 James Fitzjames Stephen (1829–94) author of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity (1873), is best-known as Mill’s most scathing critic. Despite Carlyle’s influence on him, he was not a radical, but rather a classical liberal; Julia Stapleton describes his ideas as having an affinity with Burke’s, in their defence of traditional institutions against Radical attack (Stapleton, 1998). However, his Liberty, Equality, Fraternity (1873) is indebted to Hobbes’ Leviathan, whose authoritarianism has little true conservative content (Townshend 1993). He had more veneration for established institutions than did Mill and his followers, and regarded moral life as relatively static. His objections to Mill were paternalist, and like conservatives, he was a pessimist concerning human nature.