 A second point, related to the first, is that defenders of massive modularity have chiefly been concerned to defend the modularity of central cognition, taking for granted that the mind is modular at the level of input systems. Thus, the hypothesis at issue for theorists like Carruthers might be best understood as the conjunction of two claims: first, that input systems are modular in a way that requires narrow-scope encapsulation; second, that central systems are modular, but only in a way that does not require this feature. In defending massive modularity, Carruthers focuses on the second of these claims, and so will we.