 L2/M2 refer to the existence of so-called linguistic universals: structures present in all known languages. Whether this is true in the moral case is controversial, for reasons we’ll discuss further below. Prinz (2008) and Sripada (2004) have argued that there are no exceptionless moral universals, unless one phrases or describes the norms in question in such a way as to render them vacuous. Sripada uses the example ‘murder is wrong’ as a vacuous rule: while this might seem like a plausible candidate for a moral universal, when we consider that ‘murder’ refers to a wrongful act of killing, we can see that the norm is not informative. But Mikhail might respond by claiming that the fact that all cultures recognize a subset of intentional killings as morally wrong, even if they differ in how they circumscribe this subset, is itself significant, and the relevant analogy here would be with the existence of categories like ‘subject’, ‘verb’, and ‘object’ in all languages, or with features like recursion, which are present in the grammars of all natural languages (but see Everett 2005).