 Pornography subordinates women by sexualizing their inequality. Pornography both expresses the view that women exist primarily as objects for men’s sexual gratification – that they are men’s sexual slaves, and frequently their willing sexual slaves – and it propagates this view by conditioning consumers to regard women’s subordination as a sexy, natural and legitimate feature of normal heterosexual relations. Pornography “sexualizes rape, battery, sexual harassment, prostitution and child sexual abuse; it thereby celebrates, promotes, authorizes and legitimizes them” (MacKinnon 1987, 171–172). By authorizing and legitimating the subjection of women, pornography makes the very real harm of women’s subordination invisible as harm: Rape, harassment and other forms of oppression come to be seen simply as sex. “The harm of pornography, broadly speaking, is the harm of the civil inequality of the sexes made invisible as harm” (MacKinnon 1987, 178). The view of women and sexuality that pornography helps to form and perpetuate manifests itself not simply in crimes of sexual violence against women, but in discrimination against women more generally: in the legal system, in politics and public debate, and in the workplace. Pornography “institutionalizes the sexuality of male supremacy…Men treat women as who they see women as being. Pornography constructs who that is” (MacKinnon 1987, 172). By conditioning consumers to view and treat women as their sexual subordinates, pornography undermines women’s ability to participate as full and equal citizens in public, as well as private, realms.