 As these interpretations and reports show, qing, unlike the common meaning of emotion in modern Chinese, has non-psychological meanings (nature, essence, reality etc.) in pre-Han Chinese texts that may coexist with psychological meanings (feelings, inclinations, desires, etc.) of qing. Seok (2013: 140), therefore, explains the meanings of qing in three dimensions: ontological (dynamic nature, human existence), epistemological (sense of reality and experience), and psychological/moral (emotional expressions and feelings) dimensions. He states that 