 where “\(D\)” is, again, the designer hypothesis, “\(S\)” is the proposition that the laws are stringent (i.e., that life requires delicate fine-tuning of the constants) and “\(O\)” is our background knowledge that life exists (White 2011: 678). (See Roberts [2012: 296] for an assumption that plays an analogous role as \(\eqref{alternative}\).) The inequality \(\eqref{alternative}\) expresses the statement that stringent laws confirm the designer hypothesis, given our background knowledge that life exists. Does it plausibly hold for reasonable probability assignments? White argues that it does and supports this claim by giving a rigorous derivation of \(\eqref{alternative}\) from assumptions that he regards as plausible. Crucial among them is the inequality 