 6. Consequentialism and history as a judge. Frontier epistemology teaches that we can often only learn which modes of action are successful via historical experience of the consequences. (Non-historicists can reply that the eventual judgment is not itself historical but only delayed, because based on evidence gathered over time.) In its strongest form, historical judgment replaces “the Last Judgment”, the judgment of God, as reflected in the common expression “the judgment of history”. (Of course, this view is itself anti-historicist in its conception of finality.)