 The overdetermination of modes, thus, cannot be ruled out on the mere grounds that such overdetermination involves a malignant type of causal overreach on the part of creatures, overflowing into the exclusive divine realm of providing esse. For the proponents of overdetermination are taking the creaturely power to be restricted to that of bringing about a creature’s modes. The creature therefore would not share in the power of the causa secundum esse, and what power the creature would have to produce modes or modifications would be effective only insofar as the creature’s being or esse has been produced by God. Hence, the critical dependence of the creature’s esse or being on God is maintained. It is in this sense that cases of overdetermination of modes might present a noteworthy challenge to the advocates of occasionalism arguing on the basis of the CCC thesis.