 As a final thought, memory may ultimately be a red herring in defending incompatibilism. For suppositions about memory seem inessential to the so-called “memory argument” (Goldberg 1997; 1999a; 2000a). After all, the key idea is that Oscar’s self-attributions can be open to more than one interpretation: Suppose Oscar recognizes slow switches as relevant alternatives, and he asserts ‘I am thinking that water is scrumptious’. Then, for all Oscar can tell from the armchair, this might express a water thought or a twin water thought. Such “underdetermination” in the interpretation is what Oscar cannot resolve without empirical investigation. So already there is a problem with armchair self-knowledge, absent any premises about memory.