README.md

---
license: gemma
library_name: transformers
pipeline_tag: image-text-to-text
extra_gated_heading: Access Gemma on Hugging Face
extra_gated_prompt: To access Gemma on Hugging Face, you’re required to review and
  agree to Google’s usage license. To do this, please ensure you’re logged in to Hugging
  Face and click below. Requests are processed immediately.
extra_gated_button_content: Acknowledge license
base_model: google/gemma-3-27b-pt
---

# <span style="color: #7FFF7F;">gemma-3-27b-it GGUF Models</span>

## How to Use Gemma 3 Vision with llama.cpp

To utilize the experimental support for Gemma 3 Vision in `llama.cpp`, follow these steps:

1. **Clone the lastest llama.cpp Repository**:
   ```bash
   git clone https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp.git
   cd llama.cpp
   ```


2. **Build the Llama.cpp**:

Build llama.cpp as usual : https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp#building-the-project

Once llama.cpp is built Copy the ./llama.cpp/build/bin/llama-gemma3-cli to a chosen folder.

3. **Download the Gemma 3 gguf file**:

https://huggingface.co/Mungert/gemma-3-4b-it-gguf/tree/main

Choose a gguf file without the mmproj in the name

Example gguf file : https://huggingface.co/Mungert/gemma-3-4b-it-gguf/resolve/main/google_gemma-3-4b-it-q4_k_l.gguf

Copy this file to your chosen folder.

4. **Download the Gemma 3 mmproj file**

https://huggingface.co/Mungert/gemma-3-4b-it-gguf/tree/main

Choose a file with mmproj in the name

Example mmproj file : https://huggingface.co/Mungert/gemma-3-4b-it-gguf/resolve/main/google_gemma-3-4b-it-mmproj-bf16.gguf

Copy this file to your chosen folder.

5. Copy images to the same folder as the gguf files or alter paths appropriately.
 
 In the example below the gguf files, images and llama-gemma-cli are in the same folder.

 Example image:  image https://huggingface.co/Mungert/gemma-3-4b-it-gguf/resolve/main/car-1.jpg

 Copy this file to your chosen folder.

6. **Run the CLI Tool**:

 From your chosen folder :
 
   ```bash
   llama-gemma3-cli -m google_gemma-3-4b-it-q4_k_l.gguf --mmproj google_gemma-3-4b-it-mmproj-bf16.gguf
   ```

```
 Running in chat mode, available commands:
   /image <path>    load an image
   /clear           clear the chat history
   /quit or /exit   exit the program

> /image car-1.jpg
Encoding image car-1.jpg
Image encoded in 46305 ms
Image decoded in 19302 ms

> what is the image of
Here's a breakdown of what's in the image:

**Subject:** The primary subject is a black Porsche Panamera Turbo driving on a highway.

**Details:**

*   **Car:** It's a sleek, modern Porsche Panamera Turbo, identifiable by its distinctive rear design, the "PORSCHE" lettering, and the "Panamera Turbo" badge. The license plate reads "CVC-911".
*   **Setting:** The car is on a multi-lane highway, with a blurred background of trees, a distant building, and a cloudy sky. The lighting suggests it's either dusk or dawn.
*   **Motion:** The image captures the car in motion, with a slight motion blur to convey speed.

**Overall Impression:** The image conveys a sense of speed, luxury, and power. It's a well-composed shot that highlights the car's design and performance.

Do you want me to describe any specific aspect of the image in more detail, or perhaps analyze its composition?
```


## **Choosing the Right Model Format**  

Selecting the correct model format depends on your **hardware capabilities** and **memory constraints**.  

### **BF16 (Brain Float 16) – Use if BF16 acceleration is available**  
- A 16-bit floating-point format designed for **faster computation** while retaining good precision.  
- Provides **similar dynamic range** as FP32 but with **lower memory usage**.  
- Recommended if your hardware supports **BF16 acceleration** (check your device’s specs).  
- Ideal for **high-performance inference** with **reduced memory footprint** compared to FP32.  

📌 **Use BF16 if:**  
✔ Your hardware has native **BF16 support** (e.g., newer GPUs, TPUs).  
✔ You want **higher precision** while saving memory.  
✔ You plan to **requantize** the model into another format.  

📌 **Avoid BF16 if:**  
❌ Your hardware does **not** support BF16 (it may fall back to FP32 and run slower).  
❌ You need compatibility with older devices that lack BF16 optimization.  

---

### **F16 (Float 16) – More widely supported than BF16**  
- A 16-bit floating-point **high precision** but with less of range of values than BF16. 
- Works on most devices with **FP16 acceleration support** (including many GPUs and some CPUs).  
- Slightly lower numerical precision than BF16 but generally sufficient for inference.  

📌 **Use F16 if:**  
✔ Your hardware supports **FP16** but **not BF16**.  
✔ You need a **balance between speed, memory usage, and accuracy**.  
✔ You are running on a **GPU** or another device optimized for FP16 computations.  

📌 **Avoid F16 if:**  
❌ Your device lacks **native FP16 support** (it may run slower than expected).  
❌ You have memory limitations.  

---

### **Quantized Models (Q4_K, Q6_K, Q8, etc.) – For CPU & Low-VRAM Inference**  
Quantization reduces model size and memory usage while maintaining as much accuracy as possible.  
- **Lower-bit models (Q4_K)** → **Best for minimal memory usage**, may have lower precision.  
- **Higher-bit models (Q6_K, Q8_0)** → **Better accuracy**, requires more memory.  

📌 **Use Quantized Models if:**  
✔ You are running inference on a **CPU** and need an optimized model.  
✔ Your device has **low VRAM** and cannot load full-precision models.  
✔ You want to reduce **memory footprint** while keeping reasonable accuracy.  

📌 **Avoid Quantized Models if:**  
❌ You need **maximum accuracy** (full-precision models are better for this).  
❌ Your hardware has enough VRAM for higher-precision formats (BF16/F16).  

---

### **Very Low-Bit Quantization (IQ3_XS, IQ3_S, IQ3_M, Q4_K, Q4_0)**  
These models are optimized for **extreme memory efficiency**, making them ideal for **low-power devices** or **large-scale deployments** where memory is a critical constraint.  

- **IQ3_XS**: Ultra-low-bit quantization (3-bit) with **extreme memory efficiency**.  
  - **Use case**: Best for **ultra-low-memory devices** where even Q4_K is too large.  
  - **Trade-off**: Lower accuracy compared to higher-bit quantizations.  

- **IQ3_S**: Small block size for **maximum memory efficiency**.  
  - **Use case**: Best for **low-memory devices** where **IQ3_XS** is too aggressive.  

- **IQ3_M**: Medium block size for better accuracy than **IQ3_S**.  
  - **Use case**: Suitable for **low-memory devices** where **IQ3_S** is too limiting.  

- **Q4_K**: 4-bit quantization with **block-wise optimization** for better accuracy.  
  - **Use case**: Best for **low-memory devices** where **Q6_K** is too large.  

- **Q4_0**: Pure 4-bit quantization, optimized for **ARM devices**.  
  - **Use case**: Best for **ARM-based devices** or **low-memory environments**.  

---

### **Summary Table: Model Format Selection**  

| Model Format  | Precision  | Memory Usage  | Device Requirements  | Best Use Case  |  
|--------------|------------|---------------|----------------------|---------------|  
| **BF16**     | Highest    | High          | BF16-supported GPU/CPUs  | High-speed inference with reduced memory |  
| **F16**      | High       | High          | FP16-supported devices | GPU inference when BF16 isn’t available |  
| **Q4_K**     | Medium Low | Low           | CPU or Low-VRAM devices | Best for memory-constrained environments |  
| **Q6_K**     | Medium     | Moderate      | CPU with more memory | Better accuracy while still being quantized |  
| **Q8_0**     | High       | Moderate      | CPU or GPU with enough VRAM | Best accuracy among quantized models |  
| **IQ3_XS**   | Very Low   | Very Low      | Ultra-low-memory devices | Extreme memory efficiency and low accuracy |  
| **Q4_0**     | Low        | Low           | ARM or low-memory devices | llama.cpp can optimize for ARM devices |  

---

## **Included Files & Details**  

### `gemma-3-27b-it-bf16.gguf`  
- Model weights preserved in **BF16**.  
- Use this if you want to **requantize** the model into a different format.  
- Best if your device supports **BF16 acceleration**.  

### `gemma-3-27b-it-f16.gguf`  
- Model weights stored in **F16**.  
- Use if your device supports **FP16**, especially if BF16 is not available.  

### `gemma-3-27b-it-bf16-q8_0.gguf`  
- **Output & embeddings** remain in **BF16**.  
- All other layers quantized to **Q8_0**.  
- Use if your device supports **BF16** and you want a quantized version.  

### `gemma-3-27b-it-f16-q8_0.gguf`  
- **Output & embeddings** remain in **F16**.  
- All other layers quantized to **Q8_0**.    

### `gemma-3-27b-it-q4_k.gguf`  
- **Output & embeddings** quantized to **Q8_0**.  
- All other layers quantized to **Q4_K**.  
- Good for **CPU inference** with limited memory.  

### `gemma-3-27b-it-q4_k_s.gguf`  
- Smallest **Q4_K** variant, using less memory at the cost of accuracy.  
- Best for **very low-memory setups**.  

### `gemma-3-27b-it-q6_k.gguf`  
- **Output & embeddings** quantized to **Q8_0**.  
- All other layers quantized to **Q6_K** .  

### `gemma-3-27b-it-q8_0.gguf`  
- Fully **Q8** quantized model for better accuracy.  
- Requires **more memory** but offers higher precision.  

### `gemma-3-27b-it-iq3_xs.gguf`  
- **IQ3_XS** quantization, optimized for **extreme memory efficiency**.  
- Best for **ultra-low-memory devices**.  

### `gemma-3-27b-it-iq3_m.gguf`  
- **IQ3_M** quantization, offering a **medium block size** for better accuracy.  
- Suitable for **low-memory devices**.  

### `gemma-3-27b-it-q4_0.gguf`  
- Pure **Q4_0** quantization, optimized for **ARM devices**.  
- Best for **low-memory environments**.
- Prefer IQ4_NL for better accuracy.

# <span id="testllm" style="color: #7F7FFF;">🚀 If you find these models useful</span>

Please click like ❤ . Also I’d really appreciate it if you could test my Network Monitor Assistant at 👉 [Network Monitor Assitant](https://freenetworkmonitor.click/dashboard).

💬 Click the **chat icon** (bottom right of the main and dashboard pages) . Choose a LLM; toggle between the LLM Types TurboLLM -> FreeLLM -> TestLLM.

### What I'm Testing

I'm experimenting with **function calling** against my network monitoring service. Using small open source models. I am into the question "How small can it go and still function".

🟡 **TestLLM** – Runs the current testing model using llama.cpp on 6 threads of a Cpu VM (Should take about 15s to load. Inference speed is quite slow and it only processes one user prompt at a time—still working on scaling!). If you're curious, I'd be happy to share how it works! .

### The other Available AI Assistants

🟢 **TurboLLM** – Uses **gpt-4o-mini** Fast! . Note: tokens are limited since OpenAI models are pricey, but you can [Login](https://freenetworkmonitor.click) or [Download](https://freenetworkmonitor.click/download) the Free Network Monitor agent to get more tokens, Alternatively use the TestLLM .

🔵 **HugLLM** – Runs **open-source Hugging Face models** Fast, Runs small models (≈8B) hence lower quality, Get 2x more tokens (subject to Hugging Face API availability)




# <span style="color: #7FFF7F;">gemma-3-27b-it GGUF Models</span>

## **Choosing the Right Model Format**  

Selecting the correct model format depends on your **hardware capabilities** and **memory constraints**.  

### **BF16 (Brain Float 16) – Use if BF16 acceleration is available**  
- A 16-bit floating-point format designed for **faster computation** while retaining good precision.  
- Provides **similar dynamic range** as FP32 but with **lower memory usage**.  
- Recommended if your hardware supports **BF16 acceleration** (check your device’s specs).  
- Ideal for **high-performance inference** with **reduced memory footprint** compared to FP32.  

📌 **Use BF16 if:**  
✔ Your hardware has native **BF16 support** (e.g., newer GPUs, TPUs).  
✔ You want **higher precision** while saving memory.  
✔ You plan to **requantize** the model into another format.  

📌 **Avoid BF16 if:**  
❌ Your hardware does **not** support BF16 (it may fall back to FP32 and run slower).  
❌ You need compatibility with older devices that lack BF16 optimization.  

---

### **F16 (Float 16) – More widely supported than BF16**  
- A 16-bit floating-point **high precision** but with less of range of values than BF16. 
- Works on most devices with **FP16 acceleration support** (including many GPUs and some CPUs).  
- Slightly lower numerical precision than BF16 but generally sufficient for inference.  

📌 **Use F16 if:**  
✔ Your hardware supports **FP16** but **not BF16**.  
✔ You need a **balance between speed, memory usage, and accuracy**.  
✔ You are running on a **GPU** or another device optimized for FP16 computations.  

📌 **Avoid F16 if:**  
❌ Your device lacks **native FP16 support** (it may run slower than expected).  
❌ You have memory limitations.  

---

### **Quantized Models (Q4_K, Q6_K, Q8, etc.) – For CPU & Low-VRAM Inference**  
Quantization reduces model size and memory usage while maintaining as much accuracy as possible.  
- **Lower-bit models (Q4_K)** → **Best for minimal memory usage**, may have lower precision.  
- **Higher-bit models (Q6_K, Q8_0)** → **Better accuracy**, requires more memory.  

📌 **Use Quantized Models if:**  
✔ You are running inference on a **CPU** and need an optimized model.  
✔ Your device has **low VRAM** and cannot load full-precision models.  
✔ You want to reduce **memory footprint** while keeping reasonable accuracy.  

📌 **Avoid Quantized Models if:**  
❌ You need **maximum accuracy** (full-precision models are better for this).  
❌ Your hardware has enough VRAM for higher-precision formats (BF16/F16).  

---

### **Very Low-Bit Quantization (IQ3_XS, IQ3_S, IQ3_M, Q4_K, Q4_0)**  
These models are optimized for **extreme memory efficiency**, making them ideal for **low-power devices** or **large-scale deployments** where memory is a critical constraint.  

- **IQ3_XS**: Ultra-low-bit quantization (3-bit) with **extreme memory efficiency**.  
  - **Use case**: Best for **ultra-low-memory devices** where even Q4_K is too large.  
  - **Trade-off**: Lower accuracy compared to higher-bit quantizations.  

- **IQ3_S**: Small block size for **maximum memory efficiency**.  
  - **Use case**: Best for **low-memory devices** where **IQ3_XS** is too aggressive.  

- **IQ3_M**: Medium block size for better accuracy than **IQ3_S**.  
  - **Use case**: Suitable for **low-memory devices** where **IQ3_S** is too limiting.  

- **Q4_K**: 4-bit quantization with **block-wise optimization** for better accuracy.  
  - **Use case**: Best for **low-memory devices** where **Q6_K** is too large.  

- **Q4_0**: Pure 4-bit quantization, optimized for **ARM devices**.  
  - **Use case**: Best for **ARM-based devices** or **low-memory environments**.  

---

### **Summary Table: Model Format Selection**  

| Model Format  | Precision  | Memory Usage  | Device Requirements  | Best Use Case  |  
|--------------|------------|---------------|----------------------|---------------|  
| **BF16**     | Highest    | High          | BF16-supported GPU/CPUs  | High-speed inference with reduced memory |  
| **F16**      | High       | High          | FP16-supported devices | GPU inference when BF16 isn’t available |  
| **Q4_K**     | Medium Low | Low           | CPU or Low-VRAM devices | Best for memory-constrained environments |  
| **Q6_K**     | Medium     | Moderate      | CPU with more memory | Better accuracy while still being quantized |  
| **Q8_0**     | High       | Moderate      | CPU or GPU with enough VRAM | Best accuracy among quantized models |  
| **IQ3_XS**   | Very Low   | Very Low      | Ultra-low-memory devices | Extreme memory efficiency and low accuracy |  
| **Q4_0**     | Low        | Low           | ARM or low-memory devices | llama.cpp can optimize for ARM devices |  

---

## **Included Files & Details**  

### `gemma-3-27b-it-bf16.gguf`  
- Model weights preserved in **BF16**.  
- Use this if you want to **requantize** the model into a different format.  
- Best if your device supports **BF16 acceleration**.  

### `gemma-3-27b-it-f16.gguf`  
- Model weights stored in **F16**.  
- Use if your device supports **FP16**, especially if BF16 is not available.  

### `gemma-3-27b-it-bf16-q8_0.gguf`  
- **Output & embeddings** remain in **BF16**.  
- All other layers quantized to **Q8_0**.  
- Use if your device supports **BF16** and you want a quantized version.  

### `gemma-3-27b-it-f16-q8_0.gguf`  
- **Output & embeddings** remain in **F16**.  
- All other layers quantized to **Q8_0**.    

### `gemma-3-27b-it-q4_k.gguf`  
- **Output & embeddings** quantized to **Q8_0**.  
- All other layers quantized to **Q4_K**.  
- Good for **CPU inference** with limited memory.  

### `gemma-3-27b-it-q4_k_s.gguf`  
- Smallest **Q4_K** variant, using less memory at the cost of accuracy.  
- Best for **very low-memory setups**.  

### `gemma-3-27b-it-q6_k.gguf`  
- **Output & embeddings** quantized to **Q8_0**.  
- All other layers quantized to **Q6_K** .  

### `gemma-3-27b-it-q8_0.gguf`  
- Fully **Q8** quantized model for better accuracy.  
- Requires **more memory** but offers higher precision.  

### `gemma-3-27b-it-iq3_xs.gguf`  
- **IQ3_XS** quantization, optimized for **extreme memory efficiency**.  
- Best for **ultra-low-memory devices**.  

### `gemma-3-27b-it-iq3_m.gguf`  
- **IQ3_M** quantization, offering a **medium block size** for better accuracy.  
- Suitable for **low-memory devices**.  

### `gemma-3-27b-it-q4_0.gguf`  
- Pure **Q4_0** quantization, optimized for **ARM devices**.  
- Best for **low-memory environments**.
- Prefer IQ4_NL for better accuracy.

# <span id="testllm" style="color: #7F7FFF;">🚀 If you find these models useful</span>

Please click like ❤ . Also I’d really appreciate it if you could test my Network Monitor Assistant at 👉 [Network Monitor Assitant](https://freenetworkmonitor.click/dashboard).

💬 Click the **chat icon** (bottom right of the main and dashboard pages) . Choose a LLM; toggle between the LLM Types TurboLLM -> FreeLLM -> TestLLM.

### What I'm Testing

I'm experimenting with **function calling** against my network monitoring service. Using small open source models. I am into the question "How small can it go and still function".

🟡 **TestLLM** – Runs the current testing model using llama.cpp on 6 threads of a Cpu VM (Should take about 15s to load. Inference speed is quite slow and it only processes one user prompt at a time—still working on scaling!). If you're curious, I'd be happy to share how it works! .

### The other Available AI Assistants

🟢 **TurboLLM** – Uses **gpt-4o-mini** Fast! . Note: tokens are limited since OpenAI models are pricey, but you can [Login](https://freenetworkmonitor.click) or [Download](https://freenetworkmonitor.click/download) the Free Network Monitor agent to get more tokens, Alternatively use the TestLLM .

🔵 **HugLLM** – Runs **open-source Hugging Face models** Fast, Runs small models (≈8B) hence lower quality, Get 2x more tokens (subject to Hugging Face API availability)




# Gemma 3 model card

**Model Page**: [Gemma](https://ai.google.dev/gemma/docs/core)

**Resources and Technical Documentation**:

* [Gemma 3 Technical Report][g3-tech-report]
* [Responsible Generative AI Toolkit][rai-toolkit]
* [Gemma on Kaggle][kaggle-gemma]
* [Gemma on Vertex Model Garden][vertex-mg-gemma3]

**Terms of Use**: [Terms][terms]

**Authors**: Google DeepMind

## Model Information

Summary description and brief definition of inputs and outputs.

### Description

Gemma is a family of lightweight, state-of-the-art open models from Google,
built from the same research and technology used to create the Gemini models.
Gemma 3 models are multimodal, handling text and image input and generating text
output, with open weights for both pre-trained variants and instruction-tuned
variants. Gemma 3 has a large, 128K context window, multilingual support in over
140 languages, and is available in more sizes than previous versions. Gemma 3
models are well-suited for a variety of text generation and image understanding
tasks, including question answering, summarization, and reasoning. Their
relatively small size makes it possible to deploy them in environments with
limited resources such as laptops, desktops or your own cloud infrastructure,
democratizing access to state of the art AI models and helping foster innovation
for everyone.

### Inputs and outputs

-   **Input:**
    -  Text string, such as a question, a prompt, or a document to be summarized
    -  Images, normalized to 896 x 896 resolution and encoded to 256 tokens
       each
    -  Total input context of 128K tokens for the 4B, 12B, and 27B sizes, and
       32K tokens for the 1B size

-   **Output:**
    -   Generated text in response to the input, such as an answer to a
        question, analysis of image content, or a summary of a document
    -   Total output context of 8192 tokens

### Usage

Below there are some code snippets on how to get quickly started with running the model. First, install the Transformers library. Gemma 3 is supported starting from transformers 4.50.0. 

```sh
$ pip install -U transformers
```

Then, copy the snippet from the section that is relevant for your use case.

#### Running with the `pipeline` API

You can initialize the model and processor for inference with `pipeline` as follows.

```python
from transformers import pipeline
import torch

pipe = pipeline(
    "image-text-to-text",
    model="google/gemma-3-27b-it",
    device="cuda",
    torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16
)
```

With instruction-tuned models, you need to use chat templates to process our inputs first. Then, you can pass it to the pipeline.

```python
messages = [
    {
        "role": "system",
        "content": [{"type": "text", "text": "You are a helpful assistant."}]
    },
    {
        "role": "user",
        "content": [
            {"type": "image", "url": "https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/p-blog/candy.JPG"},
            {"type": "text", "text": "What animal is on the candy?"}
        ]
    }
]

output = pipe(text=messages, max_new_tokens=200)
print(output[0]["generated_text"][-1]["content"])
# Okay, let's take a look! 
# Based on the image, the animal on the candy is a **turtle**. 
# You can see the shell shape and the head and legs.
```

#### Running the model on a single/multi GPU

```python
# pip install accelerate

from transformers import AutoProcessor, Gemma3ForConditionalGeneration
from PIL import Image
import requests
import torch

model_id = "google/gemma-3-27b-it"

model = Gemma3ForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained(
    model_id, device_map="auto"
).eval()

processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(model_id)

messages = [
    {
        "role": "system",
        "content": [{"type": "text", "text": "You are a helpful assistant."}]
    },
    {
        "role": "user",
        "content": [
            {"type": "image", "image": "https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/bee.jpg"},
            {"type": "text", "text": "Describe this image in detail."}
        ]
    }
]

inputs = processor.apply_chat_template(
    messages, add_generation_prompt=True, tokenize=True,
    return_dict=True, return_tensors="pt"
).to(model.device, dtype=torch.bfloat16)

input_len = inputs["input_ids"].shape[-1]

with torch.inference_mode():
    generation = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=100, do_sample=False)
    generation = generation[0][input_len:]

decoded = processor.decode(generation, skip_special_tokens=True)
print(decoded)

# **Overall Impression:** The image is a close-up shot of a vibrant garden scene, 
# focusing on a cluster of pink cosmos flowers and a busy bumblebee. 
# It has a slightly soft, natural feel, likely captured in daylight.
```

### Citation

```none
@article{gemma_2025,
    title={Gemma 3},
    url={https://goo.gle/Gemma3Report},
    publisher={Kaggle},
    author={Gemma Team},
    year={2025}
}
```

## Model Data

Data used for model training and how the data was processed.

### Training Dataset

These models were trained on a dataset of text data that includes a wide variety
of sources. The 27B model was trained with 14 trillion tokens, the 12B model was
trained with 12 trillion tokens, 4B model was trained with 4 trillion tokens and
1B with 2 trillion tokens. Here are the key components:

-   Web Documents: A diverse collection of web text ensures the model is
    exposed to a broad range of linguistic styles, topics, and vocabulary. The
    training dataset includes content in over 140 languages.
-   Code: Exposing the model to code helps it to learn the syntax and
    patterns of programming languages, which improves its ability to generate
    code and understand code-related questions.
-   Mathematics: Training on mathematical text helps the model learn logical
    reasoning, symbolic representation, and to address mathematical queries.
-   Images: A wide range of images enables the model to perform image
    analysis and visual data extraction tasks.

The combination of these diverse data sources is crucial for training a powerful
multimodal model that can handle a wide variety of different tasks and data
formats.

### Data Preprocessing

Here are the key data cleaning and filtering methods applied to the training
data:

-   CSAM Filtering: Rigorous CSAM (Child Sexual Abuse Material) filtering
    was applied at multiple stages in the data preparation process to ensure
    the exclusion of harmful and illegal content.
-   Sensitive Data Filtering: As part of making Gemma pre-trained models
    safe and reliable, automated techniques were used to filter out certain
    personal information and other sensitive data from training sets.
-   Additional methods: Filtering based on content quality and safety in
    line with [our policies][safety-policies].

## Implementation Information

Details about the model internals.

### Hardware

Gemma was trained using [Tensor Processing Unit (TPU)][tpu] hardware (TPUv4p,
TPUv5p and TPUv5e). Training vision-language models (VLMS) requires significant
computational power. TPUs, designed specifically for matrix operations common in
machine learning, offer several advantages in this domain:

-   Performance: TPUs are specifically designed to handle the massive
    computations involved in training VLMs. They can speed up training
    considerably compared to CPUs.
-   Memory: TPUs often come with large amounts of high-bandwidth memory,
    allowing for the handling of large models and batch sizes during training.
    This can lead to better model quality.
-   Scalability: TPU Pods (large clusters of TPUs) provide a scalable
    solution for handling the growing complexity of large foundation models.
    You can distribute training across multiple TPU devices for faster and more
    efficient processing.
-   Cost-effectiveness: In many scenarios, TPUs can provide a more
    cost-effective solution for training large models compared to CPU-based
    infrastructure, especially when considering the time and resources saved
    due to faster training.
-   These advantages are aligned with
    [Google's commitments to operate sustainably][sustainability].

### Software

Training was done using [JAX][jax] and [ML Pathways][ml-pathways].

JAX allows researchers to take advantage of the latest generation of hardware,
including TPUs, for faster and more efficient training of large models. ML
Pathways is Google's latest effort to build artificially intelligent systems
capable of generalizing across multiple tasks. This is specially suitable for
foundation models, including large language models like these ones.

Together, JAX and ML Pathways are used as described in the
[paper about the Gemini family of models][gemini-2-paper]; *"the 'single
controller' programming model of Jax and Pathways allows a single Python
process to orchestrate the entire training run, dramatically simplifying the
development workflow."*

## Evaluation

Model evaluation metrics and results.

### Benchmark Results

These models were evaluated against a large collection of different datasets and
metrics to cover different aspects of text generation:

#### Reasoning and factuality

| Benchmark                      | Metric         | Gemma 3 PT 1B  | Gemma 3 PT 4B | Gemma 3 PT 12B | Gemma 3 PT 27B |
| ------------------------------ |----------------|:--------------:|:-------------:|:--------------:|:--------------:|
| [HellaSwag][hellaswag]         | 10-shot        |      62.3      |      77.2     |      84.2      |      85.6      |
| [BoolQ][boolq]                 | 0-shot         |      63.2      |      72.3     |      78.8      |      82.4      |
| [PIQA][piqa]                   | 0-shot         |      73.8      |      79.6     |      81.8      |      83.3      |
| [SocialIQA][socialiqa]         | 0-shot         |      48.9      |      51.9     |      53.4      |      54.9      |
| [TriviaQA][triviaqa]           | 5-shot         |      39.8      |      65.8     |      78.2      |      85.5      |
| [Natural Questions][naturalq]  | 5-shot         |      9.48      |      20.0     |      31.4      |      36.1      |
| [ARC-c][arc]                   | 25-shot        |      38.4      |      56.2     |      68.9      |      70.6      |
| [ARC-e][arc]                   | 0-shot         |      73.0      |      82.4     |      88.3      |      89.0      |
| [WinoGrande][winogrande]       | 5-shot         |      58.2      |      64.7     |      74.3      |      78.8      |
| [BIG-Bench Hard][bbh]          | few-shot       |      28.4      |      50.9     |      72.6      |      77.7      |
| [DROP][drop]                   | 1-shot         |      42.4      |      60.1     |      72.2      |      77.2      |

[hellaswag]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.07830
[boolq]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.10044
[piqa]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.11641
[socialiqa]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.09728
[triviaqa]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.03551
[naturalq]: https://github.com/google-research-datasets/natural-questions
[arc]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.01547
[winogrande]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.10641
[bbh]: https://paperswithcode.com/dataset/bbh
[drop]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.00161

#### STEM and code

| Benchmark                      | Metric         | Gemma 3 PT 4B | Gemma 3 PT 12B | Gemma 3 PT 27B |
| ------------------------------ |----------------|:-------------:|:--------------:|:--------------:|
| [MMLU][mmlu]                   | 5-shot         |      59.6     |      74.5      |      78.6      |
| [MMLU][mmlu] (Pro COT)         | 5-shot         |      29.2     |      45.3      |      52.2      |
| [AGIEval][agieval]             | 3-5-shot       |      42.1     |      57.4      |      66.2      |
| [MATH][math]                   | 4-shot         |      24.2     |      43.3      |      50.0      |
| [GSM8K][gsm8k]                 | 8-shot         |      38.4     |      71.0      |      82.6      |
| [GPQA][gpqa]                   | 5-shot         |      15.0     |      25.4      |      24.3      |
| [MBPP][mbpp]                   | 3-shot         |      46.0     |      60.4      |      65.6      |
| [HumanEval][humaneval]         | 0-shot         |      36.0     |      45.7      |      48.8      |

[mmlu]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.03300
[agieval]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.06364
[math]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.03874
[gsm8k]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.14168
[gpqa]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.12022
[mbpp]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.07732
[humaneval]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.03374

#### Multilingual

| Benchmark                            | Gemma 3 PT 1B | Gemma 3 PT 4B | Gemma 3 PT 12B | Gemma 3 PT 27B |
| ------------------------------------ |:-------------:|:-------------:|:--------------:|:--------------:|
| [MGSM][mgsm]                         |      2.04     |      34.7     |      64.3     |      74.3     |
| [Global-MMLU-Lite][global-mmlu-lite] |      24.9     |      57.0     |      69.4     |      75.7     |
| [WMT24++][wmt24pp] (ChrF)            |      36.7     |      48.4     |      53.9     |      55.7     |
| [FloRes][flores]                     |      29.5     |      39.2     |      46.0     |      48.8     |
| [XQuAD][xquad] (all)                 |      43.9     |      68.0     |      74.5     |      76.8     |
| [ECLeKTic][eclektic]                 |      4.69     |      11.0     |      17.2     |      24.4     |
| [IndicGenBench][indicgenbench]       |      41.4     |      57.2     |      61.7     |      63.4     |

[mgsm]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03057
[flores]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.03193
[xquad]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.11856v3
[global-mmlu-lite]: https://huggingface.co/datasets/CohereForAI/Global-MMLU-Lite
[wmt24pp]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.12404v1
[eclektic]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.21228
[indicgenbench]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.16816

#### Multimodal

| Benchmark                      | Gemma 3 PT 4B | Gemma 3 PT 12B | Gemma 3 PT 27B |
| ------------------------------ |:-------------:|:--------------:|:--------------:|
| [COCOcap][coco-cap]            |      102      |      111       |      116       |
| [DocVQA][docvqa] (val)         |      72.8     |      82.3      |      85.6      |
| [InfoVQA][info-vqa] (val)      |      44.1     |      54.8      |      59.4      |
| [MMMU][mmmu] (pt)              |      39.2     |      50.3      |      56.1      |
| [TextVQA][textvqa] (val)       |      58.9     |      66.5      |      68.6      |
| [RealWorldQA][realworldqa]     |      45.5     |      52.2      |      53.9      |
| [ReMI][remi]                   |      27.3     |      38.5      |      44.8      |
| [AI2D][ai2d]                   |      63.2     |      75.2      |      79.0      |
| [ChartQA][chartqa]             |      63.6     |      74.7      |      76.3      |
| [VQAv2][vqav2]                 |      63.9     |      71.2      |      72.9      |
| [BLINK][blinkvqa]              |      38.0     |      35.9      |      39.6      |
| [OKVQA][okvqa]                 |      51.0     |      58.7      |      60.2      |
| [TallyQA][tallyqa]             |      42.5     |      51.8      |      54.3      |
| [SpatialSense VQA][ss-vqa]     |      50.9     |      60.0      |      59.4      |
| [CountBenchQA][countbenchqa]   |      26.1     |      17.8      |      68.0      |

[coco-cap]: https://cocodataset.org/#home
[docvqa]: https://www.docvqa.org/
[info-vqa]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.12756
[mmmu]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.16502
[textvqa]: https://textvqa.org/
[realworldqa]: https://paperswithcode.com/dataset/realworldqa
[remi]: https://arxiv.org/html/2406.09175v1
[ai2d]: https://allenai.org/data/diagrams
[chartqa]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.10244
[vqav2]: https://visualqa.org/index.html
[blinkvqa]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.12390
[okvqa]: https://okvqa.allenai.org/
[tallyqa]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.12440
[ss-vqa]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.02660
[countbenchqa]: https://github.com/google-research/big_vision/blob/main/big_vision/datasets/countbenchqa/

## Ethics and Safety

Ethics and safety evaluation approach and results.

### Evaluation Approach

Our evaluation methods include structured evaluations and internal red-teaming
testing of relevant content policies. Red-teaming was conducted by a number of
different teams, each with different goals and human evaluation metrics. These
models were evaluated against a number of different categories relevant to
ethics and safety, including:

-   **Child Safety**: Evaluation of text-to-text and image to text prompts
    covering child safety policies, including child sexual abuse and
    exploitation.
-   **Content Safety:** Evaluation of text-to-text and image to text prompts
    covering safety policies including, harassment, violence and gore, and hate
    speech.
-   **Representational Harms**: Evaluation of text-to-text and image to text
    prompts covering safety policies including bias, stereotyping, and harmful
    associations or inaccuracies.

In addition to development level evaluations, we conduct "assurance
evaluations" which are our 'arms-length' internal evaluations for responsibility
governance decision making. They are conducted separately from the model
development team, to inform decision making about release. High level findings
are fed back to the model team, but prompt sets are held-out to prevent
overfitting and preserve the results' ability to inform decision making.
Assurance evaluation results are reported to our Responsibility & Safety Council
as part of release review.

### Evaluation Results

For all areas of safety testing, we saw major improvements in the categories of
child safety, content safety, and representational harms relative to previous
Gemma models. All testing was conducted without safety filters to evaluate the
model capabilities and behaviors. For both text-to-text and image-to-text, and
across all model sizes, the model produced minimal policy violations, and showed
significant improvements over previous Gemma models' performance with respect
to ungrounded inferences. A limitation of our evaluations was they included only
English language prompts.

## Usage and Limitations

These models have certain limitations that users should be aware of.

### Intended Usage

Open vision-language models (VLMs) models have a wide range of applications
across various industries and domains. The following list of potential uses is
not comprehensive. The purpose of this list is to provide contextual information
about the possible use-cases that the model creators considered as part of model
training and development.

-   Content Creation and Communication
    -   Text Generation: These models can be used to generate creative text
        formats such as poems, scripts, code, marketing copy, and email drafts.
    -   Chatbots and Conversational AI: Power conversational interfaces
        for customer service, virtual assistants, or interactive applications.
    -   Text Summarization: Generate concise summaries of a text corpus,
        research papers, or reports.
    -   Image Data Extraction: These models can be used to extract,
        interpret, and summarize visual data for text communications.
-   Research and Education
    -   Natural Language Processing (NLP) and VLM Research: These
        models can serve as a foundation for researchers to experiment with VLM
        and NLP techniques, develop algorithms, and contribute to the
        advancement of the field.
    -   Language Learning Tools: Support interactive language learning
        experiences, aiding in grammar correction or providing writing practice.
    -   Knowledge Exploration: Assist researchers in exploring large
        bodies of text by generating summaries or answering questions about
        specific topics.

### Limitations

-   Training Data
    -   The quality and diversity of the training data significantly
        influence the model's capabilities. Biases or gaps in the training data
        can lead to limitations in the model's responses.
    -   The scope of the training dataset determines the subject areas
        the model can handle effectively.
-   Context and Task Complexity
    -   Models are better at tasks that can be framed with clear
        prompts and instructions. Open-ended or highly complex tasks might be
        challenging.
    -   A model's performance can be influenced by the amount of context
        provided (longer context generally leads to better outputs, up to a
        certain point).
-   Language Ambiguity and Nuance
    -   Natural language is inherently complex. Models might struggle
        to grasp subtle nuances, sarcasm, or figurative language.
-   Factual Accuracy
    -   Models generate responses based on information they learned
        from their training datasets, but they are not knowledge bases. They
        may generate incorrect or outdated factual statements.
-   Common Sense
    -   Models rely on statistical patterns in language. They might
        lack the ability to apply common sense reasoning in certain situations.

### Ethical Considerations and Risks

The development of vision-language models (VLMs) raises several ethical
concerns. In creating an open model, we have carefully considered the following:

-   Bias and Fairness
    -   VLMs trained on large-scale, real-world text and image data can
        reflect socio-cultural biases embedded in the training material. These
        models underwent careful scrutiny, input data pre-processing described
        and posterior evaluations reported in this card.
-   Misinformation and Misuse
    -   VLMs can be misused to generate text that is false, misleading,
        or harmful.
    -   Guidelines are provided for responsible use with the model, see the
        [Responsible Generative AI Toolkit][rai-toolkit].
-   Transparency and Accountability:
    -   This model card summarizes details on the models' architecture,
        capabilities, limitations, and evaluation processes.
    -   A responsibly developed open model offers the opportunity to
        share innovation by making VLM technology accessible to developers and
        researchers across the AI ecosystem.

Risks identified and mitigations:

-   **Perpetuation of biases**: It's encouraged to perform continuous
    monitoring (using evaluation metrics, human review) and the exploration of
    de-biasing techniques during model training, fine-tuning, and other use
    cases.
-   **Generation of harmful content**: Mechanisms and guidelines for content
    safety are essential. Developers are encouraged to exercise caution and
    implement appropriate content safety safeguards based on their specific
    product policies and application use cases.
-   **Misuse for malicious purposes**: Technical limitations and developer
    and end-user education can help mitigate against malicious applications of
    VLMs. Educational resources and reporting mechanisms for users to flag
    misuse are provided. Prohibited uses of Gemma models are outlined in the
    [Gemma Prohibited Use Policy][prohibited-use].
-   **Privacy violations**: Models were trained on data filtered for removal
    of certain personal information and other sensitive data. Developers are
    encouraged to adhere to privacy regulations with privacy-preserving
    techniques.

### Benefits

At the time of release, this family of models provides high-performance open
vision-language model implementations designed from the ground up for
responsible AI development compared to similarly sized models.

Using the benchmark evaluation metrics described in this document, these models
have shown to provide superior performance to other, comparably-sized open model
alternatives.

[g3-tech-report]: https://goo.gle/Gemma3Report
[rai-toolkit]: https://ai.google.dev/responsible
[kaggle-gemma]: https://www.kaggle.com/models/google/gemma-3
[vertex-mg-gemma3]: https://console.cloud.google.com/vertex-ai/publishers/google/model-garden/gemma3
[terms]: https://ai.google.dev/gemma/terms
[safety-policies]: https://ai.google/static/documents/ai-responsibility-update-published-february-2025.pdf
[prohibited-use]: https://ai.google.dev/gemma/prohibited_use_policy
[tpu]: https://cloud.google.com/tpu/docs/intro-to-tpu
[sustainability]: https://sustainability.google/operating-sustainably/
[jax]: https://github.com/jax-ml/jax
[ml-pathways]: https://blog.google/technology/ai/introducing-pathways-next-generation-ai-architecture/
[sustainability]: https://sustainability.google/operating-sustainably/