 Queer theory frequently draws on, critiques, and expands the ideas of many figures and approaches that are seen as early progenitors of Continental feminism (e.g., Beauvoir, Irigaray, Kristeva, feminist phenomenology, feminist poststructuralism, critical theory, psychoanalytic theory). As Jagose (2009) points out, however, the critique of normative identity categories was not invented by queer theory, given that feminist scholarship has a rich history of radically disrupting the category of women along lines of race and sexuality. Moreover, the lines between feminism and queer theory are historically blurred. For example, Judith Butler—who is often cited as an originator of queer theory—explicitly marks her early work as occurring in the intersection of these fields (as well as a number of other critical discourses) (1997). In Gender Trouble (1990) and Bodies that Matter (1993), Butler draws on Continental feminist figures such as Irigaray, Beauvoir, and Kristeva, and methods ranging from psychoanalysis to poststructuralism and phenomenology to develop a simultaneously queer and feminist theoretical lens focused on understanding the relationship between gender and sexuality, as well as the operation of norms and identity categories more broadly (Salih 2002).