 One potential way of rescuing the special-faculties hypothesis is to underscore the difference between nativism in psychology compared to innateness hypotheses in other disciplines, such as biology. Richard Samuels (2002), who does not defend the special-faculties hypothesis, nonetheless maintains that innateness is a distinctively psychological concept. According to Samuels, to identify some trait as innate means above all that it is unlearned, and to identify some trait as learned implies that it is not innate. Samuels (2002) calls this the fundamental conceptual constraint on any analysis of innateness. If Samuels is correct on this point, such that questions about nativism are ultimately about the presence/absence of learning, then it is no shortcoming of the special-faculties hypothesis that it focuses on psychological traits. One noteworthy difference between Cowie’s special-faculties hypothesis and Samuels’ fundamental constraint is that the former distinguishes among learning “mechanisms” (general vs special purpose), whereas the latter distinguishes more broadly between learned versus unlearned traits.