  Schiffer (1978, 1981) holds that each agent can believe a singular proposition about herself, but cannot believe a singular proposition about any other object. All belief that is seemingly about other objects reduces to descriptive belief. Nevertheless, he holds that the correct semantics for indexicals is a direct-reference theory. Schiffer’s view of indexical belief is quite similar to Lewis’s and Chisholm’s, as Austin (1990) points out. Austin offers criticisms of Schiffer’s view that parallel his criticisms of Lewis’s and Chisholm’s views.