 Early modern discussions of the emotions are deeply indebted to earlier sources. Aristotle was particularly important (much more so than Plato), influencing early modern theories both directly and through Stoic, medical, Ciceronian, and Scholastic approaches (especially that of Aquinas). Stoicism, likewise, was transmitted both from Latin authors and from the neo-Stoic revival of the 16th century (represented, e.g., by Justus Lipsius, and in some moods, Montaigne). As in other areas of philosophy, however, those sources met a mixed reception. Aristotle’s classification of the faculties of the soul and his location of the emotions among the appetites of the sensitive part remained commonplaces, as did Aquinas’s further distinction between the irascible and concupiscible passions. But starting with Descartes, some of the most famous early modern philosophers soundly rejected these and other points. Similarly, even those thinkers who seem to owe the most to Stoicism (e.g., Descartes and Spinoza) explicitly criticized certain of its doctrines, including the view that the passions are erroneous judgments. Different sorts of criticism proceeded from thinkers such as Pascal and Malebranche who borrowed from Augustine a sense of human insufficiency for virtue and happiness that put them at odds with Stoic, Skeptical and Epicurean ideals of the autonomous life of the sage. And many aspects of the systematic treatments of Aquinas and later Scholastic authors were both maintained and attacked, often by the same authors.