 This version of the autonomy rationale is criticizeable as well. Kant associated respect for persons with treating them only in ways that they could possibly or rationally consent to, not with treating them in ways that they have actually consented to—rationally, voluntarily, or otherwise (Wertheimer 2014, 149). The notion of autonomy as bioethicists understand it hardly resembles Kant’s notion of autonomy (O’Neill 2003). And while some contemporary Kantians interpret autonomy as “our authority to determine our own actions” (Buss 2016), many gross violations of informed consent do not directly transgress that alleged authority. A surgeon who exploits a patient’s surgical anesthesia to force an experimental intervention grossly violates informed consent by affecting heavily the incognizant patient’s body and life, but less directly if at all by thwarting the patient’s determination of what actions to perform. During the violation, the anesthetized patient was not performing any action. Likewise, informed consent finds some interventions far more reprehensible than others, although their impacts on our autonomous action and pursuits are similar. Performing a testicular cancer exam without the patient’s informed consent is very problematic, and transgresses core informed consent requirements. It is far harder to justify than looking carefully at a skin mole on a patient’s cheek from across a clinic desk, in order to detect cancer, without the patient’s informed consent. Non-consensual facial scrutiny might not even violate informed consent. The main difference seems to be in whether a sensitive area of the patient’s body is being touched and scrutinized without the patient’s consent, which can constitute extreme battery; and not in the patient’s exercise of agency, say, in the number or nature of the patient’s actions and plans that are thereby blocked. It may be true that extreme battery symbolizes extreme contempt towards the patient as a sovereign agent, but here, at least, it does not involve greater interference with his autonomy as characterized above.