 (3) may be summed up by saying that the concept of effective calculability—or the concept of computability simpliciter—has turned out to be formalism-independent, in that all these different formalisms pick out exactly the same class of functions. Gödel emphasised the importance of formalism-independence in remarks he made in 1946 (Kennedy 2013 gives a discussion of these remarks). Gödel said that “the great importance … [of] Turing’s computability” is