 In his early philosophical work (e.g., “La science moderne et la raison”, 1910, and La philosophie bergsonienne, 1914), Maritain sought to defend Thomistic philosophy from its Bergsonian and secular opponents. Following brief service in the first world war, Maritain returned to teaching and research. The focus of his philosophical work continued to be the defense of Thomist and, more generally, Catholic thought (e.g., Antimoderne [1922], Trois réformateurs: Luther, Descartes, Rousseau [1925], and Clairvoyance de Rome par les auteurs du ‘Pourquoi Rome a parlé’ (J. Maritain et D. Lallement) [1929]), but Maritain also authored some introductory philosophical texts (e.g., Éléments de philosophie [2 volumes, 1920–23]) and his interests expanded to include aesthetics (e.g., Art et scholastique, 1920; 2nd ed. 1927).