 Henceforth let PAP and similar principles have such a historical rider, at least implicitly (so “PAP” below can be read as short for “PAP-historical”). The principle’s defenders can then allow a wide range of cases—willing incapacitation, moral saintliness, confrontation with the “unthinkable”—in which a person is responsible for acting without, at the time, having alternatives. To test PAP, then, one must go to “the source” and look at cases in which the historical clause is not relevant to the agent’s moral responsibility. Stipulate that the actions to be considered below, unless otherwise stated, are those for which, if the agent is responsible at all, she is “directly” responsible (Zimmerman 1988: ch. 3). Perhaps such actions are what Kane (1996) calls “self-forming willings”, foundational choices that shape the characters that later constrain, or even fix, future action (cp. Klein 1990: 58).