 Finally, with respect to the downstream effects of endorsing delusional beliefs and beliefs in conspiracy theories, differences are marked. Whereas delusions are often characterised by disruption in psychological functioning and social withdrawal and isolation, beliefs in conspiracy theories can be seen as cementing some relationships in well-defined social groups and as being protective against anxiety and stress. A closer examination may shed some doubt on the differences though. Some delusions can be adaptive in the short-term and some beliefs in conspiracy theories can be harmful in the long term.