 Revisionist naturalists argue that facts about physiological and psychological functioning, like other biological facts, obtain independently of human conceptions of the world. Our intuitions might tell us that a condition is not a disease. But scientific inquiry might conclude that people with the condition are really suffering from a biological malfunction. In that case, a conservative would recommend finessing the analysis to ensure that the concept of disease does not cover this case. A revisionist would say that we must bite the bullet and judge that this case falls under the concept even if that judgment is counterintuitive. A revisionist naturalist regards health and disease as features of the world to be discovered by biomedical investigation, and therefore loosely constrained, at best, by our everyday concepts of health and disease. Lemoine (2013) argues that conceptual analysis always involves a stipulative element concerning controversial or borderline cases. Because contending parties will be led by their intuitions to see different stipulations as reasonable, conceptual analysis will be very unlikely to decide between competing analyses that are all reasonably successful at capturing core cases. He suggests that instead philosophers should aim to naturalize disease by trying to first understand general features of theories in the medical sciences and then looking for perspicuous and coherent accounts of different disease types, with a view to eventually establishing an overall picture of the role disease thinking plays in medicine. This approach treats diseases as putative natural kinds and could be highly revisionist, while also leaving open the possibility that some diagnoses represent contingent historical outcomes that have left us with an incoherent category. Fuller (2018) follows Lemoine in dissenting from traditional conceptual analyses. He argues that we should try to work out what kinds of things diseases are rather than worrying about the concept. Fuller reviews the ontological options and asks first about instances of disease – what kinds of things are they? – rather than the concept, but, looking at chronic disease, he goes ‘bottom-up’, by attempting to work out what instances of chronic disease have in common and making inductive generalizations about them. Fuller thinks of diseases – at least chronic ones but perhaps acute cases too – as dispositions (cf Hucklenbroich (2014). 