 From a broader perspective, it has been argued that information talk in genetics results in the persistence of genetic determinism (Oyama [1985] 2000). The latter notion expresses the idea that an organism will exhibit a trait if it carries certain alleles, where the role of the environment is reduced to permitting this potential to unfold (see entries on  heritability  and  the distinction between innate and acquired characteristics).  The question is if the influence of genes and environment can be separated, especially when considering the often non-additive character of genotype-environment interactions (Gray 1992; Griffiths 2006; Kitcher 2001). These issues are most controversial and have received most attention regarding the question to what extent human behaviors or cognitive capabilities can be described as genetically determined (Esposito 2017; Keller 2010; Longino 2013; Schaffner 2016; Tabery 2014; Turkheimer 2019). Interestingly, the new science of molecular epigenetics is often framed in a deterministic language as well (see  §1.5;  Meloni 2016; Richardson 2017; Waggoner &amp; Uller 2015).