 In order to understand these questions it is important to know something about the context in which Philo’s views evolved. Several sources make it clear that when Philo arrived in Athens in the 130s BCE, the Academy was sharply divided over the legacy of Carneades. One side, led by Clitomachus, advocated radical skepticism as the authentic Carneadean position, while another, led by Metrodorus of Stratonicea, promoted some form of mitigated skepticism. We know, however, that Philo was elected scholarch in 110/9 BCE as a representative of the Clitomachian, i.e., radically skeptical, wing of the Academy (see Numenius fragment 28). We also know that the epistemological views in his Roman Books in 88 BCE were regarded as shocking innovations by Academics of all kinds (see Cicero Academica [Ac.] 2.18).