 In the nineteenth century, James Mill, John Stuart Mill, and William B. Carpenter (who all had studied the Observations in dissenting academies), along with Alexander Bain, founded the school of thought known as “association psychology.” They credited Hartley with being the precursor of the science they had developed. However, John Stuart Mill wrote in the Preface to the 1869 edition of his father’s Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind, that, compared to his father’s work, Hartley’s Observations “is little more than a sketch, though an eminently suggestive one” (Mill 1869, 1:xi–12). Hardly a recommendation to read the book that the Mills had poured over as students. Why look at the sketch, when the fully drawn portrait is available?