  Another, much different, attempt to preserve a causal role for content can be found in Dretske 1988, 1989, 1993. So far we’ve assumed that a behavioral event is distinct from the mental event that causes it. On Dretske’s view, however, behavior is a process that includes, as a component, its mental cause. When mental event a causes bodily movement b, the behavior in this case is not b itself, but  the process of a’s causing b. When Lilian raises her hand  because she wants to get the teacher’s attention and she believes  that raising her hand will accomplish this end, her behavior is not  her hand’s going up, but the process of this belief-desire pair’s  causing her hand to go up.