 In the end, Novak and Doolittle accept that there is a plurality of species concepts that highlight different processes that cause stable clusters of organisms. Despite this pluralism, they think the general concept of species and the individual species concepts that fall under it form a set of conceptual tools that interact and allow us to investigate how evolutionary processes give rise to stable clusters of organisms. As a consequence, Novak and Doolittle reject the pluralist view that the concept of species fails to provide an overarching explanatory approach in biology.