 A number of recent high-profile cases of scientific fraud have contributed considerably to the amount of press around the reproducibility crisis in science. Often these cases (e.g., Diederik Stapel in psychology) are used as a hook for media coverage, even though the crisis itself has very little to do with scientific fraud. (Note also that the Questionable Research Practices above are not typically counted as “fraud” or even “scientific misconduct” despite their ethically dubious status.) For example, Fang, Grant Steen, and Casadevall (2012) estimated that 43% of retracted articles in biomedical research are withdrawn because of fraud. However, roughly half a million biomedical articles are published annually and only 400 of those are retracted (Oransky 2016, founder of the website RetractionWatch), so this amounts to a very small proportion of the literature (approximately 0.1%). There are, of course, many cases of pharmaceutical companies exercising financial pressure on scientists and the publishing industry that raise speculation about how many undetected (or unretracted) cases there may still be in the literature. Having said that, there is widespread consensus amongst scientists in the field that the main cause of the current reproducibility crisis is the current incentive structure in science (publication bias, publish or perish, non-transparent statistical reporting, lack of rewards for data sharing). Whilst this incentive structure can push some to scientific fraud, it appears to be a very small proportion. 