(3.18)–(3.21) are all examples of predicate reification. Humankind in (3.18) may be regarded as the name of an abstract kind derived from the nominal predicate human, i.e., with lexical meaning K(human), where K maps predicate intensions to individuals. The status of abstract kinds as individuals is evidenced by the fact that the predicate “be on a path to self-destruction” applies as readily to ordinary individuals as to kinds. The name-like character of the term is apparent from the fact that it cannot readily be premodified by an adjective. The subjects in (3.19) and (3.20) can be similarly analyzed in terms of kinds K(snow) and K(-ness(polite)). (Here -ness is a predicate modifier that transforms the predicate polite, which applies to ordinary (usually human) individuals, into a predicate over quantities of the abstract stuff, politeness.) But in these cases the K operator does not originate in the lexicon, but in a rule pair of type “NP →  N, NP′ = K(N′)”. This allows for modification of the nominal predicate before reification, in phrases such as fluffy snow or excessive politeness. The subject of (3.21) might be rendered logically as something like Ka(-ly(reckless)(drive)), where Ka reifies action-predicates, and -ly  transforms a monadic predicate intension into a subsective predicate modifier. Finally (3.22) illustrates a type of sentential-meaning reification, again yielding a kind; but in this case it is a kind of situation—the kind whose instances are characterized by John sulking. Here we can posit a reification operator Ke that maps sentence intensions into kinds of situations. This type of sentential reification needs to be distinguished from that-clause reification, such as appears to be involved in (3.14). We mentioned the possibility of a modal-logic analysis of (3.14), but a predicative analysis, where the predicate applies to a reified sentence intension (a proposition) is actually more plausible, since it allows a uniform treatment of that-clauses in contexts like (3.14) and (3.23). The use of reification operators is a departure from a strict Montgovian approach, but is plausible if we seek to limit the expressiveness of our semantic representation by taking predicates to be true or false of individuals, rather than of objects of arbitrarily high types, and likewise take quantification to be over individuals in all cases, i.e., to be first-order.