 In a more recent defense of antireductionism, Robert McCauley (1996, 2007) expands on Wimsatt’s intra-interlevel distinction to plea for a multilevel explanatory pluralism between higher- and lower-level theories. McCauley targets the New Wave model where intertheory relations result in a spectrum of consequences, ranging from identity to elimination, for higher-level theories (P.M. Churchland 1979; P.M. Churchland and P.S. Churchland 1990; and later Bickle 1998). He argues that a single spectrum of reductive consequences misrepresents the nature of intertheory coevolution. Intralevel reductions, focusing on reduction in terms of replacement, do not capture the historical dynamics involved in evaluating interlevel cases, and elimination is virtually nonexistent in interlevel cases. Moreover, eliminating or reducing higher-level theories would also undermine the status of the higher-level’s scientific institutions. As this rarely happens, and attributing epistemic, ontological, or methodological superiority to the lower levels is at best a claim that needs to be substantiated, reductions appear to be wildly at odds with actual scientific practice. Instead, we observe intertheory coevolution, which proceeds by exploiting the ontological, explanatory, and methodological resources that each theory brings to the table. Higher-level theories can offer lower-level theories criteria for external coherency, novel problem solving strategies, and serve as evidentiary sources for lower-level scientific efforts (McCauley 1996: 32, 35).