ veiled reasoning models rationality.) Jürgen Habermas (1999, 198) prefers deliberative conditions without abstract idealization. He constrains the form of discourse to actual individuals. David Gauthier (1986, 245) prefers a bargaining scenario. Individuals know the characteristics of persons, but they do not know which person they are.