 The second tier of Zhiyan’s panjiao stands to the third tier as Dushun’s first discernment stands to his second. In both cases, the latter makes claim to a more penetrating insight into the significance of dependent arising, by virtue of applying not only to dharmas but also to constructions thereof. For both Zhiyan and Dushun, the more penetrating insight seems to reveal a preference for kataphatic accounts—focusing on the positive import of dependent arising, as manifest with doctrines about tathata—over apophatic accounts that focus on the connections between dependent arising and emptiness. 