Although the picture sketched above, where associative learning eventuates in associative structure, is appealing for many, it is not forced upon one, as there is no a priori reason to bar any type of structure to arise from a particular type of learning. One may, for example, gain propositional structures from associative learning (see Mitchell et al. 2009 and Mandelbaum 2016 for arguments that this is more than a mere logical possibility). This can happen in two ways. In the first, one may gain an associative structure that has a proposition as one of its associates. Assume that every time one’s father came home he immediately made dinner. In such a case one might associate the proposition  daddy is home with the concept  dinner (that is one might acquire:  daddy is home/dinner). However,  one might also just have a propositional structure result from associative learning. If every time one’s father came home he made dinner, then one might just end up learning if daddy is home then dinner will come soon, which is a propositional structure.