 In cases of preemption, the nearly universally shared judgment is that the “preempting” c is a cause of e. For instance, Billy’s grievance is a cause of the window’s shattering, and the morphine is a cause of Patricia’s death. (There are dissenters to the consensus; Beckers and Vennekens (2017, 2018) insist that the “preempting” c is not a cause of e in cases like these.)