 In biomedical research, there have also been a number of large scale reproducibility projects. An early one by Begley and Ellis (2012, but discussed earlier in Ioannidis 2005) attempted to replicate 56 landmark pre-clinical trials and reported an alarming reproducibility rate of only 11%, that is, only 6 of the 56 results could be successfully reproduced. Subsequent attempts at large scale replications in this field have produced more optimistic estimates, but routinely failed to successfully reproduce more than half of the published results. Freedman et al. (2015) report five replication projects by independent groups of researchers which produce reproducibility estimates ranging from 22% to 49%. They estimate the cost of irreproducible research in US biomedical science alone to be in the order of USD$28 billion per year. A reproducibility project in Experimental Philosophy is an exception to the general trend, reporting reproducibility rates of 70% (Cova et al. forthcoming).