 A revisionist can say that a condition we currently disvalue but do not regard as a disease may turn out to involve malfunction and hence to be a disease, whatever our intuitions say. Conversely, we may think something is a disease but we might be wrong, just as we were wrong about drapetomania or masturbation, which do not causally depend on any biological malfunction. Conservatives resist this possibility. Wakefield claims that we have intuitions about human nature that make it “obvious from surface features” whether underlying mechanisms are functional or dysfunctional (Wakefield 1997b, 256). But it is an empirical discovery whether one’s physiology or psychology is functioning properly, not something to be decided from the armchair, or even from inspecting surface features. A conservative may, though, seek to distinguish debunked intuitions that can be explained away (perhaps as products of local norms, as in the masturbation case) from more resilient intuitions that survive debunking and can still feature as constraint on analysis. 