 What would it take to raise questions about the determinism of actual-world systems? For nonlinear dynamical systems, their presumed connection with target systems is one place to start. Mathematical modeling of actual-world systems requires distinctions between variables and parameters as well as between systems and their boundaries. However, where linear superposition is lost such distinctions become problematic (Bishop 2010a). This situation raises questions about our epistemic access to systems and models in the investigation of complex systems, but also raises questions about inferring the supposed determinism of target systems based on these models. Moreover, if the system in question is nonlinear, then the faithful model assumption (§1.2.3) raises difficulties for inferring the determinism of the target system from the deterministic character of the model. 