 Human subjects research is research which studies humans, as opposed to animals, atoms, or asteroids. Assessment of whether humans prefer 100 dollars or a 1% chance of 10,000 dollars constitutes human subjects research. Clinical research refers to the subset of human subjects research that evaluates the impact interventions have on human beings with the goal of assessing whether they might help to improve human health and well-being. The present analysis focuses on research that is designed to improve human health and well-being by identifying better methods to treat, cure or prevent illness or disease. This focus is intended to bracket the question of whether research on enhancements that might increase our well-being by making us better than normal, allowing us to remember more or worry less, without treating, curing, or preventing illness or disease qualifies as clinical research.