 It may be true that repeated observation (“even hundreds of times”) is insufficient to guarantee knowledge of a pervasion (pervasions underpin the natural entailments on which inference depends). Not all things made out of earth are scratchable by iron; diamonds, recently discovered, are a counterexample. Defending pervasion-knowledge nevertheless, Gaṅgeśa cites this case in admitting that the possibility of a counterexample cannot be eliminated, at least generally speaking. But we do grasp pervasions, and often meaningful doubt can be done away with. Absolute freedom from doubt is not required to have knowledge. And knowledge guides action. We may be wrong in any particular case, but we act on the basis of the regularities in nature we take ourselves to be aware of, automatically making inferences producing knowledge.