 To see how it does, we must look (1) more closely at the concept of association, (2) at Hartley’s notion of “transference,” and (3) at the series of psychological orientations association and transference generate. And as we do so, we should keep in mind that many of those who studied the Observations in the dissenting academies appear to have valued Hartley primarily as a moral theorist and exemplar—for, that is, his description of the path of moral transformation. Such is a common theme in their recollections.