 David Papineau’s theory also emphasizes the ‘use’ of representations in the production of behavioral output, but does so in a different way than Millikan’s account. In a first step, Papineau (1984, 1987, 1993, 1998) identifies a desire’s content with the effect it is supposed to produce; then, in a second step, he provides an account of belief content in terms of desire content. Hence, his theory can aptly be described as a ‘desire-first’ version of teleosemantics.