 adaptationism |  Aristotle |  atomism: 17th to 20th century |  Bacon, Roger |  -->biocomplexity--> |  Carnap, Rudolf |  chaos |  Comte, Auguste |  Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de: in the history of feminism |  Democritus |  Descartes, René |  determinism: causal |  Diderot, Denis |  Dilthey, Wilhelm |  economics: philosophy of |  Einstein, Albert: philosophy of science |  emergent properties |  Empedocles |  empiricism: logical |  Feyerabend, Paul |  Frege, Gottlob |  Galileo Galilei |  genetics |  Hempel, Carl |  Heraclitus |  -->Hilbert, David--> |  Hume, David |  Kant, Immanuel |  Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm |  -->logical positivism--> |  Mach, Ernst |  many, problem of |  mereology |  Mill, John Stuart |  monism |  multiple realizability |  Neurath, Otto |  Newton, Isaac |  Parmenides |  physicalism |  physics: intertheory relations in |  Plato |  Pythagoras |  quantum mechanics |  quantum theory: quantum field theory |  Ramus, Petrus |  reduction, scientific: in biology |  Rickert, Heinrich |  supervenience |  Weber, Max |  Whewell, William |  Wittgenstein, Ludwig 