 What is the point of the disclosure process? The Nuremberg Code can be understood to answer that one point is that a research participant should “have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the elements of the subject matter involved as to enable him to make an understanding and enlightened decision.” Clearly, mere disclosure does not ensure that. Even when information is given in plain terms in the participant’s language, many participants fail to appreciate statistical information about risks, or the fact that in placebo controlled trials, they might not receive the treatment under investigation, or the fact that trials aim to further scientific knowledge and not necessarily their own medical good. The result is that participants tend to overestimate the benefits of trial participation and downplay its risks, part of a phenomenon called the “therapeutic misconception” (Candilis and Lidz 2010; Miller 2010, 382ff.; Beauchamp and Childress 2008, 129).