 Fifth, it is best to think of the hard treatment as imposed, at least in part, as a way of sending a message of condemnation or censure for what is believed to be a wrongful act or omission (Feinberg 1970; for a retributive theorist who rejects this element, see Berman 2012: 143). This element too is a normative matter, not a conceptual one. One can certainly make sense of punishment that is simply a response to wrongful or unwanted behavior—a response aimed at deterring such behavior or simply imposing suffering for a wrong done. But insofar as one thinks of punishment as aimed at moral agents, there is reason to use it to communicate to wrongdoers (and to victims of their wrongdoing as well as potential future wrongdoers) that their wrongful acts or omissions are indeed wrongful and that the hard treatment that they receive is a morally justified response to their wrongdoing (Duff 2018: 295).