 Models also figure in the debate about reduction and emergence in physics. Here, some authors argue that the modern approach to renormalization challenges Nagel’s (1961) model of reduction or the broader doctrine of reductions (for a critical discussion, see, for instance, Batterman 2002, 2010, 2011; Morrison 2012; and Saatsi and Reutlinger 2018). Dizadji-Bahmani et al. (2010) provide a defense of the Nagel–Schaffner model of reduction, and Butterfield (2011a,b, 2014) argues that renormalization is consistent with Nagelian reduction. Palacios (2019) shows that phase transitions are compatible with reductionism, and Hartmann (2001) argues that the effective-field-theories research program is consistent with reductionism (see also Bain 2013 and Franklin forthcoming). Rosaler (2015) argues for a “local” form of reduction which sees the fundamental relation of reduction holding between models, not theories, which is, however, compatible with the Nagel–Schaffner model of reduction. See also the entries on  intertheory relations in physics  and  scientific reduction.