 Cabanis (C***) agreed with Grouchy that the ability to see and recognize pain was central to sympathy and ultimately to morality, but he also sought to reconcile this with a form of Stoicism. What attracted Cabanis—and presumably Grouchy—to Stoic philosophy was the possibility it opened for a form of atheism that nonetheless saw something divinely pleasing in all living things. Cabanis’s last work is a defense of hylozoism rather than the materialism he is known for, i.e., the view that spirit, as reason, is everywhere, and most especially in humans and “higher” animals. But nonetheless, Cabanis explicitly rejects the Stoic view that pains and pleasure don’t matter morally, and indeed, suggests that even the Stoics did not believe this: