 Let us term theories of corruption which focus on the undermining of institutional procedures or processes, as opposed to institutional purposes, proceduralist theories of institutional corruption. Mark Warren has elaborated a proceduralist theory of the corruption of democracies, in particular; a theory which he terms “duplicitous exclusion” (Warren 2006). (Relatedly and more recently, Ceva and Ferretti speak of bending public rules in the service of “surreptitious agendas” as definitive of corruption (Ceva &amp; Ferretti 2017: 6), although in a recent work they have shifted to a notion of corruption in terms of lack of public accountability (Ceva &amp; Ferretti 2018)).