 Here ‘c’ stands for a cause and ‘e’ for an effect. If we restrict the application of (DPO) to reasons and beliefs, c will be the reason and e will be the belief caused by the reason. The “di” will stand for the actual reason(s) for the belief. So, (DPO) in effect states that if the actual reason(s) di for the belief had not occurred, then if another reason c and the belief had occurred anyway, and only the minimum necessary changes in the person’s epistemic situation (e.g., the person’s other beliefs, reasons, etc.) are made, then reason c would have caused the belief and is therefore a pseudo-overdeterminant of the belief.