 The core of the causal theory is the claim that an appropriate causal connection between the subject’s apparent memory and his original experience is both necessary and, along with relatively uncontroversial additional conditions, sufficient for remembering. There are two aspects to this claim. First, the claim that remembering requires a causal connection already classifies certain cases of apparent memory as merely apparent. For example, Martin and Deutscher describe a case in which a subject experiences an event, forgets it entirely, and later is coincidentally implanted with a “memory” exactly matching his original experience. The requirement of a causal connection rules this case out as a case of genuine memory. Second, the claim that remembering requires an appropriate causal connection classifies certain further cases of apparent memory as merely apparent. Martin and Deutscher describe a case in which a subject experiences an event, describes it to someone, forgets it entirely, is told about it by the person to whom he described it, forgets being told, and then seems to remember the event on the basis of what he was told. Here, there is a causal connection, but intuitively it is of the wrong sort to sustain remembering. Martin and Deutscher’s suggestion is that what is missing is a memory trace: simplifying somewhat, the idea is that the subject’s experience must give rise to a stored representation which exists continuously in the interval between experiencing and remembering and which contributes to the production of the retrieved representation. The requirement of an appropriate causal connection, where an appropriate causal connection is one that goes continuously via a memory trace in this manner, rules this case out as a case of genuine memory.