 Some caution needs to be applied to both the Fregean and the Quinean criterion of objecthood. There are apparently referential NPs whose function is not that of standing for an actual entity, for example the subjects of negative existentials (Santa Claus does not exist) and the arguments of intentional verbs (John is thinking about Santa Claus). Furthermore, there are Meinongian views according to which reference and quantification are not actually existence-entailing but only lexical predicates are  (§3.2;  Priest 2005). Moreover, there are views according to which referential and quantificational NPs do not always range over entities, but may just have an inferential role (Hofweber 2016). Finally, not all quantificational NPs have the same semantic role, ranging over entities that will also act as arguments of the embedding predicate. Quantificational NPs of the sort something, everything, and several things in English, which can take the place of predicative complements as well as other nonreferential positions, have been argued to have a nominalizing function, introducing “new” entities into the semantic structure of a sentence (Moltmann 2013: Chap. 3) or to be non-nominal quantifiers, ranging over the same higher-order entities as are the semantic values of the expressions they may replace (Rosefeldt 2008).