 While its admirers thought it “a new science” of human nature, its critics—including Thomas Reid (1785, 84–94) and the later Coleridge ([1817] 1983), no longer the youthful radical—considered Hartley’s Observations conceptually wrong and morally hazardous. For example, Sir James Mackintosh, who sympathetically praised “the extraordinary value of Hartley’s system” (1836, 253), nonetheless saw in Hartley’s belief that consciousness derives from neurological processes an “error … deeper and more fundamental than any other,” sure to “involv[e] all nature in darkness and confusion” (245).