 Similarly James S. Taylor (2021) argues that authority views like Owens’, that appeal to the possible exercise of power over the promisor by the promisee, can’t accommodate dead or absent promisees. And Hallie Liberto (2018) through a set of subtle and clever cases, argues that uptake conditions in both authority and joint commitment views might be violated even by perfectly paradigmatic promisees. The cases involve promisees that are either delayed, absent or not yet specified at the time of the creation of the promissory obligation. Liberto argues that uptake has what she call a “backward reach”, meaning that it must be able to be satisfied after the promissory obligation has attached.