 Interestingly, ‘Every’ is like ‘No’ in one respect, and like ‘Some’ in another respect. If every dog is clever, it follows that every brown dog is clever; but if every dog is a clever mutt, it follows that every dog is a mutt. So when the universal quantifier combines with a general term S to form a subject, S is governed by the inverted rule of replacement. But when a universally quantified subject combines with a second general term to form a proposition, this second term is governed by the default rule of replacement. Given that ‘Every’ has this mixed logical character, the valid syllogisms can be derived from two basic patterns (noted above), both of which reflect dictum de omni: whatever is true of every P is true of any P.