Apperception is closely connected to morality, as we will see in more detail in the section on Herbart’s ethics. It is interesting to note, however, that even in his discussion of inner perception (or as we might call it, “self-awareness”), his examples all have a normative dimension. Thus, as in the case of an unattended external humming noise, which we suddenly realize has been going on in the margin of consciousness, so too we most easily recognize inner perception when it lapses, e.g., when one lets slip a secret, or inappropriately laughs or yawns (SW VI: 145). One ought to have noticed and resisted the incipient impulses towards these actions (SW VI: 145). In short, self-control is a case of inner perception. Hence, in the case of “weak or uneducated people, children, and esp. of animals”, one does not “expect them to mark their inner conditions” (SW VI: 145).