 However, insofar as the goal is to protect patients and trial participants from harm, why honor informed consent requirements when many physicians and patients—a Condorcet “jury”—are fairly certain that a particular patient or participant is not making a decision that furthers her own medical interests? In clinical care, for example, patients’ biases and ignorance about medicine arguably tend to exceed those of physicians; sometimes, patients refuse interventions that everyone considers best for them—even family, friends, and these patients themselves, before a change of heart. In the future, patients may refuse interventions that highly-reliable algorithms predict patients like them to be glad to have undergone. Indeed, some patients knowingly jeopardize their own health in the name of religious or moral commitments. This being the case, why is it important—as it seems to many of us and as is enshrined in law—to honor the requirement of informed consent? For example, why honor the requirement when a fully capacitated Jehovah’s Witness refuses a blood transfusion on religious grounds? Why honor it when health is not at stake, for example, in experiments on stored tissue? Finally, specifically from a utilitarian standpoint, why honor the requirement on occasions when it seems to set back collective health, for example, when we cannot develop a new drug that would help many, because no one is altruistic enough to consent to participate in its risky study?