 Avicenna unequivocally identifies two of the fallacies that are not dependent on expression with (d) and (e), namely petitio principii (muṣādara ʿalā l-maṭlūb al-awwal) and positing what is not a cause as a cause (aḫḏ or waḍʿ mā laysa bi-ʿilla ʿillatan). The latter is identified with circular proof (bayān ad-dawr), which is consistent with the doctrine of Qiyās IX.4 and Burhān II.1.