 While the causal theory has been and continues to be enormously influential, both the necessity and the sufficiency of the appropriate causation condition have been questioned. Challenges to the sufficiency of the condition have been more popular. One such challenge appeals to the epistemic relevance of memory. Debus (2010) argues that genuine memories are necessarily epistemically relevant to the remembering subject, in the sense that he is disposed to take them into account when forming judgements about the past. In the most straightforward case, the subject remembers a given event and therefore forms a belief that the event occurred. In less straightforward cases, the subject may refrain from forming a belief that the event occurred but nonetheless be disposed to do so. Because it does not treat epistemic relevance as necessary for remembering, Debus argues, the causal theory is bound to classify certain cases as instances of genuine memory when in fact they are instances of merely apparent memory. For example, in the case of the painter described above, the painter disregards his apparent memory when forming judgements about the past, and therefore it should not be classified as a genuine memory; but the apparent memory is, we may assume, appropriately caused by the painter’s past experience, and therefore the causal theory is bound to classify it as a genuine memory. Given that epistemic relevance is necessary for genuine memory, this argument suggests that the appropriate causation condition must be supplemented with a condition explicitly requiring epistemic relevance. The view that epistemic relevance is necessary for genuine memory, however, may conflate mnemicity and episodicity: one natural take on the case of the painter is that the painter is remembering but, because he lacks autonoetic consciousness, not remembering episodically.