 In  section 1.1  we will see how it is that classic epistemic logics exemplify the flow of hard information within the information as range framework. In  section 1.2  we will extend our exposition from logics of hard information-gain to logics of the actions that facilitate the gain of such hard information, dynamic epistemic logics. At the end of Section 1.2, we will expound the important phenomenon of private information, before examining how it is that information as range is captured in various quantitative frameworks. 