 The problem is that obviously true sentences of fictional discourse seem to lead into outright contradictions. Of course, there are several ways to avoid the contradictions. One of them consists in rejecting the principles (EG) and (PP). By this move, one blocks the inference from “Pegasus is a flying horse” to “There are flying horses” and “Pegasus exists”. Indeed, some logicians, notably proponents of Free Logics, take this path. (See Crane 2013, Hintikka 1959, Lambert 1983 and 1991, Leonard  1956.)[8]  Again (as with the case of negative singular existence statements) this raises the question of what the truthmakers of such sentences are. There are attempts to answer this question in a “reductionist” fashion, i.e., to claim that sentences about fictitious objects are made true not by fictitious objects but by something else, e.g., by literary works, myths, stories or facts about these,  respectively.[9]