 Han dynasty philosophy could still be quite critical. The elevation of yang over yin in the Chunqiu fanlu is partly driven by a desire to minimize state violence, which it correlates with yin. A more radical political alternative appears in the Huainanzi 淮南子, a text compiled around 139 BCE. The Huainanzi emphasizes the inherent tendency of being toward diversification. Correlative influences generate a world that is too complex to grasp or master; politically, that leads toward an argument for decentralization, minimal state power, and the value of diversity. Later in the Han dynasty, Wang Chong 王充 (27–100 CE) offers more fundamental criticisms, emphasizing the limits of human power to control and predict natural phenomena, the disjunction between virtue and worldly success, and the arbitrariness of explanations in terms of categories like the five phases. This argument is grounded in metaphysics. Wang Chong explicitly argues against beliefs that the world is ordered according to anything like a human design, claiming instead that everything arises spontaneously, by ziran (see McLeod 2019).