 Quantifier phrases Examples of quantifiers are ‘every’, ‘all’, ‘some’, ‘no’, ‘most’, ‘many’, and ‘few’. Quantifier phrases are (roughly) noun phrases or determiner phrases that include both a quantifier and a common noun or noun phrase, for example, ‘every student’, ‘some dog’, and ‘no black cats’. Two speakers who utter the same sentence containing a quantifier phrase may mean different things. If Smith is teaching a class of first-graders and utters ‘Every student has a pencil’, he means something like every student in Smith’s first-grade class has a pencil’. If Jones is proctoring a multiple-choice exam in a large college course, and utters that same sentence, then she means something like every student taking exam E has a pencil, where \(E\) is the relevant exam.  This phenomenon is often called quantifier-domain restriction.  Some theorists propose to explain this variation by hypothesizing that quantifier phrases are context-sensitive. See von Fintel 1994, Stanley and Szabo 2000.