 The broadness of this justification of pragmatic theory of knowledge was one aspect of Hook’s effort, later abandoned, to ally pragmatism with Marxism. One parallel which provided a basis for Hook’s effort was the pragmatists’ identification of truth as instrumental in transforming the human condition. Thus for Hook, the pragmatic theory of knowledge was paralleled by the well-known passage in Marx’s “Theses on Feuerbach.” Marx’s gnomic statement that “Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it” could be interpreted as indicating the distinction between an account of knowledge in which the knower or spectator sought to duplicate or interpret in language the phenomena of the real world, as opposed to the ways in which an experimentalist knower would develop hypotheses which would result in the transformation of the environment according to predictable hypotheses. From this perspective, the vindication of the Marxist hypothesis by the consequences of its transformational activity paralleled the general pragmatic thesis of the vindication of an hypothesis by its success in modifying the natural and human environment.