 As Leff remarked (Leff 1967, p. 546), the importance of Wyclif’s teaching on dominion and grace has been exaggerated. His doctrine depends on Richard Fitzralph’s theory, according to which the original lordship is independent of natural and civil circumstances (on Fitzralph’s conception see Robson 1961, pp. 70–96), and is only a particular application of Wyclif’s general view on election and damnation. In fact, the three main theses of the first book of his De civili dominio are the following: