 What is it for one representation to be a “constituent” of another? According to Fodor (2008: 108), “constituent structure is a species of the part/whole relation”. Not all parts of a linguistic expression are constituents: “John ran” is a constituent of “John ran and Mary jumped”, but “ran and Mary” is not a constituent because it is not semantically interpretable. The important point for our purposes is that all constituents are parts. When a complex representation is tokened, so are its parts. For example, 