 The key principle of the republican model is civic self-rule, embodied in classical institutions and practices like the rotation of offices, underpinning Aristotle’s characterization of the citizen as one capable of ruling and being ruled in turn. Citizens are, first and foremost, “those who share in the holding of office” (Aristotle Politics, 1275a8). Civic self-rule is also at the heart of Rousseau’s project in the Contrat Social: it is their co-authoring of the laws via the general will that makes citizens free and laws  legitimate.[8]  Active participation in processes of deliberation and decision-making ensures that individuals are citizens, not  subjects.[9]  In essence, the republican model emphasizes the second dimension of citizenship, that of political agency.