 Carter’s formulation of the SAP has led some authors, most influentially Barrow and Tipler (1986), to misinterpret it along teleological lines and as thereby categorically different from the WAP. But, as Carter himself highlights (1983: 352), see also Leslie (1989: 135–145), the SAP is meant to highlight exactly the same type of bias as the WAP and is literally stronger than the WAP only when conjoined with a version of the multiverse hypothesis.