 The reality is that informed consent procedures are not legally mandated for the lion’s share of medical care, e.g. standard blood draws, in contrast to more invasive interventions like surgery. Indeed, form filling, mandatory disclosures, and so forth are intuitively unnecessary for the former (Manson and O’Neill 2007, 81f). In medical research, United States federal regulations authorize review boards to omit informed consent requirements on many occasions when “research involves no more than minimal risk to the participants”, a provision expanded in 2018. Again, this seems to make sense in many cases. A relatively safe and low-impact study comparing two widely used drugs to ascertain which is best seems morally permissible, even without a full-fledged informed consent process (Truog et al. 1999).