  Since the rest of us are in no better position than Humbert, C2 leads inevitably to the conclusion that ‘\(Q_{R}\)’, ‘\(Q_{G}\)’, etc., as introduced in the manner of section 1, do not in fact refer to qualia. One might view Argument E as showing that certain salient aspects of our mental lives are linguistically elusive (as Frege apparently did); alternatively, one might follow Wittgenstein and conclude that the very idea of qualia rests on a conceptual confusion.