 If, however, the self-interest theorist, or the utilitarian, takes the second horn, and is propounding a substantial moral theory about what makes actions right or wrong, then she will have to show that her theory survives critical reflection. Is it really true that we have no reason to do anything unless it is in our self-interest, or unless it produces happiness? Price is confident that the answer to these questions is in the negative, but they can be answered only by careful thought about our actual moral judgments.