 Where does CRA stand today? As we’ve already indicated, the argument would still seem to be alive and well; witness (Bishop &amp; Preston 2002). However, there is little doubt that at least among AI practitioners, CRA is generally rejected. (This is of course thoroughly unsurprising.) Among these practitioners, the philosopher who has offered the most formidable response out of AI itself is Rapaport (1988), who argues that while AI systems are indeed syntactic, the right syntax can constitute semantics. It should be said that a common attitude among proponents of “Strong” AI is that CRA is not only unsound, but silly, based as it is on a fanciful story (CR) far removed from the practice of AI – practice which is year by year moving ineluctably toward sophisticated robots that will once and for all silence CRA and its proponents. For example, John Pollock (as we’ve noted, philosopher and practitioner of AI) writes: 