 Other functionalists agree that we may advert to various norms of inference and action in attributing beliefs and desires to others, but deny that there is any in principle incompatibility between normative and empirical explanations. They argue that if there are causal relations among beliefs, desires, and behavior that even approximately mirror the norms of rationality, then the attributions of intentional states can be empirically confirmed (Fodor 1990; Rey 1997). In addition, many who hold this view suggest that the principles of rationality that intentional states must meet are quite minimal, and comprise at most a weak set of constraints on the contours of our theory of mind, such as that people can't, in general, hold (obviously) contradictory beliefs, or act against their (sincerely avowed) strongest desires (Loar 1981). Still others suggest that the intuition that we attribute beliefs and desires to others according to rational norms is based on a fundamental mistake; these states are attributed not on the basis of whether they rationalize the behavior in question, but whether those subjects can be seen as using principles of inference and action sufficiently like our own — be they rational, like Modus Ponens, or irrational, like the Gambler's Fallacy or the now familiar instances of “predictable irrationality” documented in Kahneman, 2011. (See Stich 1981, and Levin 1988, for discussion of this question, and for a more general debate about the compatibility of normative and psychological principles, see Rey, 2007, and Wedgwood, 2007. See also Glüer and Wikforss, 2009, 2013, and for further discussion, the entry, The Normativity of Meaning and Content.)