 Based on these different approaches,  Section 4  discusses different analyses of what makes Simpson’s Paradox look paradoxical, and what kind of error it reveals in human reasoning. This section also reports empirical findings on the prevalence of the paradox in reasoning and inference.  Section 5  surveys the occurrence and interpretation of the paradox in applied statistics (regression models), philosophy of biology, decision theory and public policy. For example, Simpson’s Paradox is relevant when analyzing data to test for race or gender discrimination (Bickel, Hammel, &amp; O’Connell 1975).  Section 6  wraps up our findings and concludes.