 The second element of a contractarian theory characterizes the potential contractors. There are two subparts to this: first, contractors have minimal other-directed desires or preferences, and second, contractors have a capacity for rational interaction with others. Contractarian (as opposed to contractualist) theories embrace a high standard for motivating making (and keeping) agreements. They avoid assuming that persons have preferences for moral behavior as such in order to ground rules of morality or justice in rational self-interest. Since persons’ interests do not necessarily include the well-being of others, the main challenge for contractarianism is to show that even without such other-directed preferences, it would be rational to be moral. Such self-directed preferences are called “non-tuistic” (Gauthier 1986, 87). However, there are reasons to think that narrowing the preferences of contractors to include only non-tuistic preferences is neither necessary nor helpful in grounding morality. One reason is because such a restriction of preferences means that actual persons will not be willing to comply with the bargain that is made, under the assumption that they do not have such narrowly construed preferences (Hubin 1991). On the other hand, allowing positive tuistic preferences to play a role in bargaining on morality and justice may create the possibility for individuals to be exploited for their fellow feelings (Dimock 1999). This is especially a problem for women, as Dimock points out, since in most cultures women are trained from childhood by sexist norms and gender roles to prefer the well-being of others to their own. Negative tuistic preferences pose a different challenge as a type of moral skepticism for either theorists who would exclude them or those who would include them in a contractarian theory (Superson 2009). The former group include Rawls and Gauthier, who have argued that negative tuistic preferences (envy, jealousy, spite, vengeance) make cooperation for mutual advantage impossible and therefore are irrational (Rawls 1971, 142–150, 530–534; Gauthier 1986, 311, 329). But this response significantly narrows the scope of application of the theory, since such emotions are common. The latter group faces the challenge of showing how mutual advantage overcomes these negative, other-directed emotions.