 Fullinwider reformulated the harm argument so that it avoids the first two objections. The reformulated argument goes as follows: the U.S. government after 1865 failed “to vindicate the rights to full and equal citizenship the Civil War Amendments extended to U.S. blacks;” but, had that government “vigorously” protected those rights, “the legacy of slavery would have faded considerably if not wholly by now through the industry of blacks themselves”. Consequently if present day blacks do suffer from various aspects of the legacy of slavery, the real cause of those harms is not slavery, but the U.S. governments after 1865, for if those governments had vigorously protected the rights of the freed people and their descendants, the legacy of slavery would have faded and present day U.S. blacks would not be disadvantaged by it (Fullinwider 2004).