 Nevertheless, defenders of an associative account of political obligation owe their interlocutors an account of what makes political association valuable. The emphasis these theorists have placed on membership or association as the ground of political obligation, whilst giving relatively little attention to what makes it valuable, has invited the following objection: if membership is sufficient to generate an obligation to obey, then the members of unjust and exploitative groups will have an obligation to obey the rules. In the case of the polity, this leads to the unpalatable and counter-intuitive conclusion that the routinely exploited and oppressed “members” of an unjust polity are under an obligation to obey its laws (Dagger 2000; 2018, p. 89).