 Second, and we think far more telling, there are entailment relations that are intuitively valid that the account counts as invalid and for precisely the same reasons that it counts invalid the intuitively offending entailments involved in Frege cases. Recall how the account invalidates substitution of co-referring names within the scope of ‘believes’ sketched above. The same kind of reasoning will, it seems, also lead one to think that the following is invalid.