 In contemporary literature, intentions have been the object of philosophical inquiry at least since Anscombe (1963). Philosophers have investigated “intentions with which” an action is performed (Davidson 1963), intentions of doing something in the future (Davidson 1978), and intentional actions (Anscombe 1963, Baier 1970, Ferrero 2017). Issues arise concerning which of the three kinds of intention is primary, how they are connected, the relation between intentions and belief, whether intentions are or presuppose specific mental states, and whether intentions act as causes of actions (see the entry on  intention).  More formal problems concern the opportunity for an agent of having inconsistent intentions and yet being considered rational (Bratman 1987, Duijf et al. 2019).