  Petersen and Sandin, on the other hand, defend a strong form of human chauvinism, arguing that the Last Man Example is subject to varying responses depending on the motives attending the act of elimination. They thus reject the hypothesis of intrinsic values in nature, arguing instead that any supposed wrongness “can be better explained by precepts about last man’s character traits and motives” (2013, 133). It remains open whether such a response is adequate for the Last People Example (described by Sylvan immediately following the Last Man Example) who may be said to act “for the best of reasons” though they have acted “badly” (Routley 1973, 16–17).