 This example of the mathematical modeling of human genomic diversity teaches that basic and simple formal components can be used in different ways to develop and apply theory, both inside and outside of science. In contrast to the Syntactic and Semantic Views, the Pragmatic View foregrounds tensions vis-à-vis ontological assumptions and political consequences regarding the existence (or not) of biological race between diversity partitioning (Lewontin 1972) and clustering analysis (Pritchard et al. 2000) research packages. These ontological ruptures can be identified despite the fact that both research projects assess population structure by examining departures from HWP (i.e., they measure excess homozygosity), and are completely consistent (e.g., Winther 2014; Ludwig 2015; Edge and Rosenberg 2015).