 Saul (2001, 2002, 2010) and M. S. Green (2002) suggested that “implicature” be defined normatively, as properly implicating something. W. Davis (2007a) replied that while determinacy is more plausible as a norm, similar considerations show that it is not required even for properly meaning one thing by saying something else. For example, a speaker who says “I ate some of the cookies” could properly be meaning either “I ate them all” (engaging in understatement), or “I did not eat them all” (quantity implicature), or “I do not know whether I ate them all” (ignorance implicature). None of these contributions is required given that all would be appropriate.