 Feminist care ethics, which early on took the mother-child relationship as the model of caring (e.g., Held 1987), has provided a rich conceptual resource for feminist procreative ethics. The influence of care ethics can be seen, for example, in arguments which foreground the value of intimate mother-fetus relationships in examining the moral basis of parenthood and the legitimacy of contract pregnancy (e.g., Gheaus 2016b). In light of the challenge to traditional understandings of parenthood posed by new ARTs, Mary Lyndon Shanley has argued for caregiving as the ground of moral parenthood (Shanley 2018).