 One of the first issues to arise in neurology, as far back as the nineteenth century, concerned the localization of specific cognitive functions to specific brain regions. Although the “localization” approach had dubious origins in the phrenology of Gall and Spurzheim, and had been challenged strenuously by Flourens throughout the early nineteenth century, it re-emerged late in the nineteenth century in the study of aphasia by Bouillaud, Auburtin, Broca, and Wernicke. These neurologists made careful studies (when possible) of linguistic deficits in their aphasic patients, followed by brain autopsies post  mortem.[13]  Broca’s initial study of twenty-two patients in the mid-nineteenth century confirmed that damage to the left cortical hemisphere was predominant, and that damage to the second and third frontal convolutions was necessary to produce speech production deficits. Although the anatomical coordinates Broca postulated for the “speech production center” do not correlate exactly with damage producing production deficits, both this area of frontal cortex and speech production deficits still bear his name (“Broca’s area” and “Broca’s aphasia”). Less than two decades later Carl Wernicke published evidence for a second language center. This area is anatomically distinct from Broca’s area, and damage to it produced a very different set of aphasic symptoms. The cortical area that still bears his name (“Wernicke’s area”) is located around the first and second convolutions in temporal cortex, and the aphasia that bears his name (“Wernicke’s aphasia”) involves deficits in language comprehension. Wernicke’s method, like Broca’s, was based on lesion studies produced by natural trauma: a careful evaluation of the behavioral deficits, followed by post mortem autopsies to find the sites of tissue damage and atrophy. More recent and more careful lesion studies suggest more precise localization of specific linguistic functions, and remain a cornerstone to this day in aphasia research.