 Perhaps the most unusual claim of Values and Intentions is that there is a dialectical connection between personal values and impersonal values. Adam Smith had described the shift from the partial spectator to the impartial spectator, and contemporary authors remark frequently on the transition from the first person standpoint to the third (or second) person standpoint. In these authors, however, the transition is contingent, based either on a free choice, or on moral education, or on Aristotelian conditioning. In Findlay, the transition is based on a drive for generality that is inherent in the operations of the mind: