 However, influential proposals have been made for alternative decision rules. There are two major types of justification for such endeavours. First, examples have been put forward in which it would seem implausible to claim that expected utility maximization is the only normatively reasonable decision rule (Allais 1953; Ellsberg 1961). Secondly, numerous psychological experiments have shown that human decision-makers tend to deviate substantially from expected utility maximization. The first type of justification puts the normative soundness of expected utility in question, where the second exposes its shortcomings as a descriptive model. 