 Lind’s experiments on scurvy exemplify the fact that clinical research is often conducted by clinicians and often is conducted on patients. Many commentators have thus assumed that clinical research should be governed by the ethics of clinical care, and the methods of research should not diverge from the methods that are acceptable in clinical care. On this approach, participants should not be denied any beneficial treatments available in the clinical setting and they should not be exposed to any risks not present in the clinical setting.