Exclusive positivist theories of law, by contrast with inclusive accounts like Hart’s, maintain that normative factors can play no role in determining the content of the law at any level (Raz 1979; 1994; Shapiro 2011, 271–81; Leiter 1998, 535–36; see entry on Legal Positivism). On such accounts, it is clear that normative arguments have no bearing on whether a theory of interpretation is true.