 Ignoring for now whether or not dictionaries manage to report analyticities (is having a bushy tail really an analytic necessary condition for being a dog?), it looks like sense (ii) and (iii) differ merely by specification of gender, and so if this makes for ambiguity, it may well be hard to test for. Similarly for verbs that allow a factive and non-factive reading such as ‘report’ where the factive reading entails the non-factive. If I say ‘the police reported that the criminal was apprehended but the police didn’t report that the criminal was apprehended’ there is at least one reading that is anomalous, but largely out of contradiction engendered by entailment rather than univocality: it takes subtle intuitions to train one’s ear to hear ambiguities when the meanings are largely overlapping. As mentioned above, Pietroski and Hornstein (2002) make a similar point regarding syntactic ambiguities. Noting that the two putative readings of ‘every man loves a woman’ are such that the wide scope ‘a woman’ reading entails the narrow, they ask whether or not we should be countenancing a structural ambiguity or chalking up the two ‘readings’ to confusion over the specific and general case. If these sorts of factors can interfere, we will indeed have to apply our tests gingerly.