 The philosophical traditions discussed above continued for over a millenium in the Indian schools, without the historical discontinuity caused in Europe and West Asia by the collapse of the Roman Empire and the rise of Islam. The debate between ‘idealist’ and ‘realist’ metaphysics continued, the latter represented by the Navya-Nyāya school which developed about the fourteenth century, building on the work of Udayana and Gángeṣa (Phillips 1995). Stephen Phillips argues that the ‘New Logic’ thought of Navya-Nyāya school proliferated in Indian culture and law as well as impacting other philosophical schools, especially after 1500 CE. Although it incorporated Vaiśeṣika realism, the focus was on epistemology and on cognitive experience rather than on the atomist metaphysics.