 The second condition is likewise problematic. James (forthcoming) argues that the introduction of a reliability condition tacitly turns the causal theory into a causal-epistemic theory. The thought here is that the only apparent motivation for imposing the condition is the intuition that memory is a source of knowledge. This is unpersuasive, as there is a clear difference, independent of any epistemological considerations, between reliable and unreliable memory processes. Confabulation, in particular, may be characterized by its unreliability (Hirstein 2005). James also argues, however, that, once a suitable epistemic condition—such as the reliability condition—is added to the causal theory, the causal condition itself becomes redundant. The thought here is that, if the reliability condition is satisfied, then it should not matter whether the causal condition is also satisfied. This is more persuasive, especially in conjunction with the claim that there is no way of drawing a meaningful boundary between cases in which the content does not go too far beyond that of the experience and cases in which it does. Overall, then, the modified version of the causal theory appears to be an unstable halfway-point between the classical causal theory and a theory which rejects the causal condition outright, replacing it with a reliability condition. The simulation theory can, at least in some versions, be understood as such a theory.