 How can the Son and Spirit be fully divine if each is caused by the Father and so does not exist a se? Layman answers that “the objector’s intuition that divinity requires aseity is not shared by those who drew up the [Nicene] creed” (167). Further, “it seems to me that aseity is clearly not essential to divinity, that is, it is not essential for being worthy of worship” (168). The qualities of omnipotence, omniscience, eternality, perfect goodness, and necessary existence are sufficient to guarantee the worship-worthiness of the Persons (ibid.).