 Regarding the import of function in models and theories (thesis #4), already the Belgian philosopher of science Apostel defined modeling thus: “Let then \(R(S,P,M,T)\) indicate the main variables of the modelling relationship. The subject \(S\) takes, in view of the purpose \(P\), the entity \(M\) as a model for the prototype \(T\)” (1960, 128, see also Apostel 1970). Purposes took center-stage in his article title: “Towards the Formal Study of Models in the Non-Formal Sciences.” MIT Artificial Intelligence trailblazer Minsky also provided a pragmatic analysis: