 Isaac Levi (2000) objects to any decision theory that attaches probabilities to acts. He holds that deliberation crowds out prediction. While deliberating, an agent does not have beliefs or degrees of belief about the act that she will perform. Levi holds that Newcomb’s problem, and evidential and causal decision theories that address it, involve mistaken assignments of probabilities to an agent’s acts. He rejects both Jeffrey’s ([1965] 1983) evidential decision theory and Joyce’s (1999) causal decision theory because they allow an agent to assign probabilities to her acts during deliberation.