 Besides these clarifications, later Mohist ethics introduces four major innovations. First, the texts no longer appeal to tiān 天 (Heaven) as a criterion and justification of ethical norms. Second, they explicate benefit (lì 利) and harm (hài 害) in terms of the happiness or dislike that results from obtaining something, instead of the goods of wealth, population, and order. Third, they introduce an explicit code under which individuals’ obligations to each other vary with their relationship. Fourth, they consider how benefit and harm are to be weighed in order to guide action in particular contexts. The following subsections will discuss these four points. 