 Among the new approaches, one of the most influential is Nicholas Shea’s “varitel semantics”, which is carefully worked out in his (2018). Although this theory stands firmly in the tradition of Millikan and Papineau, it has a number of novel and distinctive features. According to Shea, representational systems are characterized by three features, which are usually found together in nature, and which have to do with the production of ‘outcomes’ (i.e. movements, actions, or the consequences of actions). More specifically, the outcomes produced by representational systems are (i) “robust”, (ii) “stabilized”, and (iii) they are being brought about by mechanisms “in which internal components stand in exploitable relations to relevant features of the environment” (Shea 2018, 51). Let us look at these three characteristics in turn.