 The second prominent indeterminacy problem is the problem of properties mutually implicated in selection. It stems from the fact that traits are selected for complex causal roles. Consider, for example, an antelope population where an altered hemoglobin shape was selected for because it (i) increased oxygen uptake, (ii) which allowed the antelopes to move to higher ground, (iii) which gave them access to richer pasture in summer, (iv) and so improved their nutritional status, their immunity to disease, their vigor in avoiding predation, their attraction to mates and (v) their chances of survival and reproduction (Neander 1995). To determine the function of a trait, such as the altered shape of the hemoglobin, the etiological theory of functions tells us to ask, “what did past instances do that was adaptive and that caused traits of that type to be selected?”. In this case, the answer is (i) through (v). The altered shape of the hemoglobin did all of this, and all of this was adaptive, and all of this contributed to the selection of the trait (i.e., it was selected for all of this). So all of this would seem to be the trait’s   function.[20]  Its function is the complex causal role for which it was selected.