 One question that looms over philosophical work on macroevolutionary theory is how macroevolution and microevolution are related. One view, which is closely associated with the modern synthesis, is that macroevolutionary patterns are fully explicable in terms of microevolutionary processes. On this view, macroevolution is “nothing but” successive rounds of microevolution (a formulation due to Grantham 2007). Stephen Jay Gould pejoratively referred to this kind of view as “extrapolationism” (Gould 2002). This issue links up with more general philosophical questions about the potential reduction of higher-level biological phenomena to lower levels (Oppenheimer &amp; Putnam 1958; Fodor 1974; Kitcher 1984; Sarkar 1992, Rosenberg 1997).