 Philo’s tenure as head of the Academy was troubled by two events. First, in the late 90s BCE his authority was challenged by the secession of his student Antiochus of Ascalon, who set up a rival anti-skeptic “Old Academy”. (A second student, Aenesidemus, also left the Academy to found or revive the radically skeptical Pyrrhonist school, probably in the 90s BCE; but the dating of this secession to Philo’s tenure as scholarch is insecure.) Secondly, civil unrest in Athens and the threat of the Mithridatic war led to an exodus of Academic philosophers to safer cities. Philo himself moved to Rome in 89/8 BCE, where he continued to give lectures and published his “Roman Books”. It is unclear whether he ever returned to Athens after its “pacification” by the Romans in 86 BCE. The name of his successor as scholarch, who probably oversaw the final demise of the Academy as an institution, is also unclear. (The section of Philodemus’ Catalogue of Academic Philosophers—our main source for his biography—dealing with Philo’s death, his students, and his successor, is at several points illegible; see Fleischer 2017c.) None of Philo’s written works survive, but we possess a summary of a work on ethics, some direct evidence for his Roman Books and earlier epistemological views, and indirect evidence for a work on rhetoric.