 Critical-level utilitarianism avoids the repugnant conclusion when the parameter \(c\) is set sufficiently large. It requires stronger measurability of welfare than classical utilitarianism, since it generates a social ordering \(R\) that is not generally invariant under re-scaling of welfare units or shifts in welfare levels. Even the rich setting of RFC would force the critical level \(c\) to be zero, thereby collapsing critical-level utilitarianism into classical utilitarianism and making it vulnerable to the repugnant conclusion again. As Blackorby, Bossert, and Donaldson (1999: 420) note,