  Vaihinger died in 1933, on the eve of the rise of the Third Reich. A long-time liberal and pacifist, Vaihinger and his work were treated with hostile silence throughout the Nazi period. A final, posthumous tragedy would thus befall him during these years: once among Germany’s most celebrated and influential philosophers, Vaihinger became a virtual nobody, and his works were quickly forgotten. Though contemporary philosophical literature reveals a renewed interest in his ideas, it is fair to say that his reputation has never fully recovered. For a more detailed treatment of Vaihinger’s biography, see (Simon 2014). Vaihinger himself discusses his intellectual development at length in his autobiographical (1921b) (also included as the introduction to C.K. Ogden’s 1925 English translation of PAO).