 As (17e) shows, universals like all or every license NPIs in their restrictor (the relative clause), which is a downward entailing context (if everyone who knows logic is a vegetarian, everyone who knows classical logic is a vegetarian, but not vice versa). But universals do not license NPIs in their nuclear scope or predicate expression, which is an upward entailing context (if everyone who knows logic is a vegan, everyone who knows logic is a vegetarian, but not vice versa). This contrast demonstrates the insufficiency of an account of polarity licensing that simply marks a given lexical item as favorable to the occurrence of NPIs within its scope (Ladusaw 1980).