  Vaihinger’s interpretation of the Ideas as fictions is highly controversial, and was already subjected to withering criticism in his own day by Erich Adickes (1927). Adickes accuses Vaihinger of ignoring countless passages that flatly contradict his fictionalist reading, and of misleadingly paraphrasing or eliding passages he does cite. In one way, at least, this criticism is unfair. Vaihinger explicitly concedes: “in Kant we also find in the same contexts many passages which permit or even demand a contrary interpretation… . Two tendencies are revealed, a critical and a dogmatic, a revolutionary and a conservative” (PAO 212). Vaihinger’s interpretation is not, unlike his work in the Commentary, intended to be strictly historical; he is rather presenting one strand in Kant’s thought that he finds especially promising. Adickes nevertheless makes a compelling case that even those passages on which Vaihinger does rely do not speak decisively in favor of his interpretation. Most contemporary Kant scholars follow Adickes in rejecting the fictionalist interpretation of the Ideas, though it continues to find some supporters (see e.g., Shaper 1966; Korsgaard 1996, 162–76; and esp. Rauscher 2015). 