 Groarke 2018, Kišiček 2018, and Eckstein 2018 have investigated “auditory” (or “acoustic”) modes of reasoning that depend on non-verbal sounds. Examples are situations in which the sound of a siren is pointed to as evidence that the police are on their way, or the sound of an automobile engine (or an irregular heart) is the basis of an inference to the conclusion that it has a leaky valve. 