 There are, however, more promising versions of the flicker strategy: early attempts include van Inwagen 1978; Naylor 1984; Rowe 1987. Take Naylor’s version to be representative. Black remains inactive because he sees that Jones will decide on his own to do what Black wishes, namely, vote for the Republican. Black would have intervened otherwise. But doesn’t this mean there’s something Jones could have refrained from doing, namely voting for the Republican on his own, i.e., without Black’s intervention? This is an all-in ability, and it’s because Jones had this alternative open to him that he is rightly held responsible.