 In a rare reply to critics, Lewis (1948, reprinted in Lewis 1970, 322–3) objected that Chisholm had misunderstood the implication of the probability qualifier. The familiar rule “If \(P\) entails \(T\), then for any \(Q, P\) and \(Q\) entail \(T\)” doesn’t apply, he claims, when \(T\) is any kind of probability statement. \(E\) not being probable on \(P\) and \(M\) and \(S\) and \(A\) is perfectly consistent with \(E\) being probable on \(P\) and \(S\) and \(A\) and its truth doesn’t undermine the truth of the claim that \(P\) entails \((S \amp A) \rightarrow(h)E\). Chisholm might respond that the familiar rule is simply a consequence of the meaning of entailment or strict implication, according to which it is not possible that \(P\) and not \(T\). Furthermore, Lewis isn’t simply asserting that \(E\) is probable on \(P\) and \(S\) and \(A\), but, as Lewis (1946, 248–50) himself says in his formal summary of his view, that the subjunctive conditional \((S \amp A) \rightarrow(h)E\) is an analytic consequence of \(P\), at least in the way \(X\) is coloured is a consequence of \(X\) is red, and is (strictly) implied by \(P\), as a conclusion to a premise, even if not solely by reference to the “rules of deductive logic”. Of course, “\(P\) strictly implies \(((S \amp A) \rightarrow(h)E)\)” itself strictly implies “\((P \amp S \amp A) \rightarrow(h)E\) ” (but not conversely), and neither is contradicted by “\((P \amp S \amp A \amp M) \rightarrow\) not\((h)E\)”. However, \((S \amp A) \rightarrow(h)E\) expresses in its own right an “in all likelihood” relation of probability between \(E\) and the possibly counterfactual \(S\) and \(A\) (Lewis 1946, 250), quite apart from \(P\), a relation that, for Lewis, holds when it is in accord with the a priori rules of probability (including inductive inference) relative to the empirical data D (Lewis 1946, 305,314), e.g. in the simplest case, recollections of past instances of \(E\) usually following \(S\) and \(A\). Chisholm’s challenge seems to remain, whether it is possible for \(P\) and \(M\) to be true and \((S \amp A) \rightarrow(h)E\) false. 