README.md

---
datasets:
- Open-Orca/OpenOrca
inference: false
language:
- en
library_name: transformers
license: other
model_creator: Open-Orca
model_link: https://huggingface.co/Open-Orca/OpenOrcaxOpenChat-Preview2-13B
model_name: OpenOrca x OpenChat - Preview2 - 13B
model_type: llama
pipeline_tag: text-generation
quantized_by: TheBloke
---

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# OpenOrca x OpenChat - Preview2 - 13B - GPTQ
- Model creator: [Open-Orca](https://huggingface.co/Open-Orca)
- Original model: [OpenOrca x OpenChat - Preview2 - 13B](https://huggingface.co/Open-Orca/OpenOrcaxOpenChat-Preview2-13B)

## Description

This repo contains GPTQ model files for [Open-Orca's OpenOrca x OpenChat - Preview2 - 13B](https://huggingface.co/Open-Orca/OpenOrcaxOpenChat-Preview2-13B).

Multiple GPTQ parameter permutations are provided; see Provided Files below for details of the options provided, their parameters, and the software used to create them.

## Repositories available

* [GPTQ models for GPU inference, with multiple quantisation parameter options.](https://huggingface.co/TheBloke/OpenOrcaxOpenChat-Preview2-13B-GPTQ)
* [2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8-bit GGML models for CPU+GPU inference](https://huggingface.co/TheBloke/OpenOrcaxOpenChat-Preview2-13B-GGML)
* [Open-Orca's original unquantised fp16 model in pytorch format, for GPU inference and for further conversions](https://huggingface.co/Open-Orca/OpenOrcaxOpenChat-Preview2-13B)

## Prompt template: OpenChat Llama2 V1

```
User: {prompt}<|end_of_turn|>Assistant:
```

## Provided files and GPTQ parameters

Multiple quantisation parameters are provided, to allow you to choose the best one for your hardware and requirements.

Each separate quant is in a different branch.  See below for instructions on fetching from different branches.

All GPTQ files are made with AutoGPTQ.

<details>
  <summary>Explanation of GPTQ parameters</summary>

- Bits: The bit size of the quantised model.
- GS: GPTQ group size. Higher numbers use less VRAM, but have lower quantisation accuracy. "None" is the lowest possible value.
- Act Order: True or False. Also known as `desc_act`. True results in better quantisation accuracy. Some GPTQ clients have issues with models that use Act Order plus Group Size.
- Damp %: A GPTQ parameter that affects how samples are processed for quantisation. 0.01 is default, but 0.1 results in slightly better accuracy.
- GPTQ dataset: The dataset used for quantisation. The dataset used for quantisation can affect the quantisation accuracy. The dataset used for quantisation is not the same as the dataset used to train the model.
- Sequence Length: The length of the dataset sequences used for quantisation. Ideally this is the same as the model sequence length. For some very long sequence models (16+K), a lower sequence length may have to be used.  Note that a lower sequence length does not limit the sequence length of the quantised model. It only affects the quantisation accuracy on longer inference sequences.
- ExLlama Compatibility: Whether this file can be loaded with ExLlama, which currently only supports Llama models in 4-bit.

</details>

| Branch | Bits | GS | Act Order | Damp % | GPTQ Dataset | Seq Len | Size | ExLlama | Desc |
| ------ | ---- | -- | --------- | ------ | ------------ | ------- | ---- | ------- | ---- |
| main | 4 | 128 | No | 0.1 | [wikitext](https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikitext/viewer/wikitext-2-v1/test) | 4096 | 7.26 GB | Yes | Most compatible option. Good inference speed in AutoGPTQ and GPTQ-for-LLaMa. Lower inference quality than other options. | 
| gptq-4bit-32g-actorder_True | 4 | 32 | Yes | 0.1 | [wikitext](https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikitext/viewer/wikitext-2-v1/test) | 4096 | 8.00 GB | Yes | 4-bit, with Act Order and group size 32g. Gives highest possible inference quality, with maximum VRAM usage. Poor AutoGPTQ CUDA speed. | 
| gptq-4bit-64g-actorder_True | 4 | 64 | Yes | 0.1 | [wikitext](https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikitext/viewer/wikitext-2-v1/test) | 4096 | 7.51 GB | Yes | 4-bit, with Act Order and group size 64g. Uses less VRAM than 32g, but with slightly lower accuracy. Poor AutoGPTQ CUDA speed. | 
| gptq-4bit-128g-actorder_True | 4 | 128 | Yes | 0.1 | [wikitext](https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikitext/viewer/wikitext-2-v1/test) | 4096 | 7.26 GB | Yes | 4-bit, with Act Order and group size 128g. Uses even less VRAM than 64g, but with slightly lower accuracy. Poor AutoGPTQ CUDA speed. | 
| gptq-8bit--1g-actorder_True | 8 | None | Yes | 0.1 | [wikitext](https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikitext/viewer/wikitext-2-v1/test) | 4096 | 13.36 GB | No | 8-bit, with Act Order. No group size, to lower VRAM requirements and to improve AutoGPTQ speed. | 
| gptq-8bit-128g-actorder_True | 8 | 128 | Yes | 0.1 | [wikitext](https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikitext/viewer/wikitext-2-v1/test) | 4096 | 13.65 GB | No | 8-bit, with group size 128g for higher inference quality and with Act Order for even higher accuracy. Poor AutoGPTQ CUDA speed. |

## How to download from branches

- In text-generation-webui, you can add `:branch` to the end of the download name, eg `TheBloke/OpenOrcaxOpenChat-Preview2-13B-GPTQ:gptq-4bit-32g-actorder_True`
- With Git, you can clone a branch with:
```
git clone --single-branch --branch gptq-4bit-32g-actorder_True https://huggingface.co/TheBloke/OpenOrcaxOpenChat-Preview2-13B-GPTQ
```
- In Python Transformers code, the branch is the `revision` parameter; see below.

## How to easily download and use this model in [text-generation-webui](https://github.com/oobabooga/text-generation-webui).

Please make sure you're using the latest version of [text-generation-webui](https://github.com/oobabooga/text-generation-webui).

It is strongly recommended to use the text-generation-webui one-click-installers unless you know how to make a manual install.

1. Click the **Model tab**.
2. Under **Download custom model or LoRA**, enter `TheBloke/OpenOrcaxOpenChat-Preview2-13B-GPTQ`.
  - To download from a specific branch, enter for example `TheBloke/OpenOrcaxOpenChat-Preview2-13B-GPTQ:gptq-4bit-32g-actorder_True`
  - see Provided Files above for the list of branches for each option.
3. Click **Download**.
4. The model will start downloading. Once it's finished it will say "Done"
5. In the top left, click the refresh icon next to **Model**.
6. In the **Model** dropdown, choose the model you just downloaded: `OpenOrcaxOpenChat-Preview2-13B-GPTQ`
7. The model will automatically load, and is now ready for use!
8. If you want any custom settings, set them and then click **Save settings for this model** followed by **Reload the Model** in the top right.
  * Note that you do not need to set GPTQ parameters any more. These are set automatically from the file `quantize_config.json`.
9. Once you're ready, click the **Text Generation tab** and enter a prompt to get started!

## How to use this GPTQ model from Python code

First make sure you have [AutoGPTQ](https://github.com/PanQiWei/AutoGPTQ) 0.3.1 or later installed:

```
pip3 install auto-gptq
```

If you have problems installing AutoGPTQ, please build from source instead:
```
pip3 uninstall -y auto-gptq
git clone https://github.com/PanQiWei/AutoGPTQ
cd AutoGPTQ
pip3 install .
```

Then try the following example code:

```python
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, pipeline, logging
from auto_gptq import AutoGPTQForCausalLM, BaseQuantizeConfig

model_name_or_path = "TheBloke/OpenOrcaxOpenChat-Preview2-13B-GPTQ"

use_triton = False

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name_or_path, use_fast=True)

model = AutoGPTQForCausalLM.from_quantized(model_name_or_path,
        use_safetensors=True,
        trust_remote_code=False,
        device="cuda:0",
        use_triton=use_triton,
        quantize_config=None)

"""
# To download from a specific branch, use the revision parameter, as in this example:
# Note that `revision` requires AutoGPTQ 0.3.1 or later!

model = AutoGPTQForCausalLM.from_quantized(model_name_or_path,
        revision="gptq-4bit-32g-actorder_True",
        use_safetensors=True,
        trust_remote_code=False,
        device="cuda:0",
        quantize_config=None)
"""

prompt = "Tell me about AI"
prompt_template=f'''User: {prompt}<|end_of_turn|>Assistant:
'''

print("\n\n*** Generate:")

input_ids = tokenizer(prompt_template, return_tensors='pt').input_ids.cuda()
output = model.generate(inputs=input_ids, temperature=0.7, max_new_tokens=512)
print(tokenizer.decode(output[0]))

# Inference can also be done using transformers' pipeline

# Prevent printing spurious transformers error when using pipeline with AutoGPTQ
logging.set_verbosity(logging.CRITICAL)

print("*** Pipeline:")
pipe = pipeline(
    "text-generation",
    model=model,
    tokenizer=tokenizer,
    max_new_tokens=512,
    temperature=0.7,
    top_p=0.95,
    repetition_penalty=1.15
)

print(pipe(prompt_template)[0]['generated_text'])
```

## Compatibility

The files provided will work with AutoGPTQ (CUDA and Triton modes), GPTQ-for-LLaMa (only CUDA has been tested), and Occ4m's GPTQ-for-LLaMa fork.

ExLlama works with Llama models in 4-bit. Please see the Provided Files table above for per-file compatibility.

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For further support, and discussions on these models and AI in general, join us at:

[TheBloke AI's Discord server](https://discord.gg/theblokeai)

## Thanks, and how to contribute.

Thanks to the [chirper.ai](https://chirper.ai) team!

I've had a lot of people ask if they can contribute. I enjoy providing models and helping people, and would love to be able to spend even more time doing it, as well as expanding into new projects like fine tuning/training.

If you're able and willing to contribute it will be most gratefully received and will help me to keep providing more models, and to start work on new AI projects.

Donaters will get priority support on any and all AI/LLM/model questions and requests, access to a private Discord room, plus other benefits.

* Patreon: https://patreon.com/TheBlokeAI
* Ko-Fi: https://ko-fi.com/TheBlokeAI

**Special thanks to**: Luke from CarbonQuill, Aemon Algiz.

**Patreon special mentions**: Willem Michiel, Ajan Kanaga, Cory Kujawski, Alps Aficionado, Nikolai Manek, Jonathan Leane, Stanislav Ovsiannikov, Michael Levine, Luke Pendergrass, Sid, K, Gabriel Tamborski, Clay Pascal, Kalila, William Sang, Will Dee, Pieter, Nathan LeClaire, ya boyyy, David Flickinger, vamX, Derek Yates, Fen Risland, Jeffrey Morgan, webtim, Daniel P. Andersen, Chadd, Edmond Seymore, Pyrater, Olusegun Samson, Lone Striker, biorpg, alfie_i, Mano Prime, Chris Smitley, Dave, zynix, Trenton Dambrowitz, Johann-Peter Hartmann, Magnesian, Spencer Kim, John Detwiler, Iucharbius, Gabriel Puliatti, LangChain4j, Luke @flexchar, Vadim, Rishabh Srivastava, Preetika Verma, Ai Maven, Femi Adebogun, WelcomeToTheClub, Leonard Tan, Imad Khwaja, Steven Wood, Stefan Sabev, Sebastain Graf, usrbinkat, Dan Guido, Sam, Eugene Pentland, Mandus, transmissions 11, Slarti, Karl Bernard, Spiking Neurons AB, Artur Olbinski, Joseph William Delisle, ReadyPlayerEmma, Olakabola, Asp the Wyvern, Space Cruiser, Matthew Berman, Randy H, subjectnull, danny, John Villwock, Illia Dulskyi, Rainer Wilmers, theTransient, Pierre Kircher, Alexandros Triantafyllidis, Viktor Bowallius, terasurfer, Deep Realms, SuperWojo, senxiiz, Oscar Rangel, Alex, Stephen Murray, Talal Aujan, Raven Klaugh, Sean Connelly, Raymond Fosdick, Fred von Graf, chris gileta, Junyu Yang, Elle


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# Original model card: Open-Orca's OpenOrca x OpenChat - Preview2 - 13B


<p><h1>🐋 The Second OpenOrca Model Preview! 🐋</h1></p>


![OpenOrca Logo](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Open-Orca/OpenOrca/resolve/main/OpenOrcaLogo.png "OpenOrca Logo")


# OpenOrca x OpenChat - Preview2 - 13B

We have used our own [OpenOrca dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Open-Orca/OpenOrca) to fine-tune Llama2-13B using [OpenChat](https://huggingface.co/openchat) packing.
This dataset is our attempt to reproduce the dataset generated for Microsoft Research's [Orca Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.02707).

This second preview release is trained on a curated filtered subset of most of our GPT-4 augmented data.

This release highlights that our dataset and training methods have surpassed performance parity with the Orca paper.
We measured this with BigBench-Hard and AGIEval results with the same methods as used in the Orca paper, finding **~103%** of original Orca's performance on average.
As well, this is done with <1/10th the compute requirement and using <20% of the dataset size from the original Orca paper.

We have run extensive evaluations internally and expect this model to **place number 1** on both the HuggingFaceH4 Open LLM Leaderboard and the GPT4ALL Leaderboard for 13B models.

"One" of [OpenChat](https://huggingface.co/openchat) has joined our team, and we'd like to provide special thanks for their training of this model!
We have utilized OpenChat [MultiPack algorithm](https://github.com/imoneoi/multipack_sampler) which achieves 99.85% bin-packing efficiency on our dataset.
This has significantly reduced training time, with efficiency improvement of 3-10X over traditional methods.


<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/imoneoi/openchat/master/assets/logo_new.png" style="width: 40%">


Want to visualize our full (pre-filtering) dataset? Check out our [Nomic Atlas Map](https://atlas.nomic.ai/map/c1b88b47-2d9b-47e0-9002-b80766792582/2560fd25-52fe-42f1-a58f-ff5eccc890d2).


[<img src="https://huggingface.co/Open-Orca/OpenOrca-Preview1-13B/resolve/main/OpenOrca%20Nomic%20Atlas.png" alt="Atlas Nomic Dataset Map" width="400" height="400" />](https://atlas.nomic.ai/map/c1b88b47-2d9b-47e0-9002-b80766792582/2560fd25-52fe-42f1-a58f-ff5eccc890d2)


We are in-process with training more models, so keep a look out on our org for releases coming soon with exciting partners.

We will also give sneak-peak announcements on our Discord, which you can find here:

https://AlignmentLab.ai


# Evaluation

We have evaluated **OpenOrcaxOpenChat-Preview2-13B** on hard reasoning tasks from BigBench-Hard and AGIEval as outlined in the Orca paper.

Our average performance for BigBench-Hard: 0.488

Average for AGIEval: 0.447

In the Orca paper, they measured their score relative to Vicuna on these evals.
We have done the same and have found our score averages to **~103%** of the total performance that was shown in the Orca paper, using the same evaluation methods as outlined in the paper.

So we are surpassing Orca performance with <20% of the dataset size and <1/10th the training budget!

As well, we have evaluated using the methodology and tools for the HuggingFace Leaderboard and GPT4ALL Leaderboard, and find that we place #1 on both for all 13B models at release time!

## AGIEval Performance

We present our results in two columns.
The column for "`(Orca Paper eval)`" uses the methods outlined in the Orca paper, so as to be a direct apples-to-apples comparison with the results from the paper.
The column for "`(HF Leaderboard eval)`" uses EleutherAI's LM Evaluation Harness with settings outlined by HuggingFace. These results are not comparable to the other columns, as the methods are different.

![OpenOrca Preview2 AGIEval Performance](https://huggingface.co/Open-Orca/OpenOrcaxOpenChat-Preview2-13B/resolve/main/Images/OpenOrcaP2AGIEval.png "AGIEval Performance")

## BigBench-Hard Performance

We present our results in two columns.
The column for "`(Orca Paper eval)`" uses the methods outlined in the Orca paper, so as to be a direct apples-to-apples comparison with the results from the paper.
The column for "`(HF Leaderboard eval)`" uses EleutherAI's LM Evaluation Harness with settings outlined by HuggingFace. These results are not comparable to the other columns, as the methods are different.

![OpenOrca Preview2 BigBench-Hard Performance](https://huggingface.co/Open-Orca/OpenOrcaxOpenChat-Preview2-13B/resolve/main/Images/OpenOrcaP2BigBenchHardEval.png "BigBench-Hard Performance")

## HuggingFaceH4 Open LLM Leaderboard Performance

We have run our own tests using parameters matching the [HuggingFaceH4 Open LLM Leaderboard](https://huggingface.co/spaces/HuggingFaceH4/open_llm_leaderboard) evals.

We place #1 for all 13B models at release time!

![OpenOrca Preview2 HuggingFace Leaderboard Performance](https://huggingface.co/Open-Orca/OpenOrcaxOpenChat-Preview2-13B/resolve/main/Images/OpenOrcaP2HuggingFaceLeaderboard.png "GPT4ALL Performance")

## GPT4ALL Leaderboard Performance

We have tested using parameters matching the GPT4ALL Benchmark Suite and report our results and placement vs their official reporting below.

We place #1 for all open models and come within comparison of `text-davinci-003`, a proprietary OpenAI model an order of magnitude larger.

![OpenOrca Preview2 GPT4ALL Performance](https://huggingface.co/Open-Orca/OpenOrcaxOpenChat-Preview2-13B/resolve/main/Images/OpenOrcaP2GPT4ALL_Leaderboard.png "GPT4ALL Performance")


# Dataset

We used a curated, filtered selection of most of the GPT-4 augmented data from our OpenOrca dataset, which aims to reproduce the Orca Research Paper dataset.
Further details of our curation practices will be forthcoming with our full model releases.


# Training

We trained with 8x A100-80G GPUs for 46 hours, completing 5 epochs of full fine tuning on our dataset in one training run.
This contrasts with the 20x A100-80G GPUs for 200 hours used in the Orca paper, for only 3 epochs, and requiring stacked training (which is known to suffer catastrophic forgetting).
Our compute requirement was <1/10th that of the original Orca.
Commodity cost was ~$600.

Please await our full releases for further training details.


# Prompt Template

We use our own prompt template which we call "`OpenChat Llama2 V1`"


Examples:
```
# Single-turn V1 Llama 2
tokenize("User: Hello<|end_of_turn|>Assistant:")
# Result: [1, 4911, 29901, 15043, 32000, 4007, 22137, 29901]

# Multi-turn V1 Llama 2
tokenize("User: Hello<|end_of_turn|>Assistant: Hi<|end_of_turn|>User: How are you today?<|end_of_turn|>Assistant:")
# Result: [1, 4911, 29901, 15043, 32000, 4007, 22137, 29901, 6324, 32000, 4911, 29901, 1128, 526, 366, 9826, 29973, 32000, 4007, 22137, 29901]
```

For UIs with Prefix and Suffix fields, these will likely work:

Prefix (include a space after colon):
```
User: 
```

Suffix (space after colon):
```
<|end_of_turn|>\nAssistant: 
```


# Serving

This model is most easily served with [OpenChat's](https://github.com/imoneoi/openchat) customized vLLM OpenAI-compatible API server.
This is highly recommended as it is by far the fastest in terms of inference speed and is a quick and easy option for setup.
We also illustrate setup of Oobabooga/text-generation-webui below. The settings outlined there will also apply to other uses of `Transformers`.


## Serving with OpenChat

[Install OpenChat](https://github.com/imoneoi/openchat/#installation)

After installation, run:

```bash
python -m ochat.serving.openai_api_server \
  --model-type openchat_llama2 \
  --model Open-Orca/OpenOrcaxOpenChat-Preview2-13B \
  --engine-use-ray --worker-use-ray --max-num-batched-tokens 5120
```

Follow the OpenChat documentation to use features such as tensor parallelism on consumer GPUs, API keys, and logging.
You may then connect to the OpenAI-compatible API endpoint with tools such as [BetterGPT.chat](https://bettergpt.chat).

## Serving with Oobabooga / text-generation-webui

The model may also be loaded via [oobabooga/text-generation-webui](https://github.com/oobabooga/text-generation-webui/) in a similar manner to other models.
See the requirements below. Note that inference with Transformers is significantly slower than using the recommended OpenChat vLLM server.

### Oobabooga Key Requirements

* You will first need to download the model as you normally do to the "`models/`" folder of your `text-generation-webui` installation.
* To use the unquantized model presented here, select "`Transformers`"" in the webui's "`Model`" tab "`Model loader`" dropdown.
  * You will likely want to tick "`auto-devices`". The model will require >40GB VRAM after loading in context for inference.
  * The model was trained in bf16, so tick the "`bf16`" box for best performance.
  * It will run safely on single GPUs with VRAM >=48GB (e.g. A6000)
    * If using consumer GPUs, e.g. 2x RTX3090 24GB, you will likely want to enter "18,17" under "`tensor_split`" to split the model across both GPUs
* The model will perform significantly better if you use the appropriate prompting template
  * We will submit a PR to include our prompting template into text-generation-webui soon
  * For now, manually enter the settings described in the following sections:

### Oobabooga Chat Settings

In the "`Chat settings`" tab, select the following settings:

For "`User String`" ...
```
User:
```
For "`Bot string`" ...
```
Assistant:
```
For "`Context`", it is not necessary but we have found good results with ...
```
You are a helpful assistant. Please answer truthfully and write out your thinking step by step to be sure you get the right answer. If you make a mistake or encounter an error in your thinking, say so out loud and attempt to correct it. If you don't know or aren't sure about something, say so clearly. You will act as a professional logician, mathematician, and physicist. You will also act as the most appropriate type of expert to answer any particular question or solve the relevant problem; state which expert type your are, if so. Also think of any particular named expert that would be ideal to answer the relevant question or solve the relevant problem; name and act as them, if appropriate.
```
For "`Turn template`", this is absolutely essential to have. You will get poor, mixed up output without this template ...
```
<|user|> <|user-message|><|end_of_turn|>\n<|bot|> <|bot-message|>\n
```

When done, it should look as below:
<img src="https://huggingface.co/Open-Orca/OpenOrcaxOpenChat-Preview2-13B/resolve/main/Images/OpenOrcaLlama2OobaboogaChatInstructionTemplate.png" style="width: 40%">

You may then save this as a named template preset by clicking the "Floppy" icon and giving it an appropriate name in the popup, e.g. "`OpenOrcaxOpenChat Llama2`".

### Oobabooga Text Generation Mode

In the "`Text generation`" tab, select "`instruct`" as the mode:

#### Mode Illustration
It should look as below:
<img src="https://huggingface.co/Open-Orca/OpenOrcaxOpenChat-Preview2-13B/resolve/main/Images/OpenOrcaLlama2OobaboogaInstructMode.png" style="width: 40%">

Then you should be ready to generate!


# Citation

```bibtex
@software{OpenOrcaxOpenChatPreview2,
  title = {OpenOrcaxOpenChatPreview2: Llama2-13B Model Instruct-tuned on Filtered OpenOrcaV1 GPT-4 Dataset},
  author = {Guan Wang and Bleys Goodson and Wing Lian and Eugene Pentland and Austin Cook and Chanvichet Vong and "Teknium"},
  year = {2023},
  publisher = {HuggingFace},
  journal = {HuggingFace repository},
  howpublished = {\url{https://https://huggingface.co/Open-Orca/OpenOrcaxOpenChat-Preview2-13B},
}
@software{openchat,
  title = {{OpenChat: Advancing Open-source Language Models with Imperfect Data}},
  author = {Wang, Guan and Cheng, Sijie and Yu, Qiying and Liu, Changling},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.8105775},
  url = {https://github.com/imoneoi/openchat},
  version = {pre-release},
  year = {2023},
  month = {7},
}
@misc{mukherjee2023orca,
      title={Orca: Progressive Learning from Complex Explanation Traces of GPT-4}, 
      author={Subhabrata Mukherjee and Arindam Mitra and Ganesh Jawahar and Sahaj Agarwal and Hamid Palangi and Ahmed Awadallah},
      year={2023},
      eprint={2306.02707},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
@misc{longpre2023flan,
      title={The Flan Collection: Designing Data and Methods for Effective Instruction Tuning}, 
      author={Shayne Longpre and Le Hou and Tu Vu and Albert Webson and Hyung Won Chung and Yi Tay and Denny Zhou and Quoc V. Le and Barret Zoph and Jason Wei and Adam Roberts},
      year={2023},
      eprint={2301.13688},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.AI}
}
@software{touvron2023llama,
  title={LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models},
  author={Touvron, Hugo and Lavril, Thibaut and Izacard, Gautier and Martinet, Xavier and Lachaux, Marie-Anne and Lacroix, Timoth{\'e}e and Rozi{\`e}re, Baptiste and Goyal, Naman and Hambro, Eric and Azhar, Faisal and Rodriguez, Aurelien and Joulin, Armand and Grave, Edouard and Lample, Guillaume},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.13971},
  year={2023}
}
```