 But it seems reductionist at best to hold that cultural dependence and economic underdevelopment always determine a philosophy’s shortcomings in the features relevant here. A prime counterexample is the ethics of las Casas mentioned above, which is original, authentic, and peculiar, though developed under extreme cultural and economic dependence (for more on this, see Nuccetelli 2013). Furthermore, the critical theory also faces the following ad hominem objections: