  Moreover, even before the creation of Eve, Adam had no dominion over things that was “proper” to him. Therefore Pope John erred in claiming that the eventual “division of things” into private possessions stemmed from divine law, since it came from human or positive law, necessitated by human iniquity. The first division, by human law, occurred already with Cain and Abel before the Flood. Of course God restored common dominion to Noah and his sons with the Deluge, but humans and human law soon reinstated the division of goods. This was not by divine will, for “when they began to build the tower [of Babel] it was by human counsel, not by divine — indeed God was not pleased.” By extension, the laws of emperors and princes derive from human law, not divine, with the exception of Hebrew law in the time before Christ, a special status lost at the crucifixion.