  Among the institutions participating in the institutionalization of feminisms was the academy. From the late 1980s well into the 1990s, women’s studies programs started organizing throughout universities. Moreover, the study of feminist philosophy more broadly started finding its way into curricula as the activism of earlier decades pressured universities to support women’s and gender studies (Schutte &amp; Femenías 2010: 400). The decade marked the professionalization of feminism. Feminism, which had once been an orienting force of activism, became employable and profitable (Bartra 2001: 11). However, this is not to discredit the tremendous effort that the development of university programs required. As university programs became institutional fixtures, they also served as counter-hegemonic spaces where resistance could be facilitated.