 The operation of a cognitive system is mandatory just in case it is automatic, that is, not under conscious control (Bargh &amp; Chartrand, 1999). This means that, like it or not, the system’s operations are switched on by presentation of the relevant stimuli and those operations run to completion. For example, native speakers of English cannot hear the sounds of English being spoken as mere noise: if they hear those sounds at all, they hear them as English. Likewise, it’s impossible to see a 3D array of objects in space as 2D patches of color, however hard one may try.