 The second teaching in Fazang’s panjiao is what he calls Elementary Teaching of the Mahayana. These are the teachings of Madhyamaka and Yogacara, represented by figures such as Nagarjuna and Vasubandhu in India, and by Jizang and Xuanzang in China. Fazang ranks this teaching as superior to the first because it teaches that everything, dharma or not, is empty, and because the Yogacara tradition provides a thorough analysis of repository consciousness. But, according to Fazang, the Yogacarin analysis of consciousness is erroneous because it mistakes the repository consciousness for some sort of ultimate reality. The repository consciousness, according to Yogacara tradition, contains impurities and defilements. Yet ultimate reality, as Fazang understands it, is free of such imperfections. 