 One thesis that might be held about nonconceptual content is that a thinker can represent the world nonconceptually without possessing any concepts at all. This was termed the Autonomy Thesis by Peacocke, who offers an argument against it in his (1992). This argument was challenged by José Luis Bermúdez (Bermúdez 1994) in favor of a notion of autonomous nonconceptual content that can be used to explain the behavior of nonlinguistic creatures. Peacocke was initially unconvinced by this line of argument (Peacocke 1994), but subsequently changed his mind (Peacocke 2002). Bermúdez further deployed the notion of autonomous nonconceptual content in exploring primitive nonlinguistic forms of self-consciousness (Bermúdez 1998). (More on the Autonomy Thesis in section  6.)