 Second-order content-based approaches understand episodic memory as providing the rememberer with two types of information: first-order information about the remembered event itself (as in the first-order content-based approach) and second-order information about the relationship between the event and the subject’s current memory of it. These approaches thus distinguish episodic memory from semantic memory in terms of the self-reflexive character of its content. McCormack and Hoerl, for example, emphasize the rememberer’s grasp of his temporal relationship to the event (Hoerl 2001; McCormack &amp; Hoerl 2001, 2008), while Fernández emphasizes the rememberer’s grasp of his causal relationship to the event (2006, 2008a,b).