  A central challenge for theories of this sort is whether people truly are unaware of their implicit biases, and if so, in what way (e.g., if people are unaware of the source, content, or behavioral effects of their attitudes; §3.1). There may be reasons to posit unconscious representations in the human mind independent of whether people are or are not aware of their implicit biases, of course. But if people are aware of their implicit biases, then implicit measures are most likely not assessing unconscious “dual” attitudes. 