 Schulman’s proposal implicitly assumes that, in the preparation of an experiment, it is only the macroscopic state of the system which is under the control of the experimenter; it is impossible to control the precise microscopic state. It is this initial microscopic state that Schulman suggests is always a special state. Schulman envisages the special-state constraint as correlated with future conditions and, since these constraints are not apparent to the experimenter until the future conditions are “measured” at the end of the experiment, these constraints are cryptic. As a result of the future conditioning of initial states, Schulman’s proposal is a kind of retrocausal mechanism, understood in an interventionist sense. (For an extension of Schulman’s model into the Lagrangian schema  (§6.6)  see Almada et al. 2016 and Wharton 2014, 2018.)