 West argues that the standard idea is inextricably connected to a conceptual error. Consider the right to protection from private violence, which West characterizes as “the irreducible, minimal, and even quintessential civil right” (2019: 66; emphasis in original). Each member of society has such a right, she contends, and, if the government fails to secure it for everyone, then the civil rights of all are violated, notwithstanding the fact that there would be no discrimination involved in the failure (23). Accordingly, she holds that it is a conceptual mistake to “conflate[ ] the idea of nondiscrimination with the idea of civil rights” (18).