 We have considered a number of challenges to realism, the thesis that the objects and properties that the world contains, its nature and structure, exist independently of our conception or perception of them. Historically, these challenges came from two camps: (1) neo-verificationists led by Dummett who assimilate belief in mind-independent world to a belief in a verification-transcendent conception of truth which they profess to find unintelligible, and (2) pragmatists and pluralists led by Putnam who also question the intelligibility of the realist’s mind-independent world but for reasons independent of any commitment to verificationism. While neo-verificationism today claims few adherents, within the ranks of analytic ontologists, pluralism and Carnap’s version of it in particular, has enjoyed something of a revival. Today, the most active and engaging debates about realism are meta-ontological ones that involve neo-Carnapian pluralists and their ontological realist opponents. 