 It is rather common for a theory of ampliative (non-deductive) reasoning to retain classical logical entailment as a special case (a feature sometimes called “super-classicality”; see Strasser and Antonelli 2019). That’s essentially what (EC) implies for confirmation. Now given appropriate \(e\), \(h\) and \(k\), if \(e\wedge k\) entails \(h\), we readily get that \(e\) Hempel-confirms \(h\) relative to \(k\) in two simple steps. First, given that \(e\) and \(k\) are both quantifier-free, \(dev_{e}(e\wedge k) = e\wedge k\) according to Hempel’s full definition of \(dev\) (see Hempel 1943, 131). Then it trivially follows that \(e\wedge k \vDash dev_{e}(e\wedge k)\), so \(e\wedge k\) is (directly) Hempel-confirmed and its logical consequence \(h\) is likewise confirmed (indirectly). Logical entailment is thus retained as an instance of Hempelian confirmation in a fairly straightforward way. HD-confirmation, on the contrary, does not fulfil (EC). Here is one odd example (see Sprenger 2011a, 234). With \(k = \top\), just let \(e\) be the observation report that object \(a\) is a black swan, \(swan(a) \wedge black(a)\), and \(h\) be the hypothesis that black swans exist, \(\exists x(swan(x) \wedge black(x))\). Evidence \(e\) verifies \(h\) conclusively, and yet it does not HD-confirm it, simply because \(h \not\vDash e\). So the observation of a black swan turns out to be HD-neutral for the hypothesis that black swans exist! The same example shows how HD-confirmation violates (CC), too. In fact, while HD-neutral for \(h\), \(e\) HD-disconfirms its negation \(\neg h\) that no swan is black, \(\forall x(swan(x) \rightarrow \neg black(x))\), because the latter is obviously inconsistent with (refuted by) \(e\).