 Another argument against IE, put forward in Adams (1975), concerns the equivalence of \(A&gt;(B &gt;A)\) and \((A\wedge B) &gt;A\). Whereas the latter is a clear logical truth, the former is not. S. Kaufmann (2005) thus argues that the validity or invalidity of IE depends on specific causal assumptions linking the consequent and the antecedents.