 In  section 2.3  we mentioned that the falsificationist justification of parsimony was met with a serious challenge by the discovery that it was subject to making systematic errors under certain conditions. Joseph Felsenstein’s (1978) paper, “Cases in which Parsimony or Compatibility Methods Will be Positively Misleading” first describes what came to be known as the phenomenon of “long-branch attraction”. Though hardly the beginning of debates between parsimony and model-based phylogenetic methods, it represents an important inflection point in discussions about phylogenetic inference.