 Linguistic facts, at least since Frege (1918/9), have also played a central role in motivating abstract propositions as truth bearers: that-clauses appear to act as singular terms standing for abstract propositions, truth bearers that are both meanings of sentences and objects or contents of thought. Using a different range of linguistic data from Polish, German, and French (in three versions of the same article), Twardowski (1911) argued for non-enduring products of acts (“claims”, “judgments”, “assumptions”) being truth bearers rather than propositions, proposing a novel cognitively realistic yet not psychologistic account of the content of attitudes as well as the subject matter of logic.