 Article Overview. Compared to traditional philosphical discussions of inductive inference, learning theory provides a radically new way of thinking about induction and scientific method. The main aim of this article is explain the main concepts of the theory through examples. Running examples are repeated throughout the entry; at the same time, the sections are meant to be as independent of each other as possible. We use the examples to illustrate some theorems of philosophical interest, and to highlight the key philosophical ideas and insights behind learning theory.