 Recently, deontologists have begun to ask how an actor should evaluate courses of action in which it is uncertain whether a deontological constraint will be violated. For example, should one detonate dynamite in a mining operation if there is a chance that the explosion will cause the Fat Man to tumble into the path of the trolley that would otherwise kill five? (Assume that were the chance the same that the explosion would instead divert the trolley in Trolley, killing one but saving five, the detonation would be permissible.) Or should one take a drive to observe the scenery if there is a slightly increased chance that, because of the possibility of traffic, doing so will cause one to miss a lunch one had promised to attend? Whether deontological constraints focus on agents’ intentions or beliefs, or whether they focus on agents’ counting positively in their deliberations others’ use as means, how should the uncertainty of outcomes be taken into account by deontologists? This question has been addressed by Aboodi, Borer, and Enoch (2008); Alexander (2016; 2018); Lazar (2015; 2017a, 2017b, 2018); Smith (2014); Tarsney (2018); and Tomlin (2019).