 In “Was ist Philosophie?” [“What is philosophy?”] (1882), Windelband approaches the factual-normative distinction by identifying two basic and irreducible types of cognitive operations: judgments and evaluations. While judgments relate representations in a synthesis, and thus expand our knowledge about an object, evaluations presuppose an object as given. They do not expand our knowledge. Rather, they express a relation between the “evaluating consciousness” and the represented object in a “feeling” of approval or disapproval (1882b: 29–30).