 On the one hand, Summativists maintain that a group’s testimony that p should be understood in terms of the testimony of some (or most, or all) of its members. On the other hand, Non-Summativists maintain that it is possible for a group to testify that p even if none of its members do. (See Tollefsen (2007) and Lackey (2014) for a defense of different Non-Summative positions).