 Egon Brunswik was among the first to apply probability and statistics to the study of human perception, and was ahead of his time in emphasizing the role ecology plays in the generalizability of psychological findings. Brunswik thought psychology ought to aim for statistical descriptions of adaptive behavior (Brunswik 1943). Instead of isolating a small number of independent variables to manipulate systematically to observe the effects on a dependent variable, psychological experiments ought instead to assess how an organism adapts to its environment. So, not only should experimental subjects be representative of the population, as one would presume, but the experimental situations they are subjected to ought to be representative of the environment that the subjects inhabit (Brunswik 1955). Thus, Brunswik maintained, psychological experiments ought to employ a representative design to preserve the causal structure of an organism’s natural environment. For a review of the development of representative design and its use in the study of judgment and decision-making, see Dhami, Hertwig, &amp; Hoffrage 2004.