 On the negative side there are many who argue that “the jury is out” or that systems of IP protection actually hinder innovative activity (Machlup 1958; Schiff 1971; Palmer 1990; Boldrin &amp; Levine 2007). On patent protection, Fritz Machlup (1958) wrote “No economist, on the basis of present knowledge, could possibly state with certainty that the patent system, as it now operates, confers a net benefit or a net loss upon society” (Machlup 1958). Nevertheless, Machlup went on to argue that such considerations do not yield the conclusion that we should abolish patent protection. Professors Michele Boldrin and David Levine argue that a ‘first mover advantage,’ coupled with secrecy and add-on services, is sufficient as an incentive for creation and discovery (Boldrin &amp; Levine 2007). Tom Palmer made a similar point seventeen years earlier, arguing that intellectual works should be protected via technological fences and contracts, along with bundling in other products and services (Palmer 1990).