  Bayesian models are prominent in cognitive science, with applications to such psychological phenomena as learning, vision, motor control, language, and social cognition.  They have also had effective applications in robotics.  The Bayesian approach assumes that cognition is approximately optimal in accord with probability theory, especially Bayes’ theorem, which says that the probability of a hypothesis given evidence is equal to the result of multiplying the prior probability of the hypothesis by the conditional probability of the evidence given the hypothesis, all divided by the probability of the evidence.  The explanatory schema for Bayesian cognition is: