 A well-known part of Stoic philosophy is the philosophical therapy of emotions (therapeia) described in works by Cicero, Seneca and Epictetus. Stoic therapy aimed at apatheia, the extirpation of emotions, as a consequence of learning to see things in accordance with the Stoic conception of rational reality without self-centered commitments. Emotions were typically regarded as false judgments about the value of things and the behavioral reactions to them. The Stoics often described the types of emotion by referring to their typical psychosomatic reactions, but the positive beliefs about the propriety of these expressive movements and corresponding actions were regarded as irrational. The elements of the Stoic therapy were known in later Latin philosophy through Cicero’s Tusculan disputations, Seneca’s On anger and some Christian sources. Other Hellenistic philosophers such as Plutarch generally followed the psychology of Plato and Aristotle, arguing for the moderation of the emotions (metriopatheia). The Stoic apatheia was regarded as impossible because of the emotional part of the soul and as inhumane insensitivity with respect to other people. Plotinus and his Neoplatonic followers argued for apatheia, though this did not involve the disappearance of the emotional part—earthly emotions became useless in higher Neoplatonic spheres (see Nussbaum 1994; Sorabji 2000). 