  You may say, “I know that Abraham Lincoln was a tall man.  ” In turn you may be asked how you know. You would almost  certainly not reply semantically, Hintikka-style, that Abraham  Lincoln was tall in all situations compatible with your knowledge.  Instead you would more likely say, “I read about Abraham  Lincoln’s height in several books, and I have seen photographs of him next to other people. ” One certifies knowledge by providing a  reason, a justification. Hintikka semantics captures knowledge as  true belief. Justification logics supply the missing third component  of Plato’s characterization of knowledge as justified true  belief.