 Like most early clinical research, James Lind’s experiments on treatments for scurvy took place in the clinical setting, with a physician evaluating different possible treatments in his patients. This practice eventually led to concern that it did not offer sufficient protection for patients who were frequently unaware that they were involved in research. And this concern led to separating clinical research from clinical care and subjecting it to significantly more extensive regulations, including independent review and extensive consent. This approach offered greater protections for research participants and likely led to more sophisticated clinical trials as the result of being conducted by dedicated researchers rather than clinicians in their spare time. 