 Empirical evil is a capacious category: it covers bodily pain, damage, and disease as well as the psychological concomitants or effects of these physical phenomena—suffering, terror, depression, mental illness. Traditionally, it has also included social ills such as oppression, poverty, and structural injustice (see Sharpe 1909). Philosophers who believe in metaphysical evil often take them to manifest in empirical evils. Philosophers who reject metaphysical evil, by contrast, take the empirical kind to be fundamental.