 Allchin (1996, 2007) and Weber (2002), analyze an important reconstitution experiment at the interface of cell biology and biochemistry that played a major role in resolving a conflict between two opposing accounts of the synthesis of ATP in oxidative metabolism. Biochemists spent a couple decades trying to identify a purely chemical pathway that used the energy released in oxidative metabolism to synthesize ATP (as happens in glycolysis). P. Mitchell (1961) advanced an alternative, chemiosmotic hypothesis according to which energy was transferred via the creation of a proton gradient over a membrane. Kagawa and Racker (1966) had already linked ATP synthase to small knobs on the inner mitochondrial membrane but it was an in vitro chimeric system combining fragments from bacteria, plants, and animals created by Racker and Stoeckenius (1974) that demonstrated that energy could first be captured in a proton gradient and then used in mitochondria to synthesize ATP. Unlike purely biochemical accounts that discounted cell structure, this research showed the importance of not just enzymes but how they are situated with respect to cell structures in explaining cellular phenomena. 