 Are we really to suppose that, prior to our stipulating a meaning for the sentence ‘Either snow is white or it isn’t.’ it wasn’t the case that either snow was white or it wasn’t? Isn’t it overwhelmingly obvious that this claim was true before such an act of meaning, and that it would have been true even if no one had thought about it, or chosen it to be expressed by one of our sentences? (Boghossian 1996)