 In his 1980 (originally presented as a series of lectures in 1970) Saul Kripke argued that the reference of a name is not determined by identifying descriptions a speaker associates with the name but rather by real world connections between uses of names and objects. In so arguing, Kripke, among others, paved the way for the now widely (although not universally) accepted direct reference theory of proper names. He also ran flat into Frege’s puzzle. In his 1980, Kripke claims to not know what to say about Frege’s puzzle and the related puzzle of cognitive significance, on the one hand, and the problem of negative existentials and the related problem of empty names, on the other. In John Locke lectures of 1973, now published as Kripke 2013, delivered three years after his famous Naming and Necessity lectures, Kripke addressed the second set of problems; in his 1979, he addressed the first. He did not aim to solve Frege’s puzzle. Instead, his aim was to show that his thesis of names, which he admitted seems to entail that the substitution of co-referring proper names within the scope of attitude verbs is legitimate, is not the true source of the trouble. Kripke argued that the problems could be replicated without assuming Kripke’s thesis about names, relying instead on translation principles and context-shifting principles. The problems driving Frege’s puzzle, Kripke aimed to show, did not concern the semantics of proper names. Frege’s puzzle could thus not be used to disprove any theory of the semantics of proper names. Kripke presented two sets of cases to convince us of this.